Academic literature on the topic 'Chain-of-ponds'

Bioleaching of chromium, copper, manganese and zinc from coal ash were investigated using isolates from coal ash ponds particularly Psuedomonas spp. Six (6) different coal ash ponds were examined however, after initial screening Psuedomonas spp. were only present in three (3) coal ash ponds. Among the three coal ash ponds, results showed that eight (8) putative Pseudomonas spp. isolates were present that were identified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Using the eight putative Pseudomonas spp. for bioleaching at optimum conditions and 15 days, the pH value ranges from 8.26 to 8.84 which was basic in nature. Moreover, the maximum metal leached were 8.04% Cr, 12.05% Cu, 4.34% Mn and 10.63% Zn.

Zooplankton is a secondary consumer in the food chain of aquatic ecosystems. They are closely related to the nutrient content and play a vital role in the nursing of many aquatic species, particularly in the larval stage including black tiger shrimp. Therefore, an expedition study has been conducted to investigate the seasonal changes in the zooplankton community at several ecological black tiger shrimp ponds in Ca Mau mangroves, considering the potential for use as an additional natural food source in shrimp pond. Samples were collected in 8 shrimp ponds in two times of the year (July and November). The results were recorded 24 species belonging to 20 genera, 12 families, 3 phylla and 3 kinds of larval zooplankton. The results were recorded 6 groups of zooplankton in ponds in July, but in November the Rotatoria group did not appear in any ponds. Zooplankton densities varied from 16592 to 53330 individuals / m3. In particular, the Copepoda order occupied more than 50% of the total species and density. There is a negative correlation between individual density and NO2 concentration or salinity. The zooplankton community associated with the ponds can be used as the livefood for suitanable aquaculture. Utilization of these resources is very economical for aquaculture due to the low cost to compare with that of the artifical food. However, the diversity of the zooplankton community in ponds is not high. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the number of species in the water bodies by creating a suitable environment for some groups such as Rotatoria, Cladocera to grow out in these ponds.

Abstract Bivalve culture is of considerable economic and social interest in northeastern (NE) Brazil. The polyculture is an alternative approach to traditional monoculture for reducing the environmental impact of shrimp farming and improving oyster culture. Perkinsus marinus andPerkinsus olseni were found infecting oysters in NE Brazil and can threaten oyster production. This study evaluatedPerkinsus spp. occurrence in Crassostrea gasar during all production stages. Oyster spats were produced in a hatchery and grown in shrimp ponds in Rio Grande do Norte state.Perkinsus spp. were surveyed by Ray’s fluid thioglycollate medium and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence and intensity of infection were determined in oysters until they reached 7 cm. Results showed that the broodstock was already infected by Perkinsus (60%), but the derived spats were Perkinsus-free. Oyster spats acquired Perkinsus infection when transferred to ponds. The prevalence gradually increased in the seven months following placement in ponds (73%), and then decreased to 17% by the tenth month. The infections were initially mild, but intensity increased at the final growth stage. In conclusion, it is possible to produce Perkinsus-free C. gasar oyster spats from infected broodstock, and their culture in shrimp ponds is feasible.

Purpose: The study assessed the fresh fish farming process along the supply chain of Kola- Kisarawe, Tanzania. It further digs into understanding the contributions for conducting fresh fish farming in the context of preparation and construction of ponds, site location for farms, harvesting and packaging as well as marketing and distribution. Design/Methodology/Approach: A qualitative research design was adopted and data were drawn from 5 keys informant interviewees from five ponds who were selected by purposive sampling technique. Key informant interviews, documentary review and non-participant observation were used in data collection. Thematic data analysis strategy was adopted where by data gathered were analysed by content analysis using MAXQDA 2020 software. Findings: Findings showed that fresh fish farming is conducted through construction of ponds, site location, harvesting and packaging as well as marketing and distributions. Further, findings indicate that availability of fund, proper storage, handling and marketing to mention just a few are the processes for fresh fish farming. Research Limitation: The study focused on the practices of fresh fish farmers along the supply chain of fish farming. Practical implication: The study recommends stakeholders to participate actively on provision of capital, search for markets and build public awareness on contributions of fresh fish farming. These findings contribute to the existing knowledge in the sector, insist stakeholder’s participation with regards to improvement of fresh fish farming process. Social Implication: Clearing shortcomings in the sector will help in improving fish farmers and traders livelihood, country’s economy and employment in general.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to assess performance of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) on the removal of Listeria spp. in Isfahan, Iran. A total of 104 samples were taken from eight sampling locations from influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Sewage samples were analyzed for the presence of Listeria spp. using selective enrichment protocol. Listeria isolates were also identified by biochemical and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Listeria spp. was enumerated by a three tube most probable number (MPN) for total coliform counts (TC), fecal coliform counts (FC), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS). In total, 54/104 (51.92%), 49/104 (47.11%), 36/104 (34.61%), and 27/104 (25.95%) samples were positive for Listeria spp., L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, and L. seeligeri, respectively. The mean MPN/100 mL enumeration of L. monocytogenes for influent, anaerobic, facultative ponds 1, 2, 3, 4 and maturation ponds 1 and 2 were 21.54, 10.61, 8, 5.77, 4, 2.54, 1.38, and 0.46, respectively. The removal percentage of Listeria spp. in the anaerobic, facultative, and maturation ponds were 44.71, 76.5, and 81.4%, respectively. Results showed that the WSPs were able to decrease the Listeria spp. levels significantly, although unable to remove them completely.

The study was carried out for 138 days to know the growth and survival rate of P. monodon by applying probiotics in Gazi Fish Culture Ltd. Dacope, Khulna, Bangladesh. Six experimental ponds (4000 m2 in size i.e. one acre) were selected of which three were probiotic ponds and three were controlled. After pond preparation, PL15 (average weight of each 4.75±0.09 g) was stocked at the rate of 13 per m2 following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. CP NASA shrimp feed was used during the study period. Transparency, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) were recorded by standard measurements. The average final body weight of the harvested shrimp is 37.67±1.15 g in probiotics ponds and 27.33±0.58 g in controlled ponds and the difference was significant (P < 0.01) between these two productions. The average survival rate was 90.67±1.15 % in probiotic pond and 71.00±3.0 % in controlled pond. The average daily gain (ADG) in weight was 0.27±0.01 g and 0.19±0.01 g in probiotic and controlled ponds, respectively. The result showed that probiotic plays an important role in maintaining water quality parameters, soil quality and health management as well as increases the growth and survival of shrimp.Key words: Probiotics; P. monodon; Water quality parameter; Growth rate; Survival rate.© 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.11815 J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), 363-370 (2013)

This thesis was a multidisciplinary examination of the swampy meadow landform system with particular relevance to the New South Wales Central Tablelands. The research investigated the swampy meadow on many scalar and modal levels, from global scale systematics, through to regional historic reconstruction and prediction of their distribution, and finally to a valley-scale examination of the geomorphic, hydrogeological, and ecological attributes of a near natural spring-fed swampy meadow. The research was premised on the likelihood that the findings would be pivotal to swampy meadow restoration theory and practice. Swampy meadows, characterised by non-incised, discontinuous channels vegetated with dense tussock grass, sedges and rushes, were once common in the region. The impacts of European land-use have, however, contributed significantly to their widespread and rapid degradation. The detrimental affects of swampy meadow degradation are increasingly being recognised by scientists and resource managers and have led to a heightened sense of the need for their restoration, management and conservation. While swampy meadow evolution, form and function are relatively well understood geomorphically, there is a paucity of multi-disciplinary knowledge, particularly in relation to their ecology and hydrology. The research undertaken in this study followed many lines of enquiry. First, an examination of the systematics and nomenclature used to describe the swampy meadow found that the use of many different terms creates confusion, and the lack of a precise definition very likely limits knowledge transfer. The inadequate definitional status of swampy meadows also hinders our ability to protect and restore these landforms within the current legislative framework. A more precise taxonomic definition of the swampy meadow was constructed by considering their geomorphic, hydrologic, ecologic and evolutionary characteristics. An attempt was also made to reconstruct the distribution and characteristics of the swampy meadow in the Central Tablelands using both historic documentation and a gradsect sampling of 70 swampy meadows. It became evident that, at the time of early European settlement, problems with landform recognition and a general lack of a perceived necessity to record swampy meadow-type features, resulted in scant and often unreliable recordings. The contemporary analyses of the swampy meadows sampled indicated there is a high variance in environments suitable for their development, and a high degree of swampy meadow heterogeneity in the region. Therefore, based on these data, predicting where swampy meadows are likely to occur or would have occurred prior to European settlement remains a very imprecise science. What swampy meadows all have in common, however, is that they develop in a low energy environment and one which maintains permanent or periodically high soil moisture. Further, to test theories, provide descriptions and generate theories of how swampy meadows may function in a natural landscape, a natural spring-fed swampy meadow was used as a case study. Based on piezometer readings, soil logs and vegetation transects, a major finding to emerge was the high degree of heterogeneity and complexity observed in the spring-fed system in relation to its hydrogeological, ecological and physical characteristics. The small scale variability of groundwater movement, coupled with the complexity of valley sediments and their differential permeabilities, makes any spatio-temporal prediction of groundwater behaviour and soil water status difficult. Another major finding which is important for our understanding of ecosystem resilience and recovery is that the plant communities in this swampy meadow are dominated by only a few species that are both abundant and have high constancy. It is reasoned that plant life-form and function contribute more towards ecosystem stability, organic matter accumulation, and sediment aggradation than do species diversity. Finally, in a time of climate uncertainty and shortages of available water, restoring the hydrological functioning of swampy meadows is imperative. It is suggested that for the effective and appropriate restoration of swampy meadows, a review and an amendment of the current policies and legislation is warranted. As well, due recognition of the hydro-biophysical characteristics of the swampy meadow needs to be given in the definition, and a greater multi-disciplinary understanding of the complexity and heterogeneity of the landform is required.

Four hundred million years ago, Taum Sauk Mountain was a high ridge on a solitary island in a vast Paleozoic sea surrounded by coral reefs. Geologists describe it as a landscape of lofty volcanoes. It was one of the few parts of present-day North America that were never submerged under a primordial sea. At 1,772 feet above sea level, Taum Sauk Mountain has been worn down through the ages but is still the highest point in Missouri. It lies on the crest of a mountain chain several times older than the Appalachians. The Taum Sauk section of the Ozark Trail is one of the most beautiful stretches in the Ozarks. The twelve-and-a-half-mile tract that runs from the blue pools and massive boulders of Johnson’s Shut-Ins State Park to the top of Taum Sauk Mountain is studded with waterfalls, thick woodlands, rocky glades, and beaver ponds. It is a good place for reflecting on primeval things, gaining a long-range perspective on one’s life, discerning what has gone and what may yet need to come. This is one of the boons of wilderness hiking. Turning onto route CC off Highway 21 in Iron County on a Friday afternoon, I’ve made it to the top of the mountain a few hours before dark. My plan is to hike down the trail below Mina Sauk Falls, spending the night in the woods near Devil’s Tollgate and moving on toward Johnson’s Shut-ins the next day. I’ve come to an intriguing place. In wet weather, the water cascades 132 feet down rock ledges, forming the highest waterfall in the state. Below the falls the trail passes through an eight-foot-wide opening in a thirty-foot-deep section of magma that was part of an ancient volcanic caldera. Hardened now into fine-grained rhyolite, the geological oddity is dubbed the Devil’s Tollgate. A pioneer wagon road once passed between its stone walls, making a convenient site for bandits to hide. The locals claim that Jesse James hid out on the mountain after robbing the Ironton Train in 1874. Until the State Park System built a road to its top in the 1950s, Taum Sauk Mountain was a remote and isolated place.