Academic literature on the topic 'Champa Kingdoms'
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Journal articles on the topic "Champa Kingdoms"
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Nakamura, Rie, and Claire Sutherland. "‘Cracking’ the Nationalist Narrative? Representing Cham and Champa in Vietnam’s Museums and Heritage Sites." Museum and Society 17, no. 1 (March 10, 2019): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/mas.v17i1.2819.
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The Cham are commonly defined as an ethnic group associated with the ancient Southeast Asian kingdoms of Champa. Corresponding to present-day central and southern Vietnam, these kingdoms were progressively conquered by the Vietnamese Dai Viet empire from the 15th to 19th centuries. The article sets out to trace the extent to which a connection between Cham and Champa is actually articulated in Vietnam’s relevant museums and heritage sites. The nationalist narrative in the title refers to that of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, which tends to underplay the Dai Viet empire’s progressive ‘southward march’ from its centre in the Red River Delta towards the Mekong Delta. The article concludes that on the whole, juxtaposing representations of Cham ethnicity with Champa artefacts does not amount to a real engagement with the legacy of Champa, though we discuss limited exceptions.
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Vo Van, Thang. "THE ORIGINS OF CHAMPA: WAS THERE A KINGDOM OF XI-TU (西屠國) IN THE THU BỒN VALLEY ?" UED Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities and Education 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47393/jshe.v11i2.1006.
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There is a theory that explains the origins of Campā (Champa) by rendering a paradigm in which a kingdom referred to as Xi-Tu emerged in the Thu Bồn valley (a part of Quảng Nam Province today in central Việt Nam) around the 3rd century CE, and then absorbed the Lin-Yi kingdom by the end of the 6th century, resulting in what today is known as Champa. In contrast to this assumption, this paper uses both historical and archeological evidence to show that there was, in fact, no such a kingdom in the Thu Bồn valley in the 6th century. Instead, the evidence shows that from the beginning of the 4th century Lin-Yi conquered many small neighbouring kingdoms, including Xi-Tu (if it in fact existed). Champa, or Campā, was the Sanskrit name used by the ruling class of the Kingdom of Lin-Yi to refer to their territory (Lin-Yi is the name derived from Chinese historical documents). The discussions concerning the existence of Xi-Tu aim to clarify the nature of the birth of the polity with Indic influences located on the coast of Indochina,known as Champa. Determining the cradle of Champa, once known to be in the territory of Lin- Yi, could lead to a better understanding of the growth of this kingdom, with its unique historical and geographical background. With this in mind, the author would like to share his views on the issue, currently regarded as "a critical point in the historiography of Champa" (Taylor, 2021, 581).
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Đỗ, Trường Giang, Tomomi Suzuki, Văn Quảng Nguyễn, and Mariko Yamagata. "Champa Citadels: An Archaeological and Historical Study." Asian Review of World Histories 5, no. 2 (October 4, 2017): 70–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22879811-12340006.
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Abstract From 2009 to 2012, a joint research team of Japanese and Vietnamese archaeologists led by the late Prof. Nishimura Masanari conducted surveys and excavations at fifteen sites around the Hoa Chau Citadel in Thua Thien Hue Province, built by the Champa people in the ninth century and used by the Viet people until the fifteenth century. This article introduces some findings from recent archaeological excavations undertaken at three Champa citadels: the Hoa Chau Citadel, the Tra Kieu Citadel in Quang Nam Province, and the Cha Ban Citadel in Binh Dinh Province. Combined with historical material and field surveys, the paper describes the scope and structure of the ancient citadels of Champa, and it explores the position, role, and function of these citadels in the context of their own nagaras (small kingdoms) and of mandala Champa as a whole. Through comparative analysis, an attempt is made to identify features characteristic of ancient Champa citadels in general.
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Nguyễn Văn, Quảng. "THE RELATION BETWEEN ANCIENT CHAMPA KINGDOM AND THE WEST DURING THE XVI AND XVII CENTURIES." Hue University Journal of Science: Social Sciences and Humanities 131, no. 6C (September 6, 2022): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26459/hueunijssh.v131i6c.6676.
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QUAN HỆ GIỮA CHAMPA VÀ PHƯƠNG TÂY THẾ KỶ XVI – XVII
Nguyễn Văn Quảng
(Khoa Lịch sử, Trường Đại học Khoa học, Đại học Huế)
Champa là một vương quốc cổ tồn tại ở miền Trung Việt Nam từ cuối thế kỷ thứ 2 đến đầu thế kỷ thứ 19. Vào thời kỳ thịnh vượng nhất, lãnh thổ của vương quốc này trải dài từ vùng đất Quảng Bình đến Bình Thuận, miền Trung Việt Nam hiện nay. Từ các yếu tố vật chất và tinh thần, có thể thấy văn hóa Champa chịu ảnh hưởng sâu sắc của văn hóa Ấn Độ, đặc biệt là Ấn Độ giáo. Ngoài ra, trong quá trình tồn tại và phát triển, Champa còn có quan hệ mật thiết với Trung Quốc, Đại Việt, Java, Angkor..., điều này thể hiện tính năng động của nền văn hóa này. Đáng chú ý, bên cạnh quan hệ truyền thống với các nước phương Đông, thế kỷ XVI - XVII, Champa còn có quan hệ với một số nước phương Tây như Bồ Đào Nha, Hà Lan. Tuy nhiên, ít có công trình nghiên cứu đề cập đến vấn đề này.
Trên cơ sở các nguồn tư liệu hiện có, bài viết nhằm mô tả mối quan hệ giữa vương quốc Champa với một số nước phương Tây trong giai đoạn thế kỷ XVI - XVII. Nghiên cứu đặc biệt tập trung làm rõ nguyên nhân, quá trình, bản chất và kết quả của mối quan hệ này. Kết quả của nghiên cứu có thể góp phần đáng kể vào việc làm phong phú thêm hiểu biết về sự tồn tại của vương quốc Champa cũng như mối quan hệ ngoại giao đa chiều của nó trong các thế kỷ XVI - XVII. Ngoài ra, nó có thể làm phong phú thêm tài liệu về vương quốc này trong lĩnh vực lịch sử và văn hóa.
Champa was a ancient kingdom that existed in the Central Vietnam from the end of the 2nd century to the beginning of the 19th century. In its most prosperous period, the territory of this kingdom stretched from the land of current Quang Binh to Binh Thuan province in the Central of Vietnam. From the material and spiritual elements, we could see that Champa culture was deeply influenced by Indian culture, especially Hinduism. In addition, in the process of existence and development, Champa also had strong relations with China, Dai Viet, Java, Angkor..., which could help describe itsdynamic of culture. Noteworthy, besides the traditional relations with the countries in the East, dunging the XVI - XVII centuries, Champa also had relations with some Western countries such as Portugal and Netherlands. However, there seems little knowledge of such relations in the field of history and culture.
On the basis of the sources of available documentation, this research aims todescribe the relation between ancient Champa kingdom and some Western countries in the XVI – XVII centuries. It specifically focuses on the content of the causes, process, nature and result of this relation. The results of this research can significantly contribute to enriching the understanding of the existence of the Champa as an ancient kingdom as well as its multi-dimensional diplomatic relation during the XVI – XVII centuries. In addition, it can enrich material documentation about this ancient kingdom in the field of history and culture.
Keywords: Champa, diplomatic relations, the West, the XVI – XVII centuries.
THE RELATION BETWEEN ANCIENT CHAMPA KINGDOM AND THE WEST
DURING THE XVI AND XVII CENTURIES
PhD. Nguyễn Văn Quảng
(Faculty of History, University of Sciences,
Hue University)
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Phu, Ba Trung. "The Cham Bani of Vietnam." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i3.1611.
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Based on 1989 statistics, approximately 131,282 Cham live in Vietnam.They are the descendents of Champa, an Indian-Hindu kingdom that, centurieslater, was heavily influenced by Arabic-Islamic culture. Buddhismalso made its way into Champa, but was confined to the royal circle duringthe reign of King Indravarman II (c. 896-905). Historically, the Cham weredivided along religious lines: Hindu and Muslim. The Muslim population issubdivided further between the Cham Banis and the mainstream (Sunni)Cham Islam. The Cham population is concentrated mainly in the lowermiddleand southern parts of Vietnam. In the middle part, they live scatteredin the Phan Rang and Phan Ri regions. In the southern and southwesternparts, they live in Tay Ninh, Chau Doc, An Giang, Ho Chi Minh City, LongKhanh, and Binh Phuoc cities. The Cham Banis and Cham Hindus onlyreside in Phan Rang and Phan Ri. There, the Cham Banis make up about onehalfof the Cham population, while the remaining half is Cham Hindu. However,in the south and southwest, all of them follow mainstream Islam ...
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Moska, Waldemar, and Owidiusz Moska. "Champa Kingdom towers as a tourist attraction in Vietnam. Historical, geographical and architectural aspects." Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 12, no. 4 (December 23, 2022): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2022.4.06.
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In the 17th century, the Champa Kingdom, which had operated for more than 1,000 years in what is now central and southern Vietnam, ceased to exist. The Hindu influence of the Cham state remained visible in the brick tower-temples that still exist, as well as in sculptures some of which are in Vietnamese museums. The first research into the Cham culture and history was carried out by French colonisers in the early 20th century, followed by Polish archaeologists and the Vietnamese government, among others. The study of the legacy left by the Cham poses significant difficulties, due to years of warfare, environmental influences, the passage of time and theft. However, the homogeneous culture and architectural structural integrity enable conducting a research analysis of the legacy left behind. The heterogeneous level of tourist development of the different tower groups poses a challenge to create a high standard of tourist attractiveness. The high quality of tourism provision characteristic of My Son and Po Nagar, setting an example to be followed throughout the Southeast Asian region, stands out against the low level of tourism development at other Cham temples.
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Tze-Ken, Danny Wong. "RELATIONS BETWEEN THE NGUYEN LORDS OF SOUTHERN VIETNAM AND THE CHAMPA KINGDOM: A PRELIMINARY STUDY." SEJARAH 5, no. 5 (December 17, 1997): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol5no5.9.
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LI, Dong-Na, Chuan-Chao WANG, Kun YANG, Zhen-Dong QIN, Yan LU, Xue-Jing LIN, and Hui LI. "Substitution of Hainan indigenous genetic lineage in the Utsat people, exiles of the Champa kingdom." Journal of Systematics and Evolution 51, no. 3 (March 25, 2013): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jse.12000.
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Syidad, Ahmad Wildan. "Islamisasi di Wilayah Indochina." AN NUR: Jurnal Studi Islam 15, no. 1 (June 29, 2023): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37252/annur.v15i1.426.
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Indochina was divided into three main regions namely Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. These three countries were countries where the majority of the population adheres to the Buddhist belief system or religion. Islam was a very minority religion in these three countries. This article aimed to explain how the process of Islamization in the Indochina region. This research used qualitative research methods by focusing on literature studies through historical methods with three stages, namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results of this study indicated that the process of Islamization in Cambodia which was initially welcomed by the king and local people went through the dark period of the red Khemr regime and finally the Muslim community in Cambodia was free and they rebuilt their religious system, so that the latter could live hand in hand with other religions. The process of Islamization in Laos was engaged in trading and managing butcher shops. They lived in the jami' mosque in Vientiane. Meanwhile, the process of Islamization in Vietnam started from the kingdom of Champa. There were several theories which state that the process of the arrival of Islam in Vietnam started from the relationship carried out by the crew of the Champa royal ship with traders from Brunei and Banten (Indonesia).
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Bruckmayr, Philipp. "The Cham Muslims of Cambodia." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 23, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v23i3.441.
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The Cham Muslims of Cambodia are descendents of Champa, a once-powerful Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in modern-day central and southern Vietnam. Champa existed from the second century CE until its complete annexation by its long-time rival, the Dai Viet, in 1832.1 Its gradual loss of territory caused several waves of immigration to Cambodia between the crucial dates of 1471 and 1835 (the start of violent repression against the Cham in their last, and finally also annexed, principality: Panduranga).2 It seems that the first wave allied itself with Cambodia’s Malay community, with whom the Cham share ethno-linguistic (as both groups are speakers of Austronesian languages) and cultural (e.g., matrilinear customs) heritage, as well as their status as foreign immigrants. Through this contact, they were Islamized. This article presents an overview of the religious and political development of Cambodia’s Cham Muslims, most of whom are Sunnis, from the days of French colonialism up to the present, and shows how this formerly neglected minority became a showcase of Islamic internationalism. Contact persons or interviewees were recommended to me by Dr. Sos Mousine (CMDF, CAMSA, and the Ministry of Agriculture), Set Muhammadsis (CAMSA, CMDF) or Dato Hajji Alwi Muhammad (MAI Terengganu), or were sought out by myself. As I was mainly interested in religious change and the rebuilding of religious infrastructure, I visited many mosques and schools for interviews, which were conducted in English, Arabic, or with a Khmer or Cham translator.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Champa Kingdoms"
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Nguyen, Tien Nam. "Segmentation, Recognition and Indexing of Cham characters in Cham documents." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS016.
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Depuis la disparition des royaumes Champa au cours du 19e siècle, la langue Cham qui est née et s'est développée à partir de 2e siècle, n'est plus vraiment utilisée chez les descendants des Champa. Le manque de transmission des connaissances et des documents de la culture Cham rend, l'étude de cette langue difficile pour les épigraphistes et les historiens. Par conséquent, le projet ANR CHAMDOC vise à préserver et proposer des outils pour étudier la langue Cham. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'analyse de deux types de documents Cham à savoir : des inscriptions, qui ont été gravées sur des stèles en pierre, du 6e au 15e siècle et des manuscrits datant du 18e siècle. Quelques travaux sur la numérisation des inscriptions ont été menés mais aucune étude n'a vraiment été réalisée. La collection de manuscrits, quant à elle, n'a jamais été exploitée. Ces deux collections de documents offrent de nombreux défis pour la communauté scientifique. Au cours de ces travaux, nous proposons un pipeline complet pour le traitement automatique de ces documents. Celui-ci est basé sur différentes techniques d'analyse d'images de documents. Les défis rencontrés proviennent des caractéristiques des documents eux-mêmes, mais aussi des spécificités linguistiques du Cham. Une analyse de ces caractéristiques a été menée afin de proposer des solutions adaptées aux inscriptions et aux manuscritsSince the demise of Champa kingdoms during the 19th century, the Cham language that originated and developed from the 2nd century, is no longer really used among the descendants of the Champa. The lack of transmission of knowledge and documents of the Cham culture makes the study of this language difficult for epigraphists and historians. Therefore, the ANR CHAMDOC project aims to preserve and provide tools for studying the Cham language. In this thesis, we focused on the analysis of two types of Cham documents namely: inscriptions, which were engraved on stone steles, from 6th to 15th century; manuscripts dating from the 18th century. Some work on the digitization of inscriptions has started but no study has really been carried out. The collection of manuscripts, for its part, has never been exploited. These two collections offer many challenges for the scientific community. During this work, we propose a complete pipeline for the automatic processing of these documents. This is based on different DIA techniques. The challenges encountered come from the characteristics of the documents themselves, but also from the linguistic specificities of Cham. An analysis of these characteristics has been carried out in order to propose solutions adapted to inscriptions and manuscripts
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Boncourt, Thibaud. "L'internationalisation de la science politique : une comparaison franco-btitannique : (1945-2010)." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40012/document.
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La thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à l’étude des processus d’internationalisationscientifique à travers l’étude du cas spécifique de la science politique sur la période1945-2010. Elle s’appuie, pour ce faire, sur une comparaison franco-britannique et surun cadre théorique inspiré de travaux de sociologie des sciences et de sociologiepolitique. Articulé autour de la notion de champ, ce cadre constitue la base d’uneanalyse en trois temps. Le premier consiste en une sociohistoire comparée de deuxorganisations transnationales de science politique – l’Association Internationale deScience Politique (AISP) et le European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR). Ledeuxième repose sur une analyse comparée de trois instances de consécration éditoriales– la Revue Française de Science Politique, Political Studies et le European Journal ofPolitical Research. Le troisième est une analyse comparée des carrières internationalesde politistes français et britanniques, sur la base de récits de vie. Les apports de ces troisterrains amènent à conclure, d’une part, à l’émergence progressive d’un champinternational partiellement autonome des espaces nationaux mais dont les règles du jeusont en partie liées aux rapports de force en vigueur dans le champ américain. Ilspermettent aussi, d’autre part, de mettre en évidence une structuration du processusd’internationalisation des champs nationaux par les phénomènes de décentralisation,d’autonomisation et de spécialisation qui modifient, au fil du temps, leur physionomieThis work aims at contributing to the study of scientific internationalisation processesthrough a study of the specific case of political science from 1945 to 2010. This is doneon the basis of a comparison between France and Britain and a theoretical frameworkrevolving mainly around the concept of field and drawn from the sociology of scienceand political sociology. The demonstration is divided into three main parts. The first oneis a comparative historical sociology of two transnational political science organisations– the International Political Science Association (IPSA) and the European Consortiumfor Political Research (ECPR). The second is based on a comparative study of threepolitical science journals – the Revue Française de Science Politique, Political Studiesand the European Journal of Political Research. The third lies on a comparativeanalysis of British and French political scientists’ international careers, using materialdrawn from life-history interviews. The combined analysis of these three different typesof data leads us to conclude that an international field of political science hasprogressively emerged and that this field, while partially autonomous from nationaldevelopments, has its structures and rules partly linked to those of the American field. Asecond conclusion is the strong impact of decentralisation, autonomisation andspecialisation processes on the conditions and forms of the internationalisation ofnational fields
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Katsimpalis, Kory Thomas. "Po Nagar temple: Evidence of cultural development and transition in the Champa kingdom." Thesis, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1464505.
Full textBooks on the topic "Champa Kingdoms"
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Luo, Guanzhong, ca. 1330-ca. 1400. and Klum Mư̄ʻāchīp (Bangkok Thailand), eds. Lakhō̜n sām Kok: Chabap thansamai. [Bangkok]: Samnakphim Bān Klūaimai, 1992.
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Maspéro, Georges. The Champa Kingdom: The history of an extinct Vietnamese culture. Bangkok, Thailand: White Lotus Press, 2002.
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Tuá̂n, Hò̂ Anh, ed. Bí ả̂n vè̂ những chié̂c gương cỏ̂ được tìm thá̂y trong các di chỉ Champa ở miè̂n Trung Việt Nam =: Mysteries of ancient mirrors found among Champa relics in Central Vietnam. [Đà Nã̆ng]: Nhà xuá̂t bản Đà Nã̆ng, 1999.
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1923-, Ohri Vishwa Chander, Khanna Amar Nath 1936-, and Himachal Pradesh (India). Dept. of Languages & Culture., eds. History and culture of the Chamba State, a western Himalayan kingdom: Collected papers of the seminar held at Chamba in 1983. New Delhi: Books & Books, 1989.
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C, Majumdar R. Champā: History & culture of an Indian colonial kingdom in the Far East, 2nd-16th century A.D. Delhi: Gian Pub. House, 1985.
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Champā: History & culture of an Indian colonial kingdom in the Far East, 2nd-16th century A.D. Delhi: Gian Pub. House, 1985.
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A history of the Tumbuka and Senga in Chama district, 1470 to 1900: Chiefdoms without a kingdom. Lusaka, Zambia: Academic Press, 2007.
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Inc, Game Counselor. Game Counselor's Answer Book for Nintendo Players. Redmond, USA: Microsoft Pr, 1991.
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Inc, Game Counsellor, ed. The Game Counsellor's answer book for Nintendo Game players: Hundredsof questions -and answers - about more than 250 popular Nintendo Games. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press, 1991.
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Higham, Charles F. W., and Nam C. Kim, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Early Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355358.001.0001.
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Southeast Asia is one of the most significant regions in the world for tracing human prehistory over a period of 2 million years. Migrations from the African homeland saw settlement by Homo erectus and Homo floresiensis. Anatomically Modern Humans reached Southeast Asia at least 60,000 years ago to establish a hunter-gatherer tradition, adapting as climatic change saw sea levels fluctuate by over 100 meters. From about 2000 BC, settlement was affected by successive innovations that took place to the north and west. The first rice and millet farmers came by riverine and coastal routes to integrate with indigenous hunters. A millennium later, knowledge of bronze casting penetrated along similar pathways. Copper mines were identified, and metals were exchanged over hundreds of kilometers as elites commanded access to this new material. This Bronze Age ended with the rise of a maritime exchange network that circulated new ideas, religions and artifacts with adjacent areas of present-day India and China. Port cities were founded as knowledge of iron forging rapidly spread, as did exotic ornaments fashioned from glass, carnelian, gold, and silver. In the Mekong Delta, these developments led to an early transition into the state known as Funan. However, the transition to early states in inland regions arose as a sharp decline in monsoon rains stimulated an agricultural revolution involving permanent plowed rice fields. These twin developments illuminate how the great early kingdoms of Angkor, Champa, and Central Thailand came to be, a vital stage in understanding the roots of modern states.
Book chapters on the topic "Champa Kingdoms"
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Searle, Mike. "Continents in Collision: Kashmir, Ladakh, Zanskar." In Colliding Continents. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199653003.003.0007.
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To understand how the Himalaya were formed it seemed logical to start at the actual zone of plate collision, the Indus suture zone. Most of this collision zone runs across southern Tibet, which in the 1970s was almost impossible to travel through. Following Mao Tse-tung’s Red Army’s invasion and occupation of Tibet in October 1950, that region had remained firmly closed to all foreigners. In the western Himalaya the Indus suture zone runs right across the northernmost province of Ladakh. Ladakh used to be a part of southwestern Tibet before the British annexed it during the Raj. Leh, the ancient capital of Ladakh at 3,500 metres in the Indus Valley, was the final outpost of British India before the great trans-Himalayan barrier of the Karakoram Range. Only the Nubra Valley and the Tangtse Valley north of Leh were beyond the Indus, and these valleys led directly up to the desolate high plateau of Tibet. Leh was a major caravan route and a crossroads of high Asia, with double-humped dromedary camel caravans coming south from the Silk Route towns of Yarkhand and Khotan; Kashmiris and Baltis came from the west and Indian traders from the Hindu regions of Himachal and Chamba to the south. Ladakh, Zanskar, and Zangla were three ancient Himalayan kingdoms ruled by a Giapo, or King, each from a palace that resembled a small version of the Potala Palace in Lhasa. In 1978, when we were climbing in the mountains of Kulu, I had looked from our high summits across to the desert mountains of Lahoul and Zanskar, north of the main Himalayan watershed. Here, in the ancient Buddhist kingdoms of Zanskar and Ladakh lay wave upon wave of unexplored and unclimbed mountains. They lay north of the monsoon limits and in the rain shadow of the main Himalaya, so the vegetation was sparse, and the geology was laid bare. Flying north from Delhi, or east from Kashmir into Leh, the views were simply mesmerizing.
Conference papers on the topic "Champa Kingdoms"
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Giang, Do Truong. "A preliminary survey of Chinese ceramics in Champa archaeological sites | Khảo sát sơ bộ về đồ gốm sứ Trung Quốc tại các địa điểm khảo cổ học Champa." In The SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFACON2021). SEAMEO SPAFA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26721/spafa.pqcnu8815a-12.
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The Champa Kingdom was recognized popularly as a typical maritime polity in premodern Southeast Asia. Thanks to its strategic location between the Chinese market and Southeast Asia and South Asia, the Champa coast became a frequent destination of foreign traders and merchant ships for centuries. Ceramics was among the essential commodities in trade between Champa and international traders. This article relies on archaeological records and field surveys at Champa sites in central Vietnam to provide an overview of the distribution of Chinese ceramics in central Vietnam from the 7th to 10th centuries. Based on this primary data set, the author will discuss the trade and diplomatic relations between Champa and China and their implication to Champa’s state development. Vương quốc Champa được ghi nhận như một vương quốc biển điển hình ở Đông Nam Á thời kỳ cổ trung đại. Nhờ vị trí chiến lược giữa thị trường Trung Quốc với các nước Đông Nam Á và Nam Á, bờ biển Champa trở thành điểm đến thường xuyên của các thương nhân và tàu buôn nước ngoài trong nhiều thế kỷ. Gốm sứ là một trong những mặt hàng thiết yếu trong giao thương giữa Champa và các thương nhân quốc tế. Bài viết này dựa trên các dữ liệu khảo cổ học và kết quả khảo sát thực địa tại các địa điểm khảo cổ học Champa ở miền Trung Việt Nam để cung cấp một cái nhìn mang tính tổng thể về sự phân bố của đồ gốm sứ Trung Quốc ở miền Trung Việt Nam từ thế kỷ thứ 7 đến thế kỷ thứ 10. Dựa trên bộ dữ liệu cơ bản này, tác giả sẽ thảo luận về quan hệ bang giao và thương mại giữa Champa với Trung Quốc thời Đường và ý nghĩa của mối quan hệ này đối với sự phát triển nhà nước của Champa.
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Cosham, Andrew, David G. Jones, Keith Armstrong, Daniel Allason, and Julian Barnett. "Analysis of Two Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Full-Scale Fracture Propagation Tests." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33080.
Full textAbstract:
Two full-scale fracture propagation tests have been conducted using dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2)-rich mixtures at the Spadeadam Test Site, United Kingdom (UK). The tests were conducted on behalf of National Grid Carbon, UK, as part of the COOLTRANS research programme. The semi-empirical Two Curve Model, developed by the Battelle Memorial Institute in the 1970s, is widely used to set the (pipe body) toughness requirements for pipelines transporting lean and rich natural gas. However, it has not been validated for applications involving dense phase CO2 or CO2-rich mixtures. One significant difference between the decompression behaviour of dense phase CO2 and a lean or rich gas is the very long plateau in the decompression curve. The objective of the two tests was to determine the level of ‘impurities’ that could be transported by National Grid Carbon in a 914.0 mm outside diameter, 25.4 mm wall thickness, Grade L450 pipeline, with arrest at an upper shelf Charpy V-notch impact energy (toughness) of 250 J. The level of impurities that can be transported is dependent on the saturation pressure of the mixture. Therefore, the first test was conducted at a predicted saturation pressure of 80.5 barg and the second test was conducted at a predicted saturation pressure of 73.4 barg. A running ductile fracture was successfully initiated in the initiation pipe and arrested in the test section in both of the full-scale tests. The main experimental data, including the layout of the test sections, and the decompression and timing wire data, are summarised and discussed. The results of the two full-scale fracture propagation tests demonstrate that the Two Curve Model is not (currently) applicable to liquid or dense phase CO2 or CO2-rich mixtures.
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Guan, Cindy, Brian Rothwell, Joe Kondo, Masahiko Murata, and Keith Armstrong. "Full Scale Burst Validation Tests for Crack Arrestor Designs for NPS 48 Grade 550 Rich Gas Pipeline." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64112.
Full textAbstract:
Two full scale burst tests for the assessment of different crack arrestor designs were carried out on the pipes that will be used in the Coastal GasLink (CGL) Pipeline project. The tests supported by LNG Canada and TransCanada Technology Management Program were conducted at the Spadeadam test site of DNV GL, United Kingdom (UK), on 1219 mm (48 inch) outside diameter CSA Z245.1 Category II Grade 550 pipe at a nominal pressure of 13.38 MPa (1,940 psig) with 80% SMYS and temperature of −5°C, and with a gas representative of the richest gas envisaged for transport in the CGL pipeline project. The reservoirs are spaced with a gap between the reservoir ends of approximately 130 m, where the test section, comprising eleven pipe lengths and a tie-in pup, was installed. The centre of the test section consisted of an 18.5 mm thick low toughness initiation pipe. The remaining pipes were referenced as 1E to 5E in the easterly direction and similarly 1W to 5W in the westerly direction. The propagation pipes (1E and 1W) with 18.5 mm wall thickness, used to establish steady-state propagation, were located immediately either side of the central initiation pipe. For the first test, two crack arrestor pipes with 29.6 mm wall thickness were installed adjacent to the propagation pipes in the west and east directions, with a lead-in transition of 18.5 mm wall thickness for a distance of 130 mm then a 4:1 taper running back to the full pipe wall thickness. To the east, the first crack arrestor pipe had an average Charpy Vee-notch (CVN) energy of 246 J and to the west it had an average CVN energy of 341 J at the inboard end. In both directions, the fracture propagated from the initiation pipe, through the propagation pipes (1E/1W) before arresting in the first 29.6 mm thick crack arrestor pipes (2E/2W). In both directions, the arrest resulted in the fracture turning at the toe of the tapered transition on the front end of crack arrestor pipes 2E and 2W. The pipe arrangement for the second test was similar to the first one. In the east direction, in order to optimize crack arrestor design, two 24.7 mm wall thickness pipes replaced the 29.6 mm pipes which were used in the first test. In the west direction, the test section contained four 18.5 mm wall thickness test pipes arranged with a progressively increasing Charpy energy, up to 452 J. A low toughness, 18.5 mm thick pipe (5W), with a 1.8 m long Clock Spring® crack arrestor completed the test section. To the east, the fracture propagated from the initiation pipe through pipe 1E before arresting near the inboard end of the crack arrestor pipe 2E. In the west direction, the fracture was observed to run through all four of the pipes arranged with increasing CVN energy, before being arrested by the Clock Spring® crack arrestor fitted to the fifth pipe.