Journal articles on the topic 'Challenging student standard questionnaire'

The study aimed to identify field problems encountered by student-teachers during instruction and classroom management. A randomized sample of 90 male and female participants, specialized in social studies and mathematics, was selected from the College of Education at Kuwait University. This mixed research method employs a questionnaire that was forused on 53 key areas of teaching and classroom problems. After testing the research methods for validity and reliability, a thorough analysis was conducted to derive main averages, standard deviations, and t-test values for the challenges’ degrees of impact. Data results reflected a consensus amongst participants that the teaching profession was challenging due to the lack of quality in field training received. The first greatest challenge was classroom management problems with a slight degree of severity (M=3.04). Instructional problems were the second greatest challenge with a slight degree of severity (M=2.48). Moreover, there were statistically significant differences between male and female student-teachers in the field of teaching problems, in favor of male student teachers. There were also statistically significant differences among student teachers based on their respective area of specialization (social studies and mathematics), in favor of mathematics. The research ended with a set of recommendations for enhancing the performance of student-teachers in dealing with teaching and classroom problems during field training.

The study aimed to identify field problems encountered by student-teachers during instruction and classroom management. A randomized sample of 90 male and female participants, specialized in social studies and mathematics, was selected from the College of Education at Kuwait University. This mixed research method employs a questionnaire that was forused on 53 key areas of teaching and classroom problems. After testing the research methods for validity and reliability, a thorough analysis was conducted to derive main averages, standard deviations, and t-test values for the challenges’ degrees of impact. Data results reflected a consensus amongst participants that the teaching profession was challenging due to the lack of quality in field training received. The first greatest challenge was classroom management problems with a slight degree of severity (M=3.04). Instructional problems were the second greatest challenge with a slight degree of severity (M=2.48). Moreover, there were statistically significant differences between male and female student-teachers in the field of teaching problems, in favor of male student teachers. There were also statistically significant differences among student teachers based on their respective area of specialization (social studies and mathematics), in favor of mathematics. The research ended with a set of recommendations for enhancing the performance of student-teachers in dealing with teaching and classroom problems during field training.

Low perceived self–efficacy (SE) for responding to school–related situations is posited to be associated with school refusal. This study examined the validity and reliability of the Malay version of the Self–Efficacy Questionnaire for School Situations (SEQ–SS) among early adolescents in Kota Bharu. The English version of the 25–item SEQ–SS was translated into Malay. Employing a cross–sectional design, students (10-11 years) from five randomly selected public primary schools were recruited via proportionate cluster sampling. Two hundred and fifteen students, 65% female, mean age of 10.3 years (SD=0.5), completed the Malay SEQ–SS. Validity was examined with exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine internal consistency. Means and standard deviations were used to describe the total and subscale scores. EFA analyses retained 19 items which clustered into four factors: ‘SE in socially challenging situations’, ‘SE in personally challenging situations’, ‘SE in separation situations’, and ‘SE in situations of disengagement from school’. Internal consistencies were low, approaching moderate, with Cronbach’s alpha values between 0.64 and 0.69. The four–factor solution of the Malay SEQ–SS appears to permit identification of specific domains of low SE which could inform individualized interventions targeting early adolescents in primary school.

Background Dry eye is a multifactorial disease defined less than 30 years ago. It is a relatively common disorder, affected by a number of well-known risk factors. Dry eye can be challenging to diagnose because of the possible discrepancy between patients’ symptoms and clinical signs, and its overlap with other ocular surface diseases. Literature-wise, dry eye is usually associated with age and therefore investigated within older populations. Recently, studies focusing on young adult and student populations have demonstrated a higher prevalence of dry eye than previously expected. Aim The study aims to determine the frequency of dry eye symptoms in the student population, and the impact of students’ activities and habits as potential risk factors. Methodology Our study involved 397 students from the medical school at the University of Belgrade, Serbia. Students were asked to complete an online survey that addressed general information, health, habits, and routine in everyday use of electronic devices. In addition, students completed a standard Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. Results The prevalence of dry eye was 60.5% (240/397) in our study population. Contact lens wear (p<0.001), allergies (p = 0.049) and increased number of hours per day using VD devices for studying purposes (p = 0.014) were associtated with a higher risk of dry eye disease. Risk factors that did not significantly impact dry eye were the use of oral contraceptives, smoking, systemic diseases, year of study and sex. Conclusion In our study, the prevalence of dry eye disease was similar or slightly higher than in previous studies among young adults. In addition, contact lenses, allergies and visual display devices were associated with the development of the dry eye.

In the present world of technology, students grow up with technological devices at home and in schools, which revolutionize the way they learn. Future education technology shall transform teaching and learning by providing teachers and students with a variety of new devices to work with. Thus, the study was designed to examine the impact of multimedia technology-integrated instruction on learning satisfaction of students studying at upper primary level in one of the countryside primary schools in Bhutan. A mixed methods research was adopted to ensure better understanding of the results. Following a purposive sampling technique, 45 students were selected as research samples. Over a period of three months, the participants were taught at least three lessons of science in a week using multimedia technology. Instruments such as open-ended questions and questionnaires were administered to assemble the data. The quantitative data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed and inferred using the inferential statistical t-test with significance p&lt;0.05 and descriptive statistical mean and standard deviation. And qualitative data from open-ended questions were analyzed using the grounded theory coding system. The findings revealed that students were highly satisfied with learning science through multimedia technology, as it not only made the lessons easier to understand and lively to participate in, but also challenging and enjoyable. Furthermore, inferential statistics revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in satisfaction with learning between male and female students. Therefore, the researchers stipulated that the integration of multimedia technology assisted instruction had a large positive impact on increasing student learning satisfaction. The findings of this study were intended to inform curriculum reformers, educational leaders, and teachers with practical evidence that they should propose pedagogical change in classroom teaching and learning using multimedia technology.

<em>The experiment activities of fundamental physics in the laboratory become challenging during Covid 19 Pandemic. The experiment should be carried out remotely, and there is a need to develop an electronic practicum module containing an interactive tutorial video. The research aims to create an electronic module of Fundamental Physics I Experiment with STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Approach. The used development model was 4D (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). The collected data instruments are expert validation questionnaire, practicality questionnaire, and independence questionnaire to determine the product effectivity. Ideal Standard Deviation analysed data to comprehend its category. The interpreted result showed the product feasible, practices, and effective to use in the learning process. The average feasibility score is 71, and the practicality aspect has a score of 38. Both of them have excellent criteria. Besides that, the developed product also improves students’ autonomy in experimental activities.</em>

Teaching Science is challenging; teachers find it exciting. To sustain eagerness and attention of the students, teachers need to learn the subject and choose strategies which can help enhance students’ skills. With that, the study aimed to ascertain the effectiveness of activating strategies in teaching Physical Science toward enhanced students’ critical thinking skills in St. Thomas Academy. The study utilized experimental design involving the participation of 105 Grade 11 match paired students. It used diagnostic test to assess the students’ prior knowledge, survey questionnaire to evaluate their needs, interest, and attitude towards Science subject before the implementation of the activating strategies such as carousel brainstorming, challenge envelopes, and talking drawings. It also used learning plans in each activating strategy during the lesson. Pre-test and posttest were administered to assess their critical thinking skills. Students’ preparedness in terms of prior knowledge, needs, interest, and attitude towards Science subject were analyzed and interpreted using standard deviation and mean, frequency, mean difference, t-test was used to test the difference on the transmuted mean gain scores of the respondents. Pearson r, multiple comparisons to compare the results of the scores in each strategy per subskill, and ANOVA to analyze the relationship among the variables under students’ preparedness and critical thinking subskills. Furthermore, the study found out that there is a significant difference in the pre-test and post-test scores of the three groups exposed to the different activating strategies as to their critical thinking skills. Lastly, there is a significant difference in the mean post-test scores of the groups exposed to the different activating strategies as to their critical thinking skills and there is a significant relationship between student preparedness and critical thinking skills

Background: Self-medication is one of the challenging issues in health care systems. Health literacy seems to be an important factor in self-medication behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between health literacy and self-medication among undergraduate students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: Using a cross-sectional survey method, this descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2020. Among 2600 undergraduate students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, including nonclinical students, 335 people were selected by the convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using two questionnaires, including a standard health literacy questionnaire and a researcher-made self-medication questionnaire. The linear regression model was employed to analyze data by SPSS, version 23. Results: The results revealed that 174 people (52%) of the statistical population were women, and there is a significant difference between males and females in terms of self-medication (P=0.022). The effect of gender on self-medication was statistically significant (P=0.013), and self-medication decreased slightly more with increasing health literacy in males than in females. In general, without considering gender, the relationship between health literacy and self-medication was statistically significant (P=0.007), while health literacy had a negative relationship with self-medication. Conclusion: Health literacy among students was at an adequate level, and their level of self-medication is high. Health literacy as a factor affecting the capacity for decision-making and action in the field of health has a significant relationship with self-medication behavior. Therefore, due to its negative consequences, it is necessary to take measures to reduce this social phenomenon.

This study investigated metacognitive knowledge and control of writing strategy in English among 65 Chinese EFL learners in two argumentative writing tasks. Metacognitive knowledge was measured using a questionnaire written in simple present tense. Metacognitive control required writers to respond to a questionnaire written in simple past tense immediately following completion of each writing task according to the actual strategy use in the writing tasks. Students were grouped into high- and low-performing EFL writers using one standard error above or below the Mean scores of the writing tasks. One-way ANOVA was conducted on the four kinds of writing strategies (i.e., planning, cognitive, monitor-control, and evaluating). We found that while there were no differences on any type of the writing strategies for metacognitive knowledge, the two groups differed in the actual writing strategy use on each occasion. For the more familiar and easier writing topic, high- and low-performing students differed only in cognitive writing strategies. For the less familiar and more challenging writing task, high-achievers adopted significantly more planning, cognitive, and evaluating strategies than low-achievers. This research supported for distinction between metacognitive knowledge and control in EFL writing.

English is the certified language of Pakistan and intermediate of teaching in private schools. Learning an FL might be frustrating and challenging for some young learners. Stories in English as literature are an effective technique to teach young learners. This paper attempts to explore if reading stories in English as part of literature is a gendered activity with differences of interest by boys and girls. The study used a Reading Attitude Survey modified from Downing Object Activity Opinion and the Finnish questionnaire. The findings depict that stories in the schoolbooks are enthusiastic and are suitable according to learners' curiosity and standard. Results further specified that the general mainstream of students understands reading as an action that is more appropriate for girls, thus supportive of the study's hypothesis. The results also suggested that the gender-based insights strengthen with age for both boys and girls.

Donation of the tissue or organ of human body from a living or dead person to a living recipient in need of transplantation is organ donation. In the field of modern medicine organ transplantation is one of the greatest scientific advances and remains the most challenging and complex. It saves thousands of life. The main objective of the study was to explore the knowledge and attitude of organ donation. A descriptive cross- sectional study using self- administered questionnaire tool was conducted among 154 Bachelor level students who were selected by using non probability consecutive sampling technique. The obtained data was entered on SPSS 20 version program and analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive statistics (Frequency, percentage, mean, median, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (chi square).The study found that 57.1 percent had moderate knowledge on organ donation and more than half (69.5%) had neutral attitude on organ donation. Knowledge on organ donation was poor. There was significant association (0.014) between ethnicity and knowledge level. The study concluded that there was moderate level of knowledge and neutral level of attitude on organ donation among bachelor level students and there was no significant association of socio-demographic variables and level of knowledge except ethnicity. It therefore suggests awareness programs on organ donation for college students to promote and upgrade their knowledge and attitude about organ donation.

Longitudinal epidemiological studies are considered the gold standard for understanding craniofacial morphologic development, but participant recruitment and retention can be challenging. This study describes strategies used to recruit and maintain a high level of participation in a longitudinal study involving annual three-dimensional (3D) craniofacial soft-tissue imaging from healthy Taiwanese Chinese elementary school students aged 6 to 12 years. The key aspects for project delineation, implementation, and the initial three-year practical experiment are portrayed in an integrated multistep workflow: ethics- and grant-related issues; contact, approval, and engagement from partners of the project (school stakeholders and parents); a didactic approach to recruit the students; research staff composition with task design; three station-based data collection days with two educative activities (oral hygiene and psychosocial interaction stations) and one 3D craniofacial imaging activity; and reinforcement tactics to sustain the longitudinal annual participation after the first enrollment. Randomly selected students and teachers answered an experience satisfaction questionnaire (five-point Likert scale ranging from one to five) designed to assist in understanding what they think about the data collection day. Measures of frequency (percentage) and central tendency (mean) were adopted for descriptive analysis. Six of seven contacted schools accepted participation in the project. All parents who attended the explanatory meetings agreed to join the project. A cohort of 676 students (336 girls) participated at baseline enrollment, with a follow-up rate of 96% in the second data collection. The average questionnaire-related scores were 4.2 ± 0.7 and 4.4 ± 0.6 for teachers and students, respectively. These 3D craniofacial norms will benefit multidisciplinary teams managing cleft-craniofacial deformities in the globally distributed ethnic Chinese population, particularly useful for phenotypic variation characterization, conducting quantitative morphologic comparisons, and therapeutic planning and outcome assessment. The described pathway model will assist other groups to establish their own age-, sex-, and ethnic-specific normative databases.

Speaking skill plays a crucial part of the curriculum in any language teaching, yet it is considered one of the most difficult aspects of language learning. Speaking is a significant skill with complex constituents that need to be mastered by the learners, including vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, fluency, and interactive communication so that they can obtain success in their life, work, and study in this globalized world. Nevertheless, EFL language learners are finding it difficult to convey their thoughts effectively in the target language, and creating a successful speaking lesson has always been a challenging task for the teachers. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of utilizing video recording on EFL students' speaking skills and performance at Thai Nguyen University of Economics and Business Administration (TUEBA). It also attempts to explore the students' perceptions of the utilization of video recording in completing speaking assignments. The research involves 26 freshmen of the advanced program at TUEBA randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The data were collected based on the pretest, posttest, and questionnaire for analysis. The divergence between the pretest and posttest scores revealed that the experimental groups possessed higher achievements as a result of employing video recording. In addition, the survey respondents showed positive attitudes toward the application of video recording in fostering their oral skills. The results from the study are expected to provide grounds for suggestions and recommendations for the teaching and learning speaking for both the advanced program and the standard one at TUEBA.

Background: Adolescence stage the most challenging periods and critical period in one’s life. Bowel habit an important process in day to day life which also shows changes in its pattern from daily life. These changes need to be evaluated for the cause and to prevent certain diseases involving colon and rectum. Objectives was to determine and compare the bowel habits among school going adolescents in rural and urban areas of Puducherry.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from Jun 2019 to Aug 2019. School students from 6th to 12th standard were selected by multistage random sampling method. A semi structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.Results: A cross sectional school-based study was conducted among 1350 school going adolescence, among them 618 students from rural area and 732 students from urban area participated in the study. Prevalence of constipation was higher among school going adolescents of urban area (21.9%) compared to that of rural area (19.2%). Prevalence of diarrhoea was higher among the school going adolescents of rural area (6.2%) compared to that of urban area (4.1%). Open field defaecation practice was high among the rural adolescents (26.9%) compared to that of urban adolescents (7.4%). Type 3 stool form was the predominant type in both rural (50.03%) and urban (51.8%) school which is the normal stool form in bristol stool chart.Conclusions: Total 87.2% of rural and 87% of urban school going adolescents have a normal bowel habit. Open field defaecation practice was high among the rural adolescents compared to that of urban adolescents.

Vocabulary is a "current word" in second language (L2) pedagogy (Anthony & Menasche, 1991). In a communicative approach to language teaching, this is helpful due to the importance of meaning both in learning and understanding English as a second language (ESL). However, to date student approaches to vocabulary acquisition have essentially been neglected in the classroom. This article describes an activity that used a questionnaire on student methods of vocabulary learning as a springboard for class discussion of helpful strategies suggested in the literature. After introducing the background for the activity, the procedures and results are outlined. Then suggestions for using a similar questionnaire in other adult ESL contexts are summarized.

This article explores the indexicality (the ideological process that links language and identity) of “standard” edited American English and the ideologies (specifically, standard language ideology and Whiteness) that work to create and justify common patterns that associate privileged White students with written standardness and that disassociate underrepresented—especially African American—students from “standard” edited American English. Drawing on interviews with composition instructors about their readings of anonymous student texts, the author argues that indexicality and standardness are mutually informative: The non/standard features of student texts operate as indexicals for student-author identities just as perceived student-author identities influence the reading of a text as non/standard. Ultimately, this article offers inroads to challenging destructive and enduring indexical patterns that offer unearned privilege to some students at the expense of others and, in the process, perpetuate race- and class-based privilege.AQ Note that APA style capitalizes Black and White.

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of internet dependency on student- teachers’ loneliness of Admiyaman University. The study also examined the differences in internet dependency and loneliness among students and teachers of Adiyaman University of Turkey. The standard questionnaire of Jung (1996) was used to measure the internet dependency. Also, to measure the sense of loneliness variable, the standard questionnaire of Rosell et al. (1980) was used. The reliability of the questionnaires was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha test, which included: Internet addiction questionnaire 0.91 and loneliness questionnaire 0.86. Questionnaires were distributed among the subjects (172 student- teachers of Adiyaman University). The results showed that internet dependency on student- teachers’ loneliness of Adiyaman University had a significant positive effect (beta = 0.898). There was also a significant difference between the dependence on the internet and the feelings of the student- teachers of Adiyaman University of Turkey. Male student- teachers were more dependent on the internet, and female student- teachers also felt more lonely.

AbstractSelecting photographs for teaching photo criticism can be a difficult task. This research aims to construct the taxonomy of photo categories for teaching purposes and teaching guidelines. This research used a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview with 125 participants made up of 39 male and 86 female, 94 Malays, 12 Chinese, 16 Indians and 3 Ibans. All participants exposed to five different photographs: advertising photographs, journalistic photographs, landscapes, and two fine arts photographs. We used three questions as research instruments for 125 participants to judge each photo: What do you see? What does it mean? How do you know? Also, we used Barrett's criticism models to teach, make a rubric, and evaluate the photographs and our research instruments. From our photo teaching experience, combined with this research, students usually started from low taxonomies. They followed through to high taxonomies, or in a sequence from advertising photographs, journalistic photographs, and landscapes (fine art) to modernist photographs and postmodernist photographs (fine art). They did not have difficulty interpreting elements, design principles, and photo techniques, but they did construct it challenging to analyze the context of postmodern photographs, especially gender issues. AbstrakMemilih gambar untuk mengajar kritikan foto boleh menjadi tugas yang sukar. Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk membina taksonomi kategori foto untuk tujuan pengajaran dan panduan pengajaran. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan soal selidik dan temu bual separa berstruktur dengan 125 peserta terdiri daripada 39 lelaki dan 86 perempuan, 94 orang Melayu, 12 orang Cina, 16 orang India dan 3 orang Iban. Semua peserta terdedah kepada lima gambar yang berbeza: foto iklan, foto jurnalistik, pemandangan, dan dua gambar seni rupa. Kami menggunakan tiga soalan sebagai instrumen kajian untuk 125 peserta menilai setiap foto: Apa yang anda lihat? Apakah maksudnya? Bagaimana anda tahu? Kami juga menggunakan model kritikan Barrett untuk mengajar, membuat rubrik, dan menilai gambar dan instrumen kajian kami. Dari pengalaman mengajar foto kami, digabungkan dengan penyelidikan ini, pelajar biasanya bermula dari taksonomi standard. Mereka mengikuti hingga taksonomi tinggi, atau dalam urutan dari foto iklan, foto jurnalistik, dan pemandangan (seni rupa) hingga foto modernis dan foto pascamoden (seni rupa). Mereka tidak mengalami kesukaran untuk menafsirkan elemen, prinsip reka bentuk, dan teknik foto, tetapi mereka membuatnya sukar untuk menganalisis konteks foto pascamoden, terutama masalah gender.

This study embarked on the very challenging proposition of systematically organizing and classifying an assortment of experimental economics essays pertinent to seven experiments performed with both non-student and student populations. The experiments were the Dictator game, Stag Hunt – Coordination game, Risk Aversion Measurement (as measured by the players type of lottery choice), Trust game, Guessing game, Prudence Measurement, and the Guessing game. This meta-analysis reviewed 126 published and unpublished papers collected from several journals and papers provided by several authors via the Google Groups "Economic Science Association - Experimental Methods Discussion" group. Ultimately, only 39 studies were utilized due to methodological alignment. While some studies showed statistically significant differences between non-students and students as indicated by their respective 95% confidence intervals, the overall random-effects model of each of the seven games showed not to be statistically significant. This study contributes to the literature in three important ways. First, the study generates a comprehensive inventory and review of experiments comparing student to non-student populations for the last four decades; second, the study points out a possible limitation when combining several studies of the same game, despite following similar protocols, suggesting that compounded contextual complexities might diminish aggregate effects of the individuals’ behavioral responses to the financial incentives, and third, the study indicates that generalizations from one experimental economic study, may not render a solid base for extending statistical extrapolations applicable to the total population since the aggregate effects do not indicate substantial differences.

Student satisfaction with podcasts is frequently used as an indicator of the effectiveness of educational podcasting. This aspect has usually been assessed through surveys or interviews in descriptive studies, but no standard questionnaire exists that can be used to compare results. The main aim of this study was to present the Student Satisfaction with Educational Podcasts Questionnaire (SSEPQ). The SSEPQ consists of 10 items that are scored on a Likert-type scale. The items address the opinions of students on content adequacy, ease of use, usefulness, and the benefits of podcasts for learning. 3-5 minute podcasts were assessed as a supplementary tool within the research methods and statistics course of their psychology undergraduate degree. Confirmatory factor analysis with cross-validation showed a one-factor structure, supporting the use of the total score as a global index of student satisfaction with podcasts. The results suggest that there is a high level of satisfaction with podcasts as a tool to improve learning. The questionnaire is a brief and simple tool that can provide lecturers with direct feedback from their students, and may prove useful in improving the teaching-learning process.

Organizations that practice Sustainable Human Resource Management are socially responsible and concerned with the safety, health and satisfaction of their employees. Under this sustainability orientation, it is very relevant to analyze whether the sudden transition to e-learning as a strategy of adaptation to the COVID-19 pandemic affected the well-being of faculty. One hundred and two college teachers at a business school in Lisbon completed a web-based questionnaire administrated during the second lockdown due to the pandemic. The questionnaire included the Online Faculty Satisfaction Survey (OFSS) and the Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL) questionnaire. We use Partial Least Squares Path Modeling to derive to what extent the satisfaction with online teaching has impacted faculty well-being measured by the quality of working life. Results show that interaction with students, student engagement, flexibility and technology are the most relevant factors to faculty satisfaction with online teaching. Having control at work, good working conditions and general well-being are the most relevant factors for faculty overall well-being. As proposed, faculty satisfaction with online teaching positively and significantly influences faculty general well-being, home–work interface and job and career satisfaction.

The current study presents the development of a student outcome standard framework for competence-based teacher training programs in universities of education. The outcome standard framework was built in direction of approaching students’ quality, competency including 5 standards: Key qualities; Core competences; Pedagogical competence; Specialistic scientific competence; Self-study, research and profession development competence. Based on this standard framework, education universities can build student outcome standards for each training program following a multiple-step controlled process. Each student outcome standard of a training program must transparently determine specific requirements of profession competencies. Each standard consists of the criteria of the target-competence and then, each criterion is specifically specified into indicators with several typical-specific behaviors. From this standard framework, education universities can develop student outcome assessment instruments (checklist\ scale\ or questionnaire) for evaluating graduated-student outcome quality\ effectiveness of every teacher training program.

Given recent advances in deep music source separation, we propose a feature representation method that combines source separation with a state-of-the-art representation learning technique that is suitably repurposed for computer audition (i.e. machine listening). We train a depthwise separable convolutional neural network on a challenging electronic dance music (EDM) data set and compare its performance to convolutional neural networks operating on both source separated and standard spectrograms. It is shown that source separation improves classification performance in a limited-data setting compared to the standard single spectrogram approach.

One of the objectives of any educational endeavor is helping students to adopt a set of personal goals for their achievement. This is known as personal best (PB) referring to personalized goals or standards of excellence that match or exceed one's prior best in the academic context. It is also believed that PB goals can fluctuate in line with other academic-associated factors. The aim of the present study is to scrutinize these goals in association with students' resilience and language achievement. In other words, this study elucidated how EFL learners' PB and resilience influence language achievement. To do so, 173 students studying in two private language institutes and a university completed two questionnaires. The former was PB scale designed by Martin (2006) measuring specific, challenging, competitively self-referenced, and self- improvement goals. It was then translated and validated by the present researchers. The latter was the resilience scale containing five dimensions of perceived happiness, empathy, sociability, persistence, and self-regulation. The questionnaire was designed and validated by Kim and Kim (2016) and then translated and validated in this study. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) demonstrated the validity of the Persian versions of the scales. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) also indicated that PB is a positive and significant predictor of resilience. Moreover, it was found that language achievement is predicted by both PB and resilience.

AbstractClassrooms can be noisy and are challenging listening environments for children with auditory processing disorder (APD). This research was undertaken to determine if the Listening Inventory for Education-UK version (LIFE-UK) can differentiate children with listening difficulties and APD from their typically developing peers.To investigate reliability and validity of the student and teacher versions LIFE-UK questionnaire for assessing classroom listening difficulties.Cross-sectional quantitative study comparing children with listening difficulties with typically developing children.In total, 143 children (7–12 yr) participated; 45 were diagnosed with APD. Fifteen participants with reported listening difficulties who passed the APD test battery were assigned to a “listening difficulty” (LiD) group. Eighty three children from nine classrooms formed a Control group.Children and teachers completed the LIFE-UK questionnaire student and teacher versions. Factor analysis was undertaken, and item reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Teacher and student ratings were compared using Spearman correlations. Correlations between LIFE-UK ratings and APD test results were also investigated.Factor analysis revealed three factors accounting for 60% of the variance in the Control group LIFE-UK ratings. After removing six items with low factor loadings, a shortened seven-item version with three factors accounted for 71.8% of the variance for the student questionnaire; Cronbach’s alpha indicated good internal reliability for this seven-item version of the student questionnaire. Factors were also derived for the teacher questionnaire. Teacher and student ratings were correlated when participant groups were combined. LIFE-UK ratings correlated weakly with some APD measures, providing some support for the questionnaire validity.The results support the use of either the 13- or 7-item student and the teacher versions of the LIFE-UK to evaluate classroom listening and functional consequences of APD. Factor analysis resulted in groupings of items reflecting differences in listening demands in quiet versus noise for the student questionnaire and attentional versus class participation demands for the teacher questionnaire. Further research is needed to confirm the robustness of these factors in other populations.

In-person tutoring programs can have large impacts on K-12 student achievement, but high program costs and limited local supply of tutors have hampered scale-up. Online tutoring provided by volunteers can potentially reach more students in need. We implemented a randomized pilot program of online tutoring that paired college volunteers with middle school students. We estimate consistently positive but statistically insignificant effects on student achievement, 0.07 standard deviations for math and 0.04 standard deviations for reading. While our estimated effects are smaller than those for many higher-dosage in-person programs, they are from a significantly lower-cost program delivered within the challenging context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract This article considers “good” teachers in the context of current developments in universities in China to reach a “gold standard” of considerably higher and more challenging levels of teaching and learning. We outline this context and consider concepts of good teachers in classical Chinese traditions and more recent Western thinking as a possible dialogue within and between cultures of learning. Using cognitive and cultural linguistic perspectives, we analyze metaphorical concepts of “gold” in “the gold standard” as related to teachers. We report our applied metaphor research which analyzes Chinese students’ expectations, values and beliefs about good university language teachers; this presents a rich picture beyond developing knowledge, skills and understanding to include strong social and moral characteristics. Other aspects which recognize the complexity of “good” teachers show a student appreciation of teachers’ tireless effort, devotion and selfless sacrifice: these aspects are absent in many discussions of good teachers. The participant-centered picture from elicited metaphor analysis is part of students’ “cultures of learning,” but this should be developed culturally for the gold standard through further teacher development and student engagement. In line with interaction in cultures of learning, we indicate some classroom ways to extend students’ thinking through scaffolding teacher-student interaction based on textbook activities.

The partial credit hierarchical measurement model (HMM) results when a partial credit IRT model and a hierarchical linear model are combined ( Bryk & Raudenbush, 1992 ; Masters, 1982 ). This combined model enables the standard errors of parameters to be estimated accurately. The partial credit HMM is illustrated using a subset of data from the Sloan Study of Youth and Social Development, a five-year longitudinal project studying the career aspirations of adolescents. The data used for this study consisted of a subset of students’ responses to multiple administrations of an attitudinal questionnaire, as well as student-level covariates. Using student responses to seven seven-point semantic differential items tapping student mood, the partial credit HMM was used to explore the effects of gender and classroom activity upon student mood as students were engaged in a mathematics classroom. Gibbs sampling and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm were used to impute values for the missing data and to estimate the parameters of the model. The results of the data analysis indicated that female students had lower mood than male students did for all classroom activities.

AbstractThis study aimed to reveal the lecturer’s feedback quality intertwined with students’ engagement in online learning through a WhatsApp group. Also, it unraveled the follow-up actions conducted by the students regarding the feedback. 24 graduate students studying in one of the universities in Bandung city involved. A mixed-method, an explanatory sequential design, was used. Utilizing questionnaires, the study reveals that with a mean of 82.38 and standard deviation of 6.51, the lecturer’s feedback was deemed good with some qualities emanated through the in-depth interviews comprising ‘timely’, detail and relevant to the materials learned, facilitative, supportive, and objective. Meanwhile, with the mean of 73.43 and standard deviation of 10.92, the students’ engagement is considered good, yet challenging issues were found concerning the learner autonomy and the students’ motivation. Moreover, it was found that with the 95% level of confidence the p-value obtained was higher than the 95% level of significance, i.e. p>.05=.98>.05, hence the regression model between the two variables was considered linear. However, at the level of 95% level of significance, it was found that there was no significant relationship between the two variables, i.e. .097 >.050. Moreover, consulting with friends and the lecturer and reading relevant materials constituted the alternatives the students did to handle issues concerning the feedback.Keywords: assessment for learning, online learning, students’ engagement, lecturer’s feedback

This study describes the needs of electronic student worksheets (e-LKM) that practice 21st century skills: critical thinking, collaboration, creativity, and communication (4C). This qualitative descriptive study involved 16 lecturers from 7 universities in Indonesia. The research instrument is a questionnaire that two education experts have validated. The questionnaire was distributed openly through the lecturers and students' WhatsApp groups. The data was collected in the form of questionnaires supported by data from 25 student worksheets collected from lecturers who filled out the questionnaires and were spread on the internet. Questionnaire data is processed using the percentage technique while LKM data is analyzed based on LKM standards, electronic or conventional based, whether or not it supports specific learning models and the emergence of 4C skills. The results showed that many student worksheets did not follow the standard, were not electronic-based, did not support specific learning models, and did not train 4C skills. This research indicates the need to develop electronic student worksheets that practice 4C skills in pandemic situations and teach digital literacy and 21st-century skills.

Effective authorial voice in academic writing helps researchers establish the value of their scholarly contributions. However, constructing an authorial voice is challenging for many novice L2 writers. Through tracking multiple drafts of master’s theses written by two Chinese EFL (English as a foreign language) graduate students, this case study investigated changes in their authorial voices and the roles of advisor feedback in this process. We drew on three types of data: analysis of multiple thesis drafts for linguistic and content features of voice; advisor feedback on multiple drafts; and a questionnaire for the student writers’ understanding of authorial voice. The results indicate that the linguistic features of voice in their theses have remained largely unchanged, portraying them as unconfident student writers, but the content features have shown significant improvement, conveying authorial voices of novice researchers in the later drafts. Most of the student revisions followed their advisors’ feedback. The student participants’ questionnaire responses indicate their relative lack of awareness of the importance of language in voice construction. The results suggest that the authorial voice construction of the novice student writers is dynamic, developmental, and interactive with their advisors’ feedback over the thesis writing process. Pedagogically, other than feedback on content features of voice, classroom practitioners could also consider providing explicit instruction of and feedback on linguistic features to help students construct authoritative authorial voice in the academic context.

Supplemental Instruction (SI) has been a successful implementation into institutions worldwide. It serves as a means of reducing attrition and increasing the overall learning of course material. The City College of New York (CCNY) has recently implemented SI to General Chemistry I courses to examine whether or not SI would help students succeed in the course and understand and grasp the course material better. SI was made available several times a week during flexible times to students who are struggling in the course. Our method of data collection is a Likert-type and open-ended questionnaire that was distributed at the end of each of the semesters to SI participants in an anonymous fashion. Furthermore, we compared the grades and performance of students participating in SI with those who did not. The collected data enabled us to examine the impact of implementing Supplemental Instruction (SI) in General Chemistry I at CCNY. Our data show that SI was beneficial, contributed to improving students’ understanding of course material, and increased their success rate. About 80 percent of students who failed the first exam and participated in SI obtained a passing grade compared to 11 percent of those who did not.Keywords: supplemental instruction, chemistry education research, student learningINTRODUCTION Supplemental instruction is derived from the term developmental education and stems from a branch of Learning Assistance Centers or LACS [1]. To better understand the origins of Supplemental Instruction, we must first understand the framework that set up this type of education. Developmental education originates in the 1600s and focuses mainly on the assumption that each student has multifaceted talents that can be developed academically, opposed to focusing on the deficits of a student [1]. The main goal was to naturally adapt the students’ population to higher education through means of social and academic domains allowing the students to grow in multiple dimensions in their academic skills [1].Developmental education later paved the way for academic programs such as Learning Assistance Centers (LACs). It was viewed as an extension of the classroom and did not discriminate between faculty and students, and within the student population did not discriminate between students who performed to standard and those who performed below par. LACs were for everyone who wanted to be academically enriched [1]. As a new program, LACs had six main objectives: “higher course grades for participating students; central location for students to receive tutorial assistance; a referral source to other helping agencies; a comprehensive library of basic study aids; a training agency for paraprofessionals, peer counselors, and tutors; and a center for faculty development.” [1]. These goals made it very clear that this service was not to be mislabeled as remedial, which was a main topic of interest when it comes to implementing new services, like this one, in schools. LACs are essentially a tool used to attain higher education, not provide a remedial course. Another important reason as to why LACs were adopted into other higher education institutions is to increase student retention [1]. LACs jump-started improved learning across campuses not only in the United States but across the world.In the 1990’s developmental or remedial courses were not allowed to be offered at public four-year universities, thus making supplemental instruction a very attractive candidate to solving the issue with students’ academic integrity and attrition [1]. College faculty members were drawn to SI due to its minute fiscal commitment and that it strongly promoted individual self-learning for the students, this meant less time spent teaching for instructors [1].SI or supplemental instruction is as it states - supplemental instruction offered to the students enrolled in a course. SI gives the students the opportunity to work in a cooperative setting on problems and is supported by peer instructors [2]. SI works to increase academic performance and retention but utilizing both collaborative studying in addition to independent studying and analysis of study strategies. SI sessions are offered for traditionally difficult high risk course; ‘historically difficult’ courses are also identified by analyzing the grade distribution of courses throughout each academic division, “courses in which 30% or more of the students receive D or F grades or withdraw, become targets” [3]. One of the main factors that attribute to the individuality of SI programs is that it focuses on historically difficult courses [4] and large classes where students have little opportunity for interaction with the professor or other students [5]. Labeling a course as historically difficult allows you to categorize the class as challenging without placing blame on the professor or the students.SI sessions are scheduled on a weekly basis and all students enrolled in the course are encouraged to join. SI sessions act as a continuation of the lesson learned during in-class lecture with the instructor. Being that SI sessions are not tied down to class time, students can attend whenever and however many times they wish without the restriction of a required course preventing them. Constant feedback will be given based on the student’s grasp of the material taught in class, thus giving them ample time and motivation to alter their study methods to adapt, if need be. Research on SI suggests that problem-solving skills and study strategies learned in SI courses are transferable to other courses which leads to improved performance [6]. Supplemental instruction sessions are typically led by an SI leader, who would be a former student that succeeded in the same course, however it is not uncommon for a professor to join an SI session for a course. SI may improve students’ retention and graduation because it offers the students the opportunity to network socially which speeds up the acclimatization to the college experience [7].SI provides a way to combine “how do I teach myself this” with “what do I need to know”. While SI helps students gain a more thorough understanding of the material, it also helps students to condition themselves and alters their thinking to accommodate for the type of information they are processing. SI differs from a remedial tutoring course because it is created based on the course versus the students [1]. This potentially makes attending SI sessions more attractive to students who are afraid or shy to ask for help.SI is not a remedial course, it is considered a mediator connecting the gap between the new information presented to students and the students current knowledge and practices, “SI bridges the gap between the current knowledge base and the acquisition of new knowledge by focusing on the refinement of the learning skills indispensable for acquiring new knowledge” [8]. Successfully implemented SI programs were able to track those students who attended and the impact it made towards their grade, for data that was collected institutionally [9]. SI can be effectively used to develop study skills, increase motivation and improve performance in participants [10].According to Wolfe, “…there appear to be benefits of SI in courses where students are being newly introduced to chemical concepts and methods, but these benefits seem to drop off when students are more experienced with the material.” [5]. The results further go on to conclude that SI is most beneficial to entry level science courses such as, General Chemistry I and Organic Chemistry I. It seems as though SI is a great addition into institutions to overall help attrition rates and more generally help students improve within their courses. More research has been done to give us a wider range of knowledge on SI within Chemistry courses [9]. SI can be used to address the continuous decline of fundamental chemical knowledge noticed in recent college graduates [11].In large lecture classes, there is a disconnect between the lecturer and the student. Supplemental Instruction (SI) is often offered in a more intimate setting where the SI instructors can have one-on-one time with students to individually hone in on their specific problems, whether it is conceptual or problem-solving. As for learning environment, SI is usually held in a smaller more accommodating room where it is a less intimidating more inviting space. This setting provides a social interaction component in which usual Chemistry lectures don’t provide. In addition to the more personal tutoring time available, students are also encouraged to interact in a common social setting. This allows for an opportunity of collaborative learning and may help foster a sense of community [12].The attraction to SI in a college setting is due to its short and long-term effects. The short-term effects of SI sessions are to instill a deeper understanding of the coursework within students. Whereas the long-term goals are two-fold, the academic goal is to change the way students learn, study, and understand information so that the knowledge stays with them. Students who participate in SI earn higher grades not only the course but in subsequent semesters, which is due to improved study habits and is considered a long-term positive outcome of SI [13]. The second long-term goal is to develop better social interaction skills within these students.Many public institutions have implemented SI and thus have uncovered several significant findings. Findings that were previously mentioned pertaining to the outcomes of SI includes achieving higher percentages of passing grades [1, 14]. Some studies also found higher graduation rates among participants [1]. Despite their better performance, SI takers often score lower on academic success predictors such as the SAT and ACT exams [14]; increases in performance, therefore, appear to not occur because stronger students use SI. SI helps promote problem-solving skills because it involves the learner in the construction of knowledge and information processing based on their prior experiences which could contribute to cognitive development [15-16]. Furthermore, SI has been shown to improve motivation and enhance study habits and understanding difficult concepts [17]. Participants in SI have been found to have better control on their achievement, self-esteem, and confidence [18]. SI has also been found to higher academic self-efficacy and grades [19]. Studies have reported that students who participated in SI in introductory courses in Biology or Chemistry courses tended to continue onto upper level courses in the field; SI has a positive effect on students’ enrollment in upper level courses [20-21]. We should note that Rabitoy and co-authors reported that SI enhanced students’ achievement in STEM fields and this was greater for females and students of color [22]. METHODS While researching the topic of SI as a whole, we were able to uncover many studies that were in favor of this new implementation in institutions. Our research study is unique because it targets only at risk students and provides an added value to the curriculum. SI was implemented into The City College of New York (CCNY) as a test run in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. The CCNY is an urban minority serving institute that offers a diverse selection of classes, which vary from the arts to the sciences and everything in between. We wanted to try implementing SI into the sciences to see if at risk science students can benefit from it. Grasping the S in stem, our main goal is to use the successful methods of SI to see what benefits it can bring to general science courses.Beginning during the Spring semester of 2018, SI was implemented at The CCNY’s General Chemistry I course which is composed of lecture, lab, and Peer-Led Team Learning (PLTL) workshop. PLTL is implemented as an integrated part of the course [23]. In the General Chemistry course, after exam one was distributed and grades were given back, an announcement was made introducing SI. The lecture professor would encourage students who received a failing grade, classified as a grade below a 65 out of 100 on exam one, to attend SI as means of improving in the course. This makes our study unique since we are only targeting students who are struggling the course and are not likely to earn a passing grade. It is noteworthy that PLTL offers a collaborative learning experience for all students. SI instructors targeted weaknesses in study habits, socialization, conceptual-understanding, and problem-solving skills.SI was made available for five days a week and on those days, SI was scheduled around classes times which makes it easier for students with busy schedules involving work and class to attend. During SI sessions there are instructors that have been hand-picked by instructors from a cohort of recitation leaders and who have successfully completed the course and have received a grade of A in the course. SI attendance was not mandatory.Throughout the first session available after the Supplemental Instruction announcement was made to the lecture class, those who chose to attend, because SI was not mandatory and it was strongly recommended for struggling students. Students brought their first exam with them to be discussed. This initial discussion is a one-on-one between the student and instructor, which serves as a more social component to learning whereas that isn’t available during class time. The first exam was then discussed so that the instructor can now sift through the student’s strengths and weaknesses to later target them in the weeks to come. The overall composition of our Supplementary Instruction sessions was influenced by the previous studies done and researched, hand-picking methods that seemed to work and leaving off ones that were less successful. SI sessions included cooperative learning activities, and addressed students’ misconceptions and difficulties, explored difficult concepts in depth, and enhanced problem-solving skills [24].Every week during Supplementary Instruction sessions students were encouraged to come back to further work through their weaknesses. During this trial specifically, it was noticed by the SI instructors that a lot of students actually struggle with basic problem-solving skills and reasoning. To help combat this, worksheets were made each week based on the lecture topics covered in class, based on problem-solving to help build their skills. Aside from doing the worksheets, students were encouraged to bring in topics or questions they have on the material so the SI instructors can further clarify and explain. Furthermore, students came to SI with questions that they were struggling with. Students provided questions for the SI instructor to explain which created a mutually beneficial relationship [11, 25].Our research question is: How does Supplemental Instruction in General Chemistry I impact students’ learning, conceptual understanding, retention, and attitudes?In order to properly assess how beneficial SI is to the way students learn Chemistry, data were collected at the end of the Spring and Fall of 2018 semesters, as well as Spring 2019. We used a combination Likert-type and open-ended questionnaire, as well as, grade comparisons. The Likert-type section included a five-point scale, where (1) Strongly Disagree, (2) Disagree, (3) Neutral, (4) Agree, (5) Strongly Agree. For each question, the average was taken which helps make sense of the data. For the open ended questions, questions 1 through 3, we created and used a rubric to score the questions on a scale from 1 to 5 similar to what was mentioned above. For question 4, we compiled the answers and created pie charts based on the type and number of responses.As previously stated, at the end of the semester surveys were printed and distributed to each SI session. Students that attended SI were all encouraged to participate in this survey. A total of 44 out of 60 students were available and willing to participate in the optional survey.RESULT AND DISCUSSION Graphical depictions of each Likert-type question along with average responses are shown in Figure 1. FIGURE 1. Averages for the answers for each of the Likert-type questionnaire. Our data clearly shows that students overall had a positive learning experience with SI. The students agree that SI improved their basic problem-solving skills, understanding of concepts covered, and attaining a better grade in the course. Furthermore, SI participation encouraged students to practice problems and tackle their weaknesses in the course. SI participants believe that the SI instructors targeted their weak areas and helped them improve. Finally, students felt that SI was worth the time and effort they put into it and that it was beneficial and contributed to improvements in grades.FIGURE 2. Averages of the short-answer responses were numerically scaled using a rubric.Figure 2 shows that students overall had a positive learning experience with SI and that it helped them better understand the concepts. Furthermore, the participants would enthusiastically would recommend SI to other Chemistry students.FIGURE 3. The pie chart above shows the beneficial components of SI to studentsFigure 3 shows the parts of SI that students found beneficial. Overall, there were many useful features of the SI program that facilitated students’ learning and succeeding in the course. The students appreciated the time spent on problem-solving, the flexibility of the offerings – refers to the times and days, the individualized learning experience, and the one-on-one support, guidance, and tutoring. From the Likert-type questions given in part one of the survey, responses were broken down for each given question in order to visualize the impact of SI for the students/participants. The average of the responses can be seen above and was about 4.8. The corresponding results can be viewed above as shown in Figure 1. To turn our attention to Figure 1 ‘SI has helped me to improve my basic problem solving skills’, upon meeting with the SI instructor team at The CCNY we were made aware that students have trouble with basic problem-solving which leads to the disconnect in understanding how to build upon this knowledge. When students lack this basic skill, it is difficult for them to move on and build upon this skill as the course progresses, which ultimately leads to their failure to meet the level of understanding for each lecture exam. From the responses, we can see that majority of the students feel as though their problem solving skills have developed as a result of participating in SI. Questions 6-8 deal with an overall belief about the experience of SI participation. Based on Figure 1, SI helped students better understand the course material, and had an overall positive response as 100% of students felt like they did have a better understanding of the course material after attending SI. Students overwhelmingly agree that SI is very beneficial to the way they learn Chemistry. Our data show that SI is well received by the participants which is consistent with other researchers [11]. Short answer questions 1-3 were made in order to have a more in-depth understanding of the student experience with SI this past semester. These questions were formed as short answer so students were more inclined to share their opinions of SI. The collected data shows that the students strongly agree that SI has been very beneficial for ways unique to each student. Some students enjoyed the SI instructors and their way of teaching and helping the students understand the material. While others enjoyed how personal the experience was. It wasn’t a ‘one size fits all’ experience but an experience that was personalized to each student’s needs, strengths, and weaknesses. Short answers for question 4 also had very personalized responses. Question 4 in particular – ‘What features of SI did you find to be most beneficial to you?’ was very helpful in understanding what students appreciate most about SI, and served as a standard to which should be upheld. Responses ranged from the flexible times SI was offered to the small class setting which is extremely different than the lecture, and more comfortable. Students also enjoyed and benefited from the one-on-one attention they received in SI session. For that reason, students would make time to attend the SI section of their ‘favorite instructor’. Furthermore, the individualized learning experience was appealing to SI participants. The overall goal is to get each student to understand complex concepts and if one instructor can better help someone to reach this goal; SI is a success. The overall responses show that SI is very beneficial and contributed a great deal to the way that students learn Chemistry. One main issue we have encountered during this initial phase of implementation is low number of students who self-select to participate in SI. Only about 10 percent of students who failed the first exam, participated in SI. One reason could be that students might not buy into the philosophy of SI. A second reason might be that students do not think that SI would help them better understand the content and succeed on the course. A third reason could be due to lack of motivation in these students. Another reason could be attributed to the lack of maturity in students who are taking General Chemistry I. We use the term ‘lack of maturity’ loosely in this sense to mean the lack of knowledge of how to conduct oneself in a college setting [26]. Most commonly, freshman students come straight from high school where they have not yet acquired good study techniques or methods which work best for them. These reasons combined with the hardship required to understand such complex concepts that they’re learning for the very first time can deter students. Our data show that students who participated in SI after failing the first exam achieved a success rate of about 80%. Students who failed the first exam and did not participate in SI had an 11% chance of passing the course. This data is consistent with several research in the field indicating that students who participate in SI have a higher chance of successfully completing the course with a passing grade [14, 27]. We feel these data make powerful statement for the added value of SI in General Chemistry courses and its impact on students learning and attitudes.CONCLUSION In conclusion, our research study on SI provided valuable data into students’ learning and conceptual understanding of content in General Chemistry. Furthermore, our findings provide insights into students’ attitudes about SI implementation and its benefits to the participants. Our research data supports the introduction of SI into General Chemistry courses and provides students with learning skills, socialization competencies, problem-solving skills, and the knowledge required to successfully complete the course. We believe that our data supports the notion that SI had a significantly affected the participants grades in a positive manner and it should be noted that that majority of SI participants earned a passing grade in the course. Our results and data on the implementation of SI in General Chemistry courses improved students’ attitudes towards the subject matter, learning, socialization, and study habits. We are confident we can reach a larger population and improve our recruitment so more students can experience SI and increase their chances of successful completion of the course. As an implication for curriculum, we would recommend supplemental instruction for all introductory courses STEM fields. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We also would like to thank the Department of Psychology at the CCNY and CUNY Coordinated Undergraduate Education (CUE) for funding our Supplemental Instruction program.

Although the internet provides benefits, teachers’ role as central figures in the learning process is imperative. Due to misuse and abuse of technology, promoting digital citizenship for student teachers was challenging. Using nine elements of digital citizenship by Mike Ribble, this study explores the knowledge and comprehension of digital citizenship (DC) among twenty student teachers involved in semi-structured interviews, observation, and documentation. The result of thematic analysis with Nvivo 12 Plus indicates that student teachers assume that DC incorporates digital literacy, the standard of behaviors, and moral guidance in an online environment. The study contributes to providing insight regarding appropriate behavior in technology use. Further studies may need to be conducted regarding teacher preparation in managing the integration of digital citizenship into the teacher education.

Massification of Higher Education has resulted in a rapid increase in undergraduate populations, without an increase in the number of teaching staff. One consequence is that students are typically taught in larger classes. While the impact of class size on student satisfaction and attainment is debated, there has been little attention paid to the academic experience of large class teaching. We present results of a questionnaire completed by 80 academics, primarily based in the UK. Academics perceived classes of 100 or more as large, and most had taught classes of several hundred students. Academic perceptions of large class teaching varied considerably. We find no evidence that institution type or contract type affects perceptions of large class teaching. We also find a lack of training that specifically addresses the demands of large class teaching. We call on academic developers to support academics teaching large cohorts to ensure effective education at scale.

An effective classroom is where there are various forms of interactions: student-student and teacher-student. Unfortunately, most of the interactions that go on in our lecture theatres are minimal. This paper reports an innovative method of engaging students through the use of an Audience Response System (ARS) in a university course. The ARS was used to explore the possibility of improving the interactions in the lecture theatres. The overarching research question was: How best does ARS support lecturer-student interactions in the lecture theatre? A questionnaire and interview were used to elicit students’ views on the use of ARS as an instructional tool. Students reported that they enjoyed using ARS as it facilitated class interaction and collaboration. Internet onnectivity and incompatibility issues on some devices made teaching with the ARS a bit challenging. It is therefore recommended that lecturers can make use of ARS to improve interactions in their lecture rooms.

This three-round Delphi study generated an international standard of care for caring for potential use by nurses and other health care providers in health care agencies and communities. The caring elements, based on related literature, were surveyed from members of the International Association for Human Caring (IAHC) and attendees of the IAHC meeting held in Boca Raton, Florida (USA), in 2000. The standard was constructed from questionnaire responses and provides a starting point for developing a practice model and subject matter for debate among clinicians, educators, and researchers from diverse cultures.and quantitative analysis indicated that student caring behavior significantly improved.

Context Conflict between athletic trainers (ATs) and other stakeholders can occur because of competing interests over medical decisions regarding concussion. However, we are unaware of any studies specifically exploring these situations across various collegiate athletic affiliations. Objective To investigate the challenges faced by ATs when treating concussed student-athletes. Design Qualitative study. Setting Online questionnaire. Patients or Other Participants A total of 434 ATs (267 women, 166 men, 1 missing data; age = 27.73 ± 3.24 years, experience = 5.17 ± 2.67 years) completed the questionnaire (response rate = 14.47%). Our participants represented multiple employment settings within intercollegiate athletics. Data Collection and Analysis We sent an online questionnaire to 3000 ATs working in the collegiate and university setting across the United States. A survey expert verified face, content, and construct validity of the questionnaire in 2 rounds of review, and 3 ATs completed a content-validity tool before we finalized the survey. We analyzed the qualitative data using a general inductive approach and ensured trustworthiness through multiple-analyst triangulation and peer review. Results When we examined the responses from our participants regarding their work with student-athletes who had sustained concussions, we found 2 major themes, each with subthemes. First, educational efforts appeared to be only modestly effective because of a lack of honesty, noncompliant actions, and coach interference. Second, return to learn was challenging because of a lack of communication among stakeholders, athletes being anxious about needing accommodations, and difficulty convincing faculty to provide reasonable accommodations. Conclusions Based on our findings, we recommend continued efforts to improve the culture surrounding concussion in collegiate athletes. Athletic trainers should include key stakeholders such as coaches, student-athletes, parents, faculty, and other educational administrators in their educational efforts to improve the policies and culture surrounding concussion treatment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of effectiveness of the supervisory performance of cooperative teachers in improving the professional preparation of student teachers in the specialization of early childhood education.The participants were 155 student teachers enrolled in the education field-training program at Yarmouk University in Jordan. To achieve the purpose of the study, a questionnaire was developed, after insuring its validity and reliability. The findings showed that, according to the means and standard deviations of the questionnaire items, cooperative teachers did not fulfill their supervisory roles in improving the professional preparation of student teachers during the education field-training. The findings also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the effectiveness of the supervisory performance of cooperative teachers due to gender, academic qualification and teaching experience. This indicates that these variables do not affect the cooperative teachers' supervisory role in improving student teachers' preparation. This study contributes to a better comprehension of the supervisory performance of cooperative teachers in improving the professional preparation of student teachers. It is suggested that the teacher education program at Yarmouk University should pay attention to improve student teachers' preparation during the education field-training phase.

This study aims to identify the level of teachers’ support and the involvement of students in learning activities to improve academic achievement of high school students. Teachers’ support refers to teaching activities in the classroom. Student involvement is seen from the aspect of student learning in the classroom. The conceptual framework of the study combines two theories and a model which are the theory or model of the human ecological system (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), social capital theory (Robert and Putnam, 2000) and aspiration model of the Malaysian Education System in the Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013–2025 (2013). This study is a survey using questionnaire for information. The sample was chosen randomly, involving a total of 200 form four students in Negeri Sembilan. The whole construct is at a high level of reliability of 0.926. This study uses descriptive analysis of mean and standard deviation using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 24. The results show that teachers’ support and student involvement in classroom learning activities are at moderate level. The implication of the study found that teachers and the school need to increase their efforts, programs and activities in improving student academic achievement.

This study used questionnaires and interviews to discover senior secondary students’ perceptions of their drama class experiences in three different schools from an Ontario public board of education. Questionnaire results from entire classes supported interview results from four students in each class. No notable differences in student perceptions emerged, either between boys and girls, or among the three schools. Findings uncovered student attitudes about scholastic motivation, retention, and success that might be applicable across subject areas. For example, they enjoyed opportunities for physical mobility, peer interaction, and self-expression. They praised authentic, challenging, and relevant learning tasks that culminated in displays for audiences beyond their own classrooms. More than subject content, students valued drama class as a vehicle for enduring personal and social growth.

Fostering students’ creativity in learning is not effortless because the average learning activity is usually less challenging. Authentic problem-based learning is a learning model that is expected to foster students' creativity in education. This study aimed to examine expert and practitioner validation on authentic problem-based learning tasks prototype in promoting student creativity. The prototype product was displayed and simulated in virtual zoom and validated by 14 learning experts and 18 practitioners/teachers. The initial data were collected through self-evaluation using a questionnaire. The results showed that the use of real experiences as a learning stimulus could foster creative solutions, which are marked by the emergence of new, unusual ideas, imaginative ideas, new creations that have an impact on the development of student creativity.

Debate is considered as one of the best ways and interesting classroom activity of speaking practice. It is also one of the most challenging practices among the others. Furthermore, debate in the foreign language classroom generally helps English learners to develop their communicative abilities. Nevertheless, some English learners’ still have problems in doing debate. This study aims to explore the EFL student teachers’ problems and strategies to solve those problems in debate practicing in academic speaking class at Universitas Muria Kudus. This study is a qualitative research with the questionnaire and interview as the instruments of collecting data. The result of this study shows that there were eleven problems faced by the EFL student teachers in debate practicing in academic speaking class. Meanwhile, the students implement seven strategies to solve those problems. This study suggests that lecturers know the potential problems in debate practicing to anticipate the difficulties when teaching debate as well as to inform the students about the strategies to cope with the problems in debate practicing.

Using the "Middle School Student Mathematics Learning Non-intellectual Questionnaire," a total of 1,400 middle school students in 11 districts and counties of Tianjin were surveyed. According to the data, using the raw score normalization method and the formula “T = 50+10×Z”, the middle school student mathematics learning non-intellectual population and its sub-dimensions norm table were established the corresponding grade evaluation standard was determined. The results of applied research were analyzed for class and individual application cases, and corresponding suggestions were made based on the analysis results.

Objective:To translate SCOFF questionnaire in French and evaluate its metrological features for the screening of eating disorders (ED) in a student French population.Methods:SCOFF questionnaire is composed by 5 questions and it has been developed for the screening of ED and Its French version isn't currently available. The translation and the transcultural validation were done using international criteria. The validation study employed the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview as the gold standard and the French version of SCOFF questionnaire (QD-TCA) paper and pencil form was applied to female students attending yearly evaluation in the Students Health clinic.Results:The sample was composed of 120 women with a mean age of 20 years (standard deviation - SD - 3.1 years, range 18-35). Thirteen cases (10.8%) of ED were diagnosed having ED (3 cases (2.8%) of anorexia nervosa and 10 cases (8%) of bulimia nervosa). Diagnostic threshold was calculated using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and fixated at two positive answers. The sensitivity of QD-TCA was of 92% with a specificity of 91.5%. Its positive and negative predictive values for ED were 57.1% and 99%, respectively. Similar results were obtained for AN and BN. Intraclass correlation-R was of 89%.Conclusion:The French version of SCOFF questionnaire developed by our team (QD-TCA) seems to be a reliable and practical eating disorder's screening tool in a moderate risk student setting.

In this study, the author aims to determine the effect of reinforcement on physical learning on student motivation at SMPN 5 Cirebon. The method used by this researcher is a causal comparative with an ex post facto design. The population in this study were all students of SMPN 5 Cirebon with a sampling technique, namely Cluster Random Sampling with a total sample of 64 people consisting of class VIII 1 students and class VIII 2 students. The instrument used to collect data was using a questionnaire. motivation to learn. The questionnaire was used to measure the effect of reinforcement on learning motivation. The results of the data description can be seen that the effect of reinforcement on student motivation in class VIII 1 has an average value of 68.22 with a standard deviation of 8.315, the lowest value is 56 and the highest value is 100. In class VIII 2 the effect of reinforcement on student learning motivation has an average The average is 68.59 with a standard deviation of 6.997, the lowest value is 52 and the highest value is 80. The results of data processing show the value of sig. greater than 0.05 or 0.506, it can be concluded that the use of reinforcement in physical education learning can increase students' learning motivation.

The facts found are that teacher’s use conventional learning, students only listen and record, Mid Semester Score has not reached the classical completion standard. Therefore this study aims to improve student physics learning achievement through the application of interactive learning model using constructivism approach on the students of class VIII SMP Negeri 5 Lingsar academic year 2012/2013. This research is a classroom action research that has been done in 2 cycles consisting of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. Student questionnaire data given in cycle I through the questionnaire with an average score of 32.8 (positive category). Student achievement data obtained through the test given at each end of the cycle. Cycle I consists of 3 sessions. The results showed that the average score evaluation analysis 63.39 and classical learning completeness of 56.52% (category not complete). Cycle II consists of 4 sessions. The results show that the average score of evaluation analysis is 75.60 and the classical completeness is 86.95% (complete category). We conclude that the application of interactive learning model using constructivism approach has a positive impact on student physics achievement.

In the 21st century, learning does not have to be in the real class. In this condition, teachers and students must be able to communicate and adapt to the development of information technology (IT). It is expected that teachers and students must be able to master the use of IT or the internet in e-learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the readiness of students in e-learning-based ecological learning. This approach is a quantitative approach with the type of research being descriptive. The method and design of survey research. The sample of this research is the total population of 340 students. The research instrument is a closing questionnaire, which is the result of adaptation from Tuntirojanawong research. In this study, the data collection was a questionnaire through the website: Aceh Online Learning System: (SpadaAceh). The statistics used for the analysis of the questionnaire data are mean and standard deviation. The results of the study on the student readiness variable include 5 (five) indicators namely technology access (mean 3.52), technology skills (mean 3.51), learning ability (mean 3.65), time management skills (mean 3.51), and learning motivation (mean 3.51). The five indicators fall into the category "Ready but need a few improvements". It can be concluded that readiness students through technology access, technology skills, learning abilities, time management skills, and learning motivation are ready but needs a few improvements

This study aims to describe the effect of student confidence in mathematics on critical thinking skills and student learning outcomes. This research is a quasi-experimental study, the sample in this study is X class students majoring in hotel accommodation as many as 30 students. Retrieval of data using questionnaire and test instruments. The results of this study indicate that the average student confidence in mathematics is 58.06 with a standard deviation of 3.65. While the ability to think critically and student learning outcomes obtained an average of 56.94 with a standard deviation of 9.63. The influence of students' trust in mathematics on critical thinking skills and student learning outcomes have a positive effect shown by F arithmetic (4,485) ≥ F table (4.18) or the significance number in ANOVA 0.043 ≤ 0.05. The magnitude of the effect of students' trust in mathematics on critical thinking skills and student learning outcomes of 13.4%. The regression equation obtained by Y ̂ = 0.866 + 0.966X + ϵ. This means that if the value of students' trust in mathematics is 1 unit, the value of the predicted variable will increase by 0.966. The higher the student's confidence in mathematics, the ability to think critically and student learning outcomes will also increase.

The article establishes student perceptions in software modelling using UML in their final undergraduate projects. The research was done at a University in Botswana. The research used a mixed methods approach, an open-ended questionnaire was administered to the participants. A sample size of 140 participants that met the inclusion criteria was used in the research. The key findings from the research were that students find modelling using UML to be challenging. Some of the project supervisors were assigned to assist students with their projects were not knowledgeable with the student's project topic.

As student enrolments grow and student diversity increases in many areas of higher education, faculty face challenges to support and ensure individual student learning and development. At the same time, active and experiential approaches to learning are recognized for their potential to develop autonomy and critical thinking, among other valuable skills. However, such approaches are challenging to implement at scale and alter the educator’s role from a directive one to a more facilitating role. This article reports on a questionnaire with 66 business academics at a large Australian metropolitan university that examined teaching experiences at scale and identified perceived barriers and enablers of experiential learning in large classes. Academics reported their lived experiences of teaching at scale and revealed the need to recognize teaching practice as a highly networked and distributed activity. In experiential learning, and particularly in large classes, the locus of control for learning shifts to the student, leading to feelings of disorientation and disempowerment. We make several recommendations for teaching development, faculty, and future research.