Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Changements climatiques – Pacifique (océan)'
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Donguy, Jean Réné. "Contribution à la connaissance des variations climatiques de l'Océan pacifique tropical." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10608.
Full textOurbak, Timothée. "Variations climatiques interannuelles à interdécennales dans le Pacifique tropical telles qu'enregistrées par les traceurs géochimiques contenus dans les coraux massifs." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13193.
Full textGrelaud, Michaël. "Variabilité climatique multi-échelles depuis le pléistocène terminal jusqu'à l'actuel, sur la marge pacifique nord américaine." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30059.
Full textThe North American Pacific margin surface hydrography is characterized by the California Current System (CCS) whose intensity seasonally responds to the dynamic of northeastern Pacific atmospheric cells. On longer time scales, CCS's intensity depends on climatic oscillators: the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The fossil assemblages of coccolithophores in two oceanic sedimentary basins (Santa Barbara and Soledad) were used to reconstruct the dynamics of these climate oscillations over the last 28,000 years. The ENSO and PDO have persisted throughout this period and have strengthened over time, their cyclicity responding to the precession. The maxima of their intensity are observed during the middle Holocene and during the 20th century. The morphometry of coccoliths shows that calcification is mainly controlled by sea surface temperature
Boucharel, Julien. "Modes de variabilité climatique dans l'océan Pacifique tropical : quantification des non-linéarités et rôle sur les changements de régimes climatiques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720706.
Full textBessat, Frédéric. "Variabilité hydro-climatique et croissance corallienne en Polynésie française : exemples de l'île de Moorea et de l'atoll de Mururoa." Paris 1, 1997. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://univ.scholarvox.com/book/88936289.
Full textBecause they are restricted to shallow waters and often occur in near-shore coastal environments, coral reefs can experience the effects of climatic or environmental change acting through the atmosphere or the marine or terrestrial environments. For this reason, coral reefs are used to reconstruct environmental parameters. First, this work propose a bringing up to date on structural and geodynamic context of linear island on french Polynesia (society and pitcairn-gambier archipelago). More, we display the interest of massives corals heads to offer unique opportunities to reconstruct the history of ocean-atmosphere variability throughout the tropics. The second part of the thesis discuss and evalute methods which provide chronology development, paleoclimatic reconstruction, and numerical analysis of coral-based paleoclimate data. We propose a new method to study corals heads ; the tomography. Coral growth of porites coral show inter-annual and decennial variability. Significative relations are observed between linear extension, density and calcification of porites and environmental paramaters (local and regional), particulary with water temperature and solar activity (insolation and radiation). 11 and 22 years cycles are especially identified. The work allow to propose a new method to study massives corals and confirm the potential of coral to offer a diverse array of skeletal climate tracers, subseasonnal resolution, and chronologic control. High-quality, multivariate climate reconstructions can be retrieved from living coral heads that will extend the observational baseline of tropical climate and bridge instrumental and geologic records of tropical variability
Moreau, Melanie. "Variabilité climatique centre/est Pacifique au cours du dernier millénaire reconstruite à partir d’analyses géochimiques sur des coraux massifs." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0213/document.
Full textThe Pacific Ocean is the place of interannual and multi-decadal climate variabilities, namely the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). There can have globals impacts via teleconnections. Major impacts on populations, economic and environmental activitieshave been attributed to ENSO. It is therefore essential to improve our understanding of the Pacificdynamic, particularly ENSO activity and its evolution under recent climate change.Geochemical measurements (Sr/Ca and 818O) performed on corals are relevant paleoclimatic records for studying the evolution of ENSO and are essential to put into perspective the current climatedynamic in comparison to past climate.After an evaluation of the robustness of the coral geochemical paleothermometer (Sr/Ca), we present the reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) from Eastern tropical Pacific coral (Clippertonatoll) and central tropical Pacific coral (Marquesas archipelago) covering several parts of the last millennium. Our results suggest that ENSO spatial pattern was relatively stable over the past two centuries, mainly indicating an eastern Pacific ENSO pattern (canonical) in comparison to the centralPacific ENSO (Modoki). Although still debated, this spatial pattern could have recently changed dueto global climate change (and this could continue in the future). At the decadal timescale, both studiedareas (central and eastern Pacific) are influenced by the PDO.The results of this Phd thesis also suggest that the present day ENSO activity (under the influence ofanthropogenic forcing) is not atypical throughout the last millennium. The intensity and frequency of ENSO were stronger in the early Little Ice Age (LIA, 16th century). These results are compared withan ensemble of climate simulations (PMIP3) and indicate that ENSO variability is correctly reproduced by numerical climate models but that these models fail to correctly reproduce the mean temperature state of the Pacific
Cartapanis, Olivier. "Variabilité de la zone de minimum d’oxygène du Pacifique Est équatorial au cours du Quaternaire récent." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4365/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at documenting the spatiotemporal variations of the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) of the northeastern Pacific, and identifying the mechanisms that caused theses variations. The study is based on the geochemical analyses of major, minor, and trace elements of sediments from the northeastern Pacific, by combining ICP-MS and XRF scans measurements. These measurements allowed distinguishing the effect of biologic productivity and oceanic ventilation on sediment oxygenation. I was able to highlight the predominant impact of the productivity off the Baja California Margin (23°N), which varied in phase with the high northern Atlantic temperature across the past 120,000 years. Moreover, oceanic ventilation did play an important role off the Papagayo Gulf (12°N), because of the advection of water mass coming from the high northern and southern latitudes. OMS intensity in the northeastern Pacific could thus be influenced by changes in the atmospheric and oceanic circulation, in relation to high northern and southern latitudes climates
Blais, Angélina. "Changements de mouvement relatif des plaques : conséquences sur l'accrétion océanique." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES2009.
Full textChanges in relative plate motion implying large reorganisations in the spreading ridge system are observed in all the world oceans. In order to determinate the parameters which act on the mechanism of spreading reorganisation, we studied two areas marked by a major change in the spreading direction. The first one is located in the Pacific ocean (Foundation Hotline cruise, 1997), the second one in the Indian ocean (Magofond2 cruise, 1998). Data recorded in the Magofond2 area permit us to study the consequences of a drastic decrease of the spreading rate (12-14 cm/an to -3 cm/an). Our approach uses bathymetric, kinematic and gravity studies and experimental models (wax models). The reorganisation of an oceanic ridge system can imply birth or death of transform faults and variation of their offset. Our works show that the major parameters which determine the evolution of a transform fault during a change in the spreading direction is the length of its offset. Several mechanisms have been proposed for spreading centres reorientation : propagation, rotation, axis jump or microplate. In the Magofond2 area, propagation, rotation and axis jump are prescrit at the saure time. In the Selkirk area (Pacifie), spreading axis reorganisation is synchronous with the birth of the Selkirk microplate. The end of this microplate seams due to a locking of the system. The decrease of the spreading rate observed in the Magofond2 area imply an important change in the Mid-Ocean processes which are successively comparable to those observed on a fast and a slow ridge. This change take place in less than 4 Myr
Legrand, Brice. "Impact des changements climatiques sur la biodiversité marine tropicale : le cas des oiseaux marins de l’océan Indien occidental." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0043.
Full textClimate change will affect terrestrial and marine ecosystems, but the consequences in terms of global biodiversity distribution are still unclear. Studies about selection of marine habitats and trends caused by global warming are growing. The telemetric monitoring provide valuable information on the spatial and temporal variability on distribution of marine predators. All the issues are very important, we have decided to focus on seabirds. The first objective of this thesis project is to study the distribution and selection of foraging habitat of tropical seabirds during their reproductive phase and during their migrations. To characterize the habitat of an abiotic point of view. The second objective of this thesis project is to use scenarios for ocean habitats produced by IPCC to simulate, using habitat models, the temporal evolution of the distribution of suitable habitat. The third objective of this thesis project is to use the available monitoring data to identify "hotspots" of biodiversity. We looked, at first, the puffins Pacific. More particularly, we studied the variations between the different colonies of the same species, from the viewpoint of the distribution, activity and habitat selection. Then we studied the impact of the evolution of climate change on wintering habitat of Barau’s Petrels (Pterodroma baraui). We built habitat selection models. These models were then used to predict the evolution of wintering habitat in 2100, according to different IPCC scenarios. Finally, we have compiled the available telemetry data on seabirds, sea turtles and marine mammals to study the distribution of marine megafauna in the Indian Ocean, and to identify hotspots of high density and high diversity. To establish, in time, protected marine areas
Pontaud, Marc. "Variabilité interannuelle dans le Pacifique tropical et instabilités couplées océan-atmosphère. Développements analytiques et applications à des simulations climatiques." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30134.
Full textPéron, Clara. "IMPACT DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ET DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DES OISEAUX MARINS DE L'OCÉAN AUSTRAL." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660322.
Full textMallatrait, Clémence. "Origine et construction de la coopération régionale. L'exemple de l'Océanie insulaire face aux changements climatiques." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30033.
Full textThe failure of the climate negotiations in Copenhagen in 2009 prompts us to reflect on a complementary model of international environmental governance, whose premises have emerged through the voice of the island States of AOSIS. States, coming together on the basis of a shared perception of risk, highlighting increasing fragilities, this is the starting point of this investigation. The regional level is presented as one of the complements to the crisis of universalism. But reflecting on alevel of international governance environment requires identifying the conditions for its emergence and for its efficiency. We will focus on the first ones. We will question the identity of the actors of its creation, the tools they use and the reasons why this regionalism, allowing fighting against climate change, is created. Various trends of international relations offer a theoretical approach to regional cooperation, and regionalism more generically, without having identified a uniform model. The theoretical approach through environmental issues at the regional level requires the intervention of several schools of thought to explain the phenomenon: constructivism by building a climate threat and its perception , theories of hegemonic stability by seeking a regional hegemon encouraging other States to cooperate, institutional neoliberalism to explain the role of networks and the search for profit States can expect by entering the cooperative process, theories of complex interdependence through the intervention of non- State actors. Do these various approaches succeed or fail to explain this phenomenon?
Cibot, Carole. "Variabilité décennale dans le Pacifique tropical et modulation basse fréquence de l'activité ENSO." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30211.
Full textThe El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), climate phenomenon located in the tropical Pacific, is a coupled ocean-atmosphere mode with a dominant time scale between 3 and 7 years. In addition, the amplitude of ENSO is low-frequency modulated, on a decadal to interdecadal time-scale. The objective of this thesis is to study the tropical decadal variability in a global atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model, and his link with the low frequency modulation of ENSO activity. Results question the commonly accepted hypothesis that low frequency modulations of ENSO are due to decadal changes of the mean state characteristics, and suggest that it seems more appropriate to reason in terms of time scale interactions rather than in terms of direct causal relationships
Laforest, Marie-Noelle. "Les États insulaires face aux changements climatiques : la nécessité de revoir le concept d'État." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10666.
Full textHaddam, Naoufel Abdeldjalyl. "Rôle de l’Océan Austral dans les variations climatiques rapides de la dernière transition Glaciaire-Holocène : approche géochimique et micropaléontologique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS555/document.
Full textThe last 22 kyr are marked by abrupt climatic events, non-synchronous between the southern and northern hemispheres. A see-saw mechanism of the polar temperatures, amplified by the deep oceanability to store and release a portion of atmospheric CO₂, depending on the intensity of the thermohaline circulation and the large upwellings along the southern divergence, has been proposed to explain these observations. The main aim of this thesis was to assess the role of the southern ocean during these millennial events, by studying 3 marine cores, retrieved along the Chilean margin, under the influence of oceanic fronts and the westerly winds. The reconstruction of the sea surface temperatures (SST) allowed tracing the evolution of the SST latitudinal gradient during the last 22 kyr, highlighting southward migrations of the Subtropical Front, especially during the deglaciation, marked by benthic and planktonic foraminifera faunal changes which can be interpreted as surface nutrients inputs increase, accompanied by an enrichment of the bottom water [O₂] in the bottom water. These events could be related to stronger upwellings at the southern divergence leading to an increase of the Antarctic intermediate waters ventilation. These changes occur during atmospheric CO₂ increases recorded in Antarctic ice cores, marking the deglaciation, and suggesting an intimate link between upwellings, the intensity of the intermediate waters ventilation, and deep ocean-atmosphere CO₂ transfers
Missiaen, Lise. "Quantification des changements de la circulation océanique profonde de l'Atlantique au cours des changements climatiques rapides des derniers 40 ka." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV004/document.
Full textThe last 40 ky, have been characterized by abrupt and high amplitude temperature changes (8 to 15 °C in less than 300 years) in Greenland and in the North Atlantic region, associated with drastic ocean and atmospheric circulation changes. The mechanisms behind these abrupt climate changes are still debated. The objective of this thesis is to quantify the ocean circulation changes associated with these abrupt climate changes. In the first part of this thesis, I combined the information of three geochemical proxies in order to overcome the limitations of each proxy taken separately. The carbon isotopic ratios of the benthic foraminifers (δ13C and Δ14C), as well as the sedimentary Pa/Th ratio, have been measured in the North Atlantic sediment core SU90-08 (43°N, 30°W, 3080m). The proxies depict an apparently inconsistent situation over the last glacial maximum: the carbon isotopes indicate that the deep water mass was poorly ventilated while the Pa/Th evidence an active overturning cell. These observations question the type of signal recorded by each proxy. Besides, in order to quantify the circulation changes, a modeling approach is required. In the second part of this thesis, I have implemented the calculation of the Pa/Th in the climate model of intermediate complexity iLOVECLIM. The model is able to simulate the simultaneous evolution of the three proxies and has been used to decipher the multi-proxy response to abrupt circulation changes. The results show that the proxy response varies in the three main Atlantic water masses. In the deep (>2000m) western North Atlantic, the carbon isotopes response lags the Pa/Th response by a few hundreds of years, exemplifying/illustrating a possible decoupling between the different proxies
Bélanger, Simon. "Impacts des changements climatiques sur les flux de carbone stimulés par la lumière dans l'Océan Arctique : quantification et suivi de la photo-oxydation de la matière organique dissoute dans la Mer de Beaufort par télédection spatiale." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066520.
Full textPhotochemical oxidation of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and the resulting production of CO2, is now known to be a significant process in the cycling of carbon in the ocean-atmosphere system. One environment where that process may play a major role in the context of climate change is the Arctic ocean because of: 1) the increasing amount of terrestrial CDOM released by the melting permafrost and brought to coastal ocean by rivers, 2) the decreasing summer ice cover that allows more solar radiation to penetrate the water column, and 3) the continuing increase in UV radiation over that region. A coupled optical-photochemical model was used to assess the role of photooxidation in the carbon cycle of the Arctic Ocean. To calculate the photoproduction of CO2 (PDIC), the incoming spectral irradiance, including UV, was modeled with a radiative transfer model that uses satellite observations of sea ice, ozone, aerosols and cloud cover covering the 1979 to 2004 period. In situ determinations of the apparent quantum yield for the photoproduction of CO2 made in the Beaufort Sea were used for the calculations. A key parameter in the model was the contribution of CDOM to the total absorption coefficient. It was either obtained from in situ measurements or derived from Ocean Color imagery using a new empirical algorithm. Unlike most semi-analytical approaches found in the literature, the proposed empirical algorithm provides a mean to separate CDOM absorption coefficient from nonalgal particles absorption coefficient at the regional scale. The use of Ocean Color remote sensing at high latitude is, however, compromised by the presence of sea ice that contaminates the data. This problem was addressed in the present study, and a method was proposed to detect and eliminate contaminated pixels. Finally, it was shown that the level of PDIC is similar to the level of sequestered rates of organic carbon in the ocean sediments, which was produced through marine photosynthesis; and that the increase in UV and decrease in summer sea ice over the last 26 years have led to an increased in PDIC by about 15%. These results indicate that the predicted trend of ongoing contraction of sea ice cover will greatly accelerate the photomineralization of CDOM in Arctic surface waters
Khodri-Chouchou, Myriam. "Modélisation couplée Océan-Atmosphère-Glace de mer de la réponse climatique aux changements d'insolation du dernier interglaciaire." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066420.
Full textSchmitt, Anaïs. "Histoire de l'expansion des récifs barrières du Sud-Ouest Pacifique au cours des dernièrs 1,5 Ma : lien entre la production carbonatée, les dépôts de turbidites et les changements environnementaux." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4066/document.
Full textSedimentary record from Australia eastern margin offshore the Great Reef Barrier Reef is used to better understand the dynamics of mixed margins of the Southwest Pacific, in relation to Barrier reef expansion during the Pleistocene. Significant variations are observed in the nature and frequency of the turbidites deposits in the deep sedimentary record, over the last 1.5 Ma. These variations are associated with the barrier reef expansion around 400-500 ka. Comparison with a similar sedimentary record located offshore New Caledonia show similar and nearly synchronous trend, highlights a potential common mechanism for the barrier reefs expansion in the SW Pacific region. This study further explores links between carbonate production and environmental changes which are addressed by the study of the ratio Mg/Ca in surface dwelling planktic foraminifera, a proxy for sea surface temperatures reconstruction. Single foraminifera analysis were also measured to quantify the range of temperature for a given period. Measurements were performed on two G. ruber morphotypes known to calcify at different depths. Mean temperatures and seasonality do not appear to be the main control factor of the barrier expansion in the region. The vertical trend of temperatures over the last 1.5 Ma, offshore the Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia, seems to be associated with hydrodynamic changes of the Coral Sea
Regoli, Fabienne. "Diversité cryptique du zooplancton carbonaté et réponse aux changements globaux du pléistocène à l'anthropocène." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4330.
Full textThe Equatorial West Pacific thermocline dynamic is strongly modulated by climatic phenomenon as the ENSO and the Indo Asiatic monsoon. Here we use fossils of two morphotypes of the same planktonic foraminifera species, Globigerinoides ruber, from the Southern edge of the Western Equatorial Pacific as proxy of paleostratification, in order to track climate changes since the last 800 000 years. Our results show a regular beating of the Equatorial Pacific thermocline in response to Glacial/ Interglacial changes connected to the high latitudes. During glacials, the reinforced South subtropical gyre increases the advection of cold waters from the Antarctic to the West Pacific. This mechanism was progressively intensified by the increasing obliquity amplitude since 800 000 years. The morphometric study of the two morphotypes of Globigerinoides ruber indicates that the test shape responses to environmental changes at Glacial/Interglacial time scale. Furthermore these results suggest that those two populations have distinct environmental requirements, allowing to uses them as proxy of stratification. The mono-morphotypic calibration for Mg/Ca derived-paleotemperatures indicates that there is no specific thermodependance of magnesium between the two morphotypes
Singh, Awnesh. "De la diversité des évènements El Niño Oscillation Australe dans l'océan Pacifique tropical et des tendances climatiques associées au cours des 50 dernières années." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00795552.
Full textDewitte, Boris. "Rôle de la structure verticale de l'océan sur la variabilité basse fréquence dans le Pacifique tropical." Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30296.
Full textWe investigate the low frequency variability of the oceanic vertical structure in the tropical Pacific from an ocean general circulation (OPA) forced simulation over the period 1985-1994. Our goal is two-fols : 1) To find to which extent the simulation can be interpreted as a combination of baroclinic long equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves for the different vertical modes, and 2) to document the processes that affect the waves propagation, in particular modal dispersion due to zonal change in the density field, vertical energy propagation processes and the coupling with atmosphere. Linear model simulations are carried out and are used as a diagnostic tool
Izumo, Takeshi. "Le sous-courant équatorial et les échanges de masse et de chaleur associés dans le Pacifique tropical : variabilité, liens avec les événements El Nino-La Nina." Toulouse 3, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006355.
Full textThe equatorial undercurrent (EUC), the shallow meridional overturnings cells feeding it, and their essential role in the equatorial Pacific for El Niño and decadal variability, are studied using both in situ data and model. Trajectories of water masses in a realistic numerical model reveal complex and asymmetric recharges/discharges associated with the 1997-1998 El Niño-La Niña events. Using TAO/TRITON moored data of current and temperature at the equator, with their gaps carefully filled, continuous time series of mass transport, temperature, depth and kinetic energy of the EUC are constructed over 1980-2002 and analysed. Over 1951-1999 in the validated model, EUC, pycnocline convergence, surface divergence and equatorial upwelling have the same variations in mass transport, all caused by zonal wind stretch integrated zonally, in agreement with linear theories. The strong impacts of these variations in mass transport and of those in temperature on mass and heat budgets are quantified
Barbraud, Christophe. "Forçage environnemental et prédateurs marins endothermes de l'Océan Austral: effets des changements climatiques récents et des pêcheries industrielles sur les populations." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770926.
Full textArmandine, Les Landes Antoine. "Impact des variations climatiques sur les ressources hydrogéologiques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S101/document.
Full textGroundwater resources represent approximately 98% of global freshwater resources available for humans on our planet; therefore groundwater is fundamental resource of our societies. Due to climate change and strong link between climate and the cycle of water, an understandable concern is appeared about the potential impacts of climate change on water resources. Nowadays, growing body of evidence supports the fact that changes in climatic conditions (temperature, precipitation, evaporation…) impact the hydrologic cycle and consequently groundwater resources. The identification of groundwater sensibility to climate variations has become essential. The climate is a highly complex system where its variations drive by many factors both natural and human occurs on all time scales. Climatic changes are not a new phenomenon, groundwater resources have already been impacted by effects of climatic variations, are impacting presently and will be in the future. The work carried out under this thesis covered this problematic to characterize the groundwater resources sensibility to climate variations. With the help of environmental tracers analyzed at the regional scale, impacts of major climate events occurred since the last millions years (marine transgression and glacial period) have been identified in the current hydrogeologic system. Then, support by hydrogeological modeling the impact of climate change has been studied through the specific relationships between groundwater and surface water bodies and ocean. All these studies highlight the important sensibility of groundwater resources to climate variations in terms of quality (salinization) and quantity (lower water levels). Hydrogeological resources are particularly sensitive to climate and hydrological variations (recharge changes, seawater intrusion…), as well as to non-climatic factors (human activities). Thus groundwater resources management needs to consider both climatic and non-climatic risks and the long-term adaptation of these systems
Martias, Chloé. "Dynamique de la matière organique dissoute colorée et fluorescente en zone lagonaire tropicale dans le Pacifique Sud (Nouvelle Calédonie) : influences climatiques et anthropogéniques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0133/document.
Full textNew Caledonia (South-West Pacific) is a tropical area under strong environmental pressure (climate change and local anthropogenic forcing). The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the colored (CDOM) and fluorescent (FDOM) dissolved organic matter dynamic in the New Caledonia Lagoon where strong ultramafic erosion pressure is associated with trace metals (i.e., nickel, manganese and cobalt). 3D spectrofluorimetry was used to characterize the CDOM/FDOM. The West and East coasts were sampled during one year and a half in a context of El Niño (2015-2016), interrupted by strong rainy events (storms) and during CALIOPE 3 cruise (East coast). A parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of EEMF led to the identification of 5 fluorophores: marine humic-like, 2 tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like peaks (T2 peak) from the biological balance between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton and a terrestrial humic-like from rivers draining caledonian coast. The CDOM signal at 350 and 442 nm had a strong dependency on river inputs accentuated during storms and revealed photodegraded CDOM. The FDOM signal in the East showed a seasonal cycle (wet/dry season) contrary to the West coast depending on sporadic rainy events. Data acquired during the CALIOPE 3 were coupled with trace metal concentrations, biogeochemical parameters, and plankton communities. Some fluorophores displayed a preferential association with nickel and cobalt. The complexation capacities of these fluorophores toward trace metals were revealed by a quenching experiment that allowed to derive complexation constants
Amraoui, Laïla. "Variabilités climatiques régionales et changement global : cas de l'évolution climatique récente au Maroc, en Mauritanie et sur leur proche océan." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO30069/document.
Full textIn the context of global contemporary climate change, regional climate analyses are of major interest as they allow accounting for spatial heterogeneity of climate change. Our study provides for an analysis of recent climate changes in Morocco and Mauritania and their nearby Ocean. It focuses on the evolution in the lower layers of the atmosphere, taking into account the thermal conditions (air temperature at 2m), the coastal climate dynamics (sst and upwelling), and atmosphere dynamics made of atmospheric pressures and surface winds. For all the studied meteorological parameters, the variability and inter-annual evolution are analyzed on monthly and annual / seasonal scales.Statistical analyzes based primarily on linear regressions and Hubert's segmentation helped show that the Moroccan-Mauritanian zone has experienced over the past six decades (1950-2008), contrasting climate changes both at the spatial and seasonal scales. The most significant results are hereunder summarized :•A contrasted thermal evolution with a more pronounced warming in Morocco and the Sahara than in Mauritania,•Increase the intensity of the upwelling on the Moroccan coast and decrease on the Mauritanian,•A strong and dominant upward trend in atmospheric pressure, resulting, in particular, in a Mediterrano-Saharan AA strengthening and lower Saharan thermal pressure during summer,•A general downward trend in wind speed, in parallel with a rotation of the compass rose from north to northeast for marine trade winds, and from north to east for the continental trade winds.Hubert’ Segmentation confirmed that the major climatic fluctuations in the Moroccan-Mauritanian area and their nearby ocean occurred during the 1970s. This is true at the level of air temperatures, the upwelling, and SLP, while the disruption that affected the wind speed and the frequency of the main directions of the trade winds occurred between 1960 and 1970. A second period of disruption has been demonstrated by Hubert’s segmentation. It relates to the 1990s in air temperature chronological series and SLP
Donat-Magnin, Marion. "Variabilité atmosphérique en Antarctique de l'Ouest : Impact sur la circulation océanique et sur le bilan de masse de surface de la calotte Interannual Variability of Summer Surface Mass Balance and Surface Melting in the Amundsen Sector, West Antarctica." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU032.
Full textWest Antarctica, and particularly the Amundsen sector, has shown since the 1990s a large increase of mass loss related to coastal glacier acceleration in response to an increase of oceanic melt underneath ice shelves. Ice shelves play a buttressing role for ice-stream and increased oceanic melt therefore lead to ice shelves thinning and glacier acceleration, which contributes to sea level rise. West Antarctica is of particular concern because its configuration is prone to marine ice-sheet instability. It has been suggested that ice shelves weaken under large surface melt in a warmer climate (hydrofracturing), possibly leading to another kind of instability. Instabilities could be slowed down or compensated by future Surface Mass Balance (SMB) that consists mainly of snowfall, sporadic rainfall, and is slightly reduced by sublimation and runoff. The main objective of this PhD work is to model the atmospheric and oceanic processes that will most likely affect the future West Antarctic contribution to sea level rise.First, oceanic projections have been developed using the NEMO ocean model. The ocean circulation induced by ice-shelf basal melting affects the ocean response to future changes in surface winds. Therefore, models that do not represent ice-shelf cavities produce wrong warming patterns around Antarctica. A positive feedback between oceanic melting and grounding-line retreat has been identified and can increase melt rates by a factor of 2.5. These results are strong incentive to couple ocean and ice sheet models, although the projections proposed here are relatively idealized.To run SMB and surface melting projections, an atmospheric model with a fine representation of polar processes, including those related to the snowpack, is needed. MAR is found to be an appropriate tool to simulate the present-day surface climate in the Amundsen region. We find that none of the large climate modes of variability (ASL, SAM, ENSO) explains more than 50% of surface melt and SMB summer variance at the interannual timescale. The use of climate mode variability projections to estimate the future surface climate of West Antarctica is therefore not trivial.Forced by the CMIP5 multi-model mean under the RCP8.5 scenario, MAR predicts an increase of SMB by 30-40% for the end of the 21st century. This increase corresponds to 0.33 mm yr-1 of sea level drop down, which is higher than the current West Antarctic contribution of ~0.26 mm yr-1 from ice dynamics. Surface melt is also projected to increase by a factor of 5 to 15 over the Amundsen ice shelves, but most of it is projected to refreeze in the annual snow layer, so future melting should not have a strong contribution to SMB or hydrofracturing.To conclude we show that coupled ocean and ice sheet climate models are essential to simulate the future of Antarctica and Southern Ocean. A fine representation of surface melt and refreezing processes within the snowpack is also crucial as possible hydrofracturing is threatening in a warmer climate and it comes within a delicate equilibrium between snowfall, air temperature, and feedback related to albedo and humidity
Rau, Lavado Pedro. "Variabilité du régime des précipitations, des débits et des bilans hydriques le long du versant pacifique péruvien : influence du phénomène ENSO et sensibilité au changement hydroclimatique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30249/document.
Full textClimate variability and associated extreme events as El Niño phenomenon (ENSO) represent the most difficult episodes to deal with along the Peruvian Pacific slope and coast. In addition, a growing water concern takes place since seventies. In-depth documentation of precipitation and runoff regimes becomes a key part in any water management plan and this research offers the first hydroclimatic variability study at monthly and annual time step in the study area over the last four decades (1970?2010 period). First, an exhaustive database treatment was carried out overcoming some limitations due to Andean geographical conditions. Second, precipitation regime was studied with a regionalization approach under non-stationary time-series conditions. A combined process consisting in k-means clustering and regional vector methodology was proposed. Nine regions were identified with a homogeneous precipitation regime following a latitudinal and altitudinal gradient. Third, a hydroclimatic balance is done at catchment-scale addressing the issue of climate and anthropogenization and their potential influences over hydroclimatic time series. The theoretical Budyko-Zhang framework was used and allowed identifying 11 out of 26 catchments with both low climate and anthropogenization influence (i.e. unimpaired conditions). This hypothesis was verified with the use of land use and land cover remote sensing products as MODIS and LBA imagery. Then, runoff regime was studied under unimpaired conditions and an extension over 49 catchments of the Peruvian Pacific drainage was done. A regional runoff model is proposed via two conceptual lumped models at annual and monthly time scale (GR1A and GR2M respectively). A Differential Split-Sample Test (DSST) was used to cope with modelling robustness over contrasted climate conditions as dry and wet years according to the semi-arid conditions. These results also showed an increasing regional discharge from arid Peruvian Pacific coast towards the Pacific Ocean. Finally, the scope of the thesis covers (1) a revisitation of ENSO/precipitation relationship considering the regionalized precipitation and several ENSO indices in order to discriminate the influence of the two types of El Niño (the eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño and the central Pacific (CP) El Niño) as well as the influence of large-scale atmospheric variability associated with the Madden and Julian Oscillation, and of regional oceanic conditions. The proposed methodology consisting in principal component analysis, wavelets and coherence, running correlations and spatial covariance analysis, highlights the significant decadal modulation with the larger ENSO impact in particular in the 2000s, ENSO/precipitation relationship reverses compared to the previous decade. The two dominant co-variability modes between sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the nine regions show salient features of the ENSO influence: increased precipitation over downstream regions in northern Peru during EP El Niño and decreased precipitation over upstream regions along the Pacific slope during CP El Niño events. (2) The sensitivity to hydroclimatic change is explored by hydroclimatic trend analysis as changes indicators of regional hydroclimatology. According to significant upward trends in annual temperature found in all catchments, results showed a significant warming in the study area with a mean of 0.2°C per decade. Also, changes in trajectories in the Budyko space (i.e. direction and magnitude) over the 11 selected catchments revealed that six catchments were shown to be sensitive to climate variability (i.e. likely with high sensitivity to future climate) and land use changes, where precipitation and temperature are the main drivers of these environments changes
Allgeyer, Sebastien. "Modélisation de l'aléa tsunamis et des résonances côtières en France." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00948256.
Full textDoukpolo, Bertrand. "Changements climatiques et productions agricoles dans l'Ouest de la République Centrafricaine." Phd thesis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01053261.
Full textBauer, Olivier. "Les échanges océan-atmosphère dans l'Atlantique subtropical nord-est : apports de Météosat." Phd thesis, 1996. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00956592.
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