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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Kulkarni, Anil V., Sunil Dhar, B. P. Rathore, Babu Govindha Raj K., and Rajeev Kalia. "Recession of samudra tapu glacier, chandra river basin, Himachal Pradesh." Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 34, no. 1 (March 2006): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02990745.

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2

Pandey, Pratima, S. Nawaz Ali, AL Ramanathan, P. K. Champati ray, and G. Venkataraman. "Regional representation of glaciers in Chandra Basin region, western Himalaya, India." Geoscience Frontiers 8, no. 4 (July 2017): 841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2016.06.006.

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3

Dutta, Shruti, and AL Ramanathan. "Estimation of Deglaciation through Remote Sensing Techniques in Chandra-Bhaga Basin, Western Himalaya." Journal of Climate Change 7, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcc210007.

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Glaciers act as natural indicators of climate response and natural buffers of the hydrological cycle. Hence, continuous monitoring of glaciers is very crucial for which remote sensing techniques have emerged as a powerful tool to understand the micro-level variation and dynamics of glaciers. Unfortunately, a database involving complete basin-level approach and an extensive temporal range is not available for the entire Chandra-Bhaga (CB) sub-basin. Thus, the present investigation attempts to account for the extent of deglaciation in the CB basin showing that 16.7 percent of the glaciated area has been lost during 1989-2019. Moreover, the last three decades have witnessed a rapid rate of loss for small and medium-sized glaciers as compared to larger glaciers. Adding to it, the basin has also shown an upwards shift of mean elevation in this period. Over the last decade, an increasing temperature in the western Himalayas and Hindu Kush regions, as asserted by previous studies, have led to spatio-temporal changes in the glaciated area. The extent of deglaciation alongwith the glacier-climate behaviour and response can also provide a link to measure the topographical parameters.

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4

Majeed, Zahid, Muneer Ahmad Mukhtar, Riyaz Ahmad Mir, Pawan Kumar, and Kalyan Krishna. "Sonapani Glacier Recession over a Century from 1906–2016, Chandra Basin, Himachal Himalaya." Journal of the Geological Society of India 95, no. 1 (January 2020): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-020-1384-5.

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5

Sahu, Rakesh, and R. D. Gupta. "Glacier mapping and change analysis in Chandra basin, Western Himalaya, India during 1971–2016." International Journal of Remote Sensing 41, no. 18 (June 30, 2020): 6914–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2020.1752412.

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6

Prakash, Chander, and R. Nagarajan. "Glacial lake changes and outburst flood hazard in Chandra basin, North-Western Indian Himalaya." Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2018.1445663.

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7

Pandit, Ankur, and RAAJ Ramsankaran. "Modeling ice thickness distribution and storage volume of glaciers in Chandra Basin, western Himalayas." Journal of Mountain Science 17, no. 8 (July 17, 2020): 2011–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5718-y.

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8

Tawde, Sayli Atul, Anil V. Kulkarni, and Govindasamy Bala. "An estimate of glacier mass balance for the Chandra basin, western Himalaya, for the period 1984–2012." Annals of Glaciology 58, no. 75pt2 (July 2017): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.18.

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ABSTRACTAn improved understanding of fresh water stored in the Himalaya is crucial for water resource management in South Asia and can be inferred from glacier mass-balance estimates. However, field investigations in the rugged Himalaya are limited to a few individual glaciers and short duration. Therefore, we have recently developed an approach that combines satellite-derived snowlines, a temperature-index melt model and the accumulation-area ratio method to estimate annual mass balance of glaciers at basin scale and for a long period. In this investigation, the mass balance of 146 glaciers in the Chandra basin, western Himalaya, is estimated from 1984 to 2012. We estimate the trend in equilibrium line altitude of the basin as +113 m decade−1and the mean mass balance as −0.61 ± 0.46 m w.e. a−1. Our basin-wide mass-balance estimates are in agreement with the geodetic method during 1999–2012. Sensitivity analysis suggests that a 20% increase in precipitation can offset changes in mass balance for a 1 °C temperature rise. A water loss of 18% of the total basin volume is estimated, and 67% for small and low-altitude glaciers during 1984–2012, indicating a looming water scarcity crisis for villages in this valley.

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9

Rastogi, G., and Ajai. "Comparison of energy balance on Gangotri and Chhota Shigri Glaciers." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-537-2014.

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Surface energy balance of a glacier governs the physical processes taking place at the surface-atmosphere interface and connects ice ablation/accumulation to climate variability. To understand the response of Himalayan glaciers to climatic variability, a study was taken to formulate energy balance equation on two of the Indian Himalayan glaciers, one each from Indus and Ganga basins, which have different climatic and physiographic conditions. Study was carried out over Gangotri glacier (Ganga basin) and Chhota Shigri(CS) glacier from Chandra sub-basin (Indus basin). Gangotri glacier is one of the largest glaciers in the central Himalaya located in Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand, India. Chhota Shigri glacier of Chandra sub-basin lies in Lahaul and Spiti valley of Himachal Pradesh. Energy balance components have been computed using inputs derived from satellite data, AWS (Automatic Weather Station) data and field measurements. Different components of energy balance computed are net radiation (includes net shortwave and net longwave radiation), sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. In this study comparison has been made for each of the above energy balance components as well as total energy for the above glaciers for the months of November and December, 2011. It is observed that net radiation in Gangotri glacier is higher by approximately 43 % in comparison to Chhota Shigri glacier; Sensible heat flux is lesser by 77 %; Latent heat flux is higher by 66 % in the month of November 2011. Comparison in the month of December shows that net radiation in Gangotri glacier is higher by approximately 22 % from Chhota Shigri glacier; Sensible heat flux is lesser by 90 %; Latent heat flux is higher by 3 %.Total energy received at the glacier surface and contributes for melting is estimated to be around 32 % higher in Gangotri than Chhota Shigri glacier in November, 2011 and 1.25 % higher in December, 2011. The overall results contribute towards higher melting rate in November and December, 2011 in Gangotri than Chhota Shigri glacier.

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10

Pandey, Aayushi, Aman Rai, Sharad Kumar Gupta, Dericks P. Shukla, and A. P. Dimri. "Integrated approach for effective debris mapping in glacierized regions of Chandra River Basin, Western Himalayas, India." Science of The Total Environment 779 (July 2021): 146492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146492.

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11

Garg, Purushottam Kumar, Aparna Shukla, Reet Kamal Tiwari, and Avtar Singh Jasrotia. "Assessing the status of glaciers in part of the Chandra basin, Himachal Himalaya: A multiparametric approach." Geomorphology 284 (May 2017): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.10.022.

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12

Singh, Virendra Bahadur, and AL Ramanathan. "Suspended sediment dynamics in the meltwater of Chhota Shigri glacier, Chandra basin, Lahaul-Spiti valley, India." Journal of Mountain Science 15, no. 1 (January 2018): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4554-1.

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13

Jawak, Shridhar Digambar, Sagar Filipe Wankhede, Alvarinho Joaozinho Luis, Prashant Hemendra Pandit, and Shubhang Kumar. "Implementing an object-based multi-index protocol for mapping surface glacier facies from Chandra-Bhaga basin, Himalaya." Czech Polar Reports 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2019-2-11.

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Surface glacier facies are superficial expressions of a glacier that are distinguishable based on differing spectral and structural characteristics according to their age and inter-mixed impurities. Increasing bodies of literature suggest that the varying properties of surface glacier facies differentially influence the melt of the glacier, thus affecting the mass balance. Incorporating these variations into distributed mass balance modelling can improve the perceived accuracy of these models. However, detecting and subsequently mapping these facies with a high degree of accuracy is a necessary precursor to such complex modelling. The variations in the reflectance spectra of various glacier facies permit multiband imagery to exploit band ratios for their effective extraction. However, coarse and medium spatial resolution multispectral imagery can delimit the efficacy of band ratioing by muddling the minor spatial and spectral variations of a glacier. Very high-resolution imagery, on the other hand, creates distortions in the conventionally obtained information extracted through pixel-based classification. Therefore, robust and adaptable methods coupled with higher resolution data products are necessary to effectively map glacier facies. This study endeavours to identify and isolate glacier facies on two unnamed glaciers in the Chandra-Bhaga basin, Himalayas, using an established object-based multi-index protocol. Exploiting the very high resolution offered by WorldView-2 and its eight spectral bands, this study implements customized spectral index ratios via an object-based environment. Pixel-based supervised classification is also performed using three popular classifiers to comparatively gauge the classification accuracies. The object-based multi-index protocol delivered the highest overall accuracy of 86.67%. The Minimum Distance classifier yielded the lowest overall accuracy of 62.50%, whereas, the Mahalanobis Distance and Maximum Likelihood classifiers yielded overall accuracies of 77.50% and 70.84% respectively. The results outline the superiority of the object-based method for extraction of glacier facies. Forthcoming studies must refine the indices and test their applicability in wide ranging scenarios.

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14

Patel, Lavkush Kumar, Parmanand Sharma, C. M. Laluraj, Meloth Thamban, Ajit Singh, and Rasik Ravindra. "A geospatial analysis of Samudra Tapu and Gepang Gath glacial lakes in the Chandra Basin, Western Himalaya." Natural Hazards 86, no. 3 (January 10, 2017): 1275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2743-4.

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15

Jawak, Shridhar D., Sagar F. Wankhede, and Alvarinho J. Luis. "Explorative Study on Mapping Surface Facies of Selected Glaciers from Chandra Basin, Himalaya Using WorldView-2 Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11101207.

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Mapping of surface glacier facies has been a part of several glaciological applications. The study of glacier facies in the Himalayas has gained momentum in the last decade owing to the implications imposed by these facies on the melt characteristics of the glaciers. Some of the most commonly reported surface facies in the Himalayas are snow, ice, ice mixed debris, and debris. The precision of the techniques used to extract glacier facies is of high importance, as the result of many cryospheric studies and economic reforms rely on it. An assessment of a customized semi-automated protocol against conventional and advanced mapping algorithms for mapping glacier surface facies is presented in this study. Customized spectral index ratios (SIRs) are developed for effective extraction of surface facies using thresholding in an object-based environment. This method was then tested on conventional and advanced classification algorithms for an evaluation of the mapping accuracy for five glaciers located in the Himalayas, using very high-resolution WorldView-2 imagery. The results indicate that the object-based image analysis (OBIA) based semi-automated SIR approach achieved a higher average overall accuracy of 87.33% (κ = 0.85) than the pixel-based image analysis (PBIA) approach. Among the conventional methods, the Maximum Likelihood performed the best, with an overall accuracy of 78.71% (κ = 0.75). The Constrained Energy Minimization, with an overall accuracy of 68.76% (κ = 0.63), was the best performer of the advanced algorithms. The advanced methods greatly underperformed in this study. The proposed SIRs show a promise in the mapping of minor features such as crevasses and in the discrimination between ice-mixed debris and debris. We have efficiently mapped surface glacier facies independently of short-wave infrared bands (SWIR). There is a scope for the transferability of the proposed SIRs and their performance in varying scenarios.

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16

Kumar, Vinit, Manish Mehta, and Tanuj Shukla. "Spatially resolved estimates of glacial retreat and lake changes from Gepang Gath Glacier, Chandra Basin, Western Himalaya, India." Journal of the Geological Society of India 97, no. 5 (May 2021): 520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-021-1718-y.

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17

Singh, Virendra Bahadur, and AL Ramanathan. "Characterization of Hydrogeochemical Processes Controlling Major Ion Chemistry of the Batal Glacier Meltwater, Chandra Basin, Himachal Pradesh, India." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences 87, no. 1 (September 22, 2016): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40010-016-0294-9.

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18

Singh, Ajit T., C. M. Laluraj, Parmanand Sharma, B. L. Redkar, Lavkush Kumar Patel, Bhanu Pratap, Sunil Oulkar, and Meloth Thamban. "Hydrograph apportionment of the Chandra River draining from a semi-arid region of the Upper Indus Basin, western Himalaya." Science of The Total Environment 780 (August 2021): 146500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146500.

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19

Pandey, Pratima, Anil V. Kulkarni, and G. Venkataraman. "Remote sensing study of snowline altitude at the end of melting season, Chandra-Bhaga basin, Himachal Pradesh, 1980–2007." Geocarto International 28, no. 4 (July 2013): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2012.705336.

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20

Pandey, Pratima, and Gopalan Venkataraman. "Changes in the glaciers of Chandra–Bhaga basin, Himachal Himalaya, India, between 1980 and 2010 measured using remote sensing." International Journal of Remote Sensing 34, no. 15 (May 8, 2013): 5584–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2013.793464.

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21

Patel, Akansha, Ajanta Goswami, Jaydeo K. Dharpure, Parmanand Sharma, Lavkush Kumar Patel, and Meloth Thamban. "Monitoring glacier characteristics and their mass balance using a multidimensional approach over the glaciers of the Chandra basin, western Himalaya." Hydrological Sciences Journal 67, no. 3 (February 11, 2022): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2022.2027950.

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22

Kaushik, Saurabh, Mohammd Rafiq, P. K. Joshi, and Tejpal Singh. "Examining the glacial lake dynamics in a warming climate and GLOF modelling in parts of Chandra basin, Himachal Pradesh, India." Science of The Total Environment 714 (April 2020): 136455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136455.

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23

Dhar, S., A. V. Kulkarni, B. P. Rathore, and R. Kalia. "Reconstruction of the moraine dammed lake, based on field evidence and paleo-history, Samudra Tapu Glacier, Chandra Basin, Himachal Pradesh." Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 38, no. 1 (March 2010): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12524-010-0004-z.

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24

Tawde, Sayli Atul, Anil V. Kulkarni, and Govindasamy Bala. "An assessment of climate change impacts on glacier mass balance and geometry in the Chandra Basin, Western Himalaya for the 21st century." Environmental Research Communications 1, no. 4 (May 13, 2019): 041003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab1d6d.

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25

Sharma, Parmanand, Lavkush K. Patel, Rasik Ravindra, Ajit Singh, Mahalinganathan K, and Meloth Thamban. "Role of debris cover to control specific ablation of adjoining Batal and Sutri Dhaka glaciers in Chandra Basin (Himachal Pradesh) during peak ablation season." Journal of Earth System Science 125, no. 3 (April 2016): 459–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12040-016-0681-2.

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26

Sahu, R., and R. D. Gupta. "SURFACE VELOCITY DYNAMICS OF SAMUDRA TAPU GLACIER, INDIA FROM 2013 TO 2017 USING LANDSAT-8 DATA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5/W2 (December 5, 2019): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-w2-75-2019.

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Abstract. In glacier dynamics, surface velocity of glacier is an important parameter to understand the behaviour of glacier in absence of mass balance and long-term glacier area change information. In present study, surface velocity of Samudra Tapu Glacier, India is estimated using freely available Landsat-8 OLI (PAN) images during 2013–2017. To estimate surface velocity, open source COSI-Corr tool is used which is based on cross-correlation algorithm. Maximum annual surface velocity estimated is 55.68 ± 4.01 m/year during 2015–2016 while the minimum surface velocity being 44.99 ± 4.67 m/year in 2016–2017. The average annual velocity during 2013–2017 was 50.51 ± 4.49 m/year which is higher than other glaciers in Chandra basin. The variation in annual surface velocity is analysed which not only depends on mass loss but also on temperature, pressure and internal drainage. Further, as one moves opposite to glacier terminus, the surface velocity increases with the increase in glacier elevation and slope. The higher surface velocity can be attributed to the fact that Samudra Tapu is a top-heavy glacier based on HI index analysis having larger accumulation area along with high glacier ice-thickness.

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27

Singh, Rahaman, Sharma, Laluraj, Patel, Pratap, Gaddam, and Thamban. "Moisture Sources for Precipitation and Hydrograph Components of the Sutri Dhaka Glacier Basin, Western Himalayas." Water 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2019): 2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112242.

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Himalayan glaciers are the major source of fresh water supply to the Himalayan Rivers, which support the livelihoods of more than a billion people living in the downstream region. However, in the face of recent climate change, these glaciers might be vulnerable, and thereby become a serious threat to the future fresh water reserve. Therefore, special attention is required in terms of understanding moisture sources for precipitation over the Himalayan glaciers and the hydrograph components of streams and rivers flowing from the glacierized region. We have carried out a systematic study in one of the benchmark glaciers, “Sutri Dhaka” of the Chandra Basin, in the western Himalayas, to understand its hydrograph components, based on stable water isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) and field-based ablation measurements. Further, to decipher moisture sources for precipitation and its variability in the study region, we have studied stable water isotopes in precipitation samples (rain and snow), and performed a back-trajectory analysis of the air parcel that brings moisture to this region. Our results show that the moisture source for precipitation over the study region is mainly derived from the Mediterranean regions (>70%) by Western Disturbances (WDs) during winter (October–May) and a minor contribution (<20%) from the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) during summer season (June–September). A three-component hydrograph separation based on δ18O and d-excess provides estimates of ice (65 ± 14%), snowpack (15 ± 9%) and fresh snow (20 ± 5%) contributions, respectively. Our field-based specific ablation measurements show that ice and snow melt contributions are 80 ± 16% and 20 ± 4%, respectively. The differences in hydrograph component estimates are apparently due to an unaccounted snow contribution ‘missing component’ from the valley slopes in field-based ablation measurements, whereas the isotope-based hydrograph separation method accounts for all the components, and provides a basin integrated estimate. Therefore, we suggest that for similar types of basins where contributions of rainfall and groundwater are minimal, and glaciers are often inaccessible for frequent field measurements/observations, the stable isotope-based method could significantly add to our ability to decipher moisture sources and estimate hydrograph components.

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28

Jawak, Shridhar D., Sagar F. Wankhede, Alvarinho J. Luis, and Keshava Balakrishna. "Multispectral Characteristics of Glacier Surface Facies (Chandra-Bhaga Basin, Himalaya, and Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard) through Investigations of Pixel and Object-Based Mapping Using Variable Processing Routines." Remote Sensing 14, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 6311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246311.

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Fundamental image processing methods, such as atmospheric corrections and pansharpening, influence the signal of the pixel. This morphs the spectral signature of target features causing a change in both the final spectra and the way different mapping methods may assign thematic classes. In the current study, we aim to identify the variations induced by popular image processing methods in the spectral reflectance and final thematic maps of facies. To this end, we have tested three different atmospheric corrections: (a) Quick Atmospheric Correction (QUAC), (b) Dark Object Subtraction (DOS), and (c) Fast Line-of-Sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes (FLAASH), and two pansharpening methods: (a) Hyperspherical Color Sharpening (HCS) and (b) Gram–Schmidt (GS). WorldView-2 and WorldView-3 satellite images over Chandra-Bhaga Basin, Himalaya, and Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard are tested via spectral subsets in traditional (BGRN1), unconventional (CYRN2), visible to near-infrared (VNIR), and the complete available spectrum (VNIR_SWIR). Thematic mapping was comparatively performed using 12 pixel-based (PBIA) algorithms and 3 object-based (GEOBIA) rule sets. Thus, we test the impact of varying image processing routines, effectiveness of specific spectral bands, utility of PBIA, and versatility of GEOBIA for mapping facies. Our findings suggest that the image processing routines exert an extreme impact on the end spectral reflectance. DOS delivers the most reliable performance (overall accuracy = 0.64) averaged across all processing schemes. GEOBIA delivers much higher accuracy when the QUAC correction is employed and if the image is enhanced by GS pansharpening (overall accuracy = 0.79). SWIR bands have not enhanced the classification results and VNIR band combination yields superior performance (overall accuracy = 0.59). The maximum likelihood classifier (PBIA) delivers consistent and reliable performance (overall accuracy = 0.61) across all processing schemes and can be used after DOS correction without pansharpening, as it deteriorates spectral information. GEOBIA appears to be robust against modulations in atmospheric corrections but is enhanced by pansharpening. When utilizing GEOBIA, we find that a combination of spatial and spectral object features (rule set 3) delivers the best performance (overall accuracy = 0.86), rather than relying only on spectral (rule set 1) or spatial (rule set 2) object features. The multiresolution segmentation parameters used here may be transferable to other very high resolution (VHR) VNIR mapping of facies as it yielded consistent objects across all processing schemes.

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29

Chakraborty, M., S. Panigrahy, and S. Kundu. "Semi-automated Technique to Extract Boundary of Valley/mountain Glaciers using Glacio-morphological Information from Digital Elevation Model." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-511-2014.

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A semi automated technique has been developed to extract the spatial extension of valleys and mountain glaciers. The method is based on morphological properties of glaciated area extracted from Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Identification of glacial boundary based on spectral information from optical remote sensing imageries produces errors due to misclassification of debris-covered ablation area with surrounding rocky terrain and perennially snow-covered slope with debris free glaciated area. Elevation information DEM of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), CartoDEM and ASTER DEM have been used. A part of western Himalayas was selected as the study area that contains large glaciated basins, e.g., Bhagirathi, Baspa, Chandra basin. First order derivatives, slope aspect, and second order derivatives like, profile and plan curvatures are computed from the DEM. The derivatives are used to quantify and characterise the morphological aspects of the glaciated area and used in the decision rule models to generate the glacial boundaries. The ridge lines of the study areas are also generated from the plan curvature and used in the model to delineate the catchments areas of the glaciers. The slope based boundary is checked for consistency with the boundary from profile curvature and combined manually to generate the final glacier boundary. Area and length under the derived boundary of Gangotri glacier of Bhagirathi catchments are 90.25 sq km and 30.5 km. The result has been checked with high resolution optical data. This objective approach is important to delineate glaciated area, measure the length, width and area and generate glacial hypsometry, concentration factor of the glaciers. Accuracy of the result depends up on the quality of the DEM. DEM generated by SAR interferometric technique is found superior over DEM generated from other interpolation techniques.

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30

Stokman, Jasper V. "Connection coefficients for basic Harish-Chandra series." Advances in Mathematics 250 (January 2014): 351–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2013.09.016.

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31

Naugolnykh, Serge V. "Basic reproductive strategies of Glossopterids: supraidioadaptive divergence from the viewpoint of a non-Gondwana Palaeobotanist." Journal of Palaeosciences 65, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2016.295.

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The paper deals with two main tendencies in the reproductive adaptations of the glossopterids (order Glossopteridales Pant, 1982, class Glossopteridopsida Banerjee, 1984). The life conditions in densely inhabited communities compelled the glossopterids to use two considerably different reproductive strategies. The glossopterids with the ovuliferous reproductive organs similar to Scutum Plumstead, i.e the large number of closely related genera, such as Bifariala Prevec et al., Dictyopteridium Feistmantel ex Zeiller, Hirsutum Plumstead, Homevaleia Nishida et al., Lanceolatus Plumstead, Ottokaria Zeiller emend. Pant & Nautiyal, Pluma Plumstead, Plumsteadia (= Cystella) Rigby, Plumsteadiostrobus Chandra & Surange, Venustostrobus Chandra & Surange, etc, were barochorous and produced very many small unwinged seeds. The seeds of that type of glossopterid fructifications fell down due to gravitation nearby the parent plant, after they detached from the reproductive organ. The chance for successful germination was minimal for these plants because of high density of plant population, and it was compensated by large amount of the produced seeds. The plants with the female reproductive organs of the genus Partha Surange & Chandra and similar genera Denkania Surange & Chandra, Lidgettonia Thomas, Rusangea Lacey et al. produced small numbers of relatively large seeds with well–developed wings. These plants were anemochorous. Their seeds were dispersed by wind over long distances, far away from the parent plant, and because of this the chance for successful germination of those plants was much higher. The direct result of this was the reduction of seed numbers on the fructifications of the second type. Such diversification of reproductive strategies expressed in different styles of propagate dissemination (i.e. type of seed dispersal) was characteristic of glossopterids in all the Gondwana regions. This process agrees well with the concept of supraidioadaptive effects proposed by the present author.

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32

Jawak, Shridhar D., Sagar F. Wankhede, Alvarinho J. Luis, and Keshava Balakrishna. "Effect of Image-Processing Routines on Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis for Mapping Glacier Surface Facies from Svalbard and the Himalayas." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (September 4, 2022): 4403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174403.

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Advancements in remote sensing have led to the development of Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA). This method of information extraction focuses on segregating correlated pixels into groups for easier classification. This is of excellent use in analyzing very-high-resolution (VHR) data. The application of GEOBIA for glacier surface mapping, however, necessitates multiple scales of segmentation and input of supportive ancillary data. The mapping of glacier surface facies presents a unique problem to GEOBIA on account of its separable but closely matching spectral characteristics and often disheveled surface. Debris cover can induce challenges and requires additions of slope, temperature, and short-wave infrared data as supplements to enable efficient mapping. Moreover, as the influence of atmospheric corrections and image sharpening can derive variations in the apparent surface reflectance, a robust analysis of the effects of these processing routines in a GEOBIA environment is lacking. The current study aims to investigate the impact of three atmospheric corrections, Dark Object Subtraction (DOS), Quick Atmospheric Correction (QUAC), and Fast Line-of-Sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes (FLAASH), and two pansharpening methods, viz., Gram–Schmidt (GS) and Hyperspherical Color Sharpening (HCS), on the classification of surface facies using GEOBIA. This analysis is performed on VHR WorldView-2 imagery of selected glaciers in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, and Chandra–Bhaga basin, Himalaya. The image subsets are segmented using multiresolution segmentation with constant parameters. Three rule sets are defined: rule set 1 utilizes only spectral information, rule set 2 contains only spatial and contextual features, and rule set 3 combines both spatial and spectral attributes. Rule set 3 performs the best across all processing schemes with the highest overall accuracy, followed by rule set 1 and lastly rule set 2. This trend is observed for every image subset. Among the atmospheric corrections, DOS displays consistent performance and is the most reliable, followed by QUAC and FLAASH. Pansharpening improved overall accuracy and GS performed better than HCS. The study reports robust segmentation parameters that may be transferable to other VHR-based glacier surface facies mapping applications. The rule sets are adjusted across the processing schemes to adjust to the change in spectral characteristics introduced by the varying routines. The results indicate that GEOBIA for glacier surface facies mapping may be less prone to the differences in spectral signatures introduced by different atmospheric corrections but may respond well to increasing spatial resolution. The study highlighted the role of spatial attributes for mapping fine features, and in combination with appropriate spectral features may enhance thematic classification.

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Podobedova, L. I., D. E. Kelleher, J. Reader, and W. L. Wiese. "Atomic Spectral Tables for the Chandra X-ray Observatory." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600016762.

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AbstractTables of wavelengths, line classifications, and transition probabilities have been critically compiled for ionized spectra of neon (Ne V-VIII), magnesium (Mg V-X), silicon (Si VI-XII), and sulfur (S VIII-XIV) in the 20 Å-170 Å region. The tables provide basic atomic data for about 3300 transitions in support of astronomical studies from the Chandra X-ray Observatory.

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Massaro, F., C. C. Cheung, and D. E. Harris. "Unveiling the nature of extragalactic jets with Chandra observations." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S275 (September 2010): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921310015863.

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AbstractIn 1974 Fanaroff & Riley divided the extended radio sources into two classes, on the basis of their radio morphology and power. For several years we have been collecting basic parameters for extragalactic jets detected in the X-rays, looking for an extension of the classification criterion, based on their radio and X-rays properties. The fact that different processes have been proposed to explain their X-ray radiation, (synchrotron vs inverse Compton emission) suggests the possibility of a new classification scheme. However, comparing the radio-to-X-ray properties of the extragalactic jets, several aspects on their nature became unexpectedly unclear.

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Chlouveraki, Maria, and Hyohe Miyachi. "Decomposition matrices for d-Harish-Chandra series: the exceptional rank two cases." LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics 14 (November 1, 2011): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s1461157010000306.

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AbstractWe calculate all decomposition matrices of the cyclotomic Hecke algebras of the rank two exceptional complex reflection groups in characteristic zero. We prove the existence of canonical basic sets in the sense of Geck–Rouquier and show that all modular irreducible representations can be lifted to the ordinary ones.

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Chandra, Yan Eka, Mohammad Bukhori, and Widi Dewi R. "PENGARUH SALURAN DISTRIBUSI ONLINE DAN PROMOSI ONLINE TERHADAP KEPUASAN PELANGGAN MELALUI KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN PADA CHANDRA SUPERMARKET BANDAR LAMPUNG." Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen dan Bisnis 3, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32815/jubis.v3i2.1520.

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Today the growth of the retail world (retailers) is growing rapidly because basic needs such as food and beverages are present in various types of products available. Since the Covid-19 pandemic emerged, it had an impact on the decline in profits for retail companies in Indonesia. This situation makes purchasing decisions for consumers who are forced to be at home or work from home. This opportunity or opportunity makes online shopping grow rapidly. Chandra Supermarket as one of the offline retail stores has also transformed in distributing online distribution. This company has joined the distribution channel through the Marketplace. The online promotion media carried out are: Website, Facebook, Instagram and TikTok, which are used to promote products sold in supermarkets. So that it can make it easier for consumers to shop from home, easily get products for the various types of retail available. Regular promotions are carried out every week to introduce the products being promoted. Distribution and promotion channels are very influential on purchasing decisions which will result in shopping satisfaction at Chandra Supermarket.

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Putra, Arga Bachrian. "Analisis Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan PT Chandra Asri Petrochemical Tbk Dan PT Aneka Gas Industri Tbk Tahun 2018-2020." Akuntansiku 1, no. 2 (July 20, 2022): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54957/akuntansiku.v1i2.239.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has spread throughout the world including Indonesia since the beginning of 2020. The impact of the pandemic is felt by all levels of society and various sectors of life, one of the sectors that have the most impact is the industrial sector. In this paper, the writer chose PT Chandra Asri Petrochemical Tbk as the object of the paper. This paper aims to determine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the financial performance of PT Chandra Asri Petrochemical Tbk by using financial ratio analysis. The author also compares the financial performance of PT Chandra Asri Petrochemical Tbk (TPIA) with similar companies engaged in the basic and chemical industry sector, namely PT Aneka Gas Industri Tbk (AGII). The data used in this paper use each company’s financial statements for 2018-2020. The analytical method used is the quantitative analysis method by calculating the company's financial ratios. The ratio that is the focus of the author is the liquidity, solvency, and profitability ratio. Financial ratio analysis shows that TPIA can maintain its financial performance, especially in the ideal liquidity and solvency ratio. When compared with similar companies, namely AGII, the overall financial performance of TPIA tends to be better. However, the profitability ratio is still below AGII due to the slowdown in the industry accompanied by a decline in product margins and crude oil prices. Pandemi Covid-19 telah menyebar di seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia sejak awal tahun 2020. Dampak pandemi dirasakan oleh seluruh lapisan masyarakat dan berbagai sektor kehidupan, salah satu sektor yang paling berdampak ialah sektor industri. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui dampak pandemi Covid-19 terhadap kinerja keuangan PT Chandra Asri Petrochemical Tbk dengan menggunakan analisis rasio keuangan. Penelitian ini juga membandingkan kinerja keuangan PT Chandra Asri Petrochemical Tbk (TPIA) dengan perusahaan sejenis yang bergerak di sektor industri dasar dan bahan kimia yaitu PT Aneka Gas Industri Tbk (AGII). Data-data yang digunakan dalam peneltian ini menggunakan laporan keuangan masing-masing perusahaan tahun 2018-2020. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu metode analisis kuantitatif dengan menghitung rasio keuangan perusahaan tersebut. Rasio yang digunakan untuk menganalis adalah rasio likuiditas, solvabilitas dan profitabilitas. Analisis rasio keuangan menunjukan bahwa TPIA mampu mempertahankan kinerja keuangannya terutama pada rasio likuiditas dan solvabilitas di angka yang ideal. Bila dibandingkan dengan perusahaan sejenisnya yaitu AGII secara keseluruhan kinerja keuangan TPIA cenderung lebih baik. Akan tetapi, pada rasio profitabilitas masih dibawah AGII karena terjadinya perlambatan industri diiringi dengan penurunan margin produk dan harga minyak mentah.

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Yudha, Gema. "LEMBAGA DEPONERING SEBAGAI IMPLEMENTASI ASAS OPORTUNITAS PERKARA PIDANA DI INDONESIA." UNES Law Review 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v2i3.126.

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Deponering or exclusion of a criminal case for the sake of interest is the authority of the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia in accordance with the provisions contained in Article 35 sub c of Law No. 16 of 2004 concerning the Basic Provisions of the Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia, as well as their explanations. Leaving aside the case as referred to in this provision is the implementation of the principle of opportunity in which a case (criminal act) when it is submitted to a trial is expected to cause a shock in the community or by trial the case will have a negative effect on the wider community, as happened in the case of Bibit Samad Rianto and Chandra M. Hamzah that occurred in 2009 until 2011. The problem studied was about the position of deponering institutions as the implementation of the principle of opportunity by the Attorney General and what were the reasons for the Attorney General to decide on deponering of Bibit Samad Rianto and Chandra M. Hamzah cases? This research is supported by primary data secondary data in the form of interviews with the parties in the Center for Research and Development of the Attorney General's Law. From the results of research and analysis obtained that the existence of deponering institutions as the implementation of the principle of opportunity by the Attorney General is a prosecution must be done if formal requirements have been met and must also be deemed necessary in the public interest, so that the prosecutor will not demand a case before the elements of public interest has been fulfilled. And the reason the Attorney General decided to deponering the Bibit Samad Rianto and Chandra M. Hamzah case was based on the consideration that if the case in the name of the suspects Bibit Samad Rianto and Chandra M. Hamzah was transferred to the court, it would have the effect of disturbing the performance of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). as well as managerial in carrying out their duties and authorities, so as to prejudice the public interest, namely the interests of the nation, state or society and also in order to protect efforts to eradicate corruption as a whole.

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Jawak, Shridhar D., Sagar F. Wankhede, Alvarinho J. Luis, and Keshava Balakrishna. "Impact of Image-Processing Routines on Mapping Glacier Surface Facies from Svalbard and the Himalayas Using Pixel-Based Methods." Remote Sensing 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061414.

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Glacier surface facies are valuable indicators of changes experienced by a glacial system. The interplay of accumulation and ablation facies, followed by intermixing with dust and debris, as well as the local climate, all induce observable and mappable changes on the supraglacial terrain. In the absence or lag of continuous field monitoring, remote sensing observations become vital for maintaining a constant supply of measurable data. However, remote satellite observations suffer from atmospheric effects, resolution disparity, and use of a multitude of mapping methods. Efficient image-processing routines are, hence, necessary to prepare and test the derivable data for mapping applications. The existing literature provides an application-centric view for selection of image processing schemes. This can create confusion, as it is not clear which method of atmospheric correction would be ideal for retrieving facies spectral reflectance, nor are the effects of pansharpening examined on facies. Moreover, with a variety of supervised classifiers and target detection methods now available, it is prudent to test the impact of variations in processing schemes on the resultant thematic classifications. In this context, the current study set its experimental goals. Using very-high-resolution (VHR) WorldView-2 data, we aimed to test the effects of three common atmospheric correction methods, viz. Dark Object Subtraction (DOS), Quick Atmospheric Correction (QUAC), and Fast Line-of-Sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes (FLAASH); and two pansharpening methods, viz. Gram–Schmidt (GS) and Hyperspherical Color Sharpening (HCS), on thematic classification of facies using 12 supervised classifiers. The conventional classifiers included: Mahalanobis Distance (MHD), Maximum Likelihood (MXL), Minimum Distance to Mean (MD), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), and Winner Takes All (WTA). The advanced/target detection classifiers consisted of: Adaptive Coherence Estimator (ACE), Constrained Energy Minimization (CEM), Matched Filtering (MF), Mixture-Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF), Mixture-Tuned Target-Constrained Interference-Minimized Filter (MTTCIMF), Orthogonal Space Projection (OSP), and Target-Constrained Interference-Minimized Filter (TCIMF). This experiment was performed on glaciers at two test sites, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway; and Chandra–Bhaga basin, Himalaya, India. The overall performance suggested that the FLAASH correction delivered realistic reflectance spectra, while DOS delivered the least realistic. Spectra derived from HCS sharpened subsets seemed to match the average reflectance trends, whereas GS reduced the overall reflectance. WTA classification of the DOS subsets achieved the highest overall accuracy (0.81). MTTCIMF classification of the FLAASH subsets yielded the lowest overall accuracy of 0.01. However, FLAASH consistently provided better performance (less variable and generally accurate) than DOS and QUAC, making it the more reliable and hence recommended algorithm. While HCS-pansharpened classification achieved a lower error rate (0.71) in comparison to GS pansharpening (0.76), neither significantly improved accuracy nor efficiency. The Ny-Ålesund glacier facies were best classified using MXL (error rate = 0.49) and WTA classifiers (error rate = 0.53), whereas the Himalayan glacier facies were best classified using MD (error rate = 0.61) and WTA (error rate = 0.45). The final comparative analysis of classifiers based on the total error rate across all atmospheric corrections and pansharpening methods yielded the following reliability order: MXL > WTA > MHD > ACE > MD > CEM = MF > SAM > MTMF = TCIMF > OSP > MTTCIMF. The findings of the current study suggested that for VHR visible near-infrared (VNIR) mapping of facies, FLAASH was the best atmospheric correction, while MXL may deliver reliable thematic classification. Moreover, an extensive account of the varying exertions of each processing scheme is discussed, and could be transferable when compared against other VHR VNIR mapping methods.

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Chen, Chih-Whi, and Kevin Coulembier. "The Primitive Spectrum and Category for the Periplectic Lie Superalgebra." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 72, no. 3 (November 16, 2018): 625–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/s0008414x18000081.

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AbstractWe solve two problems in representation theory for the periplectic Lie superalgebra $\mathfrak{p}\mathfrak{e}(n)$, namely, the description of the primitive spectrum in terms of functorial realisations of the braid group and the decomposition of category ${\mathcal{O}}$ into indecomposable blocks.To solve the first problem, we establish a new type of equivalence between category ${\mathcal{O}}$ for all (not just simple or basic) classical Lie superalgebras and a category of Harish-Chandra bimodules. The latter bimodules have a left action of the Lie superalgebra but a right action of the underlying Lie algebra. To solve the second problem, we establish a BGG reciprocity result for the periplectic Lie superalgebra.

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Thomas, Marcus O., Ohad Shemmer, W. N. Brandt, Maurizio Paolillo, Shai Kaspi, Cristian Vignali, Paulina Lira, and Donald P. Schneider. "Exploratory X-Ray Monitoring of Luminous Radio-quiet Quasars at High Redshift: Extended Time-series Analyses and Stacked Imaging Spectroscopy." Astrophysical Journal 923, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2e00.

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Abstract We present three new Chandra X-ray epochs along with new ground-based optical–UV observations as the third installment in a time-series analysis of four high-redshift (z ≈ 4.1–4.4) radio-quiet quasars. In total, we present nine epochs for these sources with rest-frame temporal baselines of ∼1300–2000 days. We utilize the X-ray data to determine basic variability properties, as well as produce mean spectra and stacked images based on effective exposure times of ∼40–70 ks per source. We perform time-series analyses in the soft and hard bands, separately, and compare variability properties to those of sources at lower redshifts and luminosities. The magnitude of X-ray variability of our sources remains consistent with or lower than that of similar sources at lower redshifts, in agreement with the variability–luminosity anticorrelation. The mean power-law photon indices in the stacked Chandra spectra of our sources are consistent with the values measured from their archival XMM-Newton spectra separated by about 3 yr in the rest frame. Along with the X-ray observations, we provide near-simultaneous optical monitoring of the sources in the optical–UV regime. The overall variability in the optical-to-X-ray spectral slope is consistent with sources at lower redshifts, and the optical–UV observations display mild variability on monthly timescales.

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Bindra, Ishleen Kaur, Kajal Sharma, and Sakshi Arora. "Emotional Abuse in Shashi Deshpande\'s "That Long Silence"." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 2051–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50546.

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Abstract: Indian English Literature has its roots in the works of the 19th century writers such as Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Rabindranath Tagore, and Sarojini Naidu. In this paper we have reflected mental harassment or emotional abuse through the literary work of famous writer Shashi Deshpande. Her novel “ That Long Silence “ is about a character “Jaya” whose journey of self discovery is a difficult one. She is the victim of the patriarchal society that has denied her the freedom to pursue her dreams. The novel highlights the struggle of women in India. It shows how women are expected to conform to the norms of society and how they are often denied basic rights to make decisions about their own lives. Deshpande encourages women to take charge of their own lives and to be independent and self-reliant.

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Shrivastava, Gunjan, Gaurav Jain, and Vidur Namdev. "Slake durability index (SDI) of weathered Deccan trap basalt." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2484, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2484/1/012016.

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Abstract The slake-durability test is considered to be a basic method for determining the degree to which a rock is susceptible to the effects of the weather. The results of this experiment shed light on the processes that take place when rocks are exposed to the elements at varying depths or even on the surface of the earth. During the slake-durability tests, Franklin and Chandra said that ion exchange and capillary tension are applied to the mechanisms. A total of ten rock samples gathered from a variety of locations were subjected to slake durability testing in order to ascertain the degree to which the Deccan trap basalt is susceptible to the elements in the vicinity of Indore (Madhya Pradesh). It is possible that the dry operation will only take forty-five minutes to complete for some basalt rocks, namely the surface region of the basalt samples.

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Bandopadhyay, P. C. "Proterozoic Deep Marine Volcanic Eruptive Product (Obsidian Glass) in Chanda Limestone, Penganga Group, India: Its Implications for Basin Evolution and Metallogenesis." Gondwana Research 7, no. 2 (April 2004): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70812-1.

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Bozdar, Hameed-ur-Rehman, Aamir Ali Shaikh, Riaz Hussain, Naveed Ahmed Shaikh, Khob Chand Rohra, Nisar Ahmed Shaikh, and Amanullah Abassi. "Managemnet of Fournier’s Gangrene at Department of Urology Chandka Medical College Hospital." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22168235.

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Aims and object: To assess the aetiology and management of Fournier’s gangrene. Methodology: We examined 30 paients retrospectivdely, during the period from 2015 to 2020, the patients from the Urology department of CMC Hospital at SMBB Medical University Larkana. All the related data were taken as well as demographic details, history and risk factor from the patients regarding illness. Routine investigation carried out including Blood CP ESR, Urine Dr, Blood sugar, Renal profile and pus culture sensitivity. 20 patients under gone for surgical debridement, 5 patients require skin grafting and 4 patients requires testes burrial after recovery under aseptic measures. Result: 30 male patients with mean age 20±10.5 year. Majority (80%) of patient presenting with necrotising infection on scrotum,perineum and hypogatric area. Basic laboratory investigations including Blood CBC showed mean WBC 15000/cmm3, mean Hb was 8.5 gms, Urine analysis showed pyuria and haematuria, pus culture and sensitivity positive in 90% cases and most prevalent organism was E.Coli, Mean Blood urea was 35mg and serum creatinine was 1.9mg. Commonest causes of fourneir gangreen was trauma, UTI, urethral stricture, indewelling catheter and perianal abcess and D.M was commonest comorbidity). All patients treated by surgical debridement while 5 patients requires skin grafting and 4 patients requires testes burrial after recovery under aseptic measures with with triple regimen antibiotics. Conclusion: Surgical debridment of necrotic tissues and triple regimen antibiotic are the main stay for primary management of Fournier’s gangrene (FG) to decrease the morbidity and mortality keywords: Fournier’s Gangrene, surgical debriment, and triple regimen antibiotics.

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Robrade, J., L. M. Oskinova, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, P. Leto, and C. Trigilio. "Outstanding X-ray emission from the stellar radio pulsar CU Virginis." Astronomy & Astrophysics 619 (November 2018): A33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833492.

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Context. Among the intermediate-mass magnetic chemically peculiar (MCP) stars, CU Vir is one of the most intriguing objects. Its 100% circularly polarized beams of radio emission sweep the Earth as the star rotates, thereby making this strongly magnetic star the prototype of a class of nondegenerate stellar radio pulsars. While CU Vir is well studied in radio, its high-energy properties are not known. Yet, X-ray emission is expected from stellar magnetospheres and confined stellar winds. Aims. Using X-ray data we aim to test CU Vir for intrinsic X-ray emission and investigate mechanisms responsible for its generation. Methods. We present X-ray observations performed with XMM-Newton and Chandra and study obtained X-ray images, light curves, and spectra. Basic X-ray properties are derived from spectral modelling and are compared with model predictions. In this context we investigate potential thermal and nonthermal X-ray emission scenarios. Results. We detect an X-ray source at the position of CU Vir. With LX ≍ 3×1028 erg s−1 it is moderately X-ray bright, but the spectrum is extremely hard compared to other Ap stars. Spectral modelling requires multi-component models with predominant hot plasma at temperatures of about TX = 25 MK or, alternatively, a nonthermal spectral component. Both types of model provide a virtually equivalent description of the X-ray spectra. The Chandra observation was performed six years later than those by XMM-Newton, yet the source has similar X-ray flux and spectrum, suggesting a steady and persistent X-ray emission. This is further confirmed by the X-ray light curves that show only mild X-ray variability. Conclusions. CU Vir is also an exceptional star at X-ray energies. To explain its full X-ray properties, a generating mechanism beyond standard explanations, like the presence of a low-mass companion or magnetically confined wind-shocks, is required. Magnetospheric activity might be present or, as proposed for fast-rotating strongly magnetic Bp stars, the X-ray emission of CU Vir is predominantly auroral in nature.

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Flaccomio, E., G. Micela, S. Sciortino, A. M. Cody, M. G. Guarcello, M. Morales-Calderòn, L. Rebull, and J. R. Stauffer. "A multi-wavelength view of magnetic flaring from PMS stars." Astronomy & Astrophysics 620 (November 29, 2018): A55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833308.

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Context. Flaring is an ubiquitous manifestation of magnetic activity in low mass stars including, of course, the Sun. Although flares, both from the Sun and from other stars, are most prominently observed in the soft X-ray band, most of the radiated energy is released at optical/UV wavelengths. In spite of decades of investigation, the physics of flares, even solar ones, is not fully understood. Even less is known about magnetic flaring in pre-main sequence (PMS) stars, at least in part because of the lack of suitable multi-wavelength data. This is unfortunate since the energetic radiation from stellar flares, which is routinely observed to be orders of magnitude greater than in solar flares, might have a significant impact on the evolution of circumstellar, planet-forming disks. Aims. We aim at improving our understanding of flares from PMS stars. Our immediate objectives are constraining the relation between flare emission at X-ray, optical, and mid-infrared (mIR) bands, inferring properties of the optically emitting region, and looking for signatures of the interaction between flares and the circumstellar environment, i.e. disks and envelopes. This information might then serve as input for detailed models of the interaction between stellar atmospheres, circumstellar disks and proto-planets. Methods. Observations of a large sample of PMS stars in the NGC 2264 star forming region were obtained in December 2011, simultaneously with three space-borne telescopes, Chandra (X-rays), CoRoT (optical), and Spitzer (mIR), as part of the “Coordinated Synoptic Investigation of NGC 2264” (CSI-NGC 2264). Shorter Chandra and CoRoT observations were also obtained in March 2008. We analyzed the lightcurves obtained during the Chandra observations (∼300 ks and ∼60 ks in 2011 and 2008, respectively), to detect X-ray flares with an optical and/or mIR counterpart. From the three datasets we then estimated basic flare properties, such as emitted energies and peak luminosities. These were then compared to constrain the spectral energy distribution of the flaring emission and the physical conditions of the emitting regions. The properties of flares from stars with and without circumstellar disks were also compared to establish any difference that might be attributed to the presence of disks. Results. Seventy-eight X-ray flares (from 65 stars) with an optical and/or mIR counterpart were detected. The optical emission of flares (both emitted energy and peak flux) is found to correlate well with, and to be significantly larger than, the X-ray emission. The slopes of the correlations suggest that the difference becomes smaller for the most powerful flares. The mIR flare emission seems to be strongly affected by the presence of a circumstellar disk: flares from stars with disks have a stronger mIR emission with respect to stars without disks. This might be attributed to either a cooler temperature of the region emitting both the optical and mIR flux or, perhaps more likely, to the reprocessing of the optical (and X-ray) flare emission by the inner circumstellar disk, providing evidence for flare-induced disk heating.

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Ferdous, F., M. R. Rafiq, and M. I. Mahmud. "Aquifer Geometry and Water Quality in Relation to Occurrence and Distribution of Peat in Baghia-Chanda Beel, Bangladesh." Journal of Scientific Research 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v8i3.25360.

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Baghia-Chanda Beel, largest peat basin in Madaripur and Gopalganj (Bangladesh) districts occupies thick deposits of peat. Study focuses on the aquifer geometry and geochemical evaluation of groundwater in relation to occurrence and distribution of peat. Landuse map is generated to show the surface distribution of peat. Thick peat and clay layer respectively, with an average thickness of 7 ft, has been observed throughout the study area. Principal productive aquifer about 40 ft thick, is found at depth between 35 to 145 ft below ground surface. According to pH and EC values, groundwater is mildly acidic to slightly alkaline and fresh to brackish. High bicarbonate concentration which is more likely to be attributed from the oxidative degradation of peat is found at shallow aquifer below peat. Elevated sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) concentrations in deep aquifer are due to the trapping of ancient sea water in the subsurface during Quaternary period. Although deep aquifer is extensively low in arsenic, 68% and 44% shallow groundwater samples are arsenic (As) contaminated according to WHO, 2011 and Bangladesh Drinking Water Standard (DoE, 1997) limit respectively. Assessment of Water Quality Indexes (WQI>100) suggests that water from deep aquifer is more suitable for drinking purposes.

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Kumar, Kailash, Satendra Kumar, Veerendra Kumar, Ved Prakash, Sanjay Kumar Tripathi, Shiv Shanker Katiyar, and D. R. K. Saikanth. "Effect of Dried Mushroom Supplementation on Muscles Composition, Nutrient Utilization and Economics in Broiler Chicken." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 9 (July 10, 2023): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92297.

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The experiment was conducted at poultry farm of Chandra Shekar Azad University, Kanpur during summer season of date.. to assess the muscles composition, nutrient utilization and economics on feeding dried mushroom to broiler chickens. Broiler chicken supplemented with the edible P. florida mushroom, 20g/kg of dried P. eoes mushroom, and 20g/kg of dried P. sajor caju mushroom. Day-old broiler chicks from a single hatch were weighed individually and divided into 4 groups of six birds each at random. The birds were given a basic diet for starter and finisher rations for 0–3 and 4-6 weeks, respectively. One group (G1) was kept as the control, while the remaining three groups (G2, G3, and G4) given their chicks the same basic food as G1 combined with various types of mushrooms. Groups G2, G3, and G4 were fed 20g/kg of dry P. florida mushroom, 20g/kg of dried P. eoes mushroom, and 20g/kg of dried P. sajor caju mushroom. Throughout the six-week testing period, food and drink were freely available. Feed consumption, Muscles composition and nutrient utilization values were monitored weekly. Economics was also calculated. It was found that, muscles composition highest in G3 whereas nutrient utilization and benefit cost ratio highest in G2. The application of Pleurotuus sp.mushroom (P. florida, P.eoes, and P.sajor caju respectively) in different groups in the diet of broiler chicks improved the growth rate in summer season. The Pleurotous florida mushroom is therefore required for an improvement in growth performance during the summer.

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Vito, F., W. N. Brandt, F. E. Bauer, F. Calura, R. Gilli, B. Luo, O. Shemmer, et al. "The X-ray properties of z > 6 quasars: no evident evolution of accretion physics in the first Gyr of the Universe." Astronomy & Astrophysics 630 (October 2019): A118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936217.

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Context. X-ray emission from quasars (QSOs) has been used to assess supermassive black hole accretion properties up to z ≈ 6. However, at z > 6 only ≈15 QSOs are covered by sensitive X-ray observations, preventing a statistically significant investigation of the X-ray properties of the QSO population in the first Gyr of the Universe. Aims. We present new Chandra observations of a sample of 10 z > 6 QSOs, selected to have virial black-hole mass estimates from Mg II line spectroscopy $ \left(\log\frac{M_{\mathrm{BH}}}{M_\odot}=8.5{-}9.6\right) $. Adding archival X-ray data for an additional 15 z > 6 QSOs, we investigate the X-ray properties of the QSO population in the first Gyr of the Universe. In particular, we focus on the LUV − LX relation, which is traced by the αox parameter, and the shape of their X-ray spectra. Methods. We performed photometric analyses to derive estimates of the X-ray luminosities of our z > 6 QSOs, and thus their αox values and bolometric corrections (Kbol = Lbol/LX). We compared the resulting αox and Kbol distributions with the results found for QSO samples at lower redshift, and ran several statistical tests to check for a possible evolution of the LUV − LX relation. Finally, we performed a basic X-ray spectral analysis of the brightest z > 6 QSOs to derive their individual photon indices, and joint spectral analysis of the whole sample to estimate the average photon index. Results. We detect seven of the new Chandra targets in at least one standard energy band, while two more are detected discarding energies E > 5 keV, where background dominates. We confirm a lack of significant evolution of αox with redshift, which extends the results from previous works up to z > 6 with a statistically significant QSO sample. Furthermore, we confirm the trend of an increasing bolometric correction with increasing luminosity found for QSOs at lower redshifts. The average power-law photon index of our sample (⟨Γ⟩ = 2.20−0.34+0.39 and ⟨Γ⟩ = 2.13−0.13+0.13 for sources with < 30 and > 30 net counts, respectively) is slightly steeper than, but still consistent with, typical QSOs at z = 1 − 6. Conclusions. All of these results indicate a lack of substantial evolution of the inner accretion-disk and hot-corona structure in QSOs from low redshift to z > 6. Our data hint at generally high Eddington ratios at z > 6.

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