Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Changements climatiques – Régions polaires'
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Rojo, Maxence. "Impacts des événements météorologiques extrêmes et du changement climatique sur les régions arctiques et subarctiques : Perspectives croisées en climatologie et en sciences humaines et sociales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV075.
Full textThe perception of the climate is culturally and socially constructed. For this reason, we have studied some weather events integrating the cultural, political and historical contexts in which they occur.In a first part, we analyzed the impact of Polar Lows, intense mesocyclones that develop over ice-free Arctic seas during winter time, on coastal regions of Norway. The passage of PL can provoke dangerous sea conditions with strong waves, sudden snowfall and blizzard. This phenomenon may represent a risk to maritime and coastal activities in the region, particularly for shipping, fishing and oil and gas offshore platforms.In a second part we studied the impacts of climate change and severe weather events in the Republic of Tuva. Tuva is a very southern subarctic region. Its climate is extremely continental and precipitation tend to be low due to the low moisture content in the cold air. During the twentieth century, the region has experienced major socio-economic changes, sometimes brutal, including the transition from a communist and planned economy to a market economy in the early 1990. Despite these recent changes, pastoralists in western Tuva (horses, cows, yaks, sheep, camels) and reindeer herders in eastern Tuva, still live in close contact with the natural environment. Indigenous peoples of Tuva are facing global changes caused by certain contemporary regional and national policies, including the expansion of the mining industry and the development of mega projects. They offer different points of view, describing environmental changes and their impact on their daily activities
Soriot, Clément. "Caractérisation de la banquise Arctique à partir d'observations micro-ondes multi-satellites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS451.
Full textSea ice plays a major role in ocean circulation as well as in the climate and weather system. In the context of global warming, the extent of the Arctic sea ice has been decreasing steadily over the last 40 years and monitoring of the Arctic is essential. Microwave instruments on board satellites allow the study of this region of the Earth under all weather conditions, and regardless of the day/night cycle. Particularly suited over polar regions with high cloud cover and a six-month polar night, microwave satellite provide key observations for estimating geophysical parameters of the sea ice. Nevertheless, the understanding of the physics underlying the observed microwave signatures is still partial. This thesis aims at improving our understanding of the microwave signals of the sea ice and is part of the preparation of two upcoming Earth observation missions led by the European Space Agency: the Copernicus Imager Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) and the Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography ALtimeter (CRISTAL). In a first part, the covariabilities of passive microwave signals, highlighted by an unsupervised classification technique, will be analyzed and interpreted jointly with active microwave signals, using a microwave radiative transfer model. The results showed that it is possible to identify specific behaviors of sea ice concentration and thickness, and snow structure. The importance of metamorphism within the snowpack for the interpretation of passive microwave signals was highlighted. In a second part, an algorithm for estimating sea ice thickness from passive microwave observations was developed using an artificial intelligence technique. The results were compared to in situ sea ice thickness measurements and also showed good performance compared to other satellite-based sea ice thickness products. By applying the algorithm to a long collection of intercalibrated satellite data, a time series of Arctic sea ice thickness was constructed between 1992 and 2020, making it the longest to date. A final section deals with microwave altimetry techniques for measuring geophysical parameters of the sea ice. The sensitivity of microwave altimetry waveforms to the thickness of the snow cover of the Arctic sea ice is analyzed
Kilic, Lise. "Estimation des paramètres de surface des océans et de la banquise à partir d’observations micro-ondes basses fréquences." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS167.
Full textThe oceans and sea ice play an important role in the climate and weather system. A future low-frequency passive microwave satellite mission designed to observe the polar regions is currently under study at the European Space Agency for the expansion of the Copernicus programme. Passive microwave satellite observations provide all-weather observation of the Earth surface, both day and night. In this thesis, we are interested in estimating ocean and ice surface parameters from low-frequency passive microwave satellite observations. The objective is to develop new methods for estimating these parameters that are more efficient and adapted to the future passive microwave satellite mission CIMR (Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer). The first part of the thesis deals with the estimation of ocean parameters such as sea surface temperature, salinity and ocean wind speed. The second part deals with the estimation of sea ice parameters such as sea ice concentration, snow depth and snow-ice interface temperature. Finally, with the methods developed in this thesis, the performances of the CIMR mission are evaluated and compared with the current missions
Berg, Alexis. "Représentation des cultures tropicales dans le modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE : apport à l'étude des interactions climat/agriculture." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066068.
Full textLecouffe, Audrey. "Évolution et persistance des vortex stratosphériques polaires Arctique et Antarctique sur la période 1979 - 2021." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS293.pdf.
Full textThis PhD study focuses on the study of the evolution of the stratospheric polar vortices over the last forty years. The intensity and position of the Southern and Northern stratospheric polar vortex edge are evaluated as a function of equivalent latitude over the 1979 - 2021 period on 3 isentropic levels in the lower and middle stratosphere (675 K, 550 K and 475 K) from ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis. An analysis of the onset and breakup dates of the polar vortices is included. The solar cycle and to a lower extent the quasi-biennal oscillation, El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation modulate the interannual evolution of the strength of the vortex edge and the vortex breakup dates. In the SH, long-term increase of the vortex edge intensity and breakup dates is observed over the 1979 - 1999 period, linked to the increase of the Antarctic ozone hole. After early break-ups between 1981 and 1987, more persistent vortex occured in the NH during the 1990s. For both hemispheres stronger vortex edge and longer vortex duration is observed in solar minimum (minSC) years. For the SH, the vortex edge is stronger and lasts longer for maxSC/wQBO years than for maxSC/eQBO years, and is somewhat stronger during cold ENSO phase (cENSO). For the NH, the stronger vortex edge is more pronounced than in SH during the wQBO phase, and it is stronger during minSC/wQBO years
Beghin, Pauline. "Interactions entre les calottes polaires et la circulation atmosphérique pendant les âges glaciaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS003V.
Full textThe last glacial period is characterized by the presence of two large ice sheets covering Canada and North Eurasia. These ice sheets are a key element of the climatic system by interacting with all the components of the Earth system. The aim of this thesis is to determine by which mechanisms changes in atmospheric circulation may have induced a teleconnexionbetween the Northern hemisphere paleo-ice sheets. The use of a simplified coupled climate-ice sheet model allowed to test separately the influence of the ice-sheet topography and albedo on temperature and precipitation fields throughout the last glacial cycle and to highlight the role of atmospheric circulation within the synergy of past boreal ice sheets.To investigate in more details the underlying mechanisms, the use of a general circulation model was necessary.I therefore carried out an inter-comparisonof the PMIP3 models to examine the GCM responsesto glacial conditions. This work allowed to determinethe role of glacial conditions on the shift of the NorthAtlantic jet stream position and to establish a relationshipbetween this shift and the amount of precipitationover southern Europe. The last part of this thesisis devoted to the respective role of each ice sheeton atmospheric circulation changes observed underglacial conditions. To achieve this, I performed idealizedexperiments with the atmospheric circulationmodel LMDZ. The results highlight the key influenceof the North American ice sheet on the Eurasian icesheet surface mass balance
Alvarez-Solas, Jorge. "Changements abrupts et variabilité rapide dans différents contextes climatiques : une étude basée sur une stratégie de plusieurs modèles." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066357.
Full textIce core data as well as marine and continental records reveal the existence of pronounced millennial time-scale variability in the Quaternary climate system. Such rapid climate variability appears to be stronger in glacial periods than during interglacials, but there is not yet a full consensus about its origin. Firstly, the Dansgaard-Oeschger events are characterized by abrupt transitions occurring in a few decades, and by a period of a few thousand years. Two types of explanation have been suggested concerning its triggering mechanism: periodic external forcing and internal oscillations in the climate system, for which ocean circulation is a likely candidate. On the other hand, six periods of extreme cooling in the Northern Hemisphere were marked by an enhanced discharge of icebergs into the North Atlantic Ocean, increasing the deposition of ice-rafted debris (known as Heinrich events). Increased sliding at the base of ice sheets as a result of basal warming has been proposed to explain the iceberg pulses, but recent observations suggest that iceberg discharge is related to a strong coupling between ice sheets, ice shelves and ocean conditions. In this work, I tried to bring new insights about the mechanisms responsible for the millennial glacial variability, more consistent with the present knowledge of the different Earth's components. This work is based on the use of a hierarchy of climate and ice-sheet models of different complexities. We used a conceptual numerical model to simulate the effect of ocean temperature on ice-shelf width, as well as the impact of the resulting changes in ice-shelf geometry on ice-stream velocities. Our results demonstrate that ocean temperature oscillations affect the basal melting of the ice shelf and will generate periodic pulses of iceberg discharge in an ice sheet with a fringing shelf. Using a state-of-the-art tri-dimensionnal ice-sheet model we also explore the conditions leading to internal oscillations of geometrically idealised ice sheets. We describe in detail the thermomechanical feedback responsible of the so-called ``binge-purge'' oscillations and we analyse the effects of ocean circulation changes on ice shelves and the dynamic implications resulting from a break-up of these ice shelves. Our studies are then focalised on the Heinrich event 1, showing a new mechanism based on the effects of a subsurface warming on the ice shelves stability. We demonstrate that such ice-shelf break-up and the subsequent ice-stream acceleration should be considered as a likely candidate to generate the icebergs surge implicated in Heinrich event 1. Leaving glacial period we finally focus on the present-day anthropically perturbed interglacial. We analyse with a fully coupled climate ice sheet model whether the shift into a warmer climate in the future could favor the occurrence of a new millennial-scale climate variability
Fort, Jérôme. "Réponses des oiseaux marins de l'Arctique aux contraintes environnementales hivernales dans le contexte des changements climatiques." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20268.
Full textHarsh environmental conditions encountered in North Atlantic during wintertime, characterized by frequent extreme weather events, are among the most challenging constraints for endothermic animals. Seabirds, which experience this environment for many months per year, play a central role in North Atlantic food webs, notably as top predators and indicators of marine ecosystems. In the current context of climate change, pronounced in North Atlantic waters, it is therefore a major objective to understand how seabirds respond and adapt to these environmental constraints shaping their survival and their population dynamics. We used a multidisciplinary approach (combining microelectronics, stable isotopic analyses, bioenergetics modelling and demography) focused on individual energy balance, to study the ecophysiological plasticity of the 3 main alcid species of the North Atlantic. We found that harsh winter conditions induce an energetic bottleneck for seabirds which might explain recurrent events of winter mass mortality, so called ‘seabird winter wrecks'. In response to increased energy expenditure, we showed that seabirds can adopt different strategies allowing higher energy intake. They can modulate their vertical (diving behaviour) and/or horizontal (migration) movements, as well as their trophic status, depending on the spatial and temporal availability of their prey. All together, these results constitute one of the first comprehensive studies of seabird winter ecology. These insights are essential to a better understanding of their population dynamics and constitute a firm foundation to future investigations of the impact of climate change on marine top predators
Corre, Lola. "Évolution récente des océans tropicaux : le rôle de l'influence humaine." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1673/.
Full textDue to its high heat capacity, the ocean integrates the surface fluxes, producing high signal-to-noise ratio at decadal and longer timescales. On the contrary, long-term changes in atmospheric variables are difficult to measure due to the atmosphere high variability on short timescales. Looking at oceanic variables is thus interesting in order to successfully detect a response to the anthropogenic climate change. This manuscript further examines recent upper ocean temperature and surface ocean salinity changes. As 80% of the excess heat caused by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, over the last decades, has accumulated in the ocean, the rate of ocean warming is one of the best indicators of the Earth's energy imbalance. Surface ocean salinity provides Nature's largest possible rain gauge and can be efficiently used as an indicator of the changing marine water cycle. Detection methods are applied to assess whether a human influence can be detected in the recent observed changes
Chemison, Alizée. "Impacts d'une déstabilisation des calottes polaires sur le climat et les maladies vectorielles au XXIème siècle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ007.
Full textMosquitoes, major vectors of diseases, are sensitive to rainfall which is necessary for their immature aquatic stages, and to temperature which affects their development and life cycle dynamics. Climate change can therefore impact the transmission of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, the world's major parasitic disease causing over 600,000 deaths per year, and Rift Valley Fever (RVF), a zoonotic disease decimating herds, causing health risks and catastrophic economic losses in Africa.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report provides climate scenarios for the 21st century with different standard greenhouse gas emission scenarios, named Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP). By 2080, the risk of malaria transmission is estimated to decrease in the Sahel region and to increase in the East African Plateau as a result of rising temperatures under the RCP8.5 scenario. Although paleoclimate studies show that melting ice sheet can induce abrupt climate change, state of the art IPCC future projections do not consider such a potential rapid destabilisation of polar ice sheets. However, the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet are vulnerable to climate change and even a partial melting would cause major climatic changes, even in tropical regions. No study has yet quantified the impact of an abrupt melting of the ice sheets on the distribution of malaria and RVF. This work is based on future climate numerical simulations using the coupled global climate model IPSL-CM5A-LR with RCP8.5 as radiative forcing. Simulations of freshwater release, corresponding to the accelerated and partial melting of the polar ice sheets, were carried out with different melting assumptions:- for Greenland, a freshwater flux equivalent to a global sea level rise of 0.5m, 1m, 1.5m and 3m is released into the North Atlantic;- for Antarctica, a quantity of freshwater equivalent to a global sea level rise of 3m is released off its western part.These continuous water inputs are prescribed from 2020 to 2070.This study showed that the oceanic and atmospheric impacts of a partial melting of Greenland are stronger on the global climate, and particularly on monsoons, than those associated with the melting of West Antarctica, probably due to the effect of the circumpolar current. Subsequently, only scenarios considering a partial melting of Greenland were used to study their impacts on malaria. Simulated and/or observed temperature and precipitation were used to drive mathematical models of malaria transmission risk. Five mathematical malaria models were used. An accelerated melting of Greenland leads to a southward shift of the American and African monsoons. Malaria risk increases in southern Africa, decreases in the Sahel and increases moderately on the East African Plateau.For the study of RVF, the Liverpool Rift Valley Fever (LVRF) model was validated at country scale by comparing simulations driven by observed daily temperatures and rainfall from climate reanalyses with different health data sets. Then, a potential correlation between simulated RVF transmission risk and the main regional climate variability modes (ENSO and DMI) is shown over the Rift African region. The model correctly reproduces RVF epidemics in Kenya, Somalia and Zambia, and to a lesser extent in Senegal and Mauritania. RVF risk increases over the epidemic areas in East Africa during the El Niño phenomenon
Richard, Elsa. "L'action publique territoriale à l'épreuve de l'adaptation aux changements climatiques : un nouveau référentiel pour penser l'aménagement du territoire ?" Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR1802/document.
Full textThe revelation of anthropogenic climate changes and the unprecedented scale of this phenomenon led to the emergence of policy responses to deal with. Adaptation to Climate Change (ACC) is one of the responses promoted by the international community to solve the climate problem. If the anthropic climate changes are a global environmental problem, their effects occur from the overall scale to the very local level. In spite of irreducible uncertainties associated to the phenomenon, different forms of legislative and political injunction encourage local actors to incorporate the effects of climate changes in their territorial policies. However, the ways of elaborating local adaptation policy are still largely unknown. This thesis seeks to understand and point out the “territorialization” dynamics of local public action in the field of adaptation.Our two hypothesis deals with, on the one hand, the necessary regionalization of climate change adaptation, leading to differentiated formulations of local responses to adaptation. On the other hand, our research seeks to appreciate the consequences of the integration of climate change adaptation on ways of thinking planning policies. To demonstration these assumptions, we base our analysis on four case studies led at various scales and presenting different characteristics
Kuttippurath, Jayanarayanan. "Physics and chemistry of stratospheric ozone and interactions with climate change." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920539.
Full textMercier, Denis. "La géomorphologie paraglaciaire. Analyse de crises érosives d'origine climatique dans les environnements englacés et sur leurs marges." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00613729.
Full textCapron, Emilie. "L'air piégé dans les glaces polaires : contraintes chronologiques et caractérisation de la variabilité climatique rapide." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00579600.
Full textMercier, Denis. "Le ruissellement au Spitsberg." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF20011.
Full textFrihi, Aymen. "Évolution de la colonne totale d'ozone à deux stations tropicales : observations et modélisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS240.
Full textWhile the tropics cover a large part of the globe, few long-term ozone observations data exist in this region. In addition, the tropics are the regions where most of the stratospheric ozone is formed. Indeed, the tropical region is the main entry point for tropospheric chemical species and water vapor in the stratosphere, subsequently redistributed at mid-latitudes by the Brewer-Dobson circulation. Monitoring the evolution of the ozone layer in these regions is based on observations (satellite, ground-based and aircraft instruments). This monitoring allows the quantification of stratospheric ozone variability and trends to understand past changes and validate the models used to predict the ozone evolution in these regions. In this perspective, the work of this thesis is divided into two parts: firstly, the analysis and comparison between the UV-Visible SAOZ spectrometer data and those of 10 satellite instruments in the tropics above the Bauru stations (22.18S, 49.06W) in Brazil and Reunion Island (21.11S, 55.53E) in the Indian Ocean. The ozone columns show a negative average bias (-0.84%) between the satellite columns and SAOZ (SAT-SAOZ) in Bauru unlike Réunion (0.75%), where the bias is positive. Moreover, we observe an increase in this bias from 2004 in Bauru of -1.78% / decade, less important in Reunion (-0.8% / decade). The study of this drift has shown that the latter is correlated with an uplift of the vertical ozone profile at equatorial latitudes characterized by an equivalent latitude drift of the Bauru station, which is not considered in the calculation of the Air Mass Factor (AMF) used to convert the slant column measured by SAOZ into vertical column (TOC). Subsequently, the capacity of 9 CCMI-derived climate-chemistry models to reproduce the observed columns, its variations and external forcing on variability was evaluated by comparing the simulations with those of SAOZ and the monthly mean satellites at both stations. The models show a good restitution of the variability of the ozone column with however an overestimation of 3% at both stations compared to the observations. The analysis of the forcings shows a contribution dominated by QBO (~ 40%), followed by ENSO (~ 20%), solar activity (~ 20%), equivalent latitude drift > 10% at Bauru and < 10% at Reunion and lower for aerosols (<10%) consistently with observations
Simonneau, Anaëlle. "Empreintes climatiques et anthropiques sur le détritisme holocène : étude multiparamètres et intégrée de systèmes lacustres d'Europe Occidentale." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00805471.
Full textCornet, Cindy. "Les capacités d'adaptations des oiseaux marins face aux changements environnementaux : le rôle de l'hétérogénéité au sein des populations." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ047/document.
Full textPopulation dynamics is driven by several life history traits shaped by the evolutionary history of the population. The alteration of one of these traits by environmental constraints may thus have effects on the population persistence. Individual adjustments of some phenotypic traits could then enable this population to rapidly respond to these constraints without the immediate necessity of genetic adaptations. During this PhD project, we identified variability in some of these traits in 3 sentinel species of polar ecosystems. These results allowed us to better understand the associations between these traits and the evolutionary pressures underlying these associations, as well as the importance of traits such as personality in the amount of variability in individuals’ fitness that remains unexplained. In the long term, we should then be able to better gauge the adaptive capacity of populations to face global changes
Boiné, Kévin. "La chaleur urbaine en climat nordique : évaluation et représentation à l'échelle du piéton." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28197.
Full textHuman comfort is essential in relation to urban heat issues related to global climate changes. City centers generally associate with a high concentration of pedestrians and still represent the district prone to urban heat. This research studies lighting and thermal atmospheres to evaluate and represent urban heat at the pedestrian scale in an urban center of Quebec City, Canada, which consists of a cold climate. The study on urban heat islands in the Saint-Jean-Baptiste and Cap-Blanc districts was performed at the pedestrian scale to visualize the perception of urban heat in summer. The research uses an architectural stroll, the urban walk, to carry out a survey of the environment physical properties. The urban walk designates the in situ sensory experience of a pedestrian in the city, La promenade urbaine. An innovative spatio-temporal representational strategy characterizes the results of the research. The results are thus synthesized along a spatial axis in ordinate and a temporal axis on the abscissa. Qualitative and quantitative measurements according to the human field of vision describe the urban promenade. The developed methodology enables to establish an experimental protocol linking environmental physical data (surface and air temperatures) and photographic data. The results allow locating the physical elements favoring the phenomenon of urban heat island through the study of the materials used on the surface. The spatio-temporality of the results compares the different urban types encountered during the urban walk in Quebec City. Results illustrate two different levels of environmental interpretations of the ambient evaluations in relation to urban heat island. The first level consists of a comparative study of two urban types through lighting and thermal reactions of surfaces while the second consists of a longitudinal study on the experience of a pedestrian during a complete urban walk.
Höjgård-Olsen, Erik. "Observations du cycle de l'eau atmosphérique tropicale et de ses variations avec la température de surface de la mer, à l'aide d'une constellation de satellites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ007.
Full textThe tropical atmosphere is a complex system of dynamic and thermodynamic processes. Superimposed on these complexities is a radiative forcing due to anthropogenically emitted greenhouse gases and a resulting global warming. Climate projections often assume that the feedback parameter is constant in time, so that changes in radiative flux are proportional to changes in surface temperature. Projection uncertainties are associated with the atmospheric water cycle’s response to surface warming, and motivate the need to better understand processes linking clouds, circulation of atmospheric water and climate.This work aims to improve our understanding of the covariability of sea surface temperature (SST), relative humidity (RH), clouds and precipitation, on different temporal and spatial scales in the tropical belt (30°N-30°S). It relies on a unique synergistic dataset of high vertical resolution that measures the daytime (01:30 pm) RH profile, cloud characteristics and near-surface precipitation provided by the microwave radiometer SAPHIR, the CALIOP lidar and the CPR radar. This dataset has a 1° by 1° horizontal resolution and covers the time period 2012 to 2018. It is associated to SST and atmospheric vertical velocity fields of the ERA5 reanalysis.The synergistic dataset was explored along two scientific questions:(i) The first question concerned the instantaneous timescale and the co-evolution of RH profiles, cloud cover and SST, under large-scale circulation constraint. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive observational view of the tropical atmospheric water cycle’s response to SST on the instantaneous timescale. Different physical relationships are established for the different large-scale circulation regimes, and their characteristics are robust to natural variability (such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation). The descending regime is characterized by a dry free troposphere and decreasing opaque liquid cloud cover with SST, and an expected clear-sky cooling with SST. In contrast, the ascending regime is characterized by a nonlinear response in ice cloud cover and free-tropospheric RH with SST that peak around the 302 K SST, which likely induce nonlinear responses of the radiative fluxes.(ii) The second question addressed the assumption of timescale-invariant feedback factors on daily, monthly, seasonal and annual scales. Rates of changes of RH and cloud characteristics with SST defined on the global scale (tropical oceans) are compared to rates of changes computed on the grid box scale. On the global scale, negligible changes are observed in the RH profile with SST, opaque cloud cover decreases, and ice cloud altitudes rise with SST with little change in cloud temperature. These results suggest an enhanced clear-sky radiative cooling with SST, whilst cloud emission temperatures are invariant, as discussed in some assumptions on the tropical atmosphere. Overall, the results highlight significant differences according to the timescale considered for computing global scale rates of changes, which can be used as a strong diagnostic in the evaluation of climate models. Following this, a first analysis of the IPSL model was performed and shows the interest of such diagnostic based on observations