Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Changements climatiques – Atténuation'
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Amat, Amandine. "Le changement climatique de la simulation aux modes d'existence : étude de trajectoires climatiques de villes et d'entreprises en Alsace." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG023.
This thesis focuses on the ultimatum imposed by the climate change phenomenon in contemporary Western society : changing the model of society or risk collapse (Diamonds, 2006). The major ordealt hat is required was that of otherwise inhabit the Earth around another project : the fight against climate change. Many publications (Aykut, 2012 ; Dahan, 2015 ; Latour, 2015 ; Roques, 2013 ;Stengers, 2009) describe the inability of state institutions to build a common project to respond to climate challenges. In this situation, the "critical" studies note the important place that has taken the simulation at the expense of concrete and sustainable action. Climate modelling, political and economic simulations, sociological diagnoses, literary fiction, climate change is largely invested by the narrative. Our field immersions have shown that other scales of action are already actively seized ofthe climate deal. Cities and businesses are in fact more likely to take a position in the energy and climate challenge. It follows that some statements, by their position mediators had given way to concrete experiments. Taking a pragmatic approach, inspired by the l’Enquête sur les modes d’existence proposed by Latour, and enriched by the model of Économies de la Grandeur of Boltanski and Thevenot, this thesis attempts to describe the various modes of existence of the climate problem from territorial collectives. We also assuming the rear of influence cultural plans and attachments in producing climate strategies by local actors
Scanu, Emiliano. "L'action publique urbaine et les enjeux des changements climatiques : l'exemple de Québec et Gênes." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26139.
Climate change is the paradigmatic example of modernisation’s side effects on contemporary societies. In addition to cause severe ecological impacts, climate change also entails a range of socio-political challenges whose nature and scope deserve special attention. While many sociological studies have already addressed these issues, urban climate governance has been quite neglected. This is rather curious if one considers that we now live in an urbanized global society, and that most significant and promising climate initiatives are being carried out by cities. This doctoral thesis thus explores this line of research. Adopting a constructivist approach, and in the light of ecological modernisation theory, it focuses on climate governance in Quebec City, Canada, and Genoa, Italy. The aim is to understand the way climate change becomes the subject of discourses and actions at the urban level, and to what extent it influences choices affecting urban development trajectories. Results show that both Quebec City and Genoa have undertaken efforts to deal with climate change, even if involved actors, modes of governance, planning instruments and implemented actions can differ substantially from one context to another. On the one hand, our results show that the fight against climate change is increasingly taken into consideration by cities, and that this seems to be associated with broader changes in how urban development is planned and how public action is practiced. On the other hand, our results suggest interpreting some forms of climate action in terms of ecological modernization; this, insofar as they are designed in a spirit that assigns a central role, although renewed, to modernity’s institutions. In addressing the growing phenomenon of cities involvement in climate action, this doctoral thesis helps to expand sociological knowledge about how and why contemporary societies and institutions transform in order to address environmental challenges.
Ilasca, Constantin. "Économie politique internationale des négociations climat et prise en compte des coûts d’atténuation et d’adaptation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAE008/document.
Our research focuses on the cooperation and climate governance in the post-Copenhagen era. Its main purpose is to observe and define the evolution of the climate regime, based on the positions of the European Union, China and the United States. These three countries can be considered as big emitters, major economies, as well as great powers. Two main drivers are taken into account in our analysis: mitigation and adaptation costs to climate change. The starting point for our research is to be found in the polarized evolution of the climate regime. The most illustrative aspect of this “metamorphosis” is the shift, in 2009, from the top-down to the bottom-up architecture of the climate regime.Thus, we resort to a hybrid theoretical background, which consists of both international political economy and climate change economy. The joint contribution of the two approaches allows us to analyze international political economy with climate economy as an input, as well as the impact of international relations on the main economic framework of climate change. Our research is based on a specific cooperation model, known as the “k-group” theory, as developed by Duncan Snidal (1985).Within this framework of minilateral cooperation, the thesis that we defend is that it is possible to have a climate k-group which may have a trigger effect in order to obtain an ambitious regime. The starting point for our argument is that this group can be considered as a “club of the relevant”, and that what it needs to achieve in order to constitute a k-group is to establish a “coalition of the willing”. The capacity and the willingness to act are mainly influenced by the costs they have to bear, that is the costs to mitigate their emissions and to adapt to the climate change consequences. Meanwhile, the group's collective commitment depends on other countries' actions. More precisely, the incentive mechanism is built on the idea that cooperation is meant to widen, in order to eventually prevent free riding.Our main results are to be regarded in the light of the COP 21 outcome. If the k-group works, it is because our three countries decide to move forward and accept to bear mitigation costs that are higher than those of other countries'. Their collective commitment should trigger a virtuous dynamic which would impose on climate regime a collective leadership of these three countries, thus leaving the others with no other way than to follow. If the k-group does not work, it is because our three actors consider upfront costs too high with respect to their own interests, as well as to the risk of free riding (if the others do not go along). Given our three actors' economic and political context, this scenario seems likely.Finally, we rather favor in our work the Europe-China tandem. We argue that the k-group should be built on this joint cooperation, since, unlike the United States, Europe appears to be more willing to endorse an ambitious regime, whereas China seems an unavoidable actor. Thus, China, which faces a major impact of climate change, should play along with Europe if it wishes to obtain an agreement that is not solely based on minimal (national) contributions
Amat, Amandine. "Le changement climatique de la simulation aux modes d'existence : étude de trajectoires climatiques de villes et d'entreprises en Alsace." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG023/document.
This thesis focuses on the ultimatum imposed by the climate change phenomenon in contemporary Western society : changing the model of society or risk collapse (Diamonds, 2006). The major ordealt hat is required was that of otherwise inhabit the Earth around another project : the fight against climate change. Many publications (Aykut, 2012 ; Dahan, 2015 ; Latour, 2015 ; Roques, 2013 ;Stengers, 2009) describe the inability of state institutions to build a common project to respond to climate challenges. In this situation, the "critical" studies note the important place that has taken the simulation at the expense of concrete and sustainable action. Climate modelling, political and economic simulations, sociological diagnoses, literary fiction, climate change is largely invested by the narrative. Our field immersions have shown that other scales of action are already actively seized ofthe climate deal. Cities and businesses are in fact more likely to take a position in the energy and climate challenge. It follows that some statements, by their position mediators had given way to concrete experiments. Taking a pragmatic approach, inspired by the l’Enquête sur les modes d’existence proposed by Latour, and enriched by the model of Économies de la Grandeur of Boltanski and Thevenot, this thesis attempts to describe the various modes of existence of the climate problem from territorial collectives. We also assuming the rear of influence cultural plans and attachments in producing climate strategies by local actors
Paradis, Laurence. "Comparaison du bilan de carbone et du potentiel d'atténuation des changements climatiques de stratégies d'aménagement forestier dans la sapinière boréale du Québec (Canada)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30685.
Management of the world’s forests can play a role for climate change mitigation by increasing CO2 storage in vegetation biomass and harvested wood products, and by displacing CO2-intensive materials such as steel or concrete. This study aimed to determine how management of boreal forest stands can contribute to climate change mitigation in the context of ecosystem-based management. The study was based on the comparison of different strategies applied to a balsam fir-white birch stand in the Eastern boreal forest of Quebec (Canada). We simulated five scenarios over a 199- year period at the stand level: a reference scenario involving clearcut at 50-year intervals, and four 12 alternative scenarios clearcut with longer rotation length (70 and 80 years), partial cut, and a no harvest scenario. Overall, scenarios with longer clearcut rotations and, to a lesser extent, partial cut resulted in a higher potential to mitigate climate change. The substitution effect of wood products was revealed as a key aspect, suggesting that wood product manufacturing and utilisation on the markets, and not only forest management, need to be carefully considered.
Fortin, Claude. "Approche de quantification et de récompense des bénéfices climatiques associés à un projet de séquestration de carbone en milieu forestier : implications pour le marché du carbone québécois." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35415.
This study is part of the international movement to develop and implement effective market mechanisms to fight climate change. In Québec, this is mainly reflected in the establishment of a cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gas emission allowances and an offset credit component. Unlike a GHG reduction project, a forest carbon sequestration project is inherently non-permanent. This feature limits the real potential to cancel or offset all the negative effects resulting from a GHG emission into the atmosphere behind the used of an offset credit (OCr). It is mainly for this reason that the forestry sector is currently excluded from the Quebec OCr component. Currently, regardless of the type of market (voluntary, regulatory), the OCr issuance approach adopted for carbon sequestration projects anticipates a climate benefit, forcing project proponents and OCr to put in place binding and long-term follow-up measures to ensure the environmental integrity. The main objective of the research project is to propose a new approach for quantifying and delivering OCr for carbon sequestration projects. Like the current approach, the proposed approach must not only quantify and reward a quantity of carbon sequestered, but also and above all, quantify and reward the temporal dimension implicit in the creation of climate benefits associated with the maintenance of an amount of carbon out of the atmospheric atmosphere for a given period of time. Using radiative forcing as an indicator of an effect on the climate system, the approach demonstrates that it is possible to integrate these two variables into the determination of the number of OCrs to be delivered to a project promoter. As a result, the constraints associated with the permanence test become obsolete.
Meilland, Auriane. "Articulation entre priorités de développement nationales et objectifs d'atténuation du changement climatique - analyse, modélisation et implications pour la négociation internationale sur le climat." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB015.
Climate change mitigation goals and development priorities are closely linked. For the most part, however, they remain discussed in separate arenas, both within individual countries and at the international stage, where development is addressed in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and mitigation is tackled by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In such a context, are countries' development strategies consistent with their climate mitigation targets? Can this assessment shed new light on how fair countries' contributions to the Paris Agreement are? To address these questions, including for countries in which existing data and analyses are limited, the present thesis builds and provides first applications of a model-based, data-sober methodology. Its aim is to examine the conditions under which climate mitigation targets, as expressed in Nationally Determined Contributrions, and other long-term national development goals, as expressed in official development planning documents, are compatible.In the absence of a comprehensive dataset on countries' development priorities, we first collect and analyse the long-term national development documents of 121 countries to extract stated development priorities. In doing so, we show that the SDGs are comprehensive enough to be a relevant framework to map development priorities. We then build a flexible methodology based on the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model KLEM to assess the compatibility between some of the development priorities expressed in the development plans, and national mitigation targets. We demonstrate that CGE assessments of climate policies are sensitive to the choice of macroeconomic closure of the model - a point that, to our knowledge, had not been made in the climate modeling literature - and consequently include sensitivity analyses on this dimension in our methodology. We provide first applications of the methodology to Malawi, Colombia and Iraq, and discuss directions for future developments. Third, we review the tools currently used to assess the fairness of national mitigation targets: none would, at the same time, include the wide range of (sometimes contradictory) equity principles in the literature, while providing conclusive judgements. We build a survey collecting citizens' attitudes towards international equity in France and the US. Its results suggest that such surveys with a normative intent, if expanded, could legitimize the use of a narrower range of principles, thus improving - without fully reaching - the conclusiveness of these tools. We conclude by discussing how integrating other development priorities in the debates on fairness may help overcome this stumbling block
Photinodellis, Roxane. "Politique climatique dans le secteur agricole : efficacité, coûts de surveillance, séquestration du carbone et risque." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB011.
The aim of this thesis is to explore the trade-off between the effectiveness of net GHG mitigation policies and the costs associated with monitoring emissions and carbon sequestration. In the first contribution, our objective is to estimate the marginal cost andeffectiveness in terms of mitigating net GHG emissions for several policies partially covering emission sources and sinks. We find that subsidies for total carbon sequestrationand for carbon contained only in above-ground biomass are more cost-effective than aGHG tax. In the second contribution, at the scale of the plot, we examine the costs of participation in two types of carbon contracts, one model-based and the other results-based. For the latter type, we take into account the risk aversion of farmers regarding the uncertainty surrounding carbon sequestration results. The goal is to highlight the trade-offs regarding risk-sharing between the regulator and farmers, while defining theoretical conditions for farmer participation in these contracts. In the third contribution, at the scale of a French region, we compare the cost-effectiveness of different carbon contracts, whether results-based, model-based, or practice-based. This analysis takes into account some of the heterogeneity among farmers. Our results indicate that the most cost-effective contract form is to remunerate farmers per hectare for the implementation of intra-parcel agroforestry
Lassus, Saint-Geniès Géraud de. "La prise en compte des aspects économiques du défi climatique dans le régime juridique international du climat." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010272.
Tackling climate change is indisputably an economic challenge. It requires a shift towards a new kind of economy Jess dependent on fossil fuel, and capable to protect the interests of future generations. Given that context, it thus appears essential that international climate policies mainly focus on promoting energy transition and maintaining a balanced approach between short-term economic interests and longer-term benefits associated with mitigating climate change. Based on this assumption, the thesis questions the importance granted by members of the UN climate change regime to the need of setting rules that favor a low-carbon growth model and regulate the pursue of immediate national economic interests. Through a detailed analysis of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and their law-making process, this study first underlines the limited scope of the international tools (such as market mechanisms) specifically designed by member States to promote a low-carbon economy. It also demonstrates that international climate rules ensure to all member States a high level of protection of their national short-term economic interests. Finally, the thesis shows that UN climate cooperation now tends to be characterized by a movement of renationalization of issues related to the promotion of energy transition and the articulation of economic and environmental values
Caron, Hélène. "Succès et difficultés de la mise en œuvre des plans d'action de lutte contre les changements climatiques du gouvernement québécois 2006-2012 et 2013-2020." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36236.
Climate change represents what science says and what politics is increasingly taking into account (Ouranos, 2015). The purpose of this thesis aims to document the implementation of the two last action plans against global warming, prepared by the Governement of Québec, namely Le Québec et les changements climatiques : un défi pour l’avenir. Plan d’action 2006-2012, and Le Québec en action. Vert 2020. Plan d’action 2013-2020 sur les changements climatiques. At the junction between the analysis of public action (Matland, 1995 ; Kübler et Maillard, 2009) and the theoretical framework of the ecological modernization and its tradition of the public policies sociology (Béal, 2016), this thesis tries to answer two questions : how is the implementation carried out and why are there successes and difficulties to this adoption? Québec gets its foot in a low-carbon society, through the wind and hydroelectric energy tandem. However, fighting against climate change represents a major challenge, which Québec has accepted with an ambitious target. The PACC 2006-2012 got some basis implemented, but there remains a lot to do and outcomes remain unknown : will the PACC 2013-2020 achieve its greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of 20 % below the line of 1990 (Gouvernement du Québec, 2012a, p. I) ? At march 31, 2016, one notes the under-implementation of the PACC 2013-2020, since 22 % only of the planned budget had already been spent (MDDELCC, 2017a, p. 46). Greenhouse gas emissions reduction and climate change adaptation are lagging behind projections. The thesis fits into the theoretical framework of the ecological modernization (Huber, 1982 ; Spaargaren et Mol, 1992 ; Hajer, 1995 ; Jänicke, 1995 ; Mol, 2003 ; Christoff, 2009 ; Spaargaren et al., 2009 ; Toke, 2011), which many people present as the sociological version of the sustainable development project, focused on state and industrial actors, then the civil society (Buttel, 2003). Moreover, source of analytical and comprehensive wealth, which escapes from quantitative studies, the preferred method is semi-directive interviews (Fortin, 2013) with the supervisors of the two PACC, public authorities for the greater part, as well as content analysis (Leray, 2008) for data treatment. But the obvious limitations of the indicators and the qualitative method involve a partial validation of the hypotheses. Otherwise, the ecological modernization thesis takes place in a long-term perspective and requires time for an empirical testing (Guay, 2018)...
Lassus, Saint-Geniès Géraud de. "La prise en compte des aspects économiques du défi climatique dans le régime juridique international du climat." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26033.
De, Mesnard Adele. "Déplacements environnementaux et peuples autochtones : repenser la responsabilité des Etats et de la communauté internationale." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3032.
The protection of the rights of indigenous peoples, who are displaced by environmental degradation, is a theme that has received little attention in most of the work on environmental displacement that tends to conceptualize displacement in an abstract way. The particularities of indigenous peoples' environmental displacement require analysis in the legal, political and social contexts in which they occur: this framework makes it possible not to isolate the environmental factor but to specify its importance in view of the particular relationship that indigenous peoples have with the land and their environment and their claims to be able to freely decide their future. Taking the indigenous communities in Alaska as an example, the analysis of the legal and institutional obstacles to the recognition of indigenous particularities in displacement then makes it possible to consider the role of the law in maintaining the status of indigenousness and the perpetuation of the status of the indigenous land in the territory of destination. The mobilization of the various corpuses of recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples under international, regional and domestic law (American law) allows for a re-reading of the obligations of States in the implementation of indigenous rights in the light of the unprecedented context of their environmental displacement, while demonstrating the importance of not locking indigenous peoples into a “legal straitjacket” that would lead communities to no longer being recognized as indigenous when being displaced
Albarus, Ivonne. "Bridging Political Pledges and Physical Observations : Projection of Urban CO2 Mitigation Strategies at High Spatial Resolution." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ012.
Reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel consumption remains the primary objective to limit the impact of climate change in the coming decades. Urban areas, major contributors to global emissions, are focal points for climate action, reflecting their dual role in exacerbating and mitigating climate change but also highlighting their high vulnerability to its impacts. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories are vital for policymakers to assess, monitor, report, and reduce carbon emissions. Organizations like ICLEI, GCoM, and C40 provide frameworks for cities to report emissions and share knowledge. Activity-based methodologies have been widely embraced, yet challenges persist, including standardized methodologies, data availability and transparency, and long-term funding. Recent advancements with hybrid approaches, combining inventories and atmospheric measurements, show promising results in providing more accurate and timely emission estimates to support urban climate action. While emission inventories provide the basis for effectively targeting climate policies, urban Climate Action Plans articulate carbon mitigation efforts to reduce emissions. Many cities aim for net zero emissions by mid-century, necessitating deep decarbonization, systemic transformation, robust governance, and socio-economic considerations. Atmospheric GHG monitoring supports effective emission tracking, but careful network design is crucial to monitor key sectors and adapt to rapidly changing urban landscapes.The main objective of this thesis is to establish a link between the anticipated spatial impacts of political pledges on future anthropogenic CO2 emissions in Paris and Munich for 2030 and 2050, and the resulting recommendations on the physical characteristics of long-term urban GHG observation networks.Chapter I introduces the importance of urban areas and provides an overview of different carbon accounting methods like activity-based emission inventories, atmospheric observations, and modeling approaches. Additionally, it depicts the crucial role of climate action plans and network design studies.Chapter II, a joint study of Munich and Paris, reveals divergent emission trajectories due to distinct climate targets, underlining the complexity of reducing urban emissions influenced by socio-economic factors. The quantification of mitigation actions and the analysis of whether the sum of those actions reaches the given climate targets remains challenging. The research underscores the need for quantitative assessments of climate actions to strengthen climate policies.Chapter III provides a more detailed analysis of Paris's Climate Action Plan by quantifying the most impacting mitigation actions across sectors. The resulting carbon-saving potentials are projected to evaluate their temporal, spatial, and socio-economic impacts and assess the feasibility of meeting the city's climate targets. The high-granular spatially resolved emission maps reveal significant disparities in emission reductions, highlighting the complex city-suburb interactions, socio-economic impacts, and climate mitigation strategies.Chapter IV critically analyzes the design of long-term atmospheric monitoring networks for the Greater Paris region using the spatialized projections of carbon mitigation actions. The study employs a model-observation framework, integrating the WRF-Chem transport model and LPDM in backward mode. The study computes tower footprints for existing and theoretical monitoring stations based on hourly observations with varying sensor sensitivity. It assesses station sensitivity to surface GHG emissions, emphasizing the importance of careful network design and sensor placement for monitoring decreasing emission trends in rapidly evolving urban landscapes.Chapter V summarizes the study's main findings, discusses the significance of the results, and outlines potential directions for future research
Qureshi, Aiman Mazhar. "Modélisation et aide à la décision multicritère du confort thermique en milieu urbain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AMIE0081.
Urban areas are the prevalent places of residence for people and are vulnerable to exasperating weather conditions such as heat stress. Periods of heat waves are increasingly reoccurring in the current atmosphere, and they are known to pose a serious and major threat to the health of human beings all over the world. Urban heat islands and heat waves increase thermal risks in urban areas and the vulnerability of the urban population. The increase in the number of heat episodes in urban areas has become a significant concern due to its adverse effects on human health and economic activities. The objective of this work is to identify the sensitivity of thermal comfort and their action variables, the modeling of thermal stress using the most influential meteorological variables, the identification of risk factors and highlight the correlation of meteorological trends and influencing parameters, solutions for mitigating heat stress and mathematical support for decision-making. Several machine and deep learning techniques were used for the system dynamic modeling of the thermal comfort. Optimized results are obtained from the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model which is used for the development of a web simulation tool allowing the inhabitants to evaluate their level of comfort according to the weather conditions. A heat vulnerability index map has been developed to indicate the vulnerability of occupants considering different aspects in a medium-sized city such as planning, green space, density, energy, quality air, water bodies and extreme heat events. The obtained results highlighted that poor air quality and heat events are interrelated, which draws the attention for decision-makers to intervene the additional measures in high-risk places. Field monitoring is carried out using sensors and a thermal camera to measure relevant variables and take action to minimize the effects of heat stress. In Last, multi-criteria decision-making methods were applied for the initial development of a decision support tool for the selection of urban heat resilience interventions that allows flexible, dynamic, and predictive use for designers and the users
Cadel, Maëlys. "Relations entre production agricole, services écosystémiques et impacts liés au fonctionnement du sol : Quels effets de systèmes de culture plus autonomes en azote en contexte de changement climatique ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ORLE1076.
Agricultural soils provide many ecosystem services (ES) to farmers and Society such as green and blue water provision, nutrient provision to crops, water quality regulation, carbon sequestration etc. However, most cropping systems are still intensively managed, based on chemical inputs, with little to no consideration of the possible effects of such practices on the environment and the ability of soils to provide these ES. One issue of agroecological transition is to design more sustainable production systems, with limited use of chemical inputs, that provide and benefit from biodiversity and the ES support of agricultural production. We thus need to improve our knowledge on the spatio-temporal relationships that may exist between management practices, agricultural production, ES and environmental impacts. This manuscript synthesizes the results of a three years INRAE-ANDRA collaboration that aimed at providing key information on soil-crop functioning while facing this challenge. This work was structured into two parts. We first conducted a systematic literature review of the relationships between agricultural production, the ES and the impacts linked to soil functioning, within temperate annual production systems. In order to be able to compare the results of the 40 studies selected, we developed a new ontology of soil-based ES and impacts. This review evidenced mainly non-significant relationships between Biomass production and the ES and impacts investigated suggesting that there is no systematic trade-off between agricultural production and regulating ES. We also identified key relationships that have never been investigated in the studies selected as those between C sequestration and Physical soil quality regulation or Soil biodiversity. Also, an analysis of the effects of drivers of these ES revealed that the three pillars of conservation agriculture, as well as organic fertilization, seem promising practices to provide balanced bundles of ES. We then performed simulation analyses of actual and agroecological cropping systems of the French long-term Environmental Observatory of ANDRA. The objectives were to assess the effects of more N self-sufficient cropping systems, with a climate change mitigation purpose, on the temporal relationships between agricultural production, 5 ES and 3 impacts linked to soil functioning. These cropping systems were designed by implementing three agroecological management practices: a) long cover crops with legume (crimson clover), b) grain legumes (pea) and c) fodder legumes (alfalfa). To assess the performances of these systems, we used the STICS model, that simulates the functioning of the soil-crop system at a daily time-step. Simulations were run over two 20-years time periods: a first one for recent past climate (2000-2021) and a second one for future climate projection using RCP 8.5 (2036-2057). If most of the temporal relationships analysed were non-significant, results highlighted that the use of long cover crops in the rotation provided the highest values of N provision to crops and C sequestration and the lowest values of NO3 lixiviation
Vogt-Schilb, Adrien. "Éléments sur la transition vers du capital bas carbone." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1114/document.
This thesis shows that while greenhouse gases are a stock pollution that imposes a shadow carbon cost that increases over time, it may be socially desirable to invest now in the deployment of expensive emission-reduction measures. This results solely from taking into account inertia inherent to the accumulation of low-carbon capital, in the absence of any other market imperfection. This thesis also covers the choice of policy instruments that imperfect governments can use to ensure the market implement these investments. It suggests that if governments cannot commit credibly to a carbon price path, or cannot fully compensate the losers from the introduction of a carbon price, then sector-scale policy instruments that incentivize investment in clean capital may be more effective and more acceptable than the carbon price
Ouro-Bodi, Ouro-Gnaou. "Les Etats et la protection internationale de l'environnement : la question du changement climatique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0228/document.
Climate change has become the scourge environmental concern and mobilizes more theinternational community. The outcome of this mobilization remains probably the implementation ofinternational climate change regime for which the Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol are the legalbases. This system is innovative in that it sets quantified emission reduction commitments for greenhouse gasemissions (GHG) for polluters States, but also in that it establishes mechanisms known as of “flexibility”whose implementation is accompanied by a control based on a Committee known as of “compliance”. Butdespite all this normative production, it is regrettable that today the international climate regime is a realfailure. Indeed, if the mobilization of states is no doubt, however, the same states that have voluntarily agreedto engage deliberately refuse to honour their commitments for essentially political, economic and strategicreasons. This work therefore aims to shed light on the causes of this failure by developing a mixed record ofthe first Kyoto commitment ended period in 2012, and offers prospects for a legal regime of the post-Kyotoclimate and efficient, able to be up to the challenges
Tevenart, Camille. "L’incertitude en tant que frein à l’adoption de pratiques d’atténuation dans l’agriculture." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0156.
Hidden costs limit the reduction of GHG emissions associated to agricultural productions. Uncertainty is inherent in farmers’ production decisions, and impact them through different drivers: beliefs, risk, information, ambiguity, are just as many elements that can limit the spread of mitigation practices in the agricultural sector. In this thesis, we first present a complete literature review about agri-environmental measures and the diverse approaches of uncertainty in microeconomics and agricultural economics. We then develop a model of adoption decision showing that 3 hidden costs associated to uncertainty can prevent new practices’ adoption in a non-additive way and coexist (option value, risk premium, informational externalities), so that the regulator must socialize them in order to reduce GHG emissions. Then, we implement a land conversion model and extent it in an empirical estimation strategy of the impact of herb yields volatility on the shadow value of grasslands in the French forage mix. The multinomial logistic model is estimated through an instrumental approach using meteorological data. Finally, we make a survey of a sample of farmers in order to measure their attitudes towards risk and ambiguity (Multiple price list) and estimate their impact on nitrogen fertilization decisions, according to the whole application and the splitting practice
Fedele, Giacomo. "Stratégies de gestion des terres dans les réponses aux aléas climatiques en Indonésie." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0021.
Ecosystems play an important role in strategies for facing climate change because they address both its causes and effects through the delivery of ecosystem services. Ecosystems act as safety nets for rural livelihoods and as buffers against damages by supplying provisioning services (e.g., food and timber) and regulating services (e.g., water regulation and erosion control). In addition, carbon sequestration by ecosystems contributes to mitigate climate change. Land management affects ecosystem services in diverse ways and, because of trade-offs, can enhance the supply of one ecosystem service of interest at the expense of others. For example, the conversion of forests to agriculture to increase food production may degrade water regulation. Although trade-offs are recognized, knowledge on how changes in land management affect ecosystem services and their beneficiaries is still limited. This research aims to increase our understanding of how land management changes impact the resilience of local communities to climate hazards and the provision of ecosystem services at regional and global level. We combined multi-disciplinary and participatory methods to analyze changes in the management of forests and trees in the responses of local communities to climate hazards. Across four rural communities affected by floods and droughts in tropical forest landscapes in Indonesia, we inventoried forests, surveyed households, discussed with focus groups, and analysed satellite images. To analyse how ecosystem services are affected by changes in land management, we developed a conceptual framework to account for the multiple human contributions in the delivery of ecosystem services. The findings showed how communities used ecosystems in their responses to climatic impacts and how changes in land management affected the supply of ecosystem services. In the study sites with least forests, communities had the highest needs for forest ecosystem services to help them adapt to drought. Between 5 and 45% of the households reported at least one coping strategy based on products from forests and trees, for example harvesting timber or collecting leaves, rubber, and wild vegetables. Several anticipatory strategies at the community level aimed to protect or restore forests to reduce the impacts of droughts and floods on soil and water. Communities were not passive beneficiaries of ecosystem services but actively contributed to their delivery in multiple ways. They managed land, mobilized human and human-made assets (e.g. skills, fertilizers), allocated benefits, and appreciated their contribution to well-being. Such actions determined who benefited from ecosystems and how. The human contributions in the delivery of ecosystem services depended on community rules (e.g. logging restrictions or taxes), assets (e.g. access to transportation or irrigation systems), values (e.g. perception of environmental degradation), and spatial factors (e.g., location of houses and crops in disaster prone areas). The land management strategies of local communities in response to climate hazards also affected the delivery of ecosystem services at regional and global scales, through changes in biodiversity, water regulation, and carbon sequestration. An improved understanding of human inputs and trade-offs in the delivery of ecosystem services can inform the design of sound ecosystem-based solutions for strengthening the resilience of local people to climate hazards while providing other global benefits for sustainable development
Machard, Anaïs. "Towards mitigation and adaptation to climate change : Contribution to Building Design." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS020.
Due to climate change projecting increased heatwaves occurrence, ensuring that buildings designed and built today will be adapted to future warmer temperatures is essential. The scope of this Ph.D. is to propose a methodological contribution to the design of buildings that both mitigate (minimize yearly energy needs) and adapt (minimize summer indoor overheating, limit health-heat-related risk) to climate change. The methodology can be applied to any building case study in any climate. For this purpose, bias-adjusted weather files containing both present, future typical conditions and future heatwave periods were developed. The potential of different passive cooling mitigation and adaptation strategies to reduce summer indoor overheating is evaluated using these weather files through dynamic thermal simulations, sensitivity analysis and optimization methods. The results of this research work highlight that for the building case study, the evaluated strategies (buffer spaces, thermal mass, roof optical properties, glazing ratio, ventilative cooling) have a strong capacity to enable summer thermal comfort in future typical summers in Paris and in La Rochelle. However, in Carpentras, and under recurring heatwaves in all three cities, the limits of these mitigation and adaptation measures are recognized. In fact, the future heatwaves consistently lead to consecutive days of indoor overheating exposure during both daytime and nighttime for building occupants, leading to a health-heat-related risk especially for the most vulnerable. These sequences are not detected when using only future typical years, which stresses the relevance of this work. Only the combination of optimized building envelopes, ventilative cooling strategies and adaptive opportunities from building occupants (solar control, increased indoor air velocities) have the potential to offset the projected recurring health-heat-related risk, particularly elevated in the South of France
Lamour, Anais. "L’adoption de technologies climato-intelligentes par les petits producteurs au Costa Rica." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTD042/document.
Smallholding agriculture lies at the crossroads of mitigation and adaptation strategies. Both mitigation efforts to limit the atmospheric accumulation of greehouse gases and adaptation measures that aim to at least maintain agricultural yields and incomes in the face of climate change will be instrumental in eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. This dissertation explores the adoption of climate-smart technologies by Costa Rican smallholders in the two main farming systems of the country, namely high-quality coffee plantations and extensive cattle-ranching farms. I present the resultsof three studies that use primary data to investigate opportunities and challenges for scaling-up agroforestry and silvopastoralism. Potential barriers that put strain on technology adoption by rural households in the developing world are outlined in the introduction. In the first Chapter, a representative coffee farm model of land allocation between production technologies is used to explore the tradeoff between adopting coffee agroforestry - a well-documented option for both mitigation and adaptation - and dealing with market risks. Based on a Choice Experiment conducted with 207 farmers, Chapter 2 assesses the willingness of coffee farmers to adopt various agroforestry-based strategies, under various types of support. Chapter 3 evaluates the effectiveness of a national cost-share program promoting the adoption of technological packages consistent with silvopastoralism-based intensification among cattle ranchers. It provides estimates of the impact of participating into the program on both the technology adoption and the land use patterns. Overall, the results of these studies suggest that the adoption of agroforestry and silvopastoralism is costly and can be slowed down due to market frictions. Public interventions can in turn be effective in encouraging smallholders to adopt these technologies through economic incentives. The choice of the technology to be promoted is found to be crucial for the cost-efficiency of such interventions, stressing the relevance of the research conducted
Leblanc, Florian. "Controverses économiques et environnementales autour des hydrocarbures non conventionnels : les enseignements de la modélisation intégrée." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH116.
From the perspective of economic and environmental controversies over unconventional oil and gas resources, this thesis contributes to the development of integrated modelling tools intwo aspects : their ability to reflect the long-term dynamics of energy markets ; and the consideration of the links between the economy and the dynamics of the various greenhouse gases.In the first case, a set of simulations with the Imaclim-R model highlights the economic impacts of shale gas and light tight oil through (i) the links between growth paths and technicalinertia ; (ii) the conditionality of US competitiveness gains on implicit or explained strategies ; and (iii) the conditionality of US competitiveness gains on this country implicit or explicit strategies in terms of international specialization and exchange rate regime. In the course of these simulations, we study (α) the adjustment processes towards the long-term equilibrium, looking at the conditions of existence and convergence of the model temporary equilibria ; (β) the tractability limits of a stylized model of Imaclim-R reproducing the main mechanisms.In the second case, the question of the role of methane in short and long term climate strategies is addressed. The integration of the Oscar2.2 Earth System model into the Imaclim-Rmodel is used to assess the role of methane in terms of mitigation costs and to assess the risk of emissions leakage at shale gas wellheads. The simulations show that, on the one hand, theeconomic advantage of shale gas availability can be balanced against the costs induced by these emissions leakage. On the other hand, the ambitous climate strategies aiming at limitingtemperature increases well below 2° or 1.5°C require a more instant control of methane
Renner, Marie. "The Emergence of Carbon Capture and Storage Techniques in the Power Sector." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100045/document.
This thesis analyses the techno-economic and social conditions required for the emergence of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) techniques in the power sector, in compliance with CCS role in long-term mitigation scenarios. The research combines two complementary approaches: the positive one deals with the economic and social determinants necessary to trigger CCS investments, and addresses two significant issues: (1) for which CO2 price is it worth investing in CCS plants, and (2) when is CCS use socially optimal? The normative approach gives recommendations on how CCS can best be deployed as part of a least cost approach to climate change mitigation. Notably, recommendations are provided about the optimal combination of CCS policy supports that should be implemented. This Ph.D. dissertation is composed of four chapters. The first two chapters embrace the investor’s vision and highlight the determinants necessary for CCS commercial emergence. The last two chapters embrace the public decision-makers’ vision. Based on the fact that, although cost-effective, one technology may not be deployed because of social acceptance issues, Chapter 3 deals with CCS public acceptance and optimal pollution. Chapter 4 goes further and addresses the optimal CCS investment under ambiguity by providing a decision criterion with simulations on the European Union’s 2050 Energy Roadmap
Dequiedt, Benjamin. "Le coût de l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à la fertilisation des cultures." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA021.
In this thesis, we assess the mitigation cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) from fertilization which represents 38% and 44% of agricultural GHG emissions in Europe and in France. This assessment is conducted for two key measures in climate mitigation which are the implementation of legumes crops and the reduction of fertilization per hectare. The abatement potential of legume crops is computed by simulating their increase in French croplands and also by a switch of crop rotations on several years (up to 6 years) in five European regions. Results show that significant mitigation amounts can be obtained by increasing farms revenues. The role of risk aversion is studied through the reduction of fertilisation per hectare. We analytically shows the conditions leading to nitrogen over-applications on crops which allows farmers to minimize their risk of loss on crop yields. The simulations lead on risk averse farmers show that an insurance covering yield variability could be foreseen as an interesting tool to mitigate emissions
Boly, Mohamed. "Essays on foreign aid, political cycles and environmental degradation." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD014.
The observed effects of climate change over the last decades highlight the urgency of mobilizing enough resources to slow it down and mitigate its effects. In the case of developing countries, some suggest that development aid has an important role to play. However, the political ambitions of decision-makers should not be in competition with environmental ones. This thesis examines the existing links between foreign aid, political cycles and environmental degradation, through three empirical chapters. Chapter 2 studies the link between foreign aid and CO2 mitigation in 112 developing countries. It shows that the effect of aid depends on the donor, with multilateral aid more likely to reduce pollution than bilateral aid for which there is no effect. Nevertheless, a bilateral aid specifically targeted toward environment contributes to decrease the level of pollution. This later impact is non-linear, a pollution-reducing effect is only observed for important amounts of environmental bilateral aid. Chapter 3 studies the factors associated with environmental bilateral aid to recipient countries over the 1990-2013 period. The objective is to assess whether the environmental bilateral aid is motivated by non-environmental factors such as donors’ economic and political interests. Three kind of variables that might influence environmental aid allocation are examined: the environmental and non-environmental needs and merits of recipient countries, and the economic and political interests of donors. Environmental needs and merits variables include vulnerability to extreme climate events and the stringency of climate policy. The results show that while vulnerability to climate change seems to be a key determinant of environmental aid, its allocation is poorly linked to recipients’ climate mitigation policies. It finds weak evidence of association between donors’ interest variables and environmental aid on average. However, an heterogeneity analysis allows to go deeper into all the relations above, and unveils that some donors are more sensitive to environmental variables, while others rather seem focused on their economic and political interests. Chapter 4 explores how elections impact climate change policy and environmental degradation, using a sample of 76 democratic countries from 1990 to 2014. The findings indicate election years are characterized by an increase in CO2 emissions, even though the effect weakens over the recent years. It also reveals that this effect is present only in established democracies, where incumbents engage in fiscal manipulation through the composition of public spending rather than its level. Higher freedom of the press and high environmental preferences from citizens reduce the size of this “political pollution cycle”
Lecuyer, Oskar. "Quelle place pour les aides aux technologies de réduction d'émissions en présence d'un prix du carbone? : le cas du secteur électrique." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00914477.
Lapierre, Karim-Mathieu. "La lutte contre les changements climatiques comme problème de justice distributive internationale." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3597.
This dissertation is organized into two related parts : the first attempts to establish the foundations of distributive justice in the context of climate change; the second analyses six distributive principles that can enlighten international mitigation policies : the principles of equality, priority, contraction & convergence, “polluter pays”, historical accountability and capacity. As regards the foundations of distributive justice, paradigms of global public goods and basic human rights seem to provide a solid basis for understanding the binding nature of climate justice. On the adoption of distributive principles, a plural perspective can provide unique insights into different aspects of the distribution of emissions quotas and reflect more strongly the reasons why nations designated as accountable for the greenhouse effect have a moral duty to take action.
Daoust, Gabrielle. "Montréal : une planification climatique influencée par des structures administratives complexes." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11019.