Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Changements climatiques – Agriculture'
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Levasseur, Daniela. "L'agriculture urbaine, un renforcement pour la sécurité alimentaire dans un contexte de changements climatiques : le cas du Québec et de l'Oregon." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5378.
Full textBerg, Alexis. "Représentation des cultures tropicales dans le modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE : apport à l'étude des interactions climat/agriculture." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066068.
Full textAssoumal, Naibi Sidonie. "Les changements climatiques, un nouvel enjeu des relations internationales : impacts et éléments de stratégies d'adaptation au Tchad." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3005.
Full textClimate changes are upseting the whole planet. Their écologic and socio-economic impacts are a real threat for all countries, principally the developping ones. Since 1990, the international community has becoming aware of this and the developped countries are clearly showned as being mainly responsible. Consequently, they have to financially and technologically strive in order to help the less advanced countries to adapt. Nowadays, the climate changes represent a big stake in the inter-national relationships, they are debated in almost all international meetings. However, the world climatic governing is difficult to establish by the international community. The conferences are dominated by the frequent oppositions of the States’ national interests. As the impacts of climate changes are specifically localised, Chad appears as a vulnerable country suffering dramatic conse-quences: progression of desert, dryness, flood, loss of biodiversity, empoverishment of soils and diminishing water ressources which imply the decreasing ot the agricultural production, food unse-curity, deseases, conflicts and deportation of population. Although Chad is mobilised to struggle against climatic changes, it lacks the necessary capacity to confront this challenge. This thesis con-siders the sahelian zone as one of the most relevant to precisely analyse these impacts and for pro-posal of efficient strategies adapted to act against climate changes. It is about measures of mitiga-tion and adaptation which consist in operating more innovative and more targeted national politics, in creating new infrastructures in the sectors of transport, telecommunications, energy and in in-volving all the concerned actors
Soutif-Bellenger, Myriam. "Eau, agriculture, changement climatique : apports d'une modélisation intégrée agro-hydrologique pour l'adaptation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS469.
Full textAgriculture requires water to meet the biological needs of crops. When the water supplied to the soil by precipitation is not sufficient, additional water can be taken out from bodies of water and supplied to crops : this is irrigation. With the intensification of the risk of drought, agricultural territories are particularly affected by climate change. It is therefore necessary today to develop and evaluate adaptation strategies. To do this, we must take into account the evolution of irrigation water demand in future hydrological projections. Given the multiplicity of challenges related to climate change adaptation and agriculture, it is also important to implement integrated approaches and taking into account uncertainties. Furthermore, it is necessary to formulate concrete strategies, which must be defined at a sufficiently local scale. Explicit modeling of agro-hydrosystems already exists. However, these models are often complex, and require a large amount of data and simulate numerous processes. In contrast, there are conceptual hydrological models that are parsimonious, efficient, and operational but usually do not explicitly account for uses. The objective of this thesis has therefore focused on developing a framework of intermediate complexity. Firstly, a model was developed, integrating i) the modeling of hydrology using the conceptual hydrological semi-distributed daily GR5J model, ii) the modeling of irrigation water withdrawals using the daily agronomic model CropWat, and iii) modeling of storage structures and their management, such as reservoirs and dams. This modeling was first implemented on the downstream Aveyron watershed. The irrigation simulations obtained were compared with simulations from the MAELIA platform, an explicit agro-hydrological integrated model that has been the subject of numerous developments and surveys in this area. The model was also implemented in the Seille catchment, a tributary of the Moselle, on which there is no irrigation but which is currently experiencing new difficulties related to droughts. In a second phase, the developed model was applied in a prospective exercise that examined different scenarios for local agricultural and water management evolution in the Seille watershed. Interviews with local water and agriculture stakeholders were carried out to produce three plausible evolution scenarios for the Seille watershed by 2050, implemented in the model. The work carried out in this thesis confirmed the interest and necessity of integrating irrigation water withdrawals into conceptual hydrological modeling to evaluate local agricultural scenarios in the context of climate change. Thus, our work highlightedthe impacts of human influences on watershed hydrology, and the sensitivity of the model to different agricultural and water management scenarios. Our research also emphasized the need to use various indicators, both hydrological and related to water demand satisfaction, to evaluate the impacts of climate change. Nevertheless, this study revealed that in the studied area (the Seille catchment), considering future scenarios, the predominance of uncertainty related to climate projections on future low-flow periods outweighed the uncertainty linked to changes in irrigation water demand. Some projections thus lead to significant difficulties for non-irrigated spring crops, in particular maize. Finally, a parsimonious and easily reusable modeling framework was developed, which can be applied in other regions
Zouabi, Oussama. "L'impact du changement climatique la production agricole et la croissance économique : Cas de la Tunisie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL2008.
Full textThe aim of this research is to analysis both direct and indirect effect of the climate change on the agricultural production and the economic growth. This PhD research we will be based on an empirical methodology, through applying a spacial econometrics and the cointegration technique of a panel data as well as a multisectoral general equilibrium growth model. The first part is devoted to find the effect of the climate change on the agricultural production in a macro spatial level during the period 1980-2012. The main gaol of this first chapter of this PhD is to determine the direct and indirect effect of the weather forecast and the temperature changes in one region compared to the neighbouring regions. The originality of this spacial modelisation is to give an effective spacial effect. The second part of this research is aimed to use a micro spacial analysis to find out the effect of the climate change on the agricultural production in the long term way and for each region rather then all of them together as in the first chapter. In the last part of this PhD research we developed a general and dynamic equilibrium model for the Tunisian economy taking in a count eventual climate change forcast from 2015 to 2030. Aiming to calculate the effect of this change on the agricultural production and the economic aggregate in Tunisa. The resulats show that the climate change forecast in the futur will affect the agricultural production in Tunisia in both the short run and the long term and this is because of the irrigated and non irrigated plantations. The decrease of the production will affect the food industry which will decrease the level of the investment, the employment in this sector as well as the consumption
Baudoin, Marie-Ange. "Etude de l'adaptation aux changements climatiques des populations rurales africaines :le cas de communautés agricoles au sud du Bénin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209746.
Full textCette recherche s’intéresse essentiellement à l’aspect pragmatique du concept d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, questionnant la réalité de l’adaptation – ou de la non adaptation – des populations à l’échelle locale. Pour ce faire, nous avons axé l’étude autour d’enquêtes de terrain menées dans le sud du Bénin, au sein de communautés rurales agricoles. Nous avons analysé la vulnérabilité climatique des populations à des aléas relevant de la variabilité du climat, qui semble s’être accentuée récemment. L’analyse repose sur le recours à un cadre d’analyse s’inspirant des approches contextuelles et top-down utilisées, dans la littérature récente, pour étudier la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques. Ces approchent complémentaires permettent d’étudier la vulnérabilité initiale d’une société, fragilisée alors par de nouveaux stress qui émergent dans le contexte du réchauffement global.
Au final de cette recherche, nous avons mis en évidence les causes de la vulnérabilité climatique de populations sud-béninoises, causes situées à différentes échelles (locales à internationales), ainsi que les facteurs favorisant l’émergence de stratégies d’adaptation au climat :l’étude de ces facteurs inclut l’impact des politiques internationales de soutien à l’adaptation aux changements climatiques sur des populations locales du Bénin. Il ressort, en conclusions, que la vulnérabilité des sociétés doit s’étudier en regard de facteurs situés aux échelles locales, nationales et internationales, influençant les conditions de vie au sein de villages et favorisant la vulnérabilité des populations aux stress climatiques pouvant relever du réchauffement global. Dans nos cas d’étude, les populations sont vulnérables de par certains facteurs socio-économiques influençant les conditions de vie dans les villages, et, sur le plan de l’encadrement institutionnel, de par la faiblesse des structures de l’Etat, décentralisées :celles-ci se sont révélées peu présentes dans les villages étudiés, n’assurant pas le développement socio-économique et agricole à l’échelle locale. La vulnérabilité des populations qui en résulte est alors amplifiée par certains aléas climatiques spécifiques, accentuant la variabilité climatique et provoquant une certaine imprévisibilité au niveau de la pluviométrie. Réduire la vulnérabilité climatique des populations, y compris à des aléas qui pourront s’amplifier au cours des prochaines années, implique dès lors des actions se situant à différentes échelles – l’échelle locale, mais également visant certains aspects du fonctionnement de l’Etat béninois – et relevant à la fois, spécifiquement, de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques et, plus généralement, du développement socio-économique et institutionnel.
Doctorat en Sciences
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Princé, Karine. "Quel futur pour la biodiversité en milieu agricole dans un contexte de changements climatiques ? : de l'évaluation des mesures de conservation aux scénarios d'usage des sols." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833467.
Full textFleurant, Maismy-Mary. "Les changements climatiques à Haïti : pour la résilience socio-écologique des populations par l’adaptation dans le domaine de l’agriculture. Possibilités et limites du droit interne et international." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66597.
Full textThe thesis focuses on Haiti’s implementation of the international legal climate regime with the aim of adapting this country's agriculture to climate change. The general research question raised is to what extent the national legal framework, in line with international legal mechanisms, contributes to the socio-ecological resilience of the populations of Haiti to climate change through adaptation in the field of Agriculture. In response to this question, we hypothesized that the inadequacies and poverty of the national legal and institutional framework and the weaknesses in the implementation of the international legal framework do not contribute to the resilience of the people of Haiti to climate change and adaptation in agriculture. International environmental law is only really effective to the extent that it is implemented at the national level. For developing countries facing great financial and technical difficulties, facilitation remains the best way to achieve this implementation. In our work,we have sought to understand the role of existing national law in achieving Haiti’s objective of resilience and adaptation to climate change in agriculture. We questioned the implementation of international law by this country by analyzing and criticizing the legal measures and institutional reforms undertaken to allow the conventional environmental standard to be effective. We also analyzed the action of the facilitation mechanisms of the international climate and desertification regimes responsible for facilitating technical and financial assistance to developing States Parties, assistance without which a small island developing State like Haiti will find it difficult to achieve its adaptation objectives. This critical analysis of national law, of the way in which the implementation of international law was conducted and of the value of facilitation led us to formulate proposals for modification of the legal and institutional framework with the objective of socio-ecological resilience. ecological of the populations of Haiti by adaptation in the field of agriculture. These proposals were made, after a comparative approach to the implementation of international law by the Dominican Republic, a small island state neighboring Haiti and facing the same challenges of adaptation to climate change.
Wang, Xuhui. "Impacts of climate change and agricultural managements on major global cereal crops." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066625.pdf.
Full textCroplands accounts for one-fifth of global land surface, providing calories for human beings and altering the global biogeochemical cycle and land surface energy balance. The response of croplands to climate change and intensifying human managements is of critical importance to food security and sustainability of the environment. The present manuscript of thesis utilizes various types of data sources (yield statistics, long-term agrometeorological observations, field warming experiments, data-driven global datasets, gridded historical climate dataset and projected climate change) and also modelling approaches (statistical model vs. process model). It presents a series of detection and attribution studies exploring how crop phenology and crop yield respond to climate change and some management practices at regional and global scales, according to data availability. In Chapter 2, a statistical model is constructed with prefecture-level yield statistics and historical climate observations over Northeast China. There are asymmetrical impacts of daytime and nighttime temperatures on maize yield. Maize yield increased by 10.0±7.7% in response to a 1 oC increase of daily minimum temperature (Tmin) averaged in the growing season, but decreased by 13.4±7.1% in response to a 1 oC warming of daily maximum temperature (Tmax). There is a large spatial variation in the yield response to Tmax, which can be partly explained by the spatial gradient of growing season mean temperature (R=-0.67, P<0.01). The response of yield to precipitation is also dependent on moisture conditions. In spite of detection of significant impacts of climate change on yield variations, a large portion of the variations is not explained by climatic variables, highlighting the urgent research need to clearly attribute crop yield variations to change in climate and management practices. Chapter 3 presents the development of a Bayes-based optimization algorithm that is used to optimize key parameters controlling phenological development in ORCHIDEE-crop model for discriminating effects of managements from those of climate change on rice growth duration (LGP). The results from the optimized ORCHIDEE-crop model suggest that climate change has an effect on LGP trends, but with dependency on rice types. Climate trends have shortened LGP of early rice (-2.0±5.0 day/decade), lengthened LGP of late rice (1.1±5.4 day/decade) and have little impacts on LGP of single rice (-0.4±5.4 day/decade). ORCHIDEE-crop simulations further show that change in transplanting date caused widespread LGP change only for early rice sites, offsetting 65% of climate-change-induced LGP shortening. The primary drivers of LGP change are thus different among the three types of rice. Management is predominant driver of LGP change for early and single rice. This chapter demonstrated the capability of the optimized crop model to represent complex regional variations of LGP. Future studies should better document observational errors and management practices in order to reduce large uncertainties that exist in attribution of LGP change and to facilitate further data-model integration. In Chapter 4, a harmonized data set of field warming experiments at 48 sites across the globe for the four most-widely-grown crops (wheat, maize, rice and soybean) is combined with an ensemble of gridded global crop models to produce emergent constrained estimates of the responses of crop yield to changes in temperature (ST). The new constraining framework integrates evidences from field warming experiments and global crop modeling shows with >95% probability that warmer temperatures would reduce yields for maize (-7.1±2.8% K-1), rice (-5.6±2.0% K-1) and soybean (-10.6±5.8% K-1). For wheat, ST was less negative and only 89% likely to be negative (-2.9±2.3% K-1). The field-observation based constraints from the results of the warming experiments reduced uncertainties associated with modeled ST by 12-54% for the four crops
Leclere, David. "Offre agricole Européenne et changement climatique : une exploration régionale des enjeux liés aux changements d’échelle par la modélisation intégrée." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0048/document.
Full textAgriculture, and the climate system are closely linked: agricultural systems are driven by changes in mean climate and its variability, while their expansion and intensification contribute to the anthropogenic perturbation of the climate system. The evolution of the climate-agriculture system relies on numerous processes, which extend over a wide large range of temporal and spatial scale, and are intertwined. It is necessary to integrate these processes across scales in order to both reduce the uncertainty that overshadow the evolution of the system, and help clever decision making. In this work, I focused on that integration goal in the specific case of Europe for short-term time scales in a future horizon. I focused on typical spatial scales of decision making: from the smallest decision unit in agriculture (farm scale) to the one of policy making regarding agriculture-climate interactions (Europe). I continued the development of a modelling framework relying on the coupling of a microeconomic model of European agricultural supply (AROPAj) to a generic crop model (STICS), which account for adequate processes at farm scale, and for the factors that drive the heterogeneity in their net effects over Europe. This tool allowed me to highlight the specific role of farm-scale adaptations in the response of European agricultural supply to climate change. In particular, accounting for these processes alters the usual picture of climate change impacts over Europe. I further developed analytical methods building on agronomic and statistic knowledge to explore the heterogeneity in the response of major European crops, among geographical locations, species, and climate change scenarios. Finally, first results showed that at the farm scale, little interaction is expected between the adaptation to climate change and the implementation of a greenhouse gas mitigation policy targeting the agricultural sector
Traore, Amadou. "Changement climatique et agriculture en Afrique subsaharienne. Perception des agriculteurs et impact de l'association entre une céréale et une légumineuse sur les rendements des deux espèces et leur variabilité inter-annuelle sous climat actuel et futur. Cas du sorgho et du niébé dans l'environnement soudano-sahélien." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03847646.
Full textIn the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa, agricultural productivity is strongly affected by climate variability and change. Agricultural production is dominated by rainfed cereal production such as maize, millet and sorghum for food consumption. Farmers have small and variable yields, leading to increasing uncertainty about their ability to produce more to feed a rapidly growing population. The aim of this thesis was to design more productive and stable cropping systems, adapted to climate change, by exploring the benefits of sorghum-cowpea intercropping, combined with contrasting choices of sorghum variety, mineral fertilisation and sowing date. The approach was based on a survey, field experimentation and simulation using a crop model, for a case study in central Mali in West Africa. The first step was to identify farmers' perceptions of climate change and the agricultural adaptation strategies they consider relevant to cope with climate variability and change. Secondly, the STICS crop model was calibrated on the basis of two years of experimentation (2017, 2018) of the sorghum-cowpea intercrop at the N'Tarla agronomic station. In this experimental set-up, two sorghum varieties (local and improved) with contrasting sensitivity to photoperiod were studied in sole crops and in intercropping with cowpea. Two sowing dates and two levels of mineral fertilisation were also studied. The relevance of the model to represent competition and complementarities between sorghum and cowpea fo water and nitrogen use was evaluated. Finally, the performance (average productivity and productivity stability of a range of technical options for integrated soil fertility management
Schlick, Julie. "Mondialisation, Agriculture et Changement Climatique : Quatre essais en Economie Internationale." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU2062.
Full textThis dissertation studies several determinants of international trade. The first Chapter focuses on prices evolution for French wine export. It explains the recent stability of wine price by an increasing competition faces by French exporters that thwarts the increasing global demand due to the growth of higher income in emerging market (mainly in China). In the second Chapter, we investigate whether water is a determinant of agricultural trade. To estimate this impact, we construct a new indicator that allows to get a better approximation of available water by correcting some local and product specificities. This analysis is completed with simulations about the climate change impact on trade. Simulations highlights a negative impact of climate change on trade but the effect is inequaly distributed among countries. Chapter 3 and 4 analyse the Regional Trade Agreement as determinant of trade for African countries. The third chapter quantifies the impact of several agreements (COMESA, SADC,...) on trade while the fourth chapter is focusing more specifically on the EAC agreement. Main results show an increase of welfare for African countries but with an amplitude of such an increase relatively weak
Bertelli, Olivia. "Trois essais sur la sécurité alimentaire en Afrique Sub-Saharienne." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0072.
Full textDespite the emphasis put by the international community on the need to achieve food security, still today 795 million of people suffer from hunger, two thirds of whom live in rural areas. This thesis aims at shedding light on the determinants that cause households food insecurity in the Sub-Saharan context. The first part of this work illustrates the shortcomings of existing measures of food security and assesses the statistical validity of a multidimensional food security scale. Based on such statistical analysis, I, then, turn to a micro-econometric approach for investigating the role played by the number of children in granting household food security. Lastly, I explore whether household welfare related priorities, among which achieving food security, might explain the puzzling existence of negative profits in agricultural activities
Yaro, Raoul, and Raoul Yaro. "Résilience des agriculteurs face aux changements climatiques : un exemple d'application au Burkina Faso." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35234.
Full textLa myriade d’approches de mesure de la résilience des ménages agricoles face aux aléas climatiques montre le manque de consensus des chercheurs tant au niveau de la définition du concept que dans les méthodes de mesure. Néanmoins deux tendances se dégagent dans les études empiriques à savoir i) la réduction du nombre de dimensions de la résilience à trois ou quatre au maximum, ii) l’utilisation de deux approches empiriques que sont les mesures objective et subjective de la résilience. Notre étude ayant pour but de mesurer la résilience des agriculteurs face à la sècheresse et aux inondations dans deux régions du Burkina Faso, ainsi que son impact sur deux indicateurs du bien-être, a adopté l’approche objective. La résilience est mesurée à travers les capacités d’anticipation d’adaptation et d’absorption. Dans un premier temps, la méthode d’équations structurelles a permis d’estimer les scores pour les trois dimensions / capacités de la résilience. Lesdits scores ont été utilisés pour construire un indice de résilience par la méthode d’analyse en composantes principales (ACP). Enfin, une régression logistique a été utilisée pour estimer l’impact de la résilience sur la sécurité alimentaire et le profil de pauvreté des ménages. Il ressort des résultats de l’étude qu’il existe des corrélations positives entre les capacités d’anticipation, d’adaptation et d’absorption et la résilience (la capacité d’anticipation ayant la plus faible contribution dans le renforcement de la résilience). Les régressions logistiques indiquent que l’amélioration de la résilience conduit à une amélioration considérable de la sécurité alimentaire et à une augmentation relativement faible du statut socioéconomique des ménages.
The myriad of approaches to measure resilience of agricultural households to climate hazards shows the lack of consensus among researchers in terms of both; the definition of the concept and the methods of measurement. Nevertheless, two trends emerge in the empirical studies namely i) reducing the number of dimensions of resilience to three or four at most, ii) using two empirical approaches that are objective and subjective measures of resilience. Our study aims to measure farmers' resilience (using objective approach) to drought and floods in two regions of Burkina Faso, as well as its impact on two indicators of well-being. Resilience is measured through adaptive anticipation and absorption capabilities. As a first step, the structural equation method allowed us to estimate the scores for the three dimensions / capacities of resilience. These scores were used to construct a resilience index by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Finally, a logistic regression was used to estimate the impact of resilience on food security and household poverty profile. The results of the study show that there are positive correlations between anticipatory, adaptive and absorptive capacities and resilience (anticipation capacity having the smallest contribution to building resilience). Logistic regressions indicate that improved resilience leads to a significant improvement in food security and a relatively small increase in household socio-economic status.
The myriad of approaches to measure resilience of agricultural households to climate hazards shows the lack of consensus among researchers in terms of both; the definition of the concept and the methods of measurement. Nevertheless, two trends emerge in the empirical studies namely i) reducing the number of dimensions of resilience to three or four at most, ii) using two empirical approaches that are objective and subjective measures of resilience. Our study aims to measure farmers' resilience (using objective approach) to drought and floods in two regions of Burkina Faso, as well as its impact on two indicators of well-being. Resilience is measured through adaptive anticipation and absorption capabilities. As a first step, the structural equation method allowed us to estimate the scores for the three dimensions / capacities of resilience. These scores were used to construct a resilience index by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Finally, a logistic regression was used to estimate the impact of resilience on food security and household poverty profile. The results of the study show that there are positive correlations between anticipatory, adaptive and absorptive capacities and resilience (anticipation capacity having the smallest contribution to building resilience). Logistic regressions indicate that improved resilience leads to a significant improvement in food security and a relatively small increase in household socio-economic status.
Dinh, Thi Lan Anh. "Crop yield simulation using statistical and machine learning models. From the monitoring to the seasonal and climate forecasting." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS425.
Full textWeather and climate strongly impact crop yields. Many studies based on different techniques have been done to measure this impact. This thesis focuses on statistical models to measure the sensitivity of crops to weather conditions based on historical records. When using a statistical model, a critical difficulty arises when data is scarce, which is often the case with statistical crop modelling. There is a high risk of overfitting if the model development is not done carefully. Thus, careful validation and selection of statistical models are major concerns of this thesis. Two statistical approaches are developed. The first one uses linear regression with regularization and leave-one-out cross-validation (or LOO), applied to Robusta coffee in the main coffee-producing area of Vietnam (i.e. the Central Highlands). Coffee is a valuable commodity crop, sensitive to weather, and has a very complex phenology due to its perennial nature. Results suggest that precipitation and temperature information can be used to forecast the yield anomaly with 3–6 months' anticipation depending on the location. Estimates of Robusta yield at the end of the season show that weather explains up to 36 % of historical yield anomalies. The first approach using LOO is widely used in the literature; however, it can be misused for many reasons: it is technical, misinterpreted, and requires experience. As an alternative, the “leave-two-out nested cross-validation” (or LTO) approach, is proposed to choose the suitable model and assess its true generalization ability. This method is sophisticated but straightforward; its benefits are demonstrated for Robusta coffee in Vietnam and grain maize in France. In both cases, a simpler model with fewer potential predictors and inputs is more appropriate. Using only the LOO method, without any regularization, can be highly misleading as it encourages choosing a model that overfits the data in an indirect way. The LTO approach is also useful in seasonal forecasting applications. The end-of-season grain maize yield estimates suggest that weather can account for more than 40 % of the variability in yield anomaly. Climate change's impacts on coffee production in Brazil and Vietnam are also studied using climate simulations and suitability models. Climate data are, however, biased compared to the real-world climate. Therefore, many “bias correction” methods (called here instead “calibration”) have been introduced to correct these biases. An up-to-date review of the available methods is provided to better understand each method's assumptions, properties, and applicative purposes. The climate simulations are then calibrated by a quantile-based method before being used in the suitability models. The suitability models are developed based on census data of coffee areas, and potential climate variables are based on a review of previous studies using impact models for coffee and expert recommendations. Results show that suitable arabica areas in Brazil could decrease by about 26 % by the mid-century in the high-emissions scenario, while the decrease is surprisingly high for Vietnamese Robusta coffee (≈ 60 %). Impacts are significant at low elevations for both coffee types, suggesting potential shifts in production to higher locations. The used statistical approaches, especially the LTO technique, can contribute to the development of crop modelling. They can be applied to a complex perennial crop like coffee or more industrialized annual crops like grain maize. They can be used in seasonal forecasts or end-of-season estimations, which are helpful in crop management and monitoring. Estimating the future crop suitability helps to anticipate the consequences of climate change on the agricultural system and to define adaptation or mitigation strategies. Methodologies used in this thesis can be easily generalized to other cultures and regions worldwide
Veloso, Amanda Gabriela Maia. "Modélisation spatialisée de la production, des flux et des bilans de carbone et d'eau des cultures de blé à l'aide de données de télédétection : application au sud-ouest de la France." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2695/.
Full textThe agricultural lands that occupy more than one third of Earth's terrestrial surface contribute to climate change and are also impacted by those changes, since their production is conditioned by climatic conditions and water resources. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to quantify and analyze the production and also the main components of the carbon and water biogeochemical cycles for crop ecosystems in contrasted climatic years, focusing specifically on the winter wheat crop, in order to identify the best strategies for maintaining crop production and reducing environmental impacts. The study area is located in southwest France. We propose a regional modeling approach that combines: i) high spatial and temporal resolutions optical remote sensing data, ii) simple crop models and iii) an extensive set of in-situ measurements for models' calibration and validation. The combined use of these three 'tools' opens new perspectives for advanced agro-ecosystems modeling and monitoring at regional or global scales
Quefelec, Stephane. "Les effets du changement climatique sur les pays méditerranéens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24010.
Full textThis thesis studies the links between development and climate change in Mediterranean countries to better understand the processes and interactions in specific games in the region, particularly in the Maghreb and the Mashreq. In Chapter 1, we review the state of scientific knowledge on climate change at global level and at Mediterranean level. This allows us to address the problem of climate projections and analyze the results for the Mediterranean. On this basis, in Chapter 2, by comparing the projections of climate change and the local context of development, we highlight a relatively higher vulnerability of the developing Mediterranean countries. We discuss in Chapter 3, methods and tools to estimate the economic cost of climate change and deduce lessons for the Mediterranean countries. To go further in the characterization and understanding of the mechanisms at play in the Mediterranean, we propose, in Chapter 4, econometric approaches using long term panel data. We test the impact of climate variables on, first, the level of GDP per capita and, second, on cereal yields. The results show that even rich Mediterranean countries are sensitive to climate change - at least over the period 1950-2000 - although much less than Southern and Eastern developing countries of the Mediterranean basin. Furthermore, we confirm that agriculture is a major channel of climate change impact in the economy, particularly in developing countries. The issue of water appears in a key parameter in adaptation to climate change. Thus, in Chapter 5, we analyze the state of water resources, the existing modes of governance and adaptation options available to Mediterranean arid countries. We present a simulation of future demands by sector in North Africa, enabling us to obtain orders of magnitude of the expected benefits of different policy options that can be followed by the government. We show that water demand management is one of the key tools to adapt to climate change in Mediterranean countries and that its implementation depends primarily on governance reforms
Wang, Xuhui. "Impacts of climate change and agricultural managements on major global cereal crops." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066625/document.
Full textCroplands accounts for one-fifth of global land surface, providing calories for human beings and altering the global biogeochemical cycle and land surface energy balance. The response of croplands to climate change and intensifying human managements is of critical importance to food security and sustainability of the environment. The present manuscript of thesis utilizes various types of data sources (yield statistics, long-term agrometeorological observations, field warming experiments, data-driven global datasets, gridded historical climate dataset and projected climate change) and also modelling approaches (statistical model vs. process model). It presents a series of detection and attribution studies exploring how crop phenology and crop yield respond to climate change and some management practices at regional and global scales, according to data availability. In Chapter 2, a statistical model is constructed with prefecture-level yield statistics and historical climate observations over Northeast China. There are asymmetrical impacts of daytime and nighttime temperatures on maize yield. Maize yield increased by 10.0±7.7% in response to a 1 oC increase of daily minimum temperature (Tmin) averaged in the growing season, but decreased by 13.4±7.1% in response to a 1 oC warming of daily maximum temperature (Tmax). There is a large spatial variation in the yield response to Tmax, which can be partly explained by the spatial gradient of growing season mean temperature (R=-0.67, P<0.01). The response of yield to precipitation is also dependent on moisture conditions. In spite of detection of significant impacts of climate change on yield variations, a large portion of the variations is not explained by climatic variables, highlighting the urgent research need to clearly attribute crop yield variations to change in climate and management practices. Chapter 3 presents the development of a Bayes-based optimization algorithm that is used to optimize key parameters controlling phenological development in ORCHIDEE-crop model for discriminating effects of managements from those of climate change on rice growth duration (LGP). The results from the optimized ORCHIDEE-crop model suggest that climate change has an effect on LGP trends, but with dependency on rice types. Climate trends have shortened LGP of early rice (-2.0±5.0 day/decade), lengthened LGP of late rice (1.1±5.4 day/decade) and have little impacts on LGP of single rice (-0.4±5.4 day/decade). ORCHIDEE-crop simulations further show that change in transplanting date caused widespread LGP change only for early rice sites, offsetting 65% of climate-change-induced LGP shortening. The primary drivers of LGP change are thus different among the three types of rice. Management is predominant driver of LGP change for early and single rice. This chapter demonstrated the capability of the optimized crop model to represent complex regional variations of LGP. Future studies should better document observational errors and management practices in order to reduce large uncertainties that exist in attribution of LGP change and to facilitate further data-model integration. In Chapter 4, a harmonized data set of field warming experiments at 48 sites across the globe for the four most-widely-grown crops (wheat, maize, rice and soybean) is combined with an ensemble of gridded global crop models to produce emergent constrained estimates of the responses of crop yield to changes in temperature (ST). The new constraining framework integrates evidences from field warming experiments and global crop modeling shows with >95% probability that warmer temperatures would reduce yields for maize (-7.1±2.8% K-1), rice (-5.6±2.0% K-1) and soybean (-10.6±5.8% K-1). For wheat, ST was less negative and only 89% likely to be negative (-2.9±2.3% K-1). The field-observation based constraints from the results of the warming experiments reduced uncertainties associated with modeled ST by 12-54% for the four crops
Zouabi, Oussama. "L'impact du changement climatique la production agricole et la croissance économique : Cas de la Tunisie." Thesis, Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL2008.
Full textThe aim of this research is to analysis both direct and indirect effect of the climate change on the agricultural production and the economic growth. This PhD research we will be based on an empirical methodology, through applying a spacial econometrics and the cointegration technique of a panel data as well as a multisectoral general equilibrium growth model. The first part is devoted to find the effect of the climate change on the agricultural production in a macro spatial level during the period 1980-2012. The main gaol of this first chapter of this PhD is to determine the direct and indirect effect of the weather forecast and the temperature changes in one region compared to the neighbouring regions. The originality of this spacial modelisation is to give an effective spacial effect. The second part of this research is aimed to use a micro spacial analysis to find out the effect of the climate change on the agricultural production in the long term way and for each region rather then all of them together as in the first chapter. In the last part of this PhD research we developed a general and dynamic equilibrium model for the Tunisian economy taking in a count eventual climate change forcast from 2015 to 2030. Aiming to calculate the effect of this change on the agricultural production and the economic aggregate in Tunisa. The resulats show that the climate change forecast in the futur will affect the agricultural production in Tunisia in both the short run and the long term and this is because of the irrigated and non irrigated plantations. The decrease of the production will affect the food industry which will decrease the level of the investment, the employment in this sector as well as the consumption
Cadel, Maëlys. "Relations entre production agricole, services écosystémiques et impacts liés au fonctionnement du sol : Quels effets de systèmes de culture plus autonomes en azote en contexte de changement climatique ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ORLE1076.
Full textAgricultural soils provide many ecosystem services (ES) to farmers and Society such as green and blue water provision, nutrient provision to crops, water quality regulation, carbon sequestration etc. However, most cropping systems are still intensively managed, based on chemical inputs, with little to no consideration of the possible effects of such practices on the environment and the ability of soils to provide these ES. One issue of agroecological transition is to design more sustainable production systems, with limited use of chemical inputs, that provide and benefit from biodiversity and the ES support of agricultural production. We thus need to improve our knowledge on the spatio-temporal relationships that may exist between management practices, agricultural production, ES and environmental impacts. This manuscript synthesizes the results of a three years INRAE-ANDRA collaboration that aimed at providing key information on soil-crop functioning while facing this challenge. This work was structured into two parts. We first conducted a systematic literature review of the relationships between agricultural production, the ES and the impacts linked to soil functioning, within temperate annual production systems. In order to be able to compare the results of the 40 studies selected, we developed a new ontology of soil-based ES and impacts. This review evidenced mainly non-significant relationships between Biomass production and the ES and impacts investigated suggesting that there is no systematic trade-off between agricultural production and regulating ES. We also identified key relationships that have never been investigated in the studies selected as those between C sequestration and Physical soil quality regulation or Soil biodiversity. Also, an analysis of the effects of drivers of these ES revealed that the three pillars of conservation agriculture, as well as organic fertilization, seem promising practices to provide balanced bundles of ES. We then performed simulation analyses of actual and agroecological cropping systems of the French long-term Environmental Observatory of ANDRA. The objectives were to assess the effects of more N self-sufficient cropping systems, with a climate change mitigation purpose, on the temporal relationships between agricultural production, 5 ES and 3 impacts linked to soil functioning. These cropping systems were designed by implementing three agroecological management practices: a) long cover crops with legume (crimson clover), b) grain legumes (pea) and c) fodder legumes (alfalfa). To assess the performances of these systems, we used the STICS model, that simulates the functioning of the soil-crop system at a daily time-step. Simulations were run over two 20-years time periods: a first one for recent past climate (2000-2021) and a second one for future climate projection using RCP 8.5 (2036-2057). If most of the temporal relationships analysed were non-significant, results highlighted that the use of long cover crops in the rotation provided the highest values of N provision to crops and C sequestration and the lowest values of NO3 lixiviation
Tchoupé, Makougoum Christelle Flore. "Changement climatique au Mali : impact de la secheresse sur l'agriculture et stratégies d'adaptation." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD011.
Full textMali is a West African country where agriculture is mainly rain-fed, therefore essentially dependent on climatic conditions. This strong dependence between agriculture and climate makes it an interesting field of investigation, and especially with agriculture being the mainstay of Mali’s economy. Relying on theoretical and empirical methods, this thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of climate change on agricultural production and to a better understanding of farmers’ practices that make it possible to adapt to climate change. The first chapter of this thesis focused on the manifestations of climate change and their impacts on cereals production. Analysis of correlations between series of climate and agricultural data indicates that, overall, climate change has a damaging effect on cereals yields. After this analysis at the production level, we turned to the analysis of producer’s behavior. Hence, the second chapter focuses on the managerial performance of farmers. Using a stochastic frontier analysis, we found that a part of the farmers’ inefficiency is due to climate change. The results also revealed that even though there is inefficiency due to climate, it is low compared to technical inefficiency of the farmer. Subsequently, we concentrated on how to maintain or increase agricultural production in a context of climate change. For this purpose, the third chapter identifies the determinants of adaptation to climate change. We focused on agricultural adaptation practices that preserve the environment. We used a multinomial logit model. The analysis demonstrated that the socio-demographic characteristics of farm households, the biophysical characteristics of plots and the occurrence of a drought influence the adoption of adaptation strategies. Finally, the fourth chapter studies the determinants of farm mechanization using the Heckman selection model. The results suggest that drought reduces the odds of farm mechanization. We also found that the intensity of farm mechanization increases with increase of farm size and decreases with the increase of family workforce
Bigaignon, Laurent. "Etude de l'impact de la variabilité climatique et de la pression anthropique liée à l'agriculture sur les émissions de N2O." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30269.
Full textNitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas which contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion. The increase of anthropogenic pressure on ecosystems, with the intensification of the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture, disrupts the natural nitrogen cycle and leads to additional N2O emissions from soils. Many factors influence the production and emission processes of N2O from soils such as climate and its variability, soil type and land use, livestock or agricultural activities and their intensity. In order to mitigate climate change by reducing N2O emissions, it is necessary to understand, assess and quantify the effect of these different factors at different scales (plot/land/region). From that context, my thesis project aims to analyse and model N2O emissions under contrasted degrees of anthropogenic and climatic pressure. I pursued this dual objective through the study of several sites with contrasted functioning in terms of climate and level of human activity: two sites in the South-West of France, a site in the Senegalese savanna and an agricultural site near Lake Victoria in Kenya. Using data from the two South-West of France sites, I developed a new methodology to gap-fill missing N2O daily emission time series from these sites that combines both the traditional method of linear interpolation with the neuronal networks' method. The very good results obtained show that this methodology could serve as a reference in the future since general gap-filling methodology is still lacking for N2O emissions time series. Analysis of the complete datasets shows that irrigated maize crops have a high N2O emission potential. Tillage, spring mineralization and nitrogen fertilization, combined with rain and irrigation have a strong N2O emissions potential which intensity varies with vegetation cover. The quantification of the impact of these different factors has led to develop a new empirical model to estimate N2O emissions more efficiently than the traditional IPCC's Tier 1 method. In the African region, I studied N2O emissions from the Senegalese savanna site and agricultural sites in Kenya using measurements and results of the STEP-GENDEC-N2O model for the savanna site. Soil water content was found to be the most important influencing factor of N2O emissions at these two sites at the seasonal scale. Extrapolating these results across Africa has shown that emissions from agriculture are potentially larger than those from savannas. At the regional scale, I set up a simulation with the RegCM-CLM model on a domain including all the studied sites. This work showed the complexity of modelling soil biogeochemical processes and the difficulty of using a universal parameterization for temperate and tropical climates. This thesis work highlighted the existence of complex interactions between the main factors influencing N2O emissions on the regions studied. However, these interactions vary in function of the pedoclimatic context and the level of human pressure. Given the range of N2O budgets observed in this study, with the highest budget calculated on the site with the largest anthropogenic pressure in the South-West of France, the most explanatory factors are in order of priority the soil water content (modulated by rainfall and irrigation), the anthropogenic pressure gradient associated with livestock and agricultural activities (pastoralism, tillage depth, fertilizations, etc.) and soil texture. [...]
Nefzi-Bouzidi, Aida. "Evaluation économique de l'impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture : étude théorique et application au cas de la Tunisie." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01056525.
Full textYobom, Oudah. "Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security in Sahel." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCG001.
Full textThis thesis deals with the impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in the Sahel zone that we define as a region comprising 12 countries and 52 agroecological zones within these countries. The study area covers Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan and Chad. The situation in this part of the world is strongly impacted by climate change because agriculture, largely rainfed, plays an important economic role there. Climate change is then expected to have an impact on food production, which will make food availability and access even more difficult.From a theoretical point of view, this thesis aims to feed the literature on climate change and its effects on agricultural sectors in the world, particularly in the Sahel, by focusing on agroecological zones. From an empirical point of view and by using a range of statistical and econometric techniques, this thesis takes into account the agricultural and climatic characteristics of each country and agroecological zones of the Sahel.In the first chapter, we deal with the issue of climate change and variability based on precipitation and temperature during the different seasons of the countries and agroecological zones of the Sahel. Using a linear regression model and an endogenous structural change model, we show that countries and agroecological zones are indeed affected by climate change and that the year 1980 is an essential point in explaining this phenomenon for both scales. We also show that desert and arid areas suffered a large number of shocks from 1901 to 2016, with the exception of Nigeria, where wetlands and non-desert areas suffered several shocks.In the second chapter, we study the relationship between climate change and variability, measured by temperature and precipitation conditions in the rainy seasons, and agricultural production at country level and at the level of agroecological zones in the Sahel. Focusing on an agricultural production index and five cereals (corn, millet, sorghum, wheat and rice), we study this relationship using an original database with socio-economic and climate variables. On the basis of an estimated agricultural production function for the 1961-2016 period, we show that precipitation and average temperatures during the growing season have very heterogeneous effects on agricultural production according to the cereal and agricultural zone, depending specific needs and stress linked to the cereal and agronomic and climatic conditions of each zone.In the third chapter, we analyze the link between climate change and food security in the Sahel countries. Based on a multidimensional analysis of food security and a panel data model with delayed climate variables of interest, we show that drought and floods negatively affect food security. In the presence of these climatic disasters, floods cause more damage to food security. Socioeconomic factors also play an important role in food security. Our results show that the low level of economic development, population growth and inflation of food prices do not guarantee food security. In addition, the absence of conflicts and political stability are important levers for improving the food security situation of the populations
Kosmowski, Frédéric. "Pauvreté et capacité d’adaptation des exploitants agricoles aux changements climatiques : le cas du Nord Bénin." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0114.
Full textPoverty and climate change are two of the most urgent issues facing the world. The view that poverty represents a constraint for household’s adaptive capacities is widely accepted in the climate change literature. However, most research has focused on financial resources, thus ignoring the multidimensional nature of poverty. In this study, a cross-sectional survey is used to explore the relationship between poverty and adaptive capacities in northern Benin. Three measures of poverty (monetary, multidimensional and traditional) were calculated along with two indicators of adaptive capacities (farm-associated changes and perceived coping strategies). A significant lack of overlap was found between the three poverty indices. Multiple deprivations are negatively associated with both crop-related changes and perceived coping strategies. Improved economic status, through monetary or traditional asset growth, is associated with increased innovations, but only for the poorest households. Results of the multivariate analysis also suggest that in a context of rural poverty, social capital plays an important, and potentially compensating role in fostering adaptive capacities. Overall, this study illustrates that a purely economic view, most often relying on a single poverty measure, is insufficient to understand the complexity of the poverty-adaptive capacity nexus. Farmers engage in several adaptation strategies given their resources - and these resources are economic as well as social
Gallic, Ewen. "Climate change and agriculture." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1G007/document.
Full textGlobal climate is warming, and the effects of climate change are associated with a lot of uncertainty. Not only average temperatures are expected to rise, but also the occurrence of extreme events such as floods or droughts. Agriculture is particularly at risk, due to the importance of weather conditions in production. This thesis therefore aims at investigating the relationship between weather variations and agricultural production, to better assess the potential effects of climate change on agriculture, relying on both theoretical and empirical methods. The first two chapters focus on developing countries and provide two empirical studies based on Indian data at the individual farm level that link climate to agricultural production and profits and to consumption decisions. We find contrasted results, with an overall damaging effect of climate change scenarios on Indian agricultural production and profits, especially for farmers in southern India. Irrigation may however help mitigating the losses, as well as crop mixing, particularly for small farms. The last two chapters consider developed countries. The first step focuses on crop yields in Europe. Under the tested climate scenarios, wheat yields are projected to slightly increase by the end of the 21$^\textrm{st}$ century relative to the observed yields from the past 25 years. These small gains are however accompanied by a lot of regional heterogeneity. For European corn yields, the projections highlight small gains in by the middle of the 21$^\textrm{st}$ century, followed by relatively higher losses in the long run. The second step relies on a general equilibrium approach, and aims at investigating the short-run impacts of weather shocks on business cycles, through their damaging effects on agriculture. Increasing the variance of climate shocks in accordance with forthcoming climate change leads to a sizeable increase in the volatility of key macroeconomic variables, such as production and inflation
Delbourg, Esther. "Achieving water security through cooperation and food trade." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX077/document.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the ongoing debate about whether water scarcity will lead to growing water conflicts and potential threats to food security. Using quantitative and econometric tools, it addresses the empirical allocation of water resources in the context of shared water and international trade of agriculture.Chapter 1, co-authored with Prof. Eric Strobl, studies transboundary water management between upstream and downstream African countries (1949-2007). We find very little evidence for water conflicts over the years, even though cooperation is likelier when there is little economic and water asymmetries between countries. We also show that wealthy downstream nations mostly take the lead in cooperation, allowing geographical asymmetries to be offset by economics. Results indicate that cooperation is independent from the past, meaning that transboundary basins with a history of tensions over water may likely cooperate in the near future.Chapter 2, co-authored with Prof. Shlomi Dinar, investigates whether countries produce and trade food according to their comparative advantage in water. Using panel data of bilateral trade at a global level (1994-2007), we find that the driest countries use trade as a means to alleviate water scarcity. Relative water productivity and food trade display an inverted u-shape, suggesting a threshold effect in demand and a disregard for water resources relative to the lack of other inputs (such as capital, technology or qualified labor) in water-scarce countries. Countries do not take water endowments enough into consideration when deciding about production and food is traded in the wrong direction, from less to relatively more water productive nations.Because agricultural-dependence is water-dependence, we end by asking whether water scarcity can be a threat to development. Chapter 3 shows that exports concentrate with growth but diversify with water availability. The interaction effect is positive, suggesting that countries, as they develop, concentrate on fewer products for which they have comparative advantage in water. As water intensive goods display lower subsistence in time in water-scarce countries, we argue that inefficient management of water prevents countries from developing and exiting the state of water/agriculture dependency and slow growth. We recommend that water-scarce countries focus on improving the water footprint of a small number of goods in order to trigger positive spillovers
Kay, Nicole. "Les représentations sociales du changement climatique au Cameroun : analyse de presses et analyse comparée chez les agriculteurs en zone équatoriale et en zone soudano-sahélienne." Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0045/document.
Full textClimate change is obvious and its impacts on agriculture in undeniable especially in sub-saharan african countries which remain the most vulnerable. This study analyzes the social representation of climate change among farmers in Cameroon. The theoretical framework is the structural approach of social representations. Thus, it was question of examining the organisation and the structuring of the object climate change within the specific public which are the farmers. Three surveys were conducted for this purpose.The first study in an exploratory survey ; three groups of farmers (N=60) were interviewed through the free association test. It is observed that climate change is indeed an object of representation for farmers and has a dual structure with two different core centers that have functional elements.The second study was condutued four years laters within two groups of farmers (N=95) still in the same geo-climatic contexts. The free association test was completed by the characterization questionnaire. As with the first survey, there are also two different social representations of climate change. For one group, the absence of rain appears more salient and the advance of desert mor characteristic ; while for the other, the change of season seems more central. A diachronic reading of the study shows changes in the representation.The third study focused on the press release on climate change through lexicometric analysis. Three newspapers and dailies were analyzed. There is a potential influence of the press discourse in the representation field.Beyond the contextual variable that strongly differentiates the two groups of farmers by inducing differentiated social representations, the study shows a social representation described essentially through its effects, structured around natural elements related to agricultural practice and evolving gradually. The results are discussed in terms of the climatic characteristics of each zone and adaptation to climate change through the adoption of new agricultural practices
Ghulami, Masoud. "Évaluation des impacts du changement climatique sur la ressource en eau et l'agriculture dans le bassin à faibles données disponibles, Kaboul, Afghanistan." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4135/document.
Full textAfghanistan is a semi-arid and mountainous country which faced three decades of conflict. It is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change as it has very limited capacity to address the impacts of climate change. It has been also considered as a data-scarce region both temporally and spatially with limited capability to measure hydro-meteorological parameters with in situ gauges. The current study focuses on Kabul basin which lies in the northeast quarter of Afghanistan. It accounts for thirty-five percent of the population’s water supply, and has the fastest population growth rate in the country. The main objective of this study is to understand the impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture. To understand the impact on water resource, first of all, the performance evaluation of global datasets/remote sensed products is investigated in order to generate precipitation and temperature datasets for baseline period of climate change studies and developing hydrological model. Then a hydrological model is selected to understand hydrologic response of the Kabul basin and future projections of water availability using future climate projections. To understand the impact on agriculture, a study on farmers’ perception about climate change and its impacts on their agriculture is undertaken. Secondly, a crop model is used to evaluate the impacts of climate change on wheat yield
Sirois, Jean-Philippe. "Impact et suivi de la variabilité climatique sur la production viticole dans le sud du Québec à l’aide de la télédétection hyperspectrale." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6011.
Full textPhilippe, Roudier. "Climat et agriculture en Afrique de l'Ouest : Quantification de l'impact du changement climatique sur les rendements et évaluation de l'utilité des prévisions saisonnières." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874724.
Full textRoudier, Philippe. "Climat et agriculture en Afrique de l'Ouest : quantification de l'impact du changement climatique sur les rendements et évaluation de l'utilité des prévisions saisonnières." Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874724.
Full textIn this thesis, we first aim at reviewing all the studies assessing the impact of future climate changes on agricultural yields. The median value of all relative changes of yield is -11%. We also underline the relevance for future studies to define a large range of climatic scenarios. Based on these conclusions, we next intend to evaluate the impact of future climate change on West African yields using 35 meteorological stations. Results reveal a negative evolution of average yield, mainly driven by temperature rise. Rainfall anomalies can only compensate (positive anomaly) or aggravate (negative) this tendency. We also find that potential impacts are more pessimistic for cultivars with a constant cycle length. Given these previous findings about high year-to-year variability of rainfall (thus entailing a variability of yields) and given the uncertain future climate, we are led to study next what interest the farmers would have in having climatic information such as seasonal forecasts. These forecasts can be used to minimize the impacts of rainfall variability. We compute the value of such forecasts for millet growers in Niger, using a simple economic model. Results reveal a positive impact of such forecasts on average income, even for dry years and with a forecast accuracy close to a real one. This increase reaches +34% if other information such as the onset and the offset of the rainy season are given. Finally, we develop participatory workshops in Senegal (i) to study precisely how farmers change their cropping strategies with seasonal and decadal forecasts and (ii) to quantify the impact of such forecasts on yields. This study reveals that forecasts have mainly no impact on yields (62%). However, it is positive in 31% of cases
Top, Arame. "Évolution des systèmes de production agricole dans un contexte de changement climatique et de migration et effet de genre dans les trois zones éco-géographiques de la région de Matam au Sénégal." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20030/document.
Full textThe development of production systems in a global context and such kind of effect in the Matam region aims to introduce mutations in a traditional development environment based on crop rotation and seasonal and spatial alternation in context of irrigated agriculture through the waters of the Senegal River. This context is part of a state policy Senegalese anxious to boost household food security of the river valley rocked by a violent climate crisis which hit nearly two decades. These populations heavily dependent decline integrated culture in a traditional production system that highlighted the livestock, fisheries, rainfed agriculture, seasonal migration, saw their hopes dashed survival. Commissioning of dam Diaman and Manantali, registered in the 0MVS program (development of the Senegal River) between riparian countries (Senegal, Mauritania, Guinea and Mali) significantly reduced the occurrence of floods. This program, which had vast ambitions confiscated the life of riverine populations of the river hindsight flood the Senegal River. These people, whose seasonal migration was part of their production system, adopted a long-term migration to ensure food security of households left the village. The irrigated farming system implemented through irrigation schemes, requires greater human resources and flood recession cultivation and higher production costs
Salmon-Monviola, Jordy. "Modélisation agro-hydrologique spatialement distribuée pour évaluer les impacts des changements climatique et agricole sur la qualité de l'eau." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARD081/document.
Full textThe general objective of this thesis is to improve spatially distributed agro-hydrological models for agro-hydrosystems analysis, under climatic and anthropogenic changes, in order to contribute to the identification of levers of action to mitigate effects of non-point source agricultural pollution. This thesis is structured around three research questions related to: i) the representation of spatio-temporal dynamics of cropping systems for their use as input in distributed agro-hydrological models; ii) the representation of farm level and decisions of farmers in distributed agro-hydrological models; and iii) the ability of these models to simulate climate and anthropogenic changes.Elements of response to these questions are provided by modeling approaches carried out in different contexts and at different scales of space and time. These approaches are discussed by comparing them with other works carried out. These different studies raise the need to develop methodologies allowing (i) the acquisition of data and their integration in distributed agro-hydrological models (ii) and, the improvement of the use of simulations results, in particular to transform them into relevant and accessible information for stakeholders at territorial level. Perspectives, covering both uncertainties of the simulations of the agro-hydrological models and the analysis of the robustness of these models, are also considered
Graux, Anne-Isabelle. "Modélisation des impacts du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes prairiaux. Voies d'adaptation des systèmes fourrragers." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653360.
Full textGodard, Caroline. "Modélisation de la réponse à l'azote du rendement des grandes cultures et intégration dans un modèle économique d'offre agricole à l'échelle européenne : application à l'évaluation des impacts du changement climatique." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002852.
Full textDefossez, Emmanuel. "Effets des interactions biotiques sur la régénération des forêts le long de gradients climatiques." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00947800.
Full textSané, Tidiane. "Vulnérabilité et adaptabilité des systèmes agraires à la variabilité climatique et aux changements sociaux en Basse-Casamance (Sud-Ouest du Sénégal)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC155/document.
Full textThe purpose of this research is to analyze vulnerability and adaptability of agrarian systems face to climate variability and social changes in Basse-Casamance, a region where rice growing is a multi-decade. The study focuses on an important aspect of rural development in a context of armed conflict and raises the issue of the dynamics of these systems, which have become an environmental, socio-cultural, economic and political issue. It emphasizes the relationship between the Diola peasant and his environment, through a remarkably ingenious agricultural management, which structuring reflects the deep appropriation of land and embodies a fundamental socio-spatial dimension of the "identity" of the region. Issued from a long social and societal history, from the ingenuity of techniques associated with the exploitation of the environment and the diversity of agrarian systems, rice growing in Basse-Casamance has been facing for more than forty years, multiple external forces, with decisive environmental and socio-economic consequences. The strong climatic variability (rainfall in particular), a key aspect in tropical environment, seems to be one of the triggers of the past and current environmental transformations observed in the region. It has led to other extreme events, with complex contours (high salinity of water and soil, soil acidity, siltation, etc.), therefore, rice growing in many plots of the region has become unpracticable. The magnitude of the changes is measured by a global and multi-scale approach in geography, which integrates both geomatics’ tools (Remote Sensing, GIS, statements of GPS points) and fieldwork (water and soil sampling, physico-chemical analyzes, direct observations, household surveys and people perceptions). This approach led to an important mapping of the observations from diachronic levels and revealed the major trends of the mutations over whole Basse-Casamance and on the scale of rice growing areas. The historical approach has led to a better understanding of the basis of this rice-growing and the conditions under which it is developing. This paradigm is greatly influenced by the public policies in terms of rice growing, implemented in Basse-Casamance, with a view of improving the livelihoods of the rural people. In many cases, however, they have proved to be ineffective and inefficient
Lecerf, Rémi. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099.
Full textPilon, Rémi. "Dynamique du système racinaire de l'écosystème prairial et contribution au bilan de carbone du sol sous changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00673439.
Full textTevenart, Camille. "L’incertitude en tant que frein à l’adoption de pratiques d’atténuation dans l’agriculture." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0156.
Full textHidden costs limit the reduction of GHG emissions associated to agricultural productions. Uncertainty is inherent in farmers’ production decisions, and impact them through different drivers: beliefs, risk, information, ambiguity, are just as many elements that can limit the spread of mitigation practices in the agricultural sector. In this thesis, we first present a complete literature review about agri-environmental measures and the diverse approaches of uncertainty in microeconomics and agricultural economics. We then develop a model of adoption decision showing that 3 hidden costs associated to uncertainty can prevent new practices’ adoption in a non-additive way and coexist (option value, risk premium, informational externalities), so that the regulator must socialize them in order to reduce GHG emissions. Then, we implement a land conversion model and extent it in an empirical estimation strategy of the impact of herb yields volatility on the shadow value of grasslands in the French forage mix. The multinomial logistic model is estimated through an instrumental approach using meteorological data. Finally, we make a survey of a sample of farmers in order to measure their attitudes towards risk and ambiguity (Multiple price list) and estimate their impact on nitrogen fertilization decisions, according to the whole application and the splitting practice
Boulangeat, Isabelle. "Vulnérabilité des écosystèmes montagnards aux changements globaux par une modélisation spatialement explicite -implications pour la conservation." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768037.
Full textLamour, Anais. "L’adoption de technologies climato-intelligentes par les petits producteurs au Costa Rica." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTD042/document.
Full textSmallholding agriculture lies at the crossroads of mitigation and adaptation strategies. Both mitigation efforts to limit the atmospheric accumulation of greehouse gases and adaptation measures that aim to at least maintain agricultural yields and incomes in the face of climate change will be instrumental in eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. This dissertation explores the adoption of climate-smart technologies by Costa Rican smallholders in the two main farming systems of the country, namely high-quality coffee plantations and extensive cattle-ranching farms. I present the resultsof three studies that use primary data to investigate opportunities and challenges for scaling-up agroforestry and silvopastoralism. Potential barriers that put strain on technology adoption by rural households in the developing world are outlined in the introduction. In the first Chapter, a representative coffee farm model of land allocation between production technologies is used to explore the tradeoff between adopting coffee agroforestry - a well-documented option for both mitigation and adaptation - and dealing with market risks. Based on a Choice Experiment conducted with 207 farmers, Chapter 2 assesses the willingness of coffee farmers to adopt various agroforestry-based strategies, under various types of support. Chapter 3 evaluates the effectiveness of a national cost-share program promoting the adoption of technological packages consistent with silvopastoralism-based intensification among cattle ranchers. It provides estimates of the impact of participating into the program on both the technology adoption and the land use patterns. Overall, the results of these studies suggest that the adoption of agroforestry and silvopastoralism is costly and can be slowed down due to market frictions. Public interventions can in turn be effective in encouraging smallholders to adopt these technologies through economic incentives. The choice of the technology to be promoted is found to be crucial for the cost-efficiency of such interventions, stressing the relevance of the research conducted
Massa, Charly. "Variabilité climatique holocène et impacts anthropiques historiques en zone subarctique : étude multiparamètre de la séquence sédimentaire du lac d'Igaliku (Groenland)." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1008/document.
Full textThe medieval Norse colonization of Greenland (986-1450 AD) and the subsequent reestablishment of agriculture in south Greenland, aided by recent climate warming, constitute a conceptual model that is particularly well adapted to understanding the relations between a community and its environment. In this perspective, a multi-parameter sedimentological study was undertaken on the sedimentary sequence of Lake Igaliku (N61°00’22”, W45°26’28”), situated in the heart of the medieval and current agricultural sector. The 4 m long sequence, covering the entire Holocene evolution of the lake (~10 000 years), was studied at high temporal resolution. The analyses included the physico-chemical characterization of the sediments (density, magnetic susceptibility, XRF, X-ray imaging, grain size, carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur content, ICP-AES, δ13C and δ15N isotopic ratios) as well as the biological components of the sediment (pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, diatoms). 28 radiocarbon dates as well as 210Pb and 137Cs measurements created a precise temporal framework with which to reconstruct the postglacial evolution of the lake and its catchment in terms of isostatic constraints, climatic forcing and anthropogenic impacts. The first phase of basin evolution is primarily controlled by isostasy, with the rapid transition from glaciomarine conditions to a freshwater lake as the basin emerged from the fjord 9500 yr BP. Afterwards, the sedimentary sequence records the paleoclimatic evolution of the region. Paleolimnological and terrestrial proxies suggest an early warm phase likely interrupted by a cold, windy, dry period between 8600 yr BP and 8100 yr BP. A second dry, windy period between 5300 yr BP and 4800 yr BP predated the transition to neoglacial cooling, which is characterised at Igaliku by a switch to humid and perhaps cooler conditions after 4800 BP, and which caused a major shift in both aquatic and terrestrial ecology. Approximately 1000 AD, after the arrival of Norse settlers, the lacustrine system became anthropogenically dominated. Land clearing and domestic herbivores introduction in the lake catchment doubled the rate of soil erosion (from 4 mm century-1 to 8 mm century-1 by 1200 AD) and caused a major modification of the organic carbon influx. On the other hand, diatom assemblages demonstrate that the lake ecology was not strongly impacted by medieval agriculture at this site. After 1325 AD, until the end of the Norse tenure in the mid-15th century, terrestrial vegetation showed signs of rebound and soil erosion decreased. This agricultural diminishment, probably in relation to the beginning of the Little Ice Age, is consistent with an important change in subsistence patterns evidenced by archaeology in this region. The reestablishment of agriculture at the beginning of the 20th century marks the reinvigoration of erosional processes that are similar in intensity to that of the Norse settlement. On the other hand, the intensification and modernization of farming practices during the 1980s is responsible for marked soil erosion (21 mm century-1) and a shift in lake ecology (eutrophication) that is unprecedented in the 9500 yr history of the lake. The combined effects of agriculture and climate warming already underway (initiated in the 1920s at Igaliku) will have large environmental consequences for the future of this region
Quense, Jorge. "Changement climatique et dynamique de la végétation dans les Andes du Chili central, depuis le milieu du XXème siècle : l'exemple de la vallée de Yerba Loca." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00639115.
Full textCantarel, Amélie. "Impacts du changement climatique sur les bilans de carbone et de gaz à effet de serre de la prairie permanente en lien avec la diversité fonctionnelle." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662443.
Full textBontemps, Jean-Daniel. "Evolution de la productivité des peuplements réguliers et monospécifiques de hêtre (Fagus silvatica L.) et de chêne sessile (Quercus petraea Liebl.) dans la moitié Nord de la France au cours du XXe siècle." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00761239.
Full textL'augmentation de la vitesse de croissance en hauteur dominante a un caractère général sur le territoire, structuré selon un gradient longitudinal. Pour chaque essence, elle est plus marquée dans le Nord-Est, tandis qu'elle reste faible ou récente dans le Nord-Ouest. L'essentiel de l'évolution a été acquis dans la seconde moitié du siècle. La progression est ponctuée de crises d'origine climatique, communes ou spécifiques, dont la plus marquée est celle de la décennie 1940. Défavorable au hêtre, la décennie 1990 a été bénéfique au chêne, et explique que l'évolution constatée pour cette essence culmine en fin de siècle à un niveau bien supérieur à celui du hêtre. L'augmentation séculaire est comprise pour les extrêmes entre +20% et +100%, et atteint dans le Nord-Est un niveau commun aux deux essences de +50-60% en excluant la période récente. Dans ce secteur, les évolutions de croissance radiale et en hauteur du hêtre sont similaires. La densité du bois est restée stable. En conséquence, la productivité en biomasse a pu suivre l'évolution estimée sur la hauteur dominante. L'analyse des relations croissance - facteur du milieu permet d'aborder la causalité des changements de productivité, et suggère un déterminisme multifactoriel. Le climat aurait eu jusqu'alors des conséquences essentiellement conjoncturelles. Des effets saisonniers opposés sur la croissance sont de plus possibles. Le caractère récent des évolutions constatées, leur organisation spatiale, conjugués à une sensibilité des essences aux conditions trophiques, font ressortir le rôle clé possible des dépôts atmosphériques azotés dans la réponse aux changements de l'environnement.
Kubik, Zaneta. "Weather shocks, migration and food security : evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E007/document.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the literature on the impact of weather shocks on migration and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. The first chapter analyses whether Tanzanian rural households engage in internal migration as a response to weather-related shocks using an iv probit model. The findings confirm that for an average household, a 1 per cent reduction in agricultural income induced by weather shock increases the probability of migration by 13 percentage points on average within the following year. The second chapter paper attempts to establish if weather acts as the determinant of destination choice in the case of rural-to-rural migration. Employing the alternative-specific conditional logit model, this paper shows that an increase in the expected income differentials between origin and destination by 10,000 Tanzanian shillings, attributable to differences in weather, increases the probability of choosing a given destination by 2 percentage points. The third chapter analyses the food access dimension of food security, and models the link between weather shocks and food security that acts specifically through food prices. Employing an instrumental variable model where household dietary diversity is determined by food prices instrumented with weather shock, this chapter shows that a 1 per cent increase in local food prices induced by a weather shock decreases the number of food items consumed by households by around 2.5 per cent
Joubert-Garnaud, Carole. "Les énergies renouvelables dans l'agriculture de la Charente-Maritime : l'émergence en milieu rural d'un nouveau moteur du développement économique et social non dépourvu d'incidences sur l'environnement local." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00576083.
Full textBertrand, Romain. "Réponse spatio-temporelle de la végétation forestière au réchauffement climatique - Évaluation du remaniement de la végétation et caractérisation de l'effet des facteurs écologiques et géographiques le modulant à l'échelle de l'espèce et des communautés." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00839155.
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