Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Changements climatiques – Afrique du Sud'
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Merdaci, Ouassila. "Changements climatiques au cours des 30 derniers mille ans en Afrique sud équatoriale (Tanzanie) par l'étude des pigments et phénols sédimentaires lacustres." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30079.
Full textHuntsman-Mapila, Philippa. "Bassins de rift à des stades précoces de leur développement : l'exemple du bassin Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi, Botswana et du bassin Sud-Tanganyika (Tanzanie et Zambie) : composition géochimique des sédiments : traceurs des changements climatiques et tectoniques." Brest, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161196.
Full textThis thesis presents the results of a multidisciplinary study of sediments, with an emphasis on geochemistry, with the following objectives: I) improve our understanding of geochemical processes occurring as a result of erosion, transport and deposition in two rift basin in their early stage of development; 2) reconstruct environments in these two regions of the rift during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene and 3) define sedimentary and geochemical criteria to allow us to discriminate tectonic setting and climate change in nascent and early stage rift basins. 11e two basins chosen to represent early stage rift development were I) the Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi basin located in NW Botswana md 2) the Mpulungu Basin, located at the south-western extremity of Lake Tanganyika. The geochemicat study of sediments and water of the Okavango Delta revealed the presence of elevated arsenic in the groundwater occurring as n result of the dissolution of oxides under reducing conditions. The presence of elevated arsenic in the sediments is linked to organic rich clays, deposited under lacustrine conditions during periods of higher rainfall et possible impoundment of the river by die Thamalakane Fault. The geochemical results were used as n proxy for climate change in the Mpulungu basin. The results indicate n remarkable excursion winch coincides with the Younder Dryas event, Tins environmental event appears to be the most important event in southem Lai Tanganyika during the period 23 —3 ka, winch is characterized by the transport of weathered material into die basin due ton change in vegetation cove in the catchment area
Tummon, Fiona. "Les effets directs et semi-directs des aérosols sur le climat régional du sud de l'Afrique pendant la saison d'hiver austral." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1341/.
Full textThe regional climate model RegCM3 is used to investigate the direct and semi-direct aerosol effects on the southern African climate during the austral winter season (June-September). The sensitivity of simulated aerosol-climate effects to different biomass burning inventories, boundary conditions and sea surface temperature (SST) feedbacks is tested to assess the range of uncertainty associated with these parameters. Little sensitivity to boundary forcing is found, while the aerosol radiative forcing (RF) varies approximately linearly by up to a factor of two, in response to the factor of two difference between emissions inventories. In all cases the surface RF is negative, while the top-to-atmosphere RF is negative over most of the domain but positive over high-albedo savannah regions where aerosol loading is high. Sensitivity to SST feedbacks is negligible in RegCM3. Although the magnitude of simulated RF varies, all simulations show similar aerosol-climate impacts. Surface temperature decreases over most of the subcontinent, a signal which acts to reduce model bias over the western half of the region. The absorbing nature of the simulated aerosol burden results in heating at altitude, which, in combination with the surface cooling, serves to increase stability in the lower atmosphere over most of the subcontinent. In the middle troposphere, however, this warming induces an elevated heat-pump effect in the equatorial regions between approximately 8°N and 5°S. This enhances convection, precipitation as well as soil moisture, effectively spinning-up the hydrological cycle in the tropics. An investigation of the interannual variability of the simulated aerosol radiative impacts showed that seasonal average precipitation changes varied more from year to year than aerosol-induced surface temperature changes. In contrast, despite significant differences between synoptic conditions, there is little synoptic-scale variability of aerosol-climate impacts
Huntsman-Mapila, Philippa. "Bassins de rift à des stades précoces de leur développement: l'exemple du bassin de Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi, Botswana et du bassin Sud-Tanganyika (Tanzanie et Zambie). Composition géochimique des sédiments: traçeurs des changements climatiques et tectoniques." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161196.
Full textAsdar, Sarah. "Climate change impact on ecosystems of Prince Edward Islands : role of oceanic mesoscale processes." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0037/document.
Full textThe subantarctic Prince Edward Islands lie in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, between the Subantarctic Front (SAF) and the Polar Front (PF). These fronts positions were found to be highly variable at interannual and monthly time scales and revealed a significant long-term southward trend in the region. The intense mesoscale activity, observed upstream the islands at the South West Indian Ridge, also showed an interannual and intra-annual variability as well a decrease in eddy kinetic energy over 24 years. At a more local scale, we highlighted that the archipelago’s environment was impacted by the mesoscale features produced upstream.Tides appeared to be another important driver of variability of the circulation in between the two islands.An idealised model configuration was designed for the Prince Edward Islands region to study the mesoscale eddy properties and the physical mechanisms of their formation at the ridge. The Eddy Available Potential Energy revealed a maximum of energy around 800 m depth, confirming the deep reaching characteristic of the eddy originated in the region and suggested the presence of a local energy source at this depth. This eddies activity was shown to be the result of a combination of barotropic and baroclinic instabilities occurring at the ridge.Finally, we investigated on the potential consequences of a southward shift of the SAF in the region of the islands.Because the model was idealised, it allowed us to simulate an SAF southward shift by shifting the initial and boundary conditions. The main result was the clear decrease of mesoscale activity in the region which could potentially impact the ecosystems of the Prince Edward Islands
Kubik, Zaneta. "Weather shocks, migration and food security : evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E007/document.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the literature on the impact of weather shocks on migration and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. The first chapter analyses whether Tanzanian rural households engage in internal migration as a response to weather-related shocks using an iv probit model. The findings confirm that for an average household, a 1 per cent reduction in agricultural income induced by weather shock increases the probability of migration by 13 percentage points on average within the following year. The second chapter paper attempts to establish if weather acts as the determinant of destination choice in the case of rural-to-rural migration. Employing the alternative-specific conditional logit model, this paper shows that an increase in the expected income differentials between origin and destination by 10,000 Tanzanian shillings, attributable to differences in weather, increases the probability of choosing a given destination by 2 percentage points. The third chapter analyses the food access dimension of food security, and models the link between weather shocks and food security that acts specifically through food prices. Employing an instrumental variable model where household dietary diversity is determined by food prices instrumented with weather shock, this chapter shows that a 1 per cent increase in local food prices induced by a weather shock decreases the number of food items consumed by households by around 2.5 per cent
Sakho, Issa. "Evolution et fonctionnement hydro-sédimentaire de la lagune de la Somone, Petite Côte, Sénégal." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES036.
Full textLocated at the Petite Côte of Senegal, Somone is a small coastal river that flows into the Atlantic Ocean by a microtidal lagoonal-estuarine ecosystem. Today, the contribution of the watershed is absent due to a combination of several factors including the dam of Bandia. The only freshwater inputs are from precipitation and groundwater. Somone is a lagoonal-estuarine system characterized by an inverse hydrological functioning where marine influences predominate. Mangrove, dominated by Rhizophora, is the main characteristic unit of this coastal system. The diachronic evolution of 60 years shows a significant change for all the morphological units of the ecosystem. The mobility of the sandy spit, which caused the closures of the mouth in 1967-1969 and in 1987, is related to meteorological variations. The regressive surface of mangroves between 1954 and 1989 is the result of the combined effect of these closures of the mouth, drought and traditional uses of mangroves. The restoration of the mangrove is mainly due to reforestation policies administered in the 2000s. The annual and seasonal trend shows that the internal reworking is the main hydro-sedimentary processes. Sedimentation rate of the mud flats is 2 to 3 mm. Year-1. The dynamics of the sandy spit of the Somone plays an important role in the development and quality of internal units, the mangroves in particular. The permanent opening of the mouth allows a twice-daily renewal of water in the lagoon, which is essential for regulating the high salt content. The low content of sediment in total organic carbon, reflect the low organic matter production of the mangrove because it is a young and stunted mangrove. Diagenetic processes are anaerobic and mostly in the top 10 cm of the sediment, on the recent deposit. The contribution of young mangroves, like Somone, in the carbon storage process, is low. The lagoonal-estuarine ecosystem of the Somone is fragile and highly reactive and his evolution is fast and linked to the cumulative effects of natural and anthropogenic factors
Castebrunet, Hélène. "Soufre Atmosphérique et Changements Climatiques : une étude de modélisation pour les moyennes et hautes latitudes Sud." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00187947.
Full textCastebrunet, Hélène. "Soufre atmosphérique et changements climatiques : une étude de modélisation pour les moyennes et hautes latitudes sud." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10120.
Full textThe mid and high-southern latitudes are still marginally affected by anthropogenic sulfur emissions and the natural cycle of the atmospheric sulfur may still be observed. Sulfur aerosols are well-known for their radiative impact, and thus interact with climate. Antarctic ice cores provide information on the evolution of climate and sulfur deposition at thei surface of the ice sheet at glacial-interglacial time scales. The aim of this thesis is to develop and use modeling towards a better understanding of the atmospheric sulfur cycle in antarctic and sub-antarctic regions. An Atmospheric Gener l Circulation Model (AGCM) coupled to a sulfur chemistry module is used: the LMD-ZT-Sulfur model, version 4. Th model was first performed (update of both the physical and chemical parts of the model). Further, boundary conditions are adapted to simulate the atmospheric circulation and sulfur cycle at the Last Glacial Maximum, approximately 20,00 years ago. Ln the model, sulfur is found to be highly sensitive to antarctic sea-ice coverage, which is still poorly know* during the ice age. An original dataset of ice-age sea-ice coverage was developed and its impact on the oceanic emissions of dimethyl sulfide, main precursor of sulfur aerosols at high-southern latitudes, is discussed. The model broadly reproduces the glacial deposits of sulfur aerosols on the Antarctic plateau, suggesting little impact of climate on oceanic sulfur production in the Antarctic region. Sensitivity tests were carried out to draw an up-to-date status of major uncertainties and difficulties facing futllre progress in understanding atrnospheric sulfur and clirnate
Doherty, Jean-François. "Phénologie et modèles prévisionnels d'éclosion printanière pour trois arthropodes ravageurs en plantation commerciale d'arbres de Noël dans un contexte de changements climatiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27826.
Full textThe balsam twig aphid Mindarus abietinus and the spruce spider mite Oligonychus ununguis are two pests of economic importance for the Christmas tree industry in Québec. Current climate change could affect their biology and physiology in such a way that, if their local densities in commercial fir plantations grow in the future, potential damage to cultivated firs could increase substantially. In order to study the interactions between M. abietinus, its host tree, and ambient temperature, I followed populations of the aphid during three consecutive summers in commercial fir plantations of southern Québec. I found it possible to separate overlapping generations of different morphs of this aphid in growing colonies on fir shoots, which allowed to record a proportion of wingless daughters several times larger than previously known for this aphid in its complex life cycle. Based on a field experiment, a warmer environment surrounding the aphids on balsam fir shoots increased spring colony growth rates significantly, when compared to unaltered colonies on neighbouring trees. These results support the hypothesis that a warmer climate, caused by anthropogenic change, would promote higher densities of M. abietinus on fir shoots, which could increase esthetic damage to Christmas trees. In a laboratory experiment, I studied the effect of ambient temperature on postdiapause development of the overwintering eggs of both aphid and mite species, along with that of another conifer-feeding pest, the pine needle scale Chionaspis pinifoliae, which led to parametrise new linear and nonlinear development rate models for postdiapause egg development of all three species. Finally, by following fresh mass of M. abietinus overwintering eggs throughout their diapause of several months, it was possible to observe a substantial increase in size and mass of these eggs in early spring, suggesting that water could trigger diapause termination and/or initiate embryogenesis of the first active stage.
Troin, Magali. "Réponse hydrologique du Lac Mar Chiquita (Argentine) aux changements climatiques : approche par modélisation couplée lac - bassin versant - climat." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30035.
Full textThe subtropical latitudes of South America have been experiencing a major hydroclimatic change since the early 1970’s that has had a major societal impact affecting the local economy of one of the most densely populated regions. This change resulted in an abrupt increase in lake levels including Laguna Mar Chiquita, a lake which now covers 6000 km2, while the sedimentary records over the last millennium show a long drying trend. In order to gain a better understanding of the relation between lake level fluctuations and the climate variability in this region, this work aims to simulate the hydrological behaviour of Laguna Mar Chiquita and the relationship with its catchment. The implementation of the lake water balance indicates that lake fluctuations at the beginning of the 1970’s were in direct response to increased runoff in its northern sub-basin, suggesting a tropical climate influence. The coupling of the lake water balance with a hydrological watershed model has led to simulate lake level variations in relation with the climate of the northern sub-basin, highlighting the minor human impact in the recent hydroclimatic transition. For the first time, an integrated basin-lake model in link to global climate is presented combining the results of hydrological basin-lake modelling with the outputs of the climate LMDZ model through a statistical downscaling approach. This novel approach allows to explore the ability of global climate models to accurately represent the regional climate. In addition, it confirms the tropical influence on forcing of recent hydrological variabilities in this region of South America
Thabeet, Ali. "Réponse du pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris L) aux changements climatiques récents en région méditerranéenne française : spatialisation et quantification par la télédétection et la dendrochronologie." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30074.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is a study of the consequences of recent climate change on the health and the growth of Pinus sylvestris by the quantification and spatialisation of their effects. The remote sensing was used to estimate the health status of P. Sylvestris via the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at local and landscape scales. This analysis allowed an assessment of the relative importance of local attributes, e. G. Elevation, aspect and relative moisture index in the population decline observed due to a decrease of water availability as a result of a succession of dry years. Measures of shoot growth and the expression of sexuality of P. Sylvestris showed that the climate from years 2003 to 2005 was unfavourable to both growth and cone (female) production but was promoted the production of flowers (male). Radial growth has decreased at all sites, independent of local conditions. The decrease in radial growth indicates that the growing conditions of this species worsened prior to 2000. An analysis of the relationships between climate and ring widths allowed the identification of the main monthly climatic variables controlling tree-ring widths of this species. Amongst these, precipitation during April and May promotes growth at low altitude and May and June precipitation promotes growth at high altitude sites, together with February temperatures In contrast, June temperatures have a negatively effect on tree growth. The combined effects of a positive influence of precipitation with a negative influence of June temperatures underline the importance of water stress during the summer growth period. Using this information, a predictive model was constructed using response functions, to test the reaction of the P. Sylvestris to increases in the frequency of extremely unfavourable years, such as 2003. This analysis showed that year 2003 was not an isolated exceptional year, but forms a set of years with unfavourable climatic conditions, which began in 2000
Nka, Nnomo Bernadette. "Contribution à l'Actualisation des Normes Hydrologiques en relation avec les Changements Climatiques et Environnementaux en Afrique de l'Ouest." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066142/document.
Full textWater resources plays a key role in the social progress and economic development of west african countries. But the mobilization of water is hampered by climate and environmental changes that undergoes the region since 1970. Extremes parts of hydrological regimes are also impacted, but less studies have focus on their evolution, in relation with climate and environmental changes. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize hydrological extreme events in West Africa, we tried to answer the following questions:- What are the trends of maximum discharge in west Africa?- Are these trends due to climate changes or enviromental changes?- Which speculations can be made from these evolutions, according to future climate simulations?In the first part of the work, we analyzed the trends of floods over 14 watersheds of the region. This analysis allowed us to highlight a clustering behavior of flood according to the climatic region the catchments belong to. Increasing trends have been found on flood magnitude and flood frequency of the 3 sahelian catchments used, and decreasing trends of flood magnitude were found on three sudanian catchments. Finally, the remaining catchments did not showed significant trend in their flood regime
Guillemot, Typhaine. "Réponses sédimentaires et moléculaires des remplissages lacustres groenlandais aux changements climatiques holocènes et à l'évolution des pratiques agropastorales." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2034/document.
Full textIn the current context of global change, understanding the interactions between Human/Environment/Climate is necessary to develop adaptive strategies and preserve ecosystems. A retrospective approach is therefore realized in three lacustrine cores to reconstruct the paleo-environmental history during the last five millennia. Lake Igaliku (N61°00’22’’, W45°26’28’’), located at 2km from the medieval episcopal cathedral in the historical farming center, has a sedimentation mainly driven by anthropogenic activities. A complete molecular inventory has been made on this sequence to characterize past agropastoral dynamics and their impacts on south Greenlandic ecosystems. The identified fecal biomarkers revealed two agropastoral phases, during the Norse settlement and recently, separated by the Little Ice Age (LIA) and mainly characterized by sheep breeding. Vegetation molecular biomarkers (n-alkanes, triterpenyl acetates) and palynological data showed a reduction of trees and shrubs cover during these two periods especially. Erosion biomarkers (TTHCs) and sedimentological data identified only one drastic erosion in the 1980s synchronous with the mechanized creation of fodder parcels. Moreover, an eutrophication of the lake waters was recorded with short chain length n-alkanes and mesotrophic diatoms. Lake Qallimiut (N60°43’27’’, W45°23’12’’) and Little Kangerluluup (N60°38’32’’, W45°38’11’’), less impacted by anthropogenic activities, are fed by major streams influenced by hydrological variations. Their sedimentation is therefore mainly driven by climate changes. To improve the temporal and spatial resolution of climate changes during the Holocene, a multi-proxy sedimentological study was made on these two sites. Petrophysical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses have identified flood events especially occurring during cooler and wetter periods such as the Middle to Late Holocene transition (ca. 2500 BC), the Sub-boreal/Sub-atlantic transition (ca. 700 BC) and the LIA (between ca. AD 1300 et ca. AD 1900). These climate pejorations have impacted local human societies. For example, during the LIA, a maximum of flood events and drop of temperatures are recorded, partly responsible of the Norse demise
Baudoin, Marie-Ange. "Etude de l'adaptation aux changements climatiques des populations rurales africaines :le cas de communautés agricoles au sud du Bénin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209746.
Full textCette recherche s’intéresse essentiellement à l’aspect pragmatique du concept d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, questionnant la réalité de l’adaptation – ou de la non adaptation – des populations à l’échelle locale. Pour ce faire, nous avons axé l’étude autour d’enquêtes de terrain menées dans le sud du Bénin, au sein de communautés rurales agricoles. Nous avons analysé la vulnérabilité climatique des populations à des aléas relevant de la variabilité du climat, qui semble s’être accentuée récemment. L’analyse repose sur le recours à un cadre d’analyse s’inspirant des approches contextuelles et top-down utilisées, dans la littérature récente, pour étudier la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques. Ces approchent complémentaires permettent d’étudier la vulnérabilité initiale d’une société, fragilisée alors par de nouveaux stress qui émergent dans le contexte du réchauffement global.
Au final de cette recherche, nous avons mis en évidence les causes de la vulnérabilité climatique de populations sud-béninoises, causes situées à différentes échelles (locales à internationales), ainsi que les facteurs favorisant l’émergence de stratégies d’adaptation au climat :l’étude de ces facteurs inclut l’impact des politiques internationales de soutien à l’adaptation aux changements climatiques sur des populations locales du Bénin. Il ressort, en conclusions, que la vulnérabilité des sociétés doit s’étudier en regard de facteurs situés aux échelles locales, nationales et internationales, influençant les conditions de vie au sein de villages et favorisant la vulnérabilité des populations aux stress climatiques pouvant relever du réchauffement global. Dans nos cas d’étude, les populations sont vulnérables de par certains facteurs socio-économiques influençant les conditions de vie dans les villages, et, sur le plan de l’encadrement institutionnel, de par la faiblesse des structures de l’Etat, décentralisées :celles-ci se sont révélées peu présentes dans les villages étudiés, n’assurant pas le développement socio-économique et agricole à l’échelle locale. La vulnérabilité des populations qui en résulte est alors amplifiée par certains aléas climatiques spécifiques, accentuant la variabilité climatique et provoquant une certaine imprévisibilité au niveau de la pluviométrie. Réduire la vulnérabilité climatique des populations, y compris à des aléas qui pourront s’amplifier au cours des prochaines années, implique dès lors des actions se situant à différentes échelles – l’échelle locale, mais également visant certains aspects du fonctionnement de l’Etat béninois – et relevant à la fois, spécifiquement, de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques et, plus généralement, du développement socio-économique et institutionnel.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ourbak, Timothée. "Variations climatiques interannuelles à interdécennales dans le Pacifique tropical telles qu'enregistrées par les traceurs géochimiques contenus dans les coraux massifs." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13193.
Full textMallatrait, Clémence. "Origine et construction de la coopération régionale. L'exemple de l'Océanie insulaire face aux changements climatiques." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30033.
Full textThe failure of the climate negotiations in Copenhagen in 2009 prompts us to reflect on a complementary model of international environmental governance, whose premises have emerged through the voice of the island States of AOSIS. States, coming together on the basis of a shared perception of risk, highlighting increasing fragilities, this is the starting point of this investigation. The regional level is presented as one of the complements to the crisis of universalism. But reflecting on alevel of international governance environment requires identifying the conditions for its emergence and for its efficiency. We will focus on the first ones. We will question the identity of the actors of its creation, the tools they use and the reasons why this regionalism, allowing fighting against climate change, is created. Various trends of international relations offer a theoretical approach to regional cooperation, and regionalism more generically, without having identified a uniform model. The theoretical approach through environmental issues at the regional level requires the intervention of several schools of thought to explain the phenomenon: constructivism by building a climate threat and its perception , theories of hegemonic stability by seeking a regional hegemon encouraging other States to cooperate, institutional neoliberalism to explain the role of networks and the search for profit States can expect by entering the cooperative process, theories of complex interdependence through the intervention of non- State actors. Do these various approaches succeed or fail to explain this phenomenon?
Robin, Christophe. "Pétrogenèse des komatiites de Barberton (Afrique du Sud)." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00607819.
Full textLéonide, Philippe. "Réponses des plates-formes carbonatées aux changements paléo-océanographiques, paléo-climatiques et tectoniques : le bassin sud-provençal au jurassique inférieur à moyen." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX11003.pdf.
Full textLaurent, Oscar. "Les changements géodynamiques à la transition Archéen-Protérozoïque : étude des granitoïdes de la marge Nord du craton du Kaapvaal (Afrique du Sud)." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00846827.
Full textFournier, Elyse. "Détermination de la valeur ultime du prélèvement d'eau brute en rivière pour une ville du sud-ouest québécois : Mise en situation avec la ville de Bromont." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5350.
Full textJunquas, Clémentine. "Processus physiques associés à l'augmentation des précipitations d'été dans le Sud-Est de l'Amérique du Sud dans un scénario de réchauffement climatique." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/67/52/86/PDF/Manuscrit_3-160.pdf.
Full textSoutheastern South America (SESA) is one of the few subtropical regions where WCRP/CMIP3 coupled general circulation models project significant summer rainfall increases by the end of the twenty first century, in a global warming scenario. This signal is revealed to be associated with a frequency increase of positive phase of the leading pattern of austral summer rainfall variability in the region. The positive phase manifests as austral summer rainfall above (below) normal in the SESA (South Atlantic convergence zone) region. Moreover, the rainfall pattern change is shown to be associated with positive anomalies of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial Pacific. This result is confirmed by numerical sensitivity experiments performed with the LMDZ4 " two-way nesting " interactive climate models system, which also showed that the projected rainfall increase in SESA is mainly associated to the zonally asymmetric pattern of the tropical SST warming
Denis, Vianney. "Capacités et modalités d’adaptation de deux espèces de coraux zooxanthellés aux perturbations climatiques et anthropiques (île de la Réunion, Sud-Ouest de l’océan Indien)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-04058955.
Full textReef coral communities will undergo major changes in the next decades. The potentials of acclimatization and adaptation to environmental changes are compared between two zooxanthellate scleractinian corals dominant on Reunion coral reefs: the K-strategist Porites lutea and the r-strategist Acropora muricata. Different traits of the holobionts (survival, growth, regeneration, tissue biomass, protein content, lipid composition) and their zooxanthellae (genetic identity, photosynthetic parameters) are characterized in situ in two to four shallow reef flat sites, less than 11 km apart. Their environmental conditions offer a wide range of temperature, light, hydrodynamism and nutrient levels. P. lutea which is associated to the thermotolerant zooxanthellae Symbiodinium C15 has a high potential for acclimatization. After transplantation to a new environment, P. lutea quickly adjusts its growth and protein content, without suffering any mortality. In contrast, A. muricata, which is combined with the thermosensitive zooxanthellae C2/C3, does not display such a capacity for acclimatization and showed a high mortality. All the characteristics (except tissue biomass) of A. muricata and photosynthetic parameters, as well as tissue biomass of P. lutea, are marked by an "imprint" of the original site. This limited phenotypic plasticity suggests a genetic differentiation at small-scale. In A. muricata, it results in an increased tolerance to high temperatures in the most fluctuating environment. A. muricata also shows greater regenerative capacities than P. lutea. In the latter species, regeneration is correlated to solar radiation and temperature, through their control of the photosynthetic performance of symbiotic zooxanthellae. A seasonal change in autotrophy vs heterotrophy is detected in A. muricata at the site where exposition to oceanic environment is the highest. The phenotypic plasticity of P. lutea, a long-lived species, allows it to acclimatize to changing environmental conditions. Recovery capacities of A. muricata, in relation to its adaptive capacity to local conditions, would also allow this opportunistic species to live through the environmental changes that are expected in the context of global change, but within limits yet to be defined for these two scleractinian species
Truc, Loïc. "Développement et application d'une méthode de reconstitution paléoclimatique quantitative basée sur des données polliniques fossiles en Afrique australe." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20200/document.
Full textLocated at the interface between tropical and temperate climate systems, southern Africa is a particularly sensitive region in terms of long-term climate change. However, few reliable paleoclimatic records exist from the region – largely as a result of the arid climate with precludes the preservation of wetland sequences - , and virtually no quantitative reconstructions are available.The aim of this thesis is to develop quantitative palaeoclimate reconstruction method based the relation between modern plant distributions and climate in southern Africa. We develop botanical-climatological transfer functions derived from probability density functions (pdfs), allowing for quantitative estimates of the palaeoclimatic variables to be calculated from fossil pollen assemblages. In addition, a species-selection method (SSM) based on Bayesian statistics is outlined, which provides a parsimonious choice of most likely plant species from what are otherwise taxonomically broad pollen-types. This method addresses limitations imposed by the low taxonomic resolution of pollen identification, which is particularly problematic in areas of high biodiversity such as many regions of southern Africa.This methodology has been applied to pollen record from Wonderkrater (South Africa). Results indicate that temperatures during both the warm and cold season were 6±2°C colder during the Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas, and that rainy season precipitation during the Last Glacial Maximum was ~50% of that during the mid-Holocene. Our results also imply that changes in precipitation at Wonderkrater generally track changes in Mozambique Channel sea-surface temperatures, with a steady increase following the Younger Dryas to a period of maximum water availability at Wonderkrater ~3-7 ka. These findings indicate that the northern and southern tropics experienced similar climatic trends during the last 20 kyr, and highlight the role of variations in sea-surface temperatures over the more popularly perceived role of a shifting Intertropical Convergence Zone in determining long-term environmental trends.This method has also been applied to a pollen record from Pakhuis Pass, in the Fynbos Biome (South Africa). Results show the limitations of quantitative methods, with only unrealistically low amplitude being reconstructed between the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene (~2°C). However, results indicate that the reconstructed temperature trends, if not amplitudes, are similar to trends observed in Antarctic ice core records. Further, in reconstructing past humidity, we show that over the last 18 kyr, cooler conditions appear to be generally wetter at the site. These results are consistent with Cockcroft model (1987), derived from equatorward shift of the westerlies resulting from expansions of the circum-polar vortex.This study shows the potential of using modern plant distributions to estimates past climate parameters in southern Africa, and the species selection method proves to be a useful tool in region with high biodiversity. This work provides a novel perspective in the region, where no quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions have been available. However, results from Pakhuis Pass highlight some of the limitations of this methodology, which will be subject of future work in this promising field of inquiry
Bouiges, Axelle. "Ecologie moléculaire de l’écosystème forestier tropical africain." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3012.
Full textThe aim of this project was to carry out a molecular ecology study, not only on a single species, but on a whole functional group. In the africain forest ecosystem, some species are typical of the forest while others are typical of the savanna, and have undergone stages of expansion and regression during Quaternary climate changes. Do their genomes share a common signature of the ensuing demographic history? I worked on nine species from the Zaprionus genus (Drosophilidae). For six species, I was able to gather a complete dataset including two population samples of N=20 (15 in one case) for 10 nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene. I investigated the signature of population expansion by using Tajima’s DT, Fu’s FS, and the mismatch distribution. The demographic history of each species was investigated using Bayesian methods including BEAST (for mtDNA) and a recombination model using FastSimCoal (for nuclear DNA), with available molecular clocks. Five forest-dwelling species show the signature of a population expansion: Z. aff. proximus, Z. davidi, Z. sepsoides, Z. taronus et Z. vittiger. A sixth species, Z. indianus, shows a more complex history in agreement with its dependence on savanna. The completion of the analysis of the whole dataset was precluded by the time-consuming numerical procedures involved. To conclude, the genome of all of these species – either form savanna of from the forest – shows the signature of past climatic changes, thus validating an "ecosystem genomics" approach
Ollivier, Vincent. "Continuités, instabilités et ruptures morphogéniques en Provence depuis la dernière glaciation.Travertinisation, détritisme et incisions sur le piémont sud du Grand Luberon (Vaucluse, France). Relations avec les changements climatiques et l'anthropisation." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00360109.
Full textAux environs de 50 Ka BP, les vallons du piémont sud du Grand Luberon sont colmatés par de puissants glacis d'accumulation dépassant fréquemment les 30 mètres d'épaisseur et remaniant un abondant matériel torrentiel caillouteux contenant des gélifracts. A leur base, plusieurs « sols rouges » et leur contenu paléontologique, indiquent le caractère plus tempéré des épisodes interstadiaires du Stade Isotopique 3 en domaine méditerranéen.
Entre le Dernier Maximum Glaciaire et le Tardiglaciaire (18000-17000 cal BP. ?), période charnière au niveau bioclimatique, une incision majeure intervient, surprenante par son ampleur et sa rapidité. Dès 15500 cal. BP, la tendance morphogénique s'inverse et l'on assiste à une reprise de l'accumulation sédimentaire dans les fonds de vallons. Au sein de cette nouvelle dynamique, de puissantes formations travertineuses se développent aux débouchés d'exsurgences karstiques et signent le réchauffement climatique engagé. Celles-ci constituent jusqu'à présent le plus ancien témoignage du « redémarrage » postglaciaire de la travertinisation dans le sud de la France. Par la suite, et dans l'ensemble des formations détritiques et carbonatées, deux incisions principales se produisent vers 9000 et 6000 cal. BP en alternance avec des phases de remblaiements. Les fluctuations morphogéniques de cette première partie du Postglaciaire s'accordent, et semblent principalement inféodées, aux variations des paramètres bioclimatiques.
Dès le Néolithique Final, dans un contexte d'augmentation des occupations humaines, les séquences enregistrent une série de ruptures (incisions) de haute fréquence et de faible amplitude. Ces perturbations sont accompagnées de changements de faciès dans les systèmes carbonatés et d'ouvertures fortes du milieu végétal déterminées par les analyses paléoécologiques. Le caractère particulièrement sensible des ensembles travertineux aux modifications d'origine climato-anthropique du biotope est ainsi souligné.
Entre le XIème et le XIIIème siècle après Jésus Christ, on note l'interruption, de l'accumulation des travertins et le démantèlement des formations l.s. (et non entre la fin du Néolithique et la période antique comme il était communément admis). C'est également dans le même intervalle que s'instaure la dynamique majeure d'incision linéaire des talwegs bien connue dans le sud de la France, mais jusqu'à présent rangée dans une chronologie incertaine. Postérieurement au XVIIème siècle, au cours du Petit Age Glaciaire, une dernière période de remblaiement détritique plus modeste débute. A terme, celle-ci est interrompue par une ultime phase d'incision toujours effective aujourd'hui. L'action conjuguée des oscillations climatiques et des modes d'occupation des sociétés humaines sur le milieu « naturel » apparaît comme le principal moteur d'une morphogenèse mouvementée au cours de la deuxième partie du Postglaciaire.
Monnet, Anne-Christine. "Apport des modèles de niche aux translocations d'espèces : cas du renforcement de populations d'Outarde houbara." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066655/document.
Full textEcological niche models (ENM) are widely used to predict the current and future distribution of species. They could be used as complementary tools to assess the niche suitability of potential release areas, a key parameter for improving success in conservation translocation. Yet, ENM are still rarely applied and general evidence about the benefit of these models in translocation is still lacking. We focused our research on reinforcement programs of two species of Houbara Bustard, the sedentary North African species (Chlamydotis undulata undulata) and the migratory Asian species (C. macqueenii). Through the extensive monitoring of remnant wild populations and captive-born released individuals over a large proportion of their distribution range, these programs provide an ideal study framework to address complex questions regarding the relevancy of ENM in translocation conservation. First, we linked individual survival, a crucial component of population dynamics, to niche suitability. Then, we performed an experimental release and monitoring of 180 individuals along a gradient of habitat suitability as predicted by ENM to test the effect of release site suitability on survival of captive-born individuals. We then tested if released houbaras use the same ecological niche than wild houbaras, as a validation step to support the subsequent use of niche modelling. Finally, we discussed the implications of global change for ongoing translocation programs of Houbara Bustard. Empirical approaches linking habitat suitability with demographic processes provide a step towards a better understanding of the relevance of ENM for conservation translocations in changing environments
Ollivier, Vincent. "Continuités, instabilités et ruptures morphogéniques en Provence depuis la dernière glaciation : travertinisation, détritisme et incisions sur le piémont sud du Grand Lubéron (Vaucluse, France) : relations avec les changements climatiques et l'anthropisation." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX10069.
Full textCaner, Laurent. "Les sols humifères des Hautes Terres du massif des Nilgiri en Inde du Sud : formation d'andosols sur une ancienne couverture ferrallitique en relation avec les évolutions climatiques des derniers millénaires." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10009.
Full textHigh elevation humiferous soils from the Nilgiri Hills may be considered as the result of a polycyclic genesis: the ferrallitic regoliths corresponding to an old pedogenesis under a tropical wet and hot climate; the present pedogenesis concerning only the surface humiferous horizons. The most humiferous soils are marked by the presence of high amounts of organo-metallic complexes and verify the criteria of identification of Andosols in recent soils classifications and are moreover non-allophanic. The Nilgiri Andosols developed on an ancient ferrallitic material present and original pedogenesis. In the absence of volcanic glasses and any other weatherable minerals the potential sources of aluminium and iron to form the organometallic complexes are the secondary oxides. Gibbsite and iron oxides, considered as stable minerals of ferrallitic weathering, are instable in acidic conditions and in presence of organic matter. Due to high amounts of oxides the organo-metalllic associations are provided with a substantial metallic charge which leads to the emergence of andic properties. 14C datings and δ13C of soil organic matter revealed that the formation of the organic matter-rich horizons was related to the existence of a cold period at the transition Pleistocene / Holocene with grassland vegetation. The study of these soils gives information on the processes of organic matter accumulation in soils at different periods and show that the characterisation of the organo-metallic complexes at different scales allows to understand the interactions of the organic matter with metallic-cations which is the key process of its stabilisation
Faye, Adama. "Dynamique évolutive des forêts tropicales humides d'Afrique centrale : cas d'étude de la famille des palmiers (Arecaceae)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS190.
Full textTropical rain forests (TRF) biodiversity is not equally distributed between the three main tropical regions: Neotropics, South East Asia and tropical Africa. Even though African rain forests display high levels of diversity and endemism, this diversity is low compared to that of the other tropical regions. One of the main hypotheses advanced to explain this lower species diversity is that the African flora has undergone higher extinction rates during the Cenozoic. Across the Congo basin, high levels of species diversity and endemism is thought to be linked to the hypothesis of forest refugia. This hypothesis suggests a contraction of rain forests in 'refugia' during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, between 24’000 and 12’000 Years).The aim of this thesis is to study the evolution of African rain forests in response to climate change on ancient (million years) and more recent (thousands of years) time scales. For this we study two groups of African palms: the rattans of the sub-tribe Ancistrophyllinae and the understory genus of Central African TRF Podococcus with two species P. barteri and P. acaulis. The first group provides information about ancient extinctions events during the Cenozoic, while the second is used to study the response of TRF during Pleistocene climate change in Central Africa. The approach used in this thesis is to 1) reconstruct the evolutionary history of African rattans, and 2) to infer the evolutionary dynamics of the two species of Podococcus through time. The five specific objectives structuring two main parts of the thesis are: First part: (i) reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among Ancistrophyllinae using plastid and nuclear markers, (ii) estimate divergence times and test the impact of extinction events on Ancistrophyllinae. Second part: (iii) build ecological niche models and infer the areas of habitat stability of the two species of Podococcus from the LGM, (iv) reconstruct phylogeographic relationships of populations of Podococcus from whole plastomes obtained using Next Generation Sequencing and (v) assess the correlation between genetic diversity and ecological niche stability of all populations of Podococcus.Results suggest that Ancistrophyllinae has possibly undergone a constant diversification with a relatively high extinction rate punctuated by one or more severe extinction events during the Cenozoic. Ancistrophyllinae diverged during the Eocene with most species originating to the Late Miocene after 10 Ma. In the genus Podococcus, a significant correlation between the unique genetic diversity and habitat stability was demonstrated supporting the hypothesis of forests refugia in Central Africa. Ecologically stable and diverse populations are mainly located in mountainous areas such as Monts de Cristal and Monts Doudou in Gabon, but also in the Atlantic coastal forests in Gabon and Cameroon. In contrast, most of the populations predate the LGM reflecting that species respond over several glacial cycles. Results of this thesis highlight that ancient and recent climate changes have strongly influenced the evolution and dynamics of Central African forests. In addition, our results allowed the identification of African Atlantic coastal forests as an important conservation priority
Martias, Chloé. "Dynamique de la matière organique dissoute colorée et fluorescente en zone lagonaire tropicale dans le Pacifique Sud (Nouvelle Calédonie) : influences climatiques et anthropogéniques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0133/document.
Full textNew Caledonia (South-West Pacific) is a tropical area under strong environmental pressure (climate change and local anthropogenic forcing). The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the colored (CDOM) and fluorescent (FDOM) dissolved organic matter dynamic in the New Caledonia Lagoon where strong ultramafic erosion pressure is associated with trace metals (i.e., nickel, manganese and cobalt). 3D spectrofluorimetry was used to characterize the CDOM/FDOM. The West and East coasts were sampled during one year and a half in a context of El Niño (2015-2016), interrupted by strong rainy events (storms) and during CALIOPE 3 cruise (East coast). A parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of EEMF led to the identification of 5 fluorophores: marine humic-like, 2 tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like peaks (T2 peak) from the biological balance between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton and a terrestrial humic-like from rivers draining caledonian coast. The CDOM signal at 350 and 442 nm had a strong dependency on river inputs accentuated during storms and revealed photodegraded CDOM. The FDOM signal in the East showed a seasonal cycle (wet/dry season) contrary to the West coast depending on sporadic rainy events. Data acquired during the CALIOPE 3 were coupled with trace metal concentrations, biogeochemical parameters, and plankton communities. Some fluorophores displayed a preferential association with nickel and cobalt. The complexation capacities of these fluorophores toward trace metals were revealed by a quenching experiment that allowed to derive complexation constants
Amsidder, Lina. "Accéder aux ressources en milieu aride, une affaire de réseaux ? Les stratégies d'investissement social des éleveurs camelins du sud-ouest marocain comme facteur d'adaptation aux changements socio-politiques et climatiques des espaces pastoraux." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AGPT0007.
Full textThe current dynamics within the pastoral areas in arid environments, such as the drastic decrease in terms of quality and quantity of pastoral resources, the advance of agricultural and urban fronts, and the implementation of pastoral laws aimed at securing pastoralism, have the consequence of questioning the systems of relations and agreements on which the social capital, mobilized by herders to access the pastoral and complementary resources necessary to maintain their herds, is based. The main challenge of our thesis is to understand how herders adapt their social capital to these transformations to secure their ability to access resources and preserve their herds in a context that tends to increase their vulnerability. While the approach of social capital as a determining factor in access to resources within pastoral societies is not a new subject of study, it continues to raise numerous theoretical and methodological questions in the human sciences. Based on a study of camel breeders in the province of Tan-Tan in southwest Morocco, our thesis proposes building a multidisciplinary analytical framework mobilizing geography (social, political, historical), socio-anthropology, and socio-economy. The aim is to develop a new approach to social capital that doesn't aim to measure a global stock of social capital, but rather to focus on the processes by which herders build, maintain, and develop it through the notion of social investment strategies developed by the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. The first chapter of results focuses on the evolution of tribal and state actor relations since the colonial period and their consequences on the social networks from which the herders construct and maintain their social investment strategies. The second chapter of results presents the method we have developed to establish a typology of herder profiles according to these different social strategies in interaction with the other forms of assets they o wn. The study of the adaptive capacities of different herder profiles during the drought and the health crisis linked to the COVID-19 pandemic that affected the province of Tan-Tan during our study period allows us to demonstrate that the herders who were best able to access pastoral and complementary resources are those who adapted to political and social changes by developing social investment strategies that straddle the customary and state networks or by relying on financial capital and significant social prestige. Between research and development, this thesis is an invitation to place at the heart of the analysis of the resilience of pastoral populations the study of the social investment strategies implemented by herders insofar as they constitute a determining factor in their capacity to access the resources necessary to maintain their herds and consequently their capacity to adapt to the changes that characterize pastoral areas in arid environments. It also emphasizes the ne ed for pastoral development projects and policies to take greater account of the multiple territories and sets of stakeholders within which pastoral areas are located and from which herders develop their social strategies for accessing resources. It is only by taking this into account and highlighting the existing disparities in terms of capacity to access resources within the pastoral community concerned that pastoral development will be able to benefit the majority of herders and not just those with “good” networks
Tang, Chao. "Model estimations of possible climate changes of surface solar radiation at regional scales over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0055/document.
Full textChanges in Surface Solar Radiation (SSR) have the potential to significantly impact diverse aspects of the climate system, and notably the socio-economic development of any nation. To identify the possible impacts of climate change on SSR at regional scales (~50 km) over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean (SA-SWIO; 0-40°S ; 0- 100°E) up to the end of the 21st century, a slice downscaling experiment consisting of simulations covering three temporal windows: a) the present 1996-2005; b) the future 2046-2055 and 2090-2099 conducted with the Regional Climate Model (RCM) RegCM version 4, driven by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis (ERAINT, only present) and 2 Global Climate Model (GCMs: HadGEM2-ES and GFDL-ESM2M) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under RCP8.5 scenario, are performed and evaluated. Since the slice simulation is of limited temporal coverage, number of regional and driven global models and climate change forcings, mainly because of the limit of available computational resources, the study towards a comprehensive knowledge of SSR changes in context of climate change is thus extended: an ensemble consisting of outputs from 20 regional climate downscaling realisations based on 5 RCMs that participated in the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) program (CORDEX-Africa) along with their 10 driving GCMs from CMIP5 covering southern Africa (0-40°S; 0- 100°E) during the period of 1990-2099 is analyzed under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 up to 2099.The slice experiment indicates that 1) RegCM4 simulates present-day seasonal climatology, (surface air temperature, precipitation and SSR) quite well, but has a negative total cloud cover bias (about -20% in absolute percentage) when forced by the ERAINT and the two GCMs. 2) Internal variability of RegCM4-simulated annual means SSR (about 0.2 W/m2) is of one order smaller than the model bias compared with reference data. 3) RegCM4 simulates SSR changes in opposite signs when driven by the different GCMs under RCP8.5 scenario. 4) Electricity potential calculated using first-order estimation based on the RegCM simulations indicates a change less then 2% to 2099 with respect on present level.It is also found from the ensemble study that: 1) GCMs ensemble generally overestimates SSR by about 1 W/m2 in austral summer (December, January, and February, short as DJF) and 7.5 W/m2 in austral winter (June, July and August, short as JJA), while RCMs ensemble mean shows underestimations of SSR by about -32 W/m2 and -14 W/m2 in summer and winter seasons respectively when driven by GCMs. 2) Multi-model mean projections of SSR change patterns simulated by the GCMs and their embedded RCMs are fairly consistent. 3) GCMs project, in their multi-model means, a statistically significant increase of SSR of about 8 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and 12 W/m2 in RCP8.5 by 2099 over Centre Southern Africa (SA-C) and a highly confident decreasing SSR over Eastern Equatorial Africa (EA-E) of about -5 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and -10 W/m2 in RCP8.5 during the DJF season. RCMs simulate SSR change with statistical confidence over SA-C and EA-E area as well with a little spatial extension compared to GCMs. However, in the JJA season, an increase of SSR is found over EA-E of about 5 W/m2 by 2099 under RCP4.5 and 10 W/m2 under RCP8.5, of similar amplitudes in both the GCMs and RCMs simulations. 4) Significant cloudiness decrease (about -6 % to 2099) is found over continent of SA for GCMs and also shown in RCMs. 5) Larger SSR changes are found in the RCP8.5 scenario than in the RCP4.5 scenario in 2099, with about 2.5 W/m2 enhanced changes in GCMs and about 5 W/m2 in RCMs. 6) Either the biases or the changes pattern of SSR are overall correlated with the patterns of total cloud cover from RCMs in CORDEX-Africa program (for RegCM4 as well). The slice experiment indicates that
Massuel, Sylvain. "Evolution récente de la ressource en eau consécutive aux changements climatiques et environnementaux du sud-ouest Niger. Modélisation des eaux de surface et souterraines du bassin du kori de Dantiandou sur la période 1992-2003." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011097.
Full textDans cet objectif, une régionalisation du modèle de fine échelle abc-rwf a été réalisée à partir d'un jeu simulé de 50 bassins endoréiques, pour lesquels des relations entres les descripteurs physiographiques et le ruissellement calculé sont apparues significatives. La formulation d'une fonction représentant fidèlement le ruissellement simulé d'un bassin, peut être étendue à un ensemble de bassins par l'adjonction de fonctions prédictives non linéaires paramétrées sur la base de seulement 5 descripteurs physiographiques des bassins. Le modèle de méso-échelle Zarbhy permet ainsi un calcul simplifié du ruissellement des 377 bassins endoréiques identifiés sur les 5000 km² du bassin tout en limitant l'imprécision supplémentaire par rapport au modèle abc rwf.
La réalisation du couplage surface-souterrain soulève une insuffisance de la recharge forcée par le ruissellement calculé sur certaines années pour permettre la simulation de la hausse de la nappe dans des gammes de paramétrisation admissibles. Bien que l'extrême variabilité des processus hydrologiques disparaisse en partie à l'échelle régionale, la variabilité intersaisonnière demeure encore difficile à reproduire.
Le schéma de la recharge ponctuelle spatialement distribuée est compatible avec la modélisation hydrodynamique réalisée, qui dans son état actuel ne permet cependant pas de quantifier avec précision l'influence de la recharge indirecte sur la dynamique de hausse de la nappe.
Face à l'insuffisance de la recharge calculée, une étude combinant géophysique électrique, géochimie et modélisation hydrologique a été entreprise. Elle suggère le lessivage d'une bande minéralisée entre 5 et 10 m de profondeur à l'aplomb des multiples chenaux sableux de la zone d'épandage de Wankama. Cette expérimentation prometteuse ouvre la voie à de nouvelles investigations vers la caractérisation des processus de recharge. L'existence d'une infiltration profonde (>25 m) au moins épisodique, sous les zones d'épandage sableuses peut être envisagée.
Massuel, Sylvain. "Évolution récente de la ressource en eau consécutive aux changements climatiques et environnementaux du sud-ouest du Niger : modélisation des eaux de surface et souterraines du bassin du kori de Dantiandou sur la période 1992-2003." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20093.
Full textJaguin, Justine. "Datation et caractérisation de processus minéralisateurs à l'Archéen : Application à l'Antimony Line, Ceinture de Roches Vertes de Murchison, Afrique du Sud." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819281.
Full textVeloso, Amanda Gabriela Maia. "Modélisation spatialisée de la production, des flux et des bilans de carbone et d'eau des cultures de blé à l'aide de données de télédétection : application au sud-ouest de la France." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2695/.
Full textThe agricultural lands that occupy more than one third of Earth's terrestrial surface contribute to climate change and are also impacted by those changes, since their production is conditioned by climatic conditions and water resources. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to quantify and analyze the production and also the main components of the carbon and water biogeochemical cycles for crop ecosystems in contrasted climatic years, focusing specifically on the winter wheat crop, in order to identify the best strategies for maintaining crop production and reducing environmental impacts. The study area is located in southwest France. We propose a regional modeling approach that combines: i) high spatial and temporal resolutions optical remote sensing data, ii) simple crop models and iii) an extensive set of in-situ measurements for models' calibration and validation. The combined use of these three 'tools' opens new perspectives for advanced agro-ecosystems modeling and monitoring at regional or global scales
Caminade, Cyril. "Rôle de l'océan et influence des émissions d'origine anthropique sur la variabilité climatique en Afrique." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30239.
Full textNdiaye, Abdourakhmane. "Changements climatiques : de la modélisation du phénomène à son éducation. Application au cas des enseignants sénégalais du primaire. Le climat, du savoir scientifique aux modèles d’intégration assignée (Integrated Assessements Models) 1 Environmental education to education for sustainability development : challenges and issues Education for sustainable development : a conceptual and methodological approach De l’éducation au développement durable (EDD) aux Objectifs du Développement Durable (ODD), de nouvelles prescriptions pour les pays du Sud ? Integrated assessment models and other climate policy tools Eduquer aux changements climatiques au Sénégal, une initiation au modèle REDOC via les représentations sociales." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD007.
Full textOur research has been focused on clarifying the scope, characteristics and principles of Climate ChangeEducation for Sustainable Development (CCESD) in order to implement curricula. This issue is part ofa dual framework : an interdisciplinary approach (linking Climate Science, Economics and EducationSciences) and the integration of CCESD into the primary cycle of the Senegalese education system. Ourresearch methodology was based on two inputs : the dynamics of complex systems (Forrester, 1969,Morin, 1977, 1980) to provide knowledge and the REDOC model (Representations, EducationalApproach, Didactic Tools and Skills) to understand teachers’ representations. The results of our researchled us to identify two postulates, facilitating a CCESD. On the one hand, the register of knowledge thatmust be activated to implement CCESD (four types : scientific knowledge, institutional knowledge,measured knowledge and pedagogical knowledge). On the other hand, the analysis of learners'representations is a necessary and essential step to set up a diversified and complementary set ofpedagogies, develop appropriate didactic tools and propose a contextualised skills referenceframework. In our research, the representations of Senegalese primary school teachers were discussedon the basis of a survey. We highlighted their representations of sustainable development, climatechange or global warming. In the case of Senegal, we observed that the issue of climate change had tobe linked to other controversial issues in the school system : the status of teachers, the quality ofinfrastructure, the issue of public health, the problem of the lack of school canteens, etc. Another wayof reminding us that the goals of sustainable development (SGD) are systemic and that qualityeducation (SDG 4) can be a key driver for change
Boutin, Delphine. "Essai sur la pauvreté, la vulnérabilité et le travail des enfants." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40051.
Full textThe oftmentioned and thus the most controversial cause of child labour is poverty. However, the relationship between poverty and child labour is blurred as numerous theoretical and empirical studies focused on these issues show contradictories results. Besides, increasing attention is being paid to vulnerability as a key dynamic aspect of poverty, making more complex the impact of poverty on child labour. The aims of my thesis work is to clarify the relationship between poverty and child labour and to update it in the light of recent development in poverty and vulnerability measurement and the current context of multiple crises. I choose to focus on African countries as the majority of child labourers are found in these countries. Two main parts compose my PhD dissertation. First, my dissertation research revisits the links between child labour and household poverty. Second, the children participation to labour is part of a household strategy to reduce the income variability. The vulnerability of children to work is thus analysed in two different ways, according the type of shocks and the type of vulnerability (ex-ante or ex-post). The final chapter of my thesis aims to analyse if an exogenous household income increase, through remittances, have a positive impact on children work
Tsotsa, Edrich Nathanaël. "L'action publique de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA Acteurs, controverses et dynamiques Analyse comparée à partir des exemples sud-africain, burkinabè et camerounais." Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440155.
Full textHubert, Nicolas. "Environnement, Ressources et Conflits au Burkina Faso." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41871.
Full textGuillon, Sebastien. "Dynamique de la végétation alluviale côtière dans le Sud-Est de la France (bassins versants du Loup et de la Cagne, Alpes-Maritimes) au cours de la première moitié de l' Holocène." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01064064.
Full textTummon, Fiona. "Les effets directs et semi-directs des aérosols sur le climat régional du sud de l'afrique pendant la saison d'hiver austral." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575063.
Full textBisore, Simon. "Mécanisme pour un développement propre (MDP) du protocole de Kyoto: barrières et opportunités pour les pays moins avancés d'Afrique :cas du Burundi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209646.
Full textParmi les problèmes posés par ce mécanisme de compensation, il y a des disparités observées dans la répartition géographique de sa mise en œuvre, alors qu’il est censé contribuer au développement de nombreux pays non-Annexe I. Parmi ceux-ci, les Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA) en général et ceux d’Afrique en particulier restent largement sous-représentés. Pourtant, le MDP a été adopté à la fois comme une contribution innovatrice à l’atténuation des changements climatiques et comme un moteur de promotion du développement durable dans les pays en développement.
Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général de cette thèse est triple. Primo, elle vise à étudier en profondeur cet instrument en dégageant ses principales caractéristiques, y compris les disparités d’implantation d’activités de projets qui lui sont liées. Secundo, elle en examine les causes par une analyse des barrières ou freins à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP dans ces PMA d’Afrique en général et au Burundi en particulier. Tertio, elle révèle les opportunités (avantages/bénéfices) potentielles qui restent toujours non valorisées par l’implémentation d’activités de projets éligibles au titre du MDP.
L’analyse menée montre que les disparités susmentionnées jouent essentiellement en faveur des grands pays émergents d’Asie et d’Amérique latine, ce qui va à l’encontre du principe d’équité. En effet, en décembre 2011, le Brésil, la Chine et l’Inde détenaient 72,7 % de toutes les activités de projets du MDP et 75,8 % de crédits-carbone attendus en 2012. A l’opposé, les PMA ne disposaient dans le même temps que de 1,3 % de toutes les activités de projets du MDP et 1,2 % de leurs crédits attendus d’ici 2012. Les PMA d’Afrique ne restent qu’avec des parts de l’ordre de 0,8 % et 0,9 % respectivement. Cette situation reste si drastiquement critique qu’il importe d’en déceler les raisons.
Des caractéristiques de l’instrument, des expériences menées jusqu’ici et de la situation dans des pays hôtes, il ressort que les barrières sont de deux types. D’une part, les barrières endogènes, c'est-à-dire les barrières liées à l’organisation interne des pays. D’autre part, les barrières exogènes qui sont liées essentiellement à l’organisation générale du processus du MDP. L’étude a permis ainsi de montrer que les barrières endogènes constituent le nœud du problème en termes de visibilité des pays hôtes dans le marché du MDP. Celle-ci reste largement limitée dans ce marché international du carbone.
Les barrières identifiées dans ce travail, en particulier les barrières endogènes, risquent de se révéler difficiles à lever, car elles exigent des réformes structurelles au sein de l’organisation politique, institutionnelle, économique, et juridique du pays hôte. En outre, l’intégration de ces barrières dans un système unique d’interrelations constitue un des points originaux du travail. Ces interrelations ne sont pas négligeables et complexifient l’application du mécanisme, car, dans la plupart des cas, une action amorcée pour lever une barrière peut s’avérer inefficace si d’autres barrières associées ne sont pas prises en compte.
L’étude s’est également attachée à évaluer les retombées potentielles liées à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP au Burundi. Les principales opportunités perdues jusqu’ici se situent dans quelques secteurs socioéconomiques du pays, essentiellement dans la gestion des déchets et l’énergie. L’étude en a ainsi retenu des options technologiques susceptibles de contribuer à des solutions à la problématique de la gestion des déchets et de l’approvisionnement énergétique au Burundi, tout en favorisant la stabilisation d’émissions de GES. Il s’agit de technologies adaptées de compostage et de bio-méthanisation dans le secteur de la gestion des déchets et les technologies de production d’énergies à partir de sources renouvelables (hydro, solaire, biogaz) et d’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de la biomasse (foyers améliorés, carbonisation) dans le secteur de l’énergie.
Ces opportunités ont également été analysées suivant des critères et indicateurs de durabilité (matrice de développement durable du Gold Standard). Les résultats montrent que ces options technologiques peuvent apporter une contribution au développement durable du pays. En effet, les opportunités se rencontrent à la fois dans le développement social (création d’emplois, moyens de subsistance des pauvres, accès aux énergies propres, renforcement des capacités), le développement écologique (réduction des émissions de GES, amélioration de la qualité de l’air, de l’eau et du sol, sauvegarde de la biodiversité), et le développement économique et technologique (rémunération d’emplois créés, augmentation des investissements, transfert et autonomie technologiques).
Afin de faire bénéficier le pays des retombées des activités de projets du MDP, il est proposé des solutions qui peuvent contribuer à une levée/atténuation de ces barrières. Ces propositions forment une combinaison d’actions à mener au niveau international, régional et surtout local/national. Au niveau international, des organes habilités devraient apporter des réformes profondes au MDP. Au niveau régional, le renforcement des capacités par des actions de coopération pourrait favoriser l’échange d’expériences en la matière. Au niveau local/national, l’adoption des réformes profondes aux niveaux institutionnel, législatif et juridique, dans une logique d’améliorer les politiques de planification du développement socioéconomique et environnemental, rendrait le pays naturellement plus attractif. En particulier, la mise en place et la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie nationale du MDP pourrait contribuer à relever le défi.
Les propositions de solutions pour réduire les barrières à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP sont susceptibles de stimuler l’investissement en général. Ainsi, toute stratégie adoptée dans cette logique peut contribuer non seulement à la participation du pays au processus du MDP, mais aussi à favoriser la mise en œuvre d’autres projets conventionnels de développement au niveau national. Finalement, la considération de ces différentes opportunités associées à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP au niveau du pays par des instances habilitées (décideurs politiques, acteurs institutionnels et économiques) conduirait à faire de ce mécanisme une contribution utile au développement du pays/The Kyoto Protocol has established a series of targets for reducing GHG emissions. The fulfilment of these objectives may result in heavy costs for the economies of developed countries engaged in the fight against climate change. To minimize the costs imposed by these targets, economic instruments were developed, notably with the creation of carbon markets. The three flexible mechanisms of Kyoto Protocol are involved in this, one of which being the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
Among the problems posed by this offset mechanism, disparities can be observed in regional distribution after it has been implemented, when it ought to be contributing towards the development of a number of Non-Annex I countries. Among these countries, the least developed ones (LDCs) in general and Africa ones in particular are largely under-represented. However, the CDM was adopted both as an innovative solution to mitigate climate change and as an engine to promote sustainable development in developing countries.
Within this context, the overall objective of this thesis is threefold. First of all, it aims to study this instrument in depth, by picking out its main characteristics, including the disparities in project activities implementation related to it. Secondly, it examines the causes for these disparities by analyzing the barriers or restrictions preventing implementation of CDM project activities in these African LDCs in general and in Burundi in particular. Its third purpose is to reveal the potential opportunities (advantages/benefits) which have yet to be developed by setting up eligible CDM project activities.
The analysis carried out shows that the aforementioned disparities come out in favor of the large emerging countries in Asia and Latin America primarily, which goes against the principle of equity. In fact, in December 2011, Brazil, China and India held 72.7% of all CDM project activities and 75.8% of carbon emission credits expected in 2012. On the contrary, for the same time period, the LDCs had only 1.3% of all CDM project activities and 1.2% of their carbon emission credits expected up until 2012. The African LDCs are left only with shares of 0.8% and 0.9% respectively. This situation is extremely critical. It is crucial to discover the reasons for it.
The instrument’s features, experiments carried out so far and the situation in host countries all reveal that the barriers fall into two categories. On the one hand, there are endogenous barriers, i.e. barriers related to the internal organization of countries. On the other hand, exogenous barriers are related to the general running of the CDM process especially. The study has thus revealed that the endogenous barriers are the crux of the problem where the presence of host countries is concerned in the CDM market. The visibility of host countries is rather limited in this international carbon market.
The barriers identified in this thesis, particularly endogenous ones, may be difficult to remove because they demand structural reforms in the political, institutional, economical and legal organization of the host country. In addition, the integration of these barriers into a single system of interrelationships is one of the original points of this thesis. These interrelationships are not insignificant and complicate the mechanism’s application, because in most cases, initiating an action to remove a barrier may be ineffective if other associated barriers are not taken into account.
The study has also focused on evaluating the potential impacts linked to the implementation of CDM project activities in Burundi. The main opportunities lost up to date are in some socioeconomic sectors in the country, particularly in the waste management and energy sectors. The study has therefore identified technological options that are likely to bring solutions to the question of waste management and energy supply in Burundi, while at the same time contributing to the stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions. These options are notably composting and anaerobic digestion technologies in the area of waste management, and energy generation technologies from renewable sources (hydro, solar, biogas) and improved energy efficiency of biomass (better households, carbonization) in the energy sector.
These opportunities were also analyzed in accordance with sustainability criteria and indicators (Gold Standard sustainable development matrix). The results show that these technological options may contribute to sustainable development in the country. Indeed, the opportunities can be seen at the same time in social development (job creation, means of subsistence for the poor, clean energy access, capacity building); ecological development (reducing GHG emissions, improvement in quality of air, water and soil, preservation of biodiversity) and economic & technological development (better pay for jobs created, increased investment, technology transfer and technological autonomy).
In order to allow the country to take advantage of these opportunities through CDM project activities, it has been proposed solutions that can help raise/mitigate these barriers. These proposals are a combination of actions to be taken at international and regional levels and above all at a local/ national level. In the international arena, authorized bodies should make major reforms to the CDM. At a regional level, capacity building through joint actions could encourage the exchange of expertise in the field. Locally/nationally, adopting major reforms at institutional, legislative and legal levels, with a view to improving planning policies in socioeconomic and environmental development, would make the country naturally more attractive. In particular, establishing and implementing a national CDM strategy could also contribute towards taking up the challenge.
Proposals of solutions for mitigating barriers to implement CDM project activities are likely to stimulate investment in general. Thus, any strategy adopted along these lines can contribute not only to the country’s participation in the CDM process, but also to favoring implementation of other conventional projects for development at national level. Finally, considering these different opportunities associated with implementing CDM project activities in the country via authorized bodies (policymakers, institutional and economic actors) would lead to this mechanism being a useful contribution towards national development.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Tapes, Victor. "Impacts potentiels des changements climatiques sur les terrains de golf dans la région du sud du Québec." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17621.
Full textChoné, Guénolé. "L’espace de mobilité des rivières du sud du Québec : implications pour les écosystèmes et la gestion des rivières dans une perspective de changements climatiques." Thesis, 2013. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/977284/1/Chon%C3%A9_MSc_F2013.pdf.
Full textMoulet, Cédric. "Convergence, divergence ou crossvergence : comparaison des pratiques environnementales entre PME du nord et du sud dans le contexte de l'ALÉNA 1.0." Thèse, 2020. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/9544/1/eprint9544.pdf.
Full textPelletier, Nicolas. "Paléoécologie d’une tourbière à pergélisol en dégradation du sud des Territoires du Nord-Ouest : implications pour le cycle du carbone." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16130.
Full textPeatlands have contributed to cool the Earth's climate during the Holocene by accumulating a large carbon pool. In the Canadian boreal forest, perennially frozen soils (permafrost soils) are abundant and they are located mainly in peatlands where they form elevated plateaus. Thawing permafrost caused by atmospheric warming or other disturbances lead to the collapse of plateaus and soil saturation, impacting vegetation cover and carbon cycling. Models suggest that northern latitudes will be the most severely affected by global warming as we are already observing a decline in permafrost cover. It is important to understand how permafrost thaw affects the peatland carbon sink function as feedbacks on the climate are possible if a large amount of greenhouse gas is emitted or sequestered. I use a chronosequence representing the time since permafrost in a Northwest Territories peatland to understand the factors influencing aggradation and degradation of permafrost in peatlands and to evaluate the effect of thawing on the carbon accumulation and preservation. The carbon accumulation rates associated with the presence of permafrost in the past and present are slow, and the peat is less decomposed in areas that have been affected by permafrost longer. In sum, permafrost reduces surface carbon accumulation but allows for better preservation of the carbon already accumulated.