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Academic literature on the topic 'Chaînes alimentaires – Mer – Seychelles'
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Journal articles on the topic "Chaînes alimentaires – Mer – Seychelles"
Bromberger, Christian. "Méditerranée." Anthropen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.anthropen.106.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Chaînes alimentaires – Mer – Seychelles"
Sabino, Magali. "Bioaccumulation of trace elements in Seychelles marine food webs." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS026.
Full textFood security, that is guarantying food supply and quality while sustainably managing resources, is closely linked to knowing the biology and ecology of consumed species. In a context of global changes that are threatening seafood safety, it is thus necessary to establish baselines on marine ecosystem functioning, as well as nutrient availability and contamination occurrence in seafood. This is all the more important in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), where populations rely on marine resources for their subsistence, and where capture fisheries resources are the main sources of proteins and micronutrients (i.e. essential trace elements) in local populations’ diet. In spite of the importance of tropical systems in ensuring food security, they remain largely understudied compared to polar and temperate systems. This thesis thus aims to better understand the functioning of tropical marine systems, and to establish a baseline on micronutrient availability and metal(loid) contamination in a wide diversity of capture fisheries resources from the Seychelles (Western Indian Ocean), a tropical SIDS. By investigating trace element concentration patterns at the inter- and intraspecific levels, it was possible to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing trace element bioaccumulation in tropical capture fisheries resources. We thus highlighted the importance of considering different scales (individual, species, and ecosystem) to better understand essential trace element availability and non-essential trace element occurrence in seafood
Roméo, Michèle. "Contribution à la connaissance des métaux traces (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) dans l'écosystème marin au niveau du plancton : approches analytiques et expérimentales." Nice, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NICE4050.
Full textCotonnec, Gwenaëlle. "Les lipides, marqueurs des relations trophiques planctoniques dans les écosystèmes pélagiques côtiers." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0060.
Full textThe objective of this work was to study the trophic relationships between the phytoplankton and the zooplankton in the Eastern English Channel durong the spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystis sp. These relationships were studied using the fatty acids and the phytoplanktonic pigments as biomarkers. The POM (particulate organic matter) and copepods were analyzed by HLPC and GC to : characterize the composition of the nutritive pool, estimate the physiological state and the nutritive quality of the phytoplankton, characterize the diet of copepods. Jointly, microscopic counting was done to determine more accurately the phytoplankton composition and measure the cell size. A spatial study was conducted through the strait of Dover to : point out the qualitative and quantitative changes of the nutritive pool in the Strait of Dover ; localise the zone of high production during the phytoplankton spring bloom : the French coastal waters where the trophic relationships were detailed. A temporal study was conducted between Boulogne/Mer and the Bay of Authie in March, May and June 1998 to describe the qualitative and quantitative variations of the copepod nutritive pool. During the phytoplankton spring bloom, a development of Phaeocystis sp. Was observed jointly to a declining of diatoms, Cryptophytes, Dinophytes and Cyanophytes. In the same way, the nutritive quality of the POM decreased. During the phytoplankton growth, the nutrients are depleted in the water column. Thus, the phytoplankton production was totally regenerated. The trophic relationships were studied through the Dover Strait and in a retention zone localise in front of the Bay of Somme. The lipid biomarkers pointed out the diet and the alimentary behaviour of copepods : A. Clausi, P. Elongatus and T. Longicornis. In this study, T. Longicornis was the most selective species whereas A. Clausi was the most opportunistic. The daily ratios were sufficient for A. Clausi and P. Elongatus by contrast to T. Longicornis. Nevertheless, the fatty acid reserves were mobilised in the three species indicating that the Phaeocystis sp bloom was inadequate
Breton, Elsa. "Qualité du pool nutritif et nutrition des copépodes pélagiques en Manche orientale." Littoral, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DUNK0064.
Full textThis work investigates quantitative and qualitative sides of the in situ trophic relationships between phytoplankton and copepods, by means of pigments biomarkers, analyzed by HPLC. One method for extract and separate pigments from gut of copepods has been worked out. In parallel, microscopic counts have been carried out for : establish size of nutritive particles, estimate portion of heterotrophs, and verify validity of pigments biomarkers. Analysis of samples, collected fortnighly from November 1995 to July 1997, in two neighbour areas 'inshore and offshore) in the eastern English Channel, reveal that quality and quantity of the nutritive pool fluctuate substantially over the course of seasons. Microplanktonic diatoms contribute to the greatest part of phytoplankton biomass, incomparison with nano-phytoflagellates. However, numerically, these contribute to an important part of the phytoplankton, and dominate in winter, autumn, and April-May (Phaeocystis sp. ). Spatially, phytoplankton carbon biomass is higher in the coastal area, mainly due to higher frequency of diatoms. Thus, the offshore waters were characterised by a greater numerical contribution of flagellates. These differences show the importance of the particular hydrodynamism (tidal front) in the eastern English Channel on the distribution and composition of phytoplankton, and also on the nutrition of copepods. Thus, nanoflagellates compose a higher part in the copepods diet in the offshore waters. Concomitant copepods species respond with specific behaviour to such variability, and select food encountered, exerting always a strong preference on Cryptophyceae. Diatoms are ingested according their abundance, even are generally avoided during summer and winter. In fact, it seems that copepods overall feed on Thalasiosiraceae, present principally in spring and autumn. Results also show that copepods discriminate Phaeocystis sp
Vallières, Catherine. "Production bactérienne et structure du réseau alimentaire microbien dans le fleuve Mackenzie et l'océan Arctique côtier." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24315/24315.pdf.
Full textGlobally significant quantities of organic carbon are stored in northern permafrost soils, but little is known about how this carbon is processed by microbial communities once it enters rivers and is transported to the coastal Arctic Ocean. As part of the Arctic River-Delta Experiment (ARDEX), we measured environmental and microbiological variables along a 300 km transect across the Mackenzie River and coastal Beaufort Sea in July-August 2004 to investigate the river and estuarine gradients in microbial community structure and activity, and to evaluate the influence of UV exposure and carbon supply on bacterial processes in these ecosystems. Microbial community structure changed along the transect and the contribution of particle-attached bacteria was significantly higher in riverine and transition zone stations. Experimental results showed that bacterial metabolism was carbon limited in the Mackenzie River. Photodegradation increased organic carbon biolability in the Mackenzie River and decreased it in the Beaufort Sea.
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Cachera, Marie. "Implications of morphological and functional traits for trophic relationships within fish communities and marine trophic network architecture." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10122/document.
Full textA current issue in ecology is to understand the contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem functioning and notably to comprehend how inter- and intra-specific trait variation affects trophic interactions between individuals and species, the trophic organization of communities and trophic network architecture. Particularly, morphology has historically been considered as a main determinant of organisms’ ecology, which led to the field of ecomorphology, and, from a functional perspective, is expected to influence trophic relationships and other ecological functions performed by species. This thesis aimed at studying the trophic organization of a marine fish community and its dependency on morphological and functional trait variation between and within species. The associated trophic network revealed a meta-community structure, including two sub-networks along a coastal-offshore gradient. Species trophic niche breadth and individual trophic niche variation increased together, a pattern relying partly on species functional identity and the sex, body size and habitat of individuals. Contrary to phylogeny, species morphology was a relevant proxy for functional identity. Finally, morphology seemed the main source of variability in individual trophic relationships within the assemblage, but a large part of diet variation remained unexplained suggesting that critical factors had been neglected, notably behaviour. These results allow understanding better the role of morphological and functional diversity in the structure of marine trophic networks and may help to predict their spatio-temporal dynamics and their responses to perturbations
Garcia, Clément. "Approche fonctionnelle des communautés benthiques du bassin oriental de la Manche et du sud de la mer du Nord." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10185/document.
Full textMost of the studies concerning benthic communities in the eastern part of the English Channel and southern North Sea are descriptive, serving primarily to illustrate the specific changes in the diversity and structure of benthic communities. Only recently studies have examined benthic ecosystem functions, mainly due to difficulties in obtaining sufficient functional parameters for each benthic component (bacteria, meiofauna, macrofauna...). This work investigated whether the benthic communities of the studied area have to be considered as a single unit or as a juxtaposition of functional entities. An approach through two trophic modelling methods, inverse and Ecopath has been performed. In order to test and assess relative importance of factors supposed to influence benthic trophic structure, the study area was subdivided into units defined a priori according to two main structural factors of community distribution: geographical (bay of Seine, eastern Channel and North Sea) and sedimentary patterns (gravel and pebbles, coarse sand and fine sand). Comparisons of model outputs of each division highlighted the key role of suspension organism in flow transfer among the trophic web. It also showed different properties between the divisions. Benthic trophic functioning seems to be strongly correlated with the sediment to which it belongs. Finally, a preliminary approach assessing biological trait diversity of benthic invertebrates has been performed. Information concerning 21 biological traits on 631 species has been gathered. It allowed us to have a global view of diversity and dominance of the functional attributes in the study area
Bănaru, Daniela. "Influence des apports du Danube sur les réseaux trophiques des poissons de la côte roumaine (mer Noire)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22009.pdf.
Full textThis study was designed to assess the influence of the Danube River inputs on the food webs of the main fish species of the Romanian Black Sea coast: sprat, anchovy, horse mackerel, round goby, red mullet, whiting, flounder, sole, turbot, starry sturgeon and beluga. […] The stable isotope signatures of fishes were strongly influenced by the Danube signatures, as they consumed freshwater copepods, polychaetes and sprat which used River POM, whereas their main source of carbon was the marine phytoplankton. Fish stable isotope signatures and trophic levels were in accordance with their feeding behaviours. Many species consumed the same preys in the same area at a given season. They had reduced trophic niches, often overlapping as they preyed on the same dominant species due to the low biodiversity of the Black Sea communities. This phenomenon explained the similar stable isotope values of fishes which fed on the same preys, as well as the lack of correlation between isotope ratios and size. […] The Danube River has a great impact on the Black Sea marine ecosystems by POM and DOM (dissolved organic matter) inputs which increased the marine phytoplankton production. This production benefits to the fishes living or migrating in this area as they presented a better relative condition on the Romanian coast seawards the Danube mouths
Jaquemet, Sébastien. "Rôle des oiseaux marins tropicaux dans les réseaux trophiques hauturiers du Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien." La Réunion, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464182/fr/.
Full textTropical seabirds show a hierarchical distribution depending on the position of their colonies and their dispersion capability. At macro-scale it reflects the boundaries of their habitats, at meso-scale the presence of structures aggregating prey, and at micro-scale the presence at the surface of prey driven by predatory schools. In the South-West Indian Ocean, more than 6 millions of birds are present, of which 99% are sooty terns. They breed seasonally in austral winter in the Seychelles and at Europa, in austral summer at Juan de Nova. The high chlorophyll concentration around colonies favours the development of food web leading to the terns. The location of Glorieuses favours a sub-annual breeding regime, led by the presence of prey around the colony all year round. Biomass removed by terns in the Mozambique Channel is estimated to 55,000 tons, by breeding season
Pezy, Jean-Philippe. "Approche écosystémique d'un futur parc éolien en Manche orientale : exemple du site de Dieppe-Le Tréport." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC262.
Full textThe French government has set a target of 23% of energetic consumption derived from renewable energysources including Marine Renewable Energy for 2020. Eight offshore wind farms (OWF) are plannedalong the Atlantic-English Channel French coasts and among them Dieppe-Le Tréport site in the easternpart of the English Channel. In order to gain further knowledge on the ecosystem structure andfunctioning before the OWF installation, my PhD thesis is focused on the construction of an EcopathModel on the wind farm site in comparison with similar benthic habitats from the English Channel. Thecollection of new data on biological compartments (zooplankton, suprabenthos, meiofauna, benthos anddemersal fishes) are essential. Four cruises (summers 2014 /2015 and winters 2015 /2016) allowed toestimate the contribution of each zoological group in two main benthic habitats: i.e. sandy gravels andmedium clean sands, founded on the site (about 30 km²), corresponding to two microbenthiccommunities well represented in the English Channel. Macrofauna was sampled with a Van Veen grab,suprabenthos with a modified Macer-Giroq sledge in one station from each benthic habitat (day andnight sampling) and fish with a beam trawl in ten stations. A total of 1,584 demersal fishes has beencollected and their stomach contents has been examined. The results show the importance of largebivalves in the benthic biomass whereas the crustaceans are preferential preys of fishes. This link isdiscussed within the trophic network between consumed and non-consumed species of benthiccommunities, and the concept trophic ‘cul de sac’