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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Lumley, James E. A. Challenge your taxes: Homeowner's guide to reducing your property taxes. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.

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2

Ramcharan, B. G. The Guyana Court of Appeal: The challenges of the rule of law in a developing country. London: Cavendish, 2002.

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3

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Battling the backlog part II: Challenges facing the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims : hearing before the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, July 13, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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4

Office, General Accounting. Tax Administration: Most taxpayers believe they benefit from paid tax preparers, but oversight for IRS is a challenge : report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2003.

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5

British Medical Association. General Medical Services Committee. How to resist a challenge to your dispensing services: GMSC guidance on how to submit evidence to FHSAs and the FHS Appeal Unit. [London]: British Medical Association, 1992.

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6

Akanbi, Muhammed Mustapha. The judiciary and the challenges of justice: Selected papers and speeches of honourable justice Muhammed Mustapha Akanbi, president, Court of Appeal, Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria: Patrioni Books, 1996.

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7

Office, General Accounting. Competitive contracting: Agencies upheld few challenges and appeals under the FAIR Act : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology House Committee on Government Reform. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 2000.

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8

Office, General Accounting. Competitive contracting: Agencies upheld few challenges and appeals under the FAIR Act : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology, House Committee on Government Reform. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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Office, General Accounting. Competitive contracting: Agencies upheld few challenges and appeals under the FAIR Act : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology, House Committee on Government Reform. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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10

Lumley, James E. A. Challenge Your Taxes: Homeowner's Guide to Reducing Property Taxes. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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11

Morse, Stephen J. The Neuroscientific Non-Challenge to Meaning, Morals, and Purpose. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190460723.003.0018.

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Stephen J. Morse argues that neuroscience raises no new challenges for the existence, source, and content of meaning, morals, and purpose in human life, nor for the robust conceptions of agency and autonomy underpinning law and responsibility. Proponents of revolutionizing the law and legal system make two arguments. The first appeals to determinism and the person as a “victim of neuronal circumstances” (VNC) or “just a pack of neurons” (PON). The second defend “hard incompatibilism. ” Morse reviews the law’s psychology, concept of personhood, and criteria for criminal responsibility, arguing that neither determinism nor VNC/PON are new to neuroscience and neither justifies revolutionary abandonment of moral and legal concepts and practices evolved over centuries in both common law and civil law countries. He argues that, although the metaphysical premises for responsibility or jettisoning it cannot be decisively resolved, the hard incompatibilist vision is not normatively desirable even if achievable.
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12

Bernal, Angélica Maria. Another Birth of Freedom. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190494223.003.0008.

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This chapter examines a previously unexplored perspective on the US civil rights refounding: Méndez v. Westminster School District et al. (1947), a case reflecting the political and legal struggles of Mexican American parents in 1940s Orange County to challenge their children’s segregation from California’s public schools. Against familiar interpretations that excluded groups advance social-justice claims before the broader society as appeals to the promises of the Founding or Founders, this chapter argues that even when situated as appeals within the law, foundational challenges are better understood as underauthorized ones: actions that self-authorize not on the basis of an order that once was, but on the basis of a citizen-subject position and political order that are at once precarious and yet to come. This type of constitutional politics, the chapter argues, challenges understandings of democratic self-constitution predicated on a unified “We, the People” by bringing to light the constituent power of the excluded.
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13

Blair, Ann. Challenges to School Exclusion: Exclusion, Appeals and the Law. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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14

Blair, Ann. Challenges to School Exclusion: Exclusion, Appeals and the Law. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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15

Blair, Ann. Challenges to School Exclusion: Exclusion, Appeals and the Law. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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16

Blair, Ann. Challenges to School Exclusion: Exclusion, Appeals and the Law. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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17

Blair, Ann. Challenges to School Exclusion: Exclusion, Appeals and the Law. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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18

Blair, and Ann. Challenges to School Exclusion: Exclusion, Appeals and the Law. RoutledgeFalmer, 2000.

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19

Blair, and Ann. Challenges to School Exclusion: Exclusion, Appeals and the Law. RoutledgeFalmer, 2000.

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20

Silvers, Anita, and Leslie Francis. Reproduction as a Civil Right. Edited by Leslie Francis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.9.

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In calling for access to health care needed to achieve reproductive goals, defenders of reproductive freedom typically appeal to rights. Behind these appeals lie important differences about rights: Are they human rights or civil rights? Rights to protection from interference, to legal process, or to some further distribution of resources? This chapter develops a civil rights approach to reproduction. It first explains foundational differences between human rights claims and civil rights claims. The former rest on conceptions of what it is to be human and thus risk rendering rightless those individuals who do not fit the specified idea. The latter ground rights in claims of both typical and atypical individuals to inclusion in given social circumstances. Civil rights claims thus challenge unequal treatment of atypical people’s reproductive functioning, whether the issue is involuntary sterilization, lack of access to reproductive care, or threatened termination of parental rights.
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21

Dagger, Richard. Authority, Deference, and Fair Play. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199388837.003.0009.

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This chapter defends the fair-play theory of political obligation and punishment by addressing two further challenges. According to the first challenge, recent revisions to the standard conception of political and legal authority lead to the conclusion that there is no general obligation to obey the law. On this standard account, to have political or legal authority is to have a right to rule, and those subject to authority have an obligation to obey the directives of those who have the right to rule. If this account is faulty, then the connection between political authority and political obligation is neither as straightforward nor as strong as the standard account assumes. According to the second challenge, the problem is not with authority but with what citizens owe to their polities. That is, citizens do have duties with regard to the law, but the weaker duties of respect or deference rather than an obligation to obey. This chapter responds to the first challenge by demonstrating the superiority of the standard account to the so-called service conception of authority and to the second by showing how appeals to respect or deference rely on a belief in political obligation.
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22

Cappelen, Herman. Reply to Strawson 1. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814719.003.0010.

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This chapter presents one strategy for responding to Strawson’s challenge that appeals to the idea that sameness of extension does not track samesaying. If a sentence p contains a context-sensitive term like ‘smart’, then if I say p in one context, and you say p in a different context, and relative to these two contexts ‘smart’ has a (slightly) different extension, it can still be true to say that both you and I said the same thing. If you accept this, then you should also accept that extension doesn’t track sameness of topic. This means that—contra the Strawsonian challenge—it can be true both that the extension is changed, and the topic has remained the same. The chapter shows how this line can be used against various versions of the Strawsonian challenge, compares the author’s view with some alternatives, and considers whether there are any limits to revision.
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23

Wright Rigueur, Leah. The Challenge of Change. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159010.003.0004.

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This chapter analyzes how Edward Brooke's election was a moment of profound achievement for both black Republicans and the larger Grand Old Party (GOP) apparatus. Viewed as a political phenomenon, he not only represented the abstract goals of the National Negro Republican Assembly (NNRA) but also captured an image that moderate and liberal Republican leaders had struggled to harness since Barry Goldwater's unnerving rise in 1964. For a party traumatized in the aftermath of defeat, Brooke provided much needed proof that moderate Republican candidates could appeal to an interracial cross section of the American public. Drawing on a broader black middle-class tradition of respectability politics, he won his elections by running a campaign that was simultaneously race neutral and race conscious—a paradox, to be sure, but one that allowed an interracial audience to embrace him and his politics.
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24

Nigel, Blackaby, Partasides Constantine, Redfern Alan, and Hunter Martin. 10 Challenge of Arbitral Awards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198714248.003.0010.

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This chapter discusses the challenge or appeal of arbitral awards by the losing party of arbitration. Under the New York Convention and the UNICTRAL Model Law, the purpose of challenging an award is to have the court declare all, or part, of the award null and void. If an award is set aside or annulled by the relevant court, it will usually be treated as invalid and accordingly unenforceable not only by the courts of the seat of arbitration, but also by national courts elsewhere. The chapter describes the various methods of challenge: ‘internal’ challenge; the correction and interpretation of awards; the issuance of additional awards; and the remission of awards. If the challenge is successful, the court may decide to confirm the award, refer it back to the arbitrary tribunal, vary the award, or set it aside in whole or in part.
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25

Kiss, Miklós, and Steven Willemsen. Puzzling Stories: The Aesthetic Appeal of Cognitive Challenge in Film, Television and Literature. Berghahn Books, Incorporated, 2022.

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26

Willemsen, Steven, and Miklós Kiss, eds. Puzzling Stories: The Aesthetic Appeal of Cognitive Challenge in Film, Television and Literature. Berghahn Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/9781800735910.

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Many films and novels defy our ability to make sense of the plot. While puzzling storytelling, strange incongruities, inviting enigmas and persistent ambiguities have been central to the effects of many literary and cinematic traditions, a great deal of contemporary films and television series bring such qualities to the mainstream—but wherein lies the attractiveness of perplexing works of fiction? This collected volume offers the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and trans-medial approach to the question of cognitive challenge in narrative art, bringing together psychological, philosophical, formal-historical, and empirical perspectives from leading scholars across these fields.
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27

Butt, Simon, and Tim Lindsey. Criminal Procedure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199677740.003.0011.

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This chapter discusses the criminal procedure laws applicable before a defendant is tried. It is intended to be read alongside Chapter 12, which covers criminal procedure during trials, appeals, post-conviction avenues (including clemency and parole), and potential reforms. This chapter outlines the rules in the Code of Criminal Procedure (KUHAP) relating to police arrest, detentions, and investigations, and the circumstances in which cases may proceed for prosecution. During these stages of the criminal process, suspects and defendants have various ‘on paper’ rights, including: to silence; legal assistance; and to challenge their arrest, detention, or being named a suspect. However, as this chapter shows, these rights are, in practice, routinely ignored.
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28

Heath, Anthony F., Elisabeth Garratt, Ridhi Kashyap, Yaojun Li, and Lindsay Richards. The Challenge of Inequality of Opportunity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805489.003.0007.

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Discrimination and inequality of opportunity run counter to British values, are inefficient and waste talent, and can be a potent source of grievance. Discrimination also has highly negative consequences for the well-being and mental health of those affected. However, despite the various Acts of Parliament which made discrimination for jobs illegal, Blacks and Asians experience much the same level of discrimination as they did forty years ago. There is a rather more optimistic picture in the case of the gender wage gap, where the evidence suggests that there was some decline in unequal treatment. In contrast, the story for social class inequalities of opportunity is less encouraging, with little evidence of improvement over the post-war period. Most peer countries exhibit similar inequalities, but Canada appears to do better with respect to social class and France with respect to gender inequalities. There is scope for improvement.
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29

Szmukler, George. Challenges to the orthodoxy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0004.

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Two comparatively recent developments in health care ethics and policy further challenge the conventional bases for involuntary treatment in mental health care. First has been the shift in general medicine over the past 50 years from ‘paternalism’ and large medical discretion to patient ‘autonomy’. Interventions require ‘informed consent’; treatment without a patient’s consent can only occur if the person lacks ‘decision-making capacity’ and the treatment is judged to be in the person’s ‘best interests’. The treatment decision of a general medical patient who has decisional capacity is respected even if it appears to be unwise. This shift to respect for patient self-determination has been largely ignored in psychiatry. The second policy development is the extension in mental health care of involuntary treatment into the community, greatly increasing the scope for the exercise of compulsion. What constitutes an appropriate level of risk to justify compulsion in the community is unclear.
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30

Jin, Dal Yong. Hybrid Local Animation’s Global Appeal. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039973.003.0005.

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This chapter examines Korea's animation industry, which has not been a major cultural form in Hallyu research. It investigates the historical, cultural, and economic forces that have shaped Korea's animation characters in the context of the debates on globalization utilizing the framework of hybridity. It analyzes the texts of a few animation characters, including Pororo the Little Penguin, in order to understand the major reasons for the sudden growth of the Korean animation industry. In particular, it maps out the hybrid nature of Korean animation, which is the politicization of local popular culture. By using Korea's animations, it challenges the notation of the depoliticization of popular culture. Finally, given that American and Japanese animation characters have exerted a huge influence since the early development of Korean animation, and taking into account the inclusion of elements of hybridization in production, the chapter discusses the ways in which the domestic animation industry has become popular in the global market.
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31

Stoddart, Mark C. J., Jillian Rene Smith, and Paula Graham. Oil Opposition. Edited by Debra J. Davidson and Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.26.

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This chapter examines mobilization against new oil development by Indigenous and environmental activists. Drawing on Canadian examples, two key themes are identified. First, anti-oil activism adopts a diversity of discourses and tactical links between particular oil development projects and broader socio-environmental issues such as colonialism and climate change. Environmental opposition often reflects a conservationist approach that emphasizes ecological risks, which compartmentalizes opposition to specific projects from broader analyses of the oil sector. Indigenous opposition is more often grounded in a rights-based approach that emphasizes Canada’s long history of colonization. Second, where there are alignments between Indigenous and environmental opposition against oil projects, appeals to treaty agreements and environmental justice are used by both indigenous and non-indigenous anti-oil activists to challenge energy projects.
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32

Radoilska, Lubomira. Depression, Decisional Capacity, and Personal Autonomy. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0067.

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This chapter aims to address two related challenges the phenomenon of depression raises for theories which present autonomy as an agency concept and an independent source of justification. The first challenge is directed at an intuitive conception of intentional agency as implying a robust though not always direct link between evaluation and motivation, for in depression what appears to be choice-worthy does not get chosen. The second challenge targets the feasibility of a reliable distinction between autonomous and non-autonomous choices, for both value-neutral and value-laden accounts of depressive agency seem open to decisive objections. Drawing on Freud's interpretation of melancholia and Korsgaard's notion of practical identity, the chapter develops a conception of paradoxical identification which helps address the two challenges described and supports a revised value-neutral account of depressive agency as being non-autonomous.
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33

Buchanan, Allen. Is Evolved Human Nature an Obstacle to Moral Progress? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868413.003.0005.

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This chapter critically examines an important source of conservative skepticism about the possibility of moral progress: the hypothesis that our evolved moral psychology imposes rather narrow and inflexible constraints on our ability to construct and implement “inclusivist” moralities—moralities that reject group-based restrictions on membership in the moral community, such as those based on race, ethnicity, gender, species, or on self-serving cooperative relationships between groups. This “evoconservative” challenge to the liberal cosmopolitan project appeals to contemporary evolutionary theory to support the long-standing but historically under-evidenced conservative assertion that human nature imposes powerful limitations on human other-regard—constraints that make certain attempts at moral reform futile or prohibitively costly. This chapter lays out evoconservative assumptions about the nature of the ancestral environment in which human morality supposedly came to be.
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34

Griffiths, Owen, and A. C. Paseau. One True Logic. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829713.001.0001.

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Abstract Logical monism is the claim that there is a single correct logic, the ‘one true logic’ of our title. The view has evident appeal, as it reflects assumptions made in ordinary reasoning as well as in mathematics, the sciences, and the law. In all these spheres, we tend to believe that there are determinate facts about the validity of arguments. Despite its evident appeal, however, logical monism must meet two challenges. The first is the challenge from logical pluralism, according to which there is more than one correct logic. The second challenge is to determine which form of logical monism is the correct one. One True Logic is the first monograph to explicitly articulate a version of logical monism and defend it against the first challenge. It provides a critical overview of the monism vs pluralism debate and argues for the former. It also responds to the second challenge by defending a particular monism, based on a highly infinitary logic. It breaks new ground on a number of fronts and unifies disparate discussions in the philosophical and logical literature. In particular, it generalizes the Tarski–Sher criterion of logicality, provides a novel defence of this generalization, offers a clear new argument for the logicality of infinitary logic and replies to recent pluralist arguments.
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35

Māna, Śākya Ṭhākura, Meyer G. Rex, and Asia-Pacific Programme of Education for All., eds. Challenges of education for all in Asia and the Pacific and the APPEAL response. Bangkok: UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 1997.

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36

Ramcharan, Bertrand. Guyana Court of Appeal: Challenges of the Rule of Law in a Developing Country. Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.

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37

Saito, Yuriko. Challenges and Responses to Everyday Aesthetics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672103.003.0002.

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Everyday aesthetics is often criticized for lacking aesthetic credentials. Its legitimacy as a discourse is questioned because proximal senses, experiences gained while engaging in an activity, and qualities other than beauty and sublimity are included in its purview. Inclusion of these items is considered to deny a clear ‘object’ of aesthetic appreciation, the possibility of objective judgments, and profundity of aesthetic experience. Excluding them, however, does not do justice to the rich and multifaceted contents of everyday aesthetic life. Phenomenological description, instead of the judgment-oriented and objectivity-seeking discourse, is more appropriate for exploring some dimensions of everyday aesthetic life. In addition, while possibly lacking the same degree of profundity and intensity of beauty and sublimity, the popular appeal of easily recognizable aesthetic qualities deserves to be investigated because of their prevalence and frequent manipulation for commercial and political purposes.
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38

Raeesa, Vakil. Part IV Separation of Powers, Ch.21 Jurisdiction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0021.

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This chapter explores how the jurisdiction of the Indian Supreme Court has evolved as an appellate court, a constitutional court, and a ‘final’ court. It begins by reviewing the four kinds of appeal that may be heard by the Supreme Court as specified in the Indian Constitution: civil, criminal, questions of constitutional interpretation, and appeals by special leave of the Court. It then considers the uncertainty and expansion in the Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction, with particular emphasis on the imbalance in jurisdictional reforms, the absence of guidelines for the exercise of discretion, and inconsistency in implementing constitutional provisions. It also discusses the Court’s advisory jurisdiction, adjudication of federal disputes, and jurisdiction to interpret the Constitution, along with its power to enforce justice and its claim to inherent powers. The chapter concludes by outlining some of the challenges faced by the Court today.
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39

Olugbuo, Benson Chinedu. Operationalizing the Complementarity Principle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810568.003.0004.

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The chapter discusses the political and legal developments in Kenya, where President Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Deputy President William Samoei Ruto were until recently facing ICC indictments for their alleged involvement with orchestrating crimes against humanity. It evaluates whether the decisions of Pre-Trial Chamber II and the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Court authorizing the opening of an investigation and dismissing the admissibility challenge by Kenya are a turning point for the ICC in its relationship with national judicial systems in the wider fight against impunity. The chapter seeks to establish whether the decisions of the ICC Chambers limit Kenya’s primary responsibility to hold its citizens accountable. The chapter discusses the prosecutorial policy of ‘inaction’ adopted by the ICC judges and the effect of Pre-Trial Chamber II’s decision to authorize investigation in the Kenya situation based on a liberal interpretation of article 7(2)(a) of the Statute.
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40

Wu, Tianyue. Augustine on the Election of Jacob. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827030.003.0001.

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This essay aims to take up the philosophical challenge of causal determination in divine predestination to human freedom by reconstructing Augustine’s relevant insights to argue that divine predestination still can accommodate our intuitions concerning freedom and moral responsibility today. Section 1 briefly reconstructs the development of Augustine’s reflections on predestination by focusing on his interpretation of the election of Jacob. Section 2 appeals to attacks from the Idle Argument and the Manipulation Argument to present the theoretical difficulties in Augustine’s account. Section 3 argues that Augustine’s teaching of predestination contains a significant but often-neglected aspect of moral intuitions: the asymmetry of moral responsibility, namely, the conditions of being praised for a good action are substantially different from those of being blamed for an evil one. In conclusion, this essay considers some possible objections to the Augustinian asymmetry thesis to show its relevance to our moral responsibility practices today.
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41

Freer, Courtney. Challenges and Opposition in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190861995.003.0007.

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This chapter tracks the role of Brotherhood affiliates after the so-called Arab Spring, with the aim of understanding how they function in the present day and how they were affected by the developments of 2011–2012, as well as the fall of the Muhammad Mursi government in Egypt. It shows the resilience and flexibility of rentier Islamists, in particular as political conditions have changed. As the regimes of the super-rentiers have limited the institutional involvement of the Brotherhood, either through co-optation or crackdown, the Brotherhood remained an influential cultural force for its appeal within conservative societies whose governments were becoming increasingly modern and Western-leaning.
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42

Bohr, Niels Henrik David, 1885-1962., Boserup Anders, Christensen L, Nathan Ove, and Københavns universitet, eds. The Challenge of nuclear armaments: Essays dedicated to Niels Bohr and his appeal for an open world. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, 1986.

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43

The Challenge of nuclear armaments: Essays dedicated to Niels Bohr and his appeal for an open world. Rhodos International Publishers, 1986.

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44

Moreno-Brid, Juan Carlos, Esteban Pérez Caldentey, and Laura Valdez. Changing Challenges in the Modernization of Nacional Financiera. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0005.

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NAFINSA was essential to Mexico’s development process. It served as the financial agent of the Federal Government and provided preferential access to long-term finance favouring selected business interests and groups. With the Washington Consensus, its tasks were reduced to correcting for market failures, becoming a complement to commercial banks, and focusing on attending the market segments falling outside the scope of commercial bank activity (notably SMEs). Although it appears as a successful story of institutional transformation, on closer inspection, NAFINSA has not been able to overcome key obstacles and its success in alleviating credit restrictions is very limited. NAFINSA must recover some of its functions, prerogatives, and responsibilities as a policy bank to become relevant in strengthening financial intermediation for capital formation.
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45

Friedman, Sally, and Richard K. Scotch. Politicians with Disabilities: Challenges and Choices. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.207.

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Persons with disabilities make up a large and significant segment of the American public; however, Americans with disabilities have rarely been considered an important political constituency or received public (or scholarly) attention in terms of their representation among political candidates or office holders. To the extent that people with disabilities have been addressed in American political discourse, they have been associated with the receipt of public benefits and services instead of being thought of as people with the potential to actively participate. Having a physical or mental impairment has typically carried with it a considerable degree of social stigma, and to be disabled is, in the minds of many, to be incapable and incompetent, dependent on others, and even morally questionable. Thus, for much of American history, the perception of an individual as disabled has been inconsistent with the personal qualities that the voting public and political gatekeepers view as desirable for public officials.While there have always been politicians with disabilities in government, many of them have chosen to hide or minimize the visibility and extent of their impairments. However, cultural changes in part provoked by the disability rights movement have meant that many impairments have become less discrediting, and that people with disabilities are more likely to be seen as having the potential to be contributing citizens. The number of political candidates and officeholders with disabilities appears to be increasing, and some have chosen to include or even highlight their disabling condition as they present themselves to their constituents.
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46

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs., ed. The Challenges Facing The U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, Serial No. 110-24, May 22, 2007, 110-1 Hearing, *. [S.l: s.n., 2008.

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47

Stuart, Ford. Part I Context, Challenges, and Constraints, 5 How Much Money Does the ICC Need? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0005.

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The ICC’s budget has become a central and often thorny point of discussion between the Court, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the Assembly of States Parties (ASP). Some states have argued that the Court can make do with its existing budget and have stressed the necessity of zero growth, while the Court and many NGOs argue that it is underfunded. Underlying this debate is the question of whether the Court is efficient. This chapter explores these issues and places ICC performance in relation to the UN ad hoc tribunals (e.g. ICTY). It argues that the ICC may be able to rearrange its spending to devote a larger proportion of its budget to investigations, trials, and appeals, and less of its budget to support functions.
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48

De Vries, Catherine E., and Sara B. Hobolt. Political Entrepreneurs. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691194752.001.0001.

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Challenger parties are on the rise in Europe, exemplified by the likes of Podemos in Spain, the National Rally in France, the Alternative for Germany, or the Brexit Party in Great Britain. Like disruptive entrepreneurs, these parties offer new policies and defy the dominance of established party brands. In the face of these challenges and a more volatile electorate, mainstream parties are losing their grip on power. This book explores why some challenger parties are so successful and what mainstream parties can do to confront these political entrepreneurs. Drawing analogies with how firms compete, the book demonstrates that political change is as much about the ability of challenger parties to innovate as it is about the inability of dominant parties to respond. Challenger parties employ two types of innovation to break established party dominance: they mobilize new issues, such as immigration, the environment, and Euroscepticism, and they employ antiestablishment rhetoric to undermine mainstream party appeal. Unencumbered by government experience, challenger parties adapt more quickly to shifting voter tastes and harness voter disenchantment. Delving into strategies of dominance versus innovation, the authors explain why European party systems have remained stable for decades, but also why they are now increasingly under strain. As challenger parties continue to seek to disrupt the existing order, the book shows that their ascendency fundamentally alters government stability and democratic politics.
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49

Nelkin, Dana Kay, and Samuel C. Rickless. Moral Responsibility for Unwitting Omissions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683450.003.0006.

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Unwitting omissions pose a challenge for theories of moral responsibility. For common-sense morality holds many unwitting omitters morally responsible for their omissions, even though they appear to lack both awareness and control. People who leave dogs in their car on a hot day or forget to pick something up from the store as they promised seem to be blameworthy. If moral responsibility requires awareness of one’s omission and its moral significance, it appears that the protagonists of these cases are not morally responsible. This chapter considers and rejects a number of influential views on this problem, including a view that grounds responsibility for such omissions in previous exercises of conscious agency, and “Attributionist” views that ground responsibility for such omissions in the value judgments or other aspects of the agents’ selves. The chapter proposes a new tracing view that grounds responsibility for unwitting omissions in past opportunities to avoid them.
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Mitchell, Olivia S., Robert Clark, and Raimond Maurer, eds. How Persistent Low Returns Will Shape Saving and Retirement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827443.001.0001.

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Funded pension systems around the world have long relied on relatively high and predictable long-term capital market returns. Yet these retirement systems confront a key challenge today, namely, how to deal with what appears to be persistently low returns on bonds and equities. For this reason, it will be prudent, and probably necessary, for insurers, plan sponsors, workers, retirees, and policymakers to take concrete steps to prepare for these lower long-term expected rates of return to retirement wealth. In fact, as we show in this volume, a persistent low-interest-rate economy will compel many to revisit how much they save, how they invest, and how long they can afford to live in retirement. Academics, policymakers, and industry leaders debate alternative strategies to cope with these challenges globally, as economic growth remains slow and low returns become the ‘new normal.’
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