Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Champs de forces réactifs'
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Lahouari, Adam. "Use of reactive force fields for the simulation of metallic nanoparticles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS223.
Full textNanoparticles (NPs) have become a cornerstone of nanotechnology due to their distinctive physical, chemical, and biological properties. Often composed of transition metals, they range from groups of two to thousands of atoms. This thesis explores the simulation of these nanoparticles, focusing on gold, silver, and copper, which have applications such as antibacterial silver and anticancer gold. Silver ions interact with bacterial DNA and mitochondria, but high concentrations can be harmful. Thiol can stabilize this interaction by forming a dense self-assembled monolayer on the surface.Different structures have been found depending on the metal studied. For gold, there are two structures: a simple adsorption (sqrt(3x3)) and a restructured one where gold atoms place themselves between sulfur atoms. For silver, thiols can create the sqrt(7x7) structure or form a core@shell Ag2S effect. This study aims to determine if current methods can predict these restructuring and stability phenomena of the monolayers. Molecular dynamics is used to study large systems with the reactive force field ReaxFF, allowing bond breaking and formation during simulations. A software called SAM Maker was created to generate various structures, integrated into the NATOMOS package. Silver (sqrt(7x7)) and gold (sqrt(3x3)) structures were simulated with methane and butanethiolate. The AgSCH potential was used to study stability by heating from 0 to 300K, with simulations of 0.3, 1, and 3 ns. ReaxFF showed it could produce a stable butanethiolate monolayer on Ag(111), but with differences for gold and silver.Simulations revealed dense SAM assemblies on Ag(111) without alkanothiolate decomposition. No spontaneous restructuring was observed except for NPs smaller than 4 nm. Future studies should explore pre-restructured silver surfaces with thiolates and compare their binding energies.FeNNol, a Python program, was used to create more precise potentials. Collecting 300 gold structures (3 to 25 atoms) was followed by molecular dynamics to generate unique structures. In total, 15 956 structures have been created. DFT calculations with the PBE functional and Stuttgart basis provided energy and force references for the potential. A pre-training with ReaxFF stabilized gold surfaces. Nanoparticles of 2 nm and 4 nm provided 20,000 reference structures. Adjustments refined the model with DFT references, ensuring accurate cluster descriptions.The final model was tested on the Au20 cluster, showing good agreement with DFT for dissociation energies. Cluster distances and energies were verified, confirming the model's accuracy. Another more precise model was created for systems with less than 220 gold atoms, predicting cluster energy and distances. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrated the effectiveness of ReaxFF-based simulations in predicting the stability of self-assembled monolayers on silver. Using learning algorithms created more accurate potentials for gold, leading to more reliable and detailed simulations. These advances contribute to a better understanding of nanoscale interactions and offer promising prospects for future nanoparticle applications
Thaunay, Florian. "Développement de champs de forces polarisables et applications à la spectroscopie vibrationnelle." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX037/document.
Full textSpectroscopy dissociation by absorption of infrared photons (IRPD) provides vibrational signatures of charged species in the gas phase, such as small peptides or hydrated ions in water clusters. The vibrational normal modes assignment to establish a relationship between the experimental spectrum and molecular structure is a delicate task and requires the use of molecular modeling.This manuscript presents a set of theoretical tools for calculation and assignment of vibrational spectra, based mainly on classical molecular dynamics and polarizable AMOEBA force field, and its application to gaseous ions of various sizes. Hydrated ions in water clusters M(H2O)n (n in 6-100 range) are characterized by a dynamic behavior, and their experimental spectrum can not be described by a single structure. The signature of peptides changes with temperature and dynamic anharmonicity effects. They can also be the site of proton transfer mechanisms, with a very characteristic vibrational signature.The potential energy surface of these systems is explored by classical molecular dynamics in individual trajectories or replica exchange to generate energetically stable structures. For smaller systems, quantum methods, as DFT and post-HF, are used to confirm the lowest energy structures, calculate their static IR and propose normal modes assignments. For larger systems, i.e ions in water drops of several tens of molecules, the simulation of IR spectra at finite temperature is based on the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function of the dipole moment (DACF), calculated during a classical molecular dynamics trajectory. As this method does not allow direct access to the vibrational normal modes, we implemented a method of dynamic assigments, based on the Driven Molecular Dynamics (DMD) and coupled to the DACF. The combination AMOEBA /DACF / DMD was used to reproduce and assign the spectrum of the dipeptide Ace-Phe-Ala-NH2, and those of hydrated ions in water clusters.Finally, the vibrational signature of a proton transfer can not be described by quantum static methods or by classical dynamics. Its modeling required the development of a two states Empirical Valence Bond Model (EVB), coupled with AMOEBA polarizable force field. The two states EVB model was implemented in the software TINKER. It can reproduce the dynamic behavior of proton transfer in small peptides and deprotonated acids, as well as the spectroscopic signatures observed experimentally.An important part of the applications of these developments relates simple hydrated ions in nano-droplets, and in particular the sulfate ion of great environmental importance. We were able to reproduce satisfactorily, for the first time, the spectra of clusters containing up to 100 water molecules. The main contributor to this experimental spectroscopy is the team of E. Williams from the University of California of Berkeley. We have established cooperation with them to complete this work by modeling the IR spectra of hydrated sulfates ions [SO4(H2O) n=9-36]2-, for which they obtained experimental signatures
Treps, Laureline. "Définition à l'échelle atomique de la surface externe de la zéolithe ZSM-5 et de son interface avec le liant." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN040.
Full textZeolites are nanoporous aluminosilicates crystals of prominent fundamental and industrial importance. Among these, ZSM-5 is one of the most investigated solid, with paramount industrial use, that can be obtained in various forms. Some of these (hierarchical forms, nanoslabs, nanosheets and nanocrystals) exhibit a very high surface over volume ratio which make them useful for multiple industrial processes. The shaping is used to adapt ZSM-5 (and zeolites in general) to the needs of the industrial reactors. Empirically, preparing a technical zeolite is a strong industrial know-how, but with limited physic-chemical understanding of the zeolite-binder interface. Periodic Density Functional Theory (DFT, VASP, PAW, PBE dDsC) calculations of the relative stability of relevant surface orientations for silicalite and ZSM-5 crystals ((100), (010) and (101)) were performed at different hydration levels thanks to ab initio thermodynamics. Their relative acidities (pyridine and di-tertbutylpyridine adsorption) and spectral features (vibration modes, NMR chemical shifts) are determined. The interaction of the most relevant ones with binders (alumina, silica) is simulated ab initio, and an empirical reactive force field (ReaxFF) is built on purpose to model larger scales. Several kinds of surface sites have been identified. Bridging Al-OH-Si are present at the pore mouth, of similar or higher stability with respect to bulk sites. These are not stable at the outermost surface, where the following groups prevail: Si-OH, Al-OH and most importantly water adsorbed on aluminum Al-(H2O)(OH)n. Models of pyridine and 2,6-ditertbutylpyridine adsorption show that the acidity of the bridging groups is stronger than the other, and more particularly with a strong confinement. Al-(H2O)(OH)n surface site are shown to be the most stable at the external surface of ZSM-5 and are studied upon the hydration and dehydration of the ZSM-5 external surfaces. The results issue from these DFT simulations are compared to FT-IR, 1H NMR, and pyridine/2,6-ditertbutylpyridine adsorption experiments conducted at IFPEN. The interaction between zeolite and binders (silica, alumina) is first modeled by the interaction of the zeolite with small components like Si(OH)4, Na+ - present in some silica sources - and Al(OH)3(H2O). The results show that alumina components are more strongly attracted by the aluminum of the zeolitic network than silicic species. Na+ binds more strongly with the zeolite rather than silica and these results are once more compared to experimental data. The reactive force field parameters optimization is allowing to model larger external zeolite surfaces that are in contact with more realistic binder surfaces. All these results provide a rational understanding of a large set of experimental observations from the literature, that remained so far poorly understood. These findings are likely not limited to the case of the MFI framework (some of them already appeared to be valid for zeolite Beta), as our conclusions are mainly dictated by local topology aspects. The zeolite we investigate and the reactive sites we reveal are of both fundamental and industrial importance
Tolomeo, Mathias. "Estimation des forces de contact intergranulaires par mesures de champs cinématiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI074/document.
Full textIn the experimental study of the micro-mechanics of granular materials, measuring inter-particle contact forces is still a challenging task, if compared to the well-established tools and techniques for the kinematic characterisation at particle scale. This doctoral thesis addresses this problem. The proposed approach consists of two parts: an experimental characterisation of the granular network geometry and of particle-scale kinematics, which can be carried out with common imaging techniques such as Digital Image Correlation; a numerical approach aiming to exploit these measurements for the estimation of forces.One imposed constraint was to only make use of the rigid motions of particles, together with the knowledge of the contact network, to infer contact forces. Three different numerical techniques have been proposed to this purpose, referred to as Contact Elasticity Method (CEM), Contact Dynamics-based Method (CDM) and Quasi-Static Method (QSM). Each of these techniques is based on the formulation of common approaches in the family of Discrete Element Methods, respectively the classical Cundall-like DEM, the Non Smooth Contact Dynamics and a quasi-static approach accounting for both contact elasticity and plasticity. It is shown that memory of the history of the packing is the main concern with all the chosen techniques.The three methods are first presented and validated by applying them to the estimation of forces in 2D granular systems generated by means of explicit-time DEM simulations. We refer to these simulations as "ideal" experiments since they are meant to provide the same information that can be extracted from experiments, but without any measurement error. An obvious benefit of this strategy is to get reference force sets that are taken as ground truth. Based on this, the main aspects that affect the determination of forces can be investigated. In particular, the crucial role of history is emphasised here, and some solutions to take it into account in the force inference have been investigated.An assessment of the influence of measurement error has also been carried out, to predict the applicability of each method to real experiments. A short analysis of the variability of the solutions is also provided.Finally, some attempts have been made to infer forces from experiments carried out in the 1gamma2epsilon device. Particle kinematics and connectivity have been assessed by means of the Digital Image Correlation technique.The benefits and drawbacks of the three methods have been demonstrated. They conduct us to envision a combined usage of the three methods. In the future, studying the stability of equilibrium might help reducing the variability of the solutions
Narth, Christophe. "Développement de champs de forces polarisables : vers la dynamique moléculaire SIBFA." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066739/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to revisit the potential of SIBFA (Sum of Interactions Between Fragments Ab initio computed) [...]
Mathon, Philippe. "Influence des forces électromagnétiques sur les processus électrochimiques : application à la propulsion MHD." Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0162.
Full textThe influence of a high magnetic field has been studied on two electrochemical systems, ferri/ferrocyanide in diffusion limited current and sea water electrolysis, experimentally, theoretically and numerically. The experiments under potentiostatic control show an increase in the electrolytic current due to the high magnetic field up to 13 T available in the GHMFL. This phenomenon results from the convection created by the electromagnetic force, which induces a transition to turbulence, observed for the first time during this work, for a critical value of magnetic field. A numerical simulation of this flow has been accomplished and these results are in good agreement with the experiments. For applications of ship MHD propulsion, theoretical, experimental and numerical studies of a small thruster allowed to better understand the phenomena that occur and to open views of its implementation
Salmon, Élodie. "Étude des mécanismes du craquage thermique par simulation dynamique moléculaire de géopolymères organiques avec un champ de force réactif (ReaxFF)." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL003N/document.
Full textKerogen, the insoluble fraction of sedimentary organic matter, is a complex mixing of organic macromolecules, the structure of which evolves during geological times as a function of temperature mainly. The thermal evolution of kerogen is at the origin of hydrocarbon deposits in sedimentary basins. Understanding and quantifying the physicochemical processes associated to this transformation is therefore important to improve the evaluation of petroleum systems. During this study, two geopolymers were selected in order to represent the thermal decomposition of typical structures in natural kerogen. Firstly, an experimental protocol was set up (1) to define molecular structures of the geopolymers, and (2) to describe primary mechanisms of decomposition of both geopolymers. The two samples were analysed using off-line pyrolysis experiments, at five reference temperatures comprised between 200 to 300°C. A kinetic scheme accounting for early decomposition processes was derived from these experimental observations for each geopolymer. Secondly, molecular models were submitted to molecular dynamic simulations using a reactive force field (ReaxFF). ReaxFF simulations provided theoretical supports to the key-processes derived from laboratory experiments. On the overall, results of this study suggested that kinetic models in one step (= parallels reactions implemented in standard (commercial) basin simulators do not adequately reproduce the physicochemistry of organic matter decomposition processes in natural source rocks
Oviedo, Alvaro. "Des champs de forces : György Kurtág, Helmut Lachenmann et la question du geste musical." Paris 8, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA083452.
Full textThis research examines György Kurtág’s and Helmut Lachenmann’s works through the analyse of a concept of musical gesture including three complementary dimensions. The first one is the instrumental and (vocal) action which is a fundemental aspect of the music of both composers. The second dimension to explore reveals how the expressifs elements can be crystallized in the musical material. At last, I examine the musical form as a dynamic process. By the analysis of the concept of musical gesture I can investigate the energetic character of Kurtág’s and Lachenmann’s music. This approach reveals how the composers work on the musician actions for the interpretation. At the same time, it shows the power of the music to absorbe extra-musical dimensions without fixing itself into a mere reproduction of these foreigns elements. Since the abolition of tonal music, composition tried to invent new forces to organize the form, liberating itself from old musical structures and new abstracts and generals constraints of writing. Indeed, György Kurtág and Helmut Lachenmann, whom nothing seems apparently bring togheter, work on this problem without avoiding the contradictions that this question generates. The « tone » of their music, the qualitiy of a voice as it deploies into the musical texture, is a matter of a gesture that guides the temporal development of musical form. The notion of « gesture », as we known it, appears then as a tool that allow a sensitive approach to this dimension of music
Lopez, Sara. "Destruction du microenvironnement tumoral par application de forces mécaniques exercées par des nanoparticules magnétiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30202.
Full textEfficiency of anti-cancer treatments is limited by development of resistance to treatments, which has long been considered to depend solely on the genotype of cancer cells. However, these past few years, researchers proved that cancer progression and resistance are not only determined by the inherent characteristics of cancer cells, but also by their interactions with tumor microenvironment. Among other components of the tumor microenvironment, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote tumor growth and cancer cell resistance to treatments. CAFs modify the components and properties of tumor microenvironment (blood vessels, extracellular matrix or tumor immunity) and interact with cancer cells; those actions take a great part in the loss of treatment efficacy. Thus, as CAFs seem to be key players in cancer cell resistance to treatment, their eradication is an interesting strategy to inhibit cancer progression. While magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) under a high frequency magnetic field produce heat, they generate a mechanical torque in response to low frequency rotating magnetic fields (RMF) Here, we chose this last property to elaborate a nano-therapeutic strategy directed against CAFs. The principle of this strategy is to target CAFs using vectorised MNPs and then apply a RMF that generates enough mechanical stress to induce cell death. The first objective was to target pancreatic CAFs that express the type 2 cholecystokinin receptor (CCK2R). For this, we synthesized gastrin-decorated MNPs (MNP@Gastrin). We showed that MNP@Gastrin bind to the CCK2R on the cell membrane of CAF-CCK2R, then internalize and accumulate in the lysosomes. Then, we tested different amplitudes and frequencies of RMF and demonstrated that RMF exposure induces the death of CAFs having accumulated MNP@Gastrin into their lysosomes. The optimal effect on cell death, namely the death of about 40% of CAFs, was obtained with 40mT and 1Hz RMF. Moreover, we investigated the cell death mechanism involved and we showed that cell death occurs through lysosomal damage. Lysosomes undergo membrane permeabilization, releasing their content, including cathepsin B which are involved in the observed cell death process. On top of that, the engaged cell death pathway seems to be caspase-1 dependent. Finally we used a magnetic setup under a confocal microscope in order to observe real-time cell reaction to RMF. We noticed cellular retraction, lysosomal movements towards the nucleus, and changes in cellular adhesion. This study establishes the proof-of-concept that targeted MNPs can disrupt tumor microenvironment through mechanical forces upon RMF exposure, and thus open new opportunities for cancer therapy
Le, fournis Romuald. "Propagation de la lumière dans la matière en présence de champs électromagnétiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALY011.
Full textIn this thesis, we focus on the analysis of forces and torques resulting from the interaction between matter and the electromagnetic field, both either described classically or quantum-mechanically. We explore how the addition of external electric and magnetic fields modifies the mechanical moments acting on the medium. External fields can have a significant impact, alter particle trajectories, induce angular momentum, or cause changes in the energy levels of quantum states.The thesis splits up into two related axes, each offering a different perspective on the interaction between light and matter in the presence of external fields.In the first axis, we delve into the field of quantum electrodynamics (QED) to study the role of the quantum vacuum in electromagnetic forces. Our focus is on two distinct classical forces: the Abraham force and the Aharonov-Casher force. Both these forces are central to the Abraham-Minkoswki controversy discussed in the first chapter of this thesis.The first axis is explored in Chapters 2 and 3, which focus on the modification of quantum vacuum momentum in the presence of matter and external electromagnetic fields. The modification of quantum vacuum momentum leads to the existence of a quantum vacuum force on matter but remains unobserved experimentally. For this investigation, we employ a QED approach along with a microscopic model.In Chapter 2, we study the contributions of the quantum vacuum to the Abraham force acting on a Rydberg atom in the presence of crossed electric and magnetic fields. Our goal is to determine whether Rydberg atoms are good candidates for the observation of the quantum vacuum contributions to the classical Abraham force.Chapter 3 is focused on the Aharonov-Casher force. This force has not been observed so far because it is extremely small. We calculate the quantum vacuum force for a Rydberg atom with a large magnetic moment exposed to an electric field to determine if the quantum vacuum is capable of generating an Aharonov-Casher force.The second axis adopts a classical approach to the interaction between light and matter, focusing on the torques exerted on matter by the electromagnetic field.Chapter 4 is devoted to the study of the angular momentum radiation from a source surrounded by a magneto-birefringent environment. More precisely, we characterize the influence of multiple light scattering on angular momentum radiation as well as on the torque acting on matter.Although both axes adopt different approaches, they remain closely interconnected. Force and torque, fundamental in mechanics, share an intimate relationship, and the study of both provides a more comprehensive picture of the interactions between light and matter in the presence of external fields. As a result, both axes complement each other, offering a global and enlightened perspective on this field of study from complementary angles. A detailed presentation of both lines of research including their mathematical tools is provided in Chapter 1
BENOSMAN, ABDELHAKIM. "Determination de champs de forces moleculaires et de structures en solution de composes neuroactifs : glycine, taurine, gaba et dopamine." Lille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL2P258.
Full textBenyoucef, Djilali. "Modélisation particulaire et multidimensionnelle des décharges hors équilibre à basse pression excitées par champs électromagnétiques." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1241/.
Full textThe aim is to develop a particle model in the case of a multidimensional geometry to analyse the kinetic and energetic behaviours of the reactive plasma generated by low pressure RF discharges excited by electric field and confined by a crossed magnetic field. A better understanding of the properties of such plasmas as a function of operating parameters is essential for new nano-electronic applications using thin film deposition from cathode sputtering. The particle model is based on Monte Carlo simulation for the treatment of collisions including the optimization of the free path calculations and comparisons with the free time of flight calculations. The coupling of the kinetics of charged particles with the calculation of the space charge electric field has also been also optimized. The validation of the particle model was first performed from the coherent results obtained in Ar RF discharge and from comparisons with literature measurements of electron densities in Ar RF discharges. The model is then applied to a cylindrical configuration with plate parallel electrodes in asymmetrical geometry taking into account the self-bias voltage. In the case of Ar/O2 mixtures, the ion-gas collision cross sections have been supplemented by calculations based on interaction potentials and validated from comparisons with measurements of transport coefficient as a function of reduced electric field. Then, the energetic and electrical properties of RF discharges at 13. 56 MHz were analyzed according to the partial pressure of O2 in Ar for pressures between 50 and 100 mTorr and also for various amplitudes of the crossed magnetic field from 0 to 50 Gauss. The confinement at the center of discharge and the increasing of the plasma density which is 10 times greater at 50 Gauss were clearly shown. The energy distribution of different ions near the cathode was also analyzed due to their specific roles in the sputtering process
Gallouj, Hassan. "Détermination et validation de champs de forces par la méthode de fonctionnelle de densité (DFT) pour des résidus amino acides aromatiques." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-145.pdf.
Full textLefèvre, Yvan. "Étude de la répartition des forces magnétiques dans les machines synchrones à aimants permanents et à commutation électronique : détermination des vibrations d'origine magnétique." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT051H.
Full textChaudret, Robin. "Compréhension et modélisation multi-échelle du comportement des cations métalliques dans des milieux complexes : des méthodes interprétatives aux champs de forces polarisables." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066126.
Full textROZANES, PIERRE. "Technique d'accrochage d'arcs courts d'orbite et modelisation des forces non gravitationnelles application a la determination du champs de gravite de la terre." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066719.
Full textAucejo-Galindo, Vicente. "Méthode tensorielle générale pour une modélisation multiphysique de dispositifs magnétomécaniques rapides." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ028S.
Full textCurrently the goal of knowledge magnetomechanical devices is completed by means of several complementary approaches. On one hand the physical approach with mathematical formulations of magnetic forces. On the other hand, multiphysics approaches to achieve a deeper insight and more real, physical phenomena associated with interactions that act in the devices. And finally, the interdisciplinary approach that takes into account the lifecycle of the product, so called eco-design. A design of a ultra fast micromotor with induced magnetization and axial flux is presented in this paper with the physical approach showing the restrictions thereof. Accordingly therefore, the physical approach, a new tensor method is developed as a general contribution to a multiphysics modeling of magnetomechanical devices, bringing together the various numerical formulations of magnetic forces. A characterization of the new tensor is presented and applied to calculate the forces on bodies in contact
Aucejo-Galindo, Vicente. "Méthode tensorielle générale pour une modélisation multiphysique de dispositifs magnétomécaniques rapides." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ028S/document.
Full textCurrently the goal of knowledge magnetomechanical devices is completed by means of several complementary approaches. On one hand the physical approach with mathematical formulations of magnetic forces. On the other hand, multiphysics approaches to achieve a deeper insight and more real, physical phenomena associated with interactions that act in the devices. And finally, the interdisciplinary approach that takes into account the lifecycle of the product, so called eco-design. A design of a ultra fast micromotor with induced magnetization and axial flux is presented in this paper with the physical approach showing the restrictions thereof. Accordingly therefore, the physical approach, a new tensor method is developed as a general contribution to a multiphysics modeling of magnetomechanical devices, bringing together the various numerical formulations of magnetic forces. A characterization of the new tensor is presented and applied to calculate the forces on bodies in contact
Bret, Céline. "Modélisation de la polarisation dans les champs de forces moléculaires et études des structures redox du cytochrome C3 de Desulfovibrio africanus par dynamique moléculaire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE19008.
Full textHenriques, Aparicio. "Prise en compte des grandes interfaces dans un code moyenné eulérien à deux champs de vitesse." Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0182.
Full textDifferent ranges of size of interfaces and eddies are involved in multiphase flow phenomena. Classical formalisms focus on a specifie range of size. This study presents a Large Interface Simulation (LIS) two-fluid compressible formalism taking into account different sizes of interfaces. As in the single-phase Large Eddy Simulation, a filtering process is used to point out Large Interface (LI) simulation and Smallinterface (SI) modelisation. The LI surface tension force is modelled adaptating the well-known CSF method. The modelling of SI transfer terms is done calling for classical closure laws of the averaged approach. To simulate accurately LI transfer terms, we develop a LI recognition algorithm based on a dimensionless criterion. The LIS model is applied in a classical averaged two-fluid code. The LI transfer terms modelling and the LI recognition are validated on analytical and experimental tests. A square base basin excited by a horizontal periodic movement is studied with the LIS mode!. The capability of the model is also shown on the case of the break-up of a bubble in a turbulent liquid flow. The break-up of a large bubble at a gridimpact performed regime transition between two different scales of interface from LI to SI and from PI to LI
Lorriaux-Rubbens, Annick. "Spectroscopie moléculaire de quelques anions halogènes tétraèdriques de métaux du groupe III B (Al, In) : calcul de champs de forces : évolution en fonction du cation alcalin associé." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10020.
Full textLorriaux-Rubbens, Annick. "Spectroscopie moléculaire de quelques anions halogènes tétraédriques de métaux du groupe III B (Al, In) calcul de champs de forces, évolution en fonction du cation alcalin associé /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37607438v.
Full textZaepffel, Manuel. "Etude des mécanismes fonctionnels de la préparation du mouvement : inférences à partir des potentiels électrophysiologiques de surface, intracorticaux et des rythmes cérébraux dans une tâche de saisie manuelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5100.
Full textFor grasping, the motor system has to control several movement parameters to produce a motor command adapted to the object properties. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of this motor command relies on several questions. What kinds of parameters are processed by the nervous systems? What are the cortical structures involved? When and how these parameters are processed? During the execution or during the preparation phase preceding movement initiation? All these questions are addressed in this thesis which general objective is to provide a better understanding of the mental processes linking perception to action and to clarify how the functional organization of these processes is reflected in the neurophysiological activity. Our research is based in particular on the comparison between humans and monkeys studied in a similar experimental setting and performing an identical reach-to-grasp task. The results of this work led us to focus our discussion on three main axes. First, they allowed to specify the functional principles underlying the preparation of grasping movements. Second, we identified several components that characterize the modulations of the beta rhythm (15-35 Hz) and pinpointed the main factors governing their presence or absence. In this sense, we propose a hypothesis for interpreting in a unified theoretical framework a large number of studies that often provide conflicting interpretations of this sensorimotor rhythm
Dhaouadi, Zoubeida. "Contribution à l'analyse vibrationnelle des bases puriques des acides nucléiques. : Détermination des champs de forces moléculaires et simulations des spectres Raman de résonance et de diffusion inélastique de neutrons." Paris 13, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA132009.
Full textShen, Xiangjian. "Etude théorique de la dissociation de H2 et CH4 sur surfaces métalliques." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENSL0757.
Full textIn the present work, we undertook a challenging task, i.e., construction a full-dimension potential energy surface (PES) for a benchmark poly-atomic molecular surface reaction, CH4/Ni(111), by using a reactive force field. Careful appraisal of the PES was made in order to establish the validity of the PES. The differences between the results for the transition state (dissociation barriers and structures) given by our PES and those by DFT calculations do not exceed 15%. The molecular dynamics simulation results obtained by using our PES are compared to experimental results for CH4 dissociation probability on Ni(111). For the vibrationally excited state, v3 (v=1, J=0), the agreement between our simulation results and the experimental ones is excellent. For the ground state, the sticking coefficient is somehow over-estimated because of the under-estimation of the dissociation barrier by about 150 meV with our reactive force field. Nevertheless, the overall agreement between simulation and experiment is pretty good. Within the help of the full-dimensional PES, we have extensively studied some important aspects of reaction dynamics, e.g., the effects of surface impact position, surface temperature, vibrationally excited state, rotationally excited states etc. For CH4 in ground state (v=0, J=0), the investigation of the effect of CH4 impact position shows that the top site is the most reactive one. The surface temperature strongly affects the reactivity of methane, especially in the region of the low incident energy near to the dissociation threshold, while in the high incident energy region, the effect is less important. For CH4 v3 (v=1, J=0), an important coupling between rotation and vibration is found. The rotation of CH4 can enhance its reactivity in the following way. In its ground state (v=0, J=0), CH4 does not rotate during its flight to the surface. In this case, only one of the two lowest C-H bonds pointing initially toward the surface can be cleaved while the two other bonds never break. In v3 (v=1, J=0) vibrational state, due to the rotation induced by vibration-rotation coupling, any of the four H atoms can be dissociated even if it forms a C-H bond which has an unfavorable initial orientation (i.e., pointing away from the substrate). The rotation of CH4 induced by vibration-rotation coupling near the substrate allows for bringing an unfavorable initial orientation of C-H bond to the right one required by a transition state (TS) during the adsorbate’s approaching to the substrate. As the enhanced reactivity of vibrationally excited molecules is concerned, the intuitively limpid and overwhelmingly accepted explanation is that the vibration-induced bond stretching helps bond breaking. Our simulation results show clearly that the vibration-induced CH4 rotation contributes an important part to the enhanced reactivity of a v3 (v=1, J=0) vibrationally excited CH4. A series of simulations to determine the sticking curves for CH4 in the vibrational ground state (ν=0) but excited to higher rotational levels (J=0-12) have also been performed. Due to its small level spacing, the lowest rotational excited states (J=1-3) of CH4 do not affect its reactivity on Ni(111) as observed experimentally. We found that rotation enhances significantly CH4 reactivity on Ni(111) with a deposited rotational energy amounting only to 12% of the dissociation barrier. Moreover, in a hypothetic simulation, we found also very striking evidences that rotation can even promote better dissociation of CH4 on Ni(111) than vibration. In a vibrationally excited CH4, its C-H bonds undergo alternate stretching and compressing and the latter hinders dissociation. In this case, the reactivity is inevitably modulated by vibration phase. However, the centrifugal force due to rotation tends always to stretch the C-H bonds for CH4 in rotationally excited states
多原子气相分子的分解,不仅在物理,化学及相关学科有着基本的重要性,而且可以促进工业进程,如工业制氢气。对其涉及的反应,即化学键的断裂与形成,在理解其反应机制和动力学上更是一项挑战。作为多原子气相-固相化学反应中最为典型的反应,甲烷分子在金属镍表面的分解,已经被广泛地研究从而理解其在动力学过程中的能量转化和反应路径。最近,选态分子束实验报道了有关甲烷在镍表面分解反应的重要特征,即模式选择性和化学键选择性。从理论角度来看,以前大多数理论研究都是基于一个简化模型,即将甲烷分子看成是一个赝双原子分子(CH4=RH,其中R=CH3)。在该简化模型中,将甲基团当做一个“spectator”会导致严重的限制性,如四个碳氢键的不可分辨性就被破坏。因为在简化模型中,只有一个可分解的碳氢键而其他三个碳氢键则被保护起来;而在实际的分解反应过程中,甲烷分子的任何一个碳氢化学键应该都有概率被分解掉。此外,在该赝双原子分子模型中,单键伸长振动模式不能类比于甲烷的四个基本振动模式,因为其每种基本振动模式都涉及多个原子的复合运动。如果不将甲烷处理成赝双原子分子,那么该体系(CH4/Ni(111))的势能面的维度会很高,即甲烷的15 个自由度加上部分基地原子的自由度。欲建立一个如此高维度而且又可靠的势能面,本身就是一个值得挑战的研究任务。据我们所知,目前对多原子分子在金属表面反应的高维度势能面的报道几乎没有。在本论文中,我们运用键序反应力场(REBO),为体系CH4/Ni(111),首次建立起一个全维度的势能面。该势能面的维度包含甲烷的15 个自由度和3 层基地原子的自由度。在经典分子动力学(和准经典分子动力学)模拟下,我们研究了甲烷处于基态和激发态时在金属表面的分解活性,并发现了一些非常有趣的结果。本论文包含以下六章:第一章:简单介绍了甲烷在过渡金属表面分解的最新进展。在选态分子束试验报道中,我们介绍了一些有关该反应的重要特征,如模式选择性,化学键选择性,表面温度效应,空间效应,旋转激发效应等。在理论工作方面,主要介绍了两个理论研究小组近期在简化模型下的一些量子动力学结果。第二章:对本文所运用的理论方法和近似做了基本的介绍。这些方法主要归纳于两类:i)电子结构计算;ii) 分子动力学模拟。我们重点介绍了这些方法和近似的特征。第三章:我们运用二阶矩近似力场(SMA)和键序反应力场(REBO)模拟了氢分子在金属钯表面的分解反应, 从而验证反应力场在模拟表面化学反应的适用性。该章讨论了在参数化反应力场时的一些影响因素,如有效数据库大小,不同排斥势以及长程作用项等,为对复杂体系的研究提供了有效的帮助。第四章:基于键序反应力场(REBO),我们首次为CH4/Ni(111) 体系建立起一个全维度势能面(PES)。同时我们对该势能面(REBO(PES))做了全面评估,如比较势能面(REBO(PES))与DFT计算得到的过渡状态结构和与之对应的分解势垒,比较两者对于不同形式相互作用给出的势能变化等。此外,我们还直接模拟了甲烷在基态时的活性,其模拟结果与实验有着很好的符合度,从而进一步地说明了该势能面(REBO(PES))的可靠性。第五章:在全维度势能面下,我们深入地研究了甲烷处于不同状态时在镍表面分解的反应活性,即基态(v=0,J=0),反对称振动态v3 (v=1,J=0)和旋转激发态(v=0,J=1-12)。对于基态的甲烷,我们定性并定量地分析了表面碰撞位置,表面温度对其分解概率的影响。对于反对称振动态的甲烷,我们观察到振动激发态的甲烷分子反应活性比基态甲烷的反应活性要大大地增强。究其根源在于,平动能量不易转换至旋转自由度,而振动能量则非常容易转入到旋转自由度。我们利用三个定量参数详细地阐述了这种振动耦合转动的重要性。此外,对于甲烷处于旋转激发态时,我们发现其激发状态非常有利于甲烷的分解,尽管其旋转能量只有分解势垒的12%。更为惊奇的是,对于甲烷分子而言,其旋转激发态比振动激发态更有利于其分解。其相应的物理解释是,对于振动激发的甲烷,它的碳氢键处于伸长与收缩的交替中,而后者却阻止其分解。对于旋转激发中的甲烷,其离心力一直促使碳氢键的伸长。第六章:总结和展望。我们总结了本文的主要结论以及给出一些将来需要进行的工作,如同位素效应等。
Elchikh, Mokhtar. "Contribution à l'étude de l'interaction nucléon-antinucléon à basse énergie et à la transition proton-antiproton en deux pions ou deux kaons." Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10144.
Full textTazi, Mouhsine. "Détermination de champs de forces de la porphine et des métalloporphines à l'aide de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de densité et leur validation par le calcul des intensités Raman de résonance." Lille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL10135.
Full textWu, Xiaojing. "Contribution to the Development of Advanced Approaches for Electron and Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Extended Biomolecules." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS252/document.
Full textThis thesis involves two projects devoted to the development of advanced approaches for simulating molecular and electron dynamics in extended biomolecules. The first project aims at significantly improving the accuracy of redox potentials of proteins by numerical simulations. A sophisticated force field relying on a multipolar description of electrostartic interactions (AMOEBA) is used to perform molecular dynamics simulations onheme proteins. We derived parameters for AMOEBA to accurately describe electrostatic interactions with hemein both ferrous and ferric states. Very encouraging improvements are obtained compared to the standard force fields. The second project aims at developing original approaches for simulating ultrafast electron dynamics in biomolecules in contact to polarizable environments. We devised acombination of Real-time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (RT-TDDFT) and polarizable Molecular Mechanics (MMpol). An efficient and robust implementation of this method has been realized in deMon2k software. Density fitting techniques allow to reduce the computational cost of RT-TDDFT/MMpol propagations. The methodology is applied to understand the mechanisms of energy dissipation of a peptide excited by a laser pulse
Rabah, Kheira Leila. "Convection par gradient de susceptibilité magnétique. Effets sur l'électrodéposition du cuivre et de l'alliage cobalt-fer." Reims, 2007. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000733.pdf.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study of the convection created by a magnetic field perpendicular to the electrode surface and to the effects of this convection on copper and cobalt-iron alloy electrodeposition. By comparison of two systems with paramagnetic electroactive species and two systems with diamagnetic electroactive species, it has been proved that the electrolysis currentmodifications are due to the convection generated by a paramagnetic force. Theoretical relations have been determined and confirmed by stationary and dynamic results. The copper nucleation on titanium oxide is not changed by a magnetic field perpendicular to the electrode surface. However we note modifications in measuring thickness and roughness of copper deposits. The XRD diffractograms exhibit changes in texture of CoFe alloy electrodeposited with or without superimposed magnetic field. When a magnetic field is applied in a direction parallel to the electrode surface, only textured Co7Fe3 phase can be seen. Whereas textured fcc Co and Co7Fe3 phases are detected without magnetic field or with a magnetic applied in a perpendicular direction to the surface electrode
Lagardère, Louis. "Calcul haute-performance et dynamique moléculaire polarisable." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066042.
Full textThis works is at the interface between theoretical chemistry, scientific computing and applied mathematics. We study different algorithms used to solve the specific equations that arise in polarizable molecular dynamics in a massively parallel context. This family of models requires indeed to solve more complex equations than in the classical case making the use of supercomputers mandatory in order to get significant results. We will more specifically study different types of boundary conditions that represent different ways to model solvation effects : first the Particle Mesh Ewald method to treat periodic boundary conditions and then a continuum solvation model discretized within a domain decomposition strategy : the ddCOSMO. The outline of this thesis is as follows : first, the different parallel strategies in the general context of molecular dynamics are reviewed. Then several methods to adapt these strategies to the specific case of polarizable force fields are presented. After that, strategies that allow to circumvent certain limits due to the use of iterative methods in the context of polarizable molecular dynamics are presented and studied. Then, the adapation of these methods to different cases of boundary conditions is presented : first in the case of the Particle Mesh Ewald method to treat periodic boundary conditions and then in the case of a particular continuum solvation model discretized with a domain decomposition strategy : the ddCOSMO. Finally, various numerical results and applications are presented
Dalibard, Jean. "Le rôle des fluctuations dans la dynamique d'un atome couple au champ électromagnétique." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066393.
Full textLi, Zhujie. "“Water-in-salt” electrolyte for supercapacitors : a molecular dynamics study." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS482.
Full text“Water-in-salt” solvents are a new class of electrolytes with very promising electrochemical properties for energy storage applications. The purpose of this work is to understand the microscopic mechanisms of these superconcentrated electrolytes at play. We use atomistic molecular dynamics to simulate systems of water in LiTFSI at various salt concentrations. On the basis of comparisons of simulated and measured dynamic properties, i.e. the viscosity, diffusion coefficient and conductivity, we systematic test and develop the force fields used for the ions. As a consequence, an optimized force field is proposed, which enables the accurate modeling of such systems. The structural properties are systematically investigated on various aspects for the salt at a superconcentrated state, which shed new light on the connections between ions and water molecules. Apart from these simulations of the bulk electrolytes, we also study the water-in-salt electrolyte at interfaces, in which the capacitive performance of this electrolyte in supercapacitors are explored. The differential capacitance displays a number of nontrivial features accompanying a series of peaks in the potential region from 0 to 3 V. The study of structural evolutions of the interfacial electrolytes shows that many structural changes occur in the layer of adsorbed liquid when the potential of the electrode is changed, which are at the origin of those observed peaks in the differential capacitance
Louisfrema, Wilfired. "Caractérisation des oxydes nanoporeux contenant des ions lourds en milieu aqueux." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEE055/document.
Full textPorous crystalline aluminosilicates such as cationic zeolites, are widely studied because of their adsorption, ion exchange and catalytic properties, which explain their use in many industrial applications. Examples of the latter, which involve in particular multivalent cations, include detergents/softeners, catalytic cracking, or decontamination. Such industrial applications of zeolites all exploit their adsorption properties, which vary as a function of the pore size, comparable to the adsorbing molecules, or chemical composition, which results in charges within the framework, and in turn strong binding or repulsive sites. Importantly, in such applications zeolites are hydrated. Water is involved in the microscopic processes and thus influences all properties of the material. Molecular modeling is a weapon of choice to predict and understand the microscopic properties of the hydrated material, which are difficult to access experimentally. More precisely, the present modeling work deals with the behavior of multivalent cations in hydrated zeolites, in collaboration with experimentalists. Our study on zeolite Y faujasite first allowed us to clarify the migration of sodium cations upon dehydration and to predict the cation localisation in the hydrated material in the presence of divalent cations. Furthermore, we rationalized the coupled migration of cations and deformation of the framework upon water adsorption. To this end, we have developed a new method for the analysis of cation localization. The good performance of a polarizable force field demonstrated here paves the way for the study of the dynamics of the whole system, following in particular the simultaneous migration of cations and deformation of the framework. Such an approach could be later extended to other multivalent ions of industrial interest (rare Earths, f-block elements, ...)
Rossitto, Emanuela. "Synthèse chimique et assemblage sous champ électrique de nanocristaux semiconducteurs anisotropes." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10147.
Full textThis work is devoted to the synthesis and controlled assembly of semiconductor nanorod between electrodes. The alignment of nanorods on a macroscopic scale makes it possible to prepare a novel class of materials with intrinsically anisotropic optical and electric properties. To integrate nanorods in useful devices, low-cost assembly methods have to be developed. Ln this perspective, four sizes of rod-shaped CdSe and a new cIass of asymmetric core@shell system (CdSe@CdS) were prepared by chemical synthesis. Spectroscopic (UV-vis and PL) studies were performed in order to characterise the optical properties of these nanorods, while their morphology and their structure were investigated by transmission eIectron microscopy (TEM) and by X-ray difftaction (XRD). Then, a simple set-up was engineered to perform the assembly. The alignment was achieved by the application of an external electric field during the solvent evaporation after drop-cast deposition across lithographically pre-patterned metal electrodes (Ti/Au) on silicon oxide substrates. Experimental parameters were tested in order to evaluate their impact on the structure of the assembly. Their morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by optical microscopy techniques. These analyses revealed a strong enhancement ofNR's alignment parallel to the field lines, when an UV excitation (365 nm) is ilPplied in addition to the electric field
Rossitto, Emanuela. "Synthèse chimique et assemblage sous champ électrique de nanocristaux semiconducteurs anisotropes." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00485996.
Full textHeyrendt, Laurent. "Études des actions des forces magnétiques volumiques créées par un champ magnétique intense sur des fluides à seuil - possibilités de transition solide-gel." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0224.
Full textYield stress fluids have amazing mechanical properties: below a particular shear stress, called yield stress, the fluid behaves like a solid. Once the yield stress is exceeded, they flow like a viscous fluid or a gel. This thesis deals with the effects of magnetic volume forces on these fluids. We study the opportunity of the solid-gel transition from magnetic volume forces created by various magnetic devices. These fluids have no special magnetic properties. It is therefore necessary to create intense magnetic fields to act without contact on these fluids. We study different magnetic configurations that are able to exceed the yield stress in the fluid. The influences of different parameters of the magnetic configurations is explored, including using parametric studies. Our work combine equations of magnetostatic and non-newtonian fluid mechanics. Magnetostatic calculations are carried out analytically, while the mechanical and magneto-mechanical coupling are processed by a finite element analysis software. Magnetic and mechanical conditions required to the solid-gel transition and to the modification of yield stress fluids flows are discussed, using numerical simulations and dimensionless numbers
Naseem-Khan, Sehr. "Development of a polarizable ab initio force field : From separability of intermolecular interactions to condensed phase properties." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS564.
Full textThanks to the recent progresses of computer sciences de-multiplying the available computational resources, the possibility of using sophisticated polarizable force fields such as SIBFA becomes a reality. Indeed, the SIBFA intermolecular potential and its gradients are now implemented in the Tinker-HP package. The original calibration of SIBFA was based on the RVS method, an energy decomposition analysis only available at the Hartree–Fock level of theory. Therefore, the goals of this work are double : i) choosing a new energy decomposition analysis reference scheme in order to upgrade the SIBFA parameters at the correlated level of theory ; ii) performing molecular dynamics. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the study of the separability of the ab initio intermolecular interaction energy predicted by both variational and perturbational Energy Decomposition Analysis methods. We have made improvements for the induction energy term within the SAPT(DFT) method, and we have proposed a new charge transfer definition. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to the development of the SIBFA polarizable water model and to our definition of a strategy to compute condensed phase properties. The ab initio study of the separability of the total SAPT(DFT) intermolecular interaction energy has led the SIBFA potential to achieve both full separability of its components and high accuracy at the post Hartree-Fock level. This thesis marks a turning-point for the SIBFA potential, finalizing its global bottom-up strategy going from gas phase ab initio computations towards molecular dynamics simulations and accurate condensed phase properties predictions
Marjolin, Aude. "Modélisation statique et dynamique de cations lanthanides et actinides en solution." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833263.
Full textHeyrendt, Laurent. "Études des actions des forces magnétiques volumiques créées par un champ magnétique intense sur des fluides à seuil - possibilités de transition solide-gel." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00799586.
Full textZouaghi, Ayyoub. "Manipulation de particules diélectriques micrométriques par ondes électrostatiques progressives et stationnaires - Études théorique, expérimentale et numérique." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT2296.
Full textTraveling and standing wave electrostatic conveyors (TWC and SWC) are presented as advantageous techniques to effectively manipulate and transport particles on a surface. The aim of this work is to study the behavior of micrometer particles on these systems. Experimental studies begin with granulometric and optical characterization of particles and the measurement of their charge. Then, the particles displacement efficiency in both types of conveyors is studied under different conditions. In addition, the trajectories of the particles are visualized using high speed camera. The post-processing of the obtained images using Particle Tracking Velocimetry technique (PTV) is carried out to calculate and study the particles mean velocity and how it is affected by different parameters. The theoretical and numerical studies carried out aim to study the electric potential waves, the spatial and temporal variation of the electric field and the balance of the forces acting on particles. The last part concerns the modeling of particles trajectories and the numerical computation of their average velocity and displacement distance. The results obtained by modeling are in good agreement with the experimental observations and calculations. Several modes of movement are obtained depending on frequency, applied voltage value, as well as particle charge and size. Particles are transported more efficiently in the TWC when they are in synchronous hopping mode. Increasing the number of phases can minimize the effect of the backward harmonic waves and increase the speed of propagation of the forward wave that may help the particles to move faster and farther in one direction and lead to better displacement efficiency
Turki, Yosra. "Étude expérimentale des mécanismes de coupe des matériaux composites carbone-époxy : application au perçage." Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIE0108.
Full textThe evolution of carbon/epoxy composites use in aeronautics requires a better comprehension of the machining conditions influence on these materials. Based on the experimentation, this study aims to establish the relationship between machining conditions, behavior of the machined composite and the mechanical resistance of laminates. An orthogonal cutting study shows that fibers orientation defines the mechanisms of chip formation and influences the machined surface quality and defects (size and shape). This study is then applied to drilling. The fibers orientation effect on defects location is also observed. Concerning cutting parameters, feed has more influence on the drilled hole than spindle speed. Its increase leads to the rise of drilling defects (delamination, fibers chip-out, uncut fibers…). Moreover, drill geometry has a major influence on the studied parameters. The best results are obtained with spur drill owing to the presence of two extreme points which better shear so cut carbon fibers. When drilling with a core drill bit, a chip evacuation problem and then a penetration issue has been encountered. Very high cutting forces has been recorded and a thermal degradation has been observed on surface and along the holes inside surfaces. The laminate reinforcement by Tufting (a new architecture developed in order to fill 2D composite gaps) allows a reduction of the delamination inside the hole generated by the thrust force, compared to the 2D composite. Quasi-static tensile tests show also the reinforcement benefit. The seam reduces delamination propagation and deformation of the laminate, improves its resistance to the mechanical loading and mitigates the effect of drilling defects
Loisel, Sébastien. "L'Union européenne et le soutien aux capacités africaines de maintien de la paix: Espaces sectoriels et processus d'institutionnalisation au sein de la politique étrangère européenne." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209136.
Full textL’émergence et l’institutionnalisation de ces pratiques au niveau européen ne peuvent être réduites à une logique fonctionnelle ni au produit de rapports de force interétatiques, institutionnels ou bureaucratiques. Leur compréhension nécessite de prendre en compte la différenciation des espaces sociaux (ou secteurs) qui structurent les jeux d’acteurs au sein de la politique étrangère européenne autour d’enjeux, de règles et de luttes spécifiques (Buchet de Neuilly, 2005a ;Mérand, 2008a). Le soutien de l’UE aux capacités africaines de maintien de la paix apparaît dans cette perspective comme le produit de luttes récurrentes au sein et à l’intersection des secteurs du développement et de la sécurité qui en ont partiellement reconfiguré les représentations dominantes et les règles établies. Ces luttes ont mobilisé des acteurs distincts en réaction à des chocs externes différents ou interprétés différemment selon les secteurs considérés. Elles ont également suscité des résistances spécifiques et abouti à des pratiques sectoriellement différenciées.
Au-delà de leur enjeu manifeste, celui du maintien de la paix en Afrique, l’émergence et l’institutionnalisation de ces pratiques révèlent ainsi certains des jeux sectoriels et intersectoriels qui se déploient au sein de la politique étrangère européenne autour de la définition des modalités légitimes d’usage et de contrôle de ses ressources. Au sein du secteur du développement, ces luttes se sont concentrées sur la légitimité d’utiliser des fonds dédiés à la coopération pour financer des activités de nature militaire. Au sein du secteur de lasécurité, elles ont porté sur l’agrégation au niveau européen de ressources diplomatiques et militaires nationales au détriment de modes d’action bilatéraux et d’arènes de coordination non spécifiquement européennes comme l’OTAN ou l’ONU. A l’intersection de ces deux secteurs enfin, elles se sont cristallisées autour du degré de contrôle des diplomates sur les ressources propres à l’aide au développement ou, en d’autres termes, autour du degré d’autonomie dont bénéficient les acteurs de développement européens vis-à-vis de la PESC/PSDC.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Trimeche, Azer. "Décélération Zeeman-Stern Gerlach d’un jet supersonique de particules paramagnétiques par une onde de champ magnétique progressive." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112330/document.
Full textThis work focuses on the study and implementation of a new technique of deceleration of a supersonic beam of paramagnetic particles using a co-moving progressive wave of magnetic field. This technique relies on a method of slowing based on Stern-Gerlach forces acting on a paramagnetic system in motion in the presence of a co-propagating magnetic field. This highly innovative approach has the advantage of being applicable to a wide range of species and opens up new opportunities. A suitable theoretical approach is followed, that allows for a direct link between theory, programming of experimental parameters, and experimental results in a systematic, rational and predictive manner.This thesis is composed of three parts. The first concerns the calculation of the various Stern Gerlach forces used in our experiments to decelerate the paramagnetic particles. Formulas established in this section are essential for the interpretation of experimental results. The second part is devoted to the experimental device: the creation of the cooled supersonic beam, interaction zone and detection. A separate chapter is devoted to the detailed description of the different setups of coils used to create the magnetic fields necessary to guide and to decelerate the particles of the beam.The third part is devoted to the experimental results and their direct interpretation using the equations of motion in Stern Gerlach forces. Simulations are presented to embody the interpretations. We present results about the deceleration of metastable argon and neon atoms. These results validate the significance of the addition of a uniform magnetic field defining a global adiabatic quantization axis for all the particles in the beam. This realizes the decoupling between the precession of the magnetic moments and Stern Gerlach forces. The results demonstrate the polarization effect of the beam that depends on the direction of the added uniform magnetic field relative to the progressive wave of the magnetic field.Finally, the understanding and control of the dynamics of trapping at a given speed, acceleration and deceleration require decoupling between the transverse and longitudinal effects of the wave. These effects are clearly visible when the added uniform magnetic field limits the transverse effects of the progressive wave of magnetic field. The outlooks for the new Zeeman Stern Gerlach decelerator are numerous. A first result of trapping di-nitrogen metastable at 560m/s is presented and the road is open to decelerate paramagnetic molecules in pulsed supersonic jet. Deceleration free radicals and neutrons are also possible
Reignier, Patrick. "Pilotage reactif d'un robot mobile : etude du lien entre la perception et l'action." Phd thesis, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005108.
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