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1
Barbosa, José R. M., Juliana P. S. Sousa, João Restivo, Manuel F. R. Pereira, and Olívia S. G. P. Soares. "Palladium Impregnation on Electrospun Carbon Fibers for Catalytic Reduction of Bromate in Water." Processes 10, no. 3 (February 24, 2022): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10030458.
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The remediation of bromate in water is a concern due to the reported health issues caused by its ingestion. Catalytic processes, wherein bromate is reduced to non-hazardous bromide, have been studied. In the present work, catalysts of 1% palladium supported in electrospun carbon fibers (Pd-CFs) using different methods for palladium incorporation were prepared. The textural properties, morphology, crystalline structure, and hydrogenation capacity by H2 chemisorption analysis of the Pd-CFs catalysts were characterized. The catalytic tests were performed in a semi-batch reactor, and the obtained results showed different catalytic activity by each prepared Pd-CFs catalyst. The catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation—1% Pd/CF1 and 1% Pd/CF2, using CFs obtained with electrospinning flow rates of 0.5 mL h−1 and 2 mL h−1, respectively—achieved total bromate reduction after 120 min of operation; however, 1% Pd/CF1 obtained total reduction as early as 30 min. Taking into account the catalyst properties, 1% Pd/CF1 showed a good catalytic activity due to CFs morphology obtained using a low electrospinning flow rate, while the Pd incorporation method allowed a high availability of active sites with hydrogenation properties for bromate reduction.
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Cielo, Carla Aparecida, Mara Keli Christmann, Talita Marin Scherer, and Carla Franco Hoffmann. "Fluxo aéreo adaptado e coeficientes fônicos de futuros profissionais da voz." Revista CEFAC 16, no. 2 (April 2014): 546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-021620148612.
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Objetivo verificar e correlacionar o fluxo aéreo adaptado (FAA), coeficiente fônico simples (CFS) e coeficiente fônico composto (CFC) de adultos jovens de ambos os sexos, sem alterações vocais, futuros profissionais da voz, e verificar a frequência dos sexos. Métodos 62 sujeitos entre 18 e 35 anos (12 homens, média 24,25 anos e 50 mulheres, média 21,42 anos); avaliação vocal pela escala RASATI com coeficiente de confiabilidade Kappa; coleta dos tempos máximos de fonação (TMF) de /a,i,u,s,z/, contagem de números, capacidade vital e FAA; cálculo dos CFS e CFC; teste de Spearmann para as correlações entre as variáveis e teste binomial para proporções de valores normais, diminuídos e aumentados. Resultados a maioria significante feminina apresentou CFS e CFC normais, e FAA normal e aumentado, em comparação aos valores diminuídos. A maioria significante masculina apresentou CFS normal e aumentado, em comparação aos valores diminuídos; CFC normal e FAA sem diferença estatisticamente significante. Houve correlação positiva moderada entre o CFS e o CFC para ambos os sexos. Conclusão a maioria significante dos futuros profissionais da voz estudados apresentou CFS e CFC normais e com correlação positiva moderada. A maioria significante feminina obteve resultados de FAA normais e aumentados, em comparação aos valores diminuídos, e o FAA não apresentou correlação com CFS e CFC. A maioria significante do grupo de futuros profissionais da voz foi composta por mulheres.
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RUDIN, A., G. WIKLUND, C. WENNERÅS, and F. QADRI. "Infection with colonization factor antigen I-expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli boosts antibody responses against heterologous colonization factors in primed subjects." Epidemiology and Infection 119, no. 3 (December 1997): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268897008200.
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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) adhere to the intestinal mucosa by a number of fimbrial colonization factors (CFs) that have been claimed to induce only type-specific immunity. However, adult Bangladeshi patients infected with CFA/I-expressing bacteria, developed significant plasma IgA antibody responses, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, not only against the homologous fimbriae but also against several heterologous CFs, i.e. CS1, CS2, CS4 and PCFO166 fimbriae. In contrast, North American volunteers, who had probably not been infected by ETEC previously, responded with serum IgA against CFA/I fimbriae but not against any other CFs after symptomatic infection with CFA/I-expressing ETEC. Thus, infection with CFA/I-expressing bacteria may boost immune responses against CFs with a related amino acid sequence in previously primed subjects.
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Viboud, Gloria I., Mabel J. Jouve, Norma Binsztein, Marta Vergara, Marta Rivas, Marina Quiroga, and Ann-Mari Svennerholm. "Prospective Cohort Study of EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli Infections in Argentinean Children." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 9 (1999): 2829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.9.2829-2833.1999.
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In a follow-up study, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC) infections in 145 children from two communities located in northeastern Argentina were monitored for 2 years. The occurrence of diarrhea was monitored by weekly household visits. Of 730 fecal specimens collected, 137 (19%) corresponded to diarrheal episodes. ETEC was isolated from a significantly higher proportion of symptomatic (18.3%) than asymptomatic (13.3%) children (P = 0.04541). Individuals of up to 24 months of age were found to have a higher risk of developing ETEC diarrhea than older children (odds ratio [OR], 3.872; P = 0.00021). When the toxin profiles were considered, only heat stable enterotoxin (ST)-producing ETEC was directly associated with diarrhea (P = 0.00035). Fifty-five percent of the ETEC isolated from symptomatic children and 19% of the ETEC isolated from asymptomatic children expressed one of the colonization factors (CFs) investigated, i.e., CF antigen I (CFA/I), CFA/II, CFA/III, and CFA/IV; coli surface antigens CS7 and CS17; and putative CFs PCFO159, PCFO166, and PCFO20, indicating a clear association between diarrhea and ETEC strains that carry these factors (P = 0.0000034). The most frequently identified CFs were CFA/IV (16%), CFA/I (10%), and CS17 (9%). CFs were mostly associated with ETEC strains that produce ST and both heat-labile enterotoxin and ST. Logistic regression analysis, applied to remove confounding effects, revealed that the expression of CFs was associated with illness independently of the toxin type (OR, 4.81;P = 0.0003). When each CF was considered separately, CS17 was the only factor independently associated with illness (OR, 16.6; P = 0.0151). Most CFs (the exception was CFA/IV) fell within a limited array of serotypes, while the CF-negative isolates belonged to many different O:H types. These results demonstrate that some CFs are risk factors for the development of ETEC diarrhea.
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A., Aswandi, B. L. Syaefullah, D. A. Iyai, and M. Jen Wajo. "UTILIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATE POTENTIAL IN VARIOUS KINDS OF BANANA COB FLOUR BANANA IN KACANG GOATS." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 53, no. 4 (August 30, 2022): 732–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i4.1583.
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The objective of this research was to observe the productivity in kacang goats which were given a complete feed containing flour of various types of banana plant weevils. The material studied in this study was six complete types of feed. Complete feed containing weevil flour from 5 banana plant varieties. Complete feed is prepared with a complete feed composition. The cattle used were 18 male bean goats, mean initial body weight, 15.42 ± 1.98 kg (CV: 13.73%) aged 10-15 months. Livestock is given complete feed containing banana weevil flour for 60 days. The cage is 12 m x 6m in size, construction has a floor platform as high as 140 cm, the enclosure is 1 x 1 m in size and 130 cm in height, equipped with a drinking area. The treatment was in the form of 6 complete types of feed with different formulations, consisting of CF0, CF1, CF2, CF3, CF4, and CF5 containing banana weevil flour with different varieties and control treatment (CF0). The research design used was a completely randomized design with five treatments of complete feed formulas containing hump flour of various banana varieties.The results of the research that the complete feed formulation containing Batu banana hump flour (CF2) and Kapok (CF3) produced the best productivity and performance response of Kacang goat. compared to treatment; CF0 CF1; CF4 and CF5.
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Scheer, Justin K., Jessica Tang, Johnny Eguizabal, Azadeh Farin, Jenni M. Buckley, Vedat Deviren, R. Trigg McClellan, and Christopher P. Ames. "Optimal reconstruction technique after C-2 corpectomy and spondylectomy: a biomechanical analysis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 12, no. 5 (May 2010): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.11.spine09480.
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Object Primary spine tumors frequently involve the C-2 vertebra. Complete resection of the lesion may require total removal of the C-2 vertebral body, pedicles, and dens process. Authors of this biomechanical study are the first to evaluate a comprehensive set of reconstruction methods after C-2 resection to determine the optimal configuration depending on the degree of excision required. Methods Eight human heads (from the skull to C-6) from 4 males and 4 females with a mean age of 68 ± 18 years at death were cleaned of tissue, while leaving ligaments and discs intact. Nondestructive flexion and extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR) tests were conducted using a nonconstraining, pure moment loading apparatus, and relative motion across the fusion site (C1–3) was measured using a 3D motion tracking system. Specimens were tested up to 1.5 Nm at 0.25-Nm intervals for 45 seconds each. The spines were instrumented using 3.5-mm titanium rods with a midline occipitocervical plate (4.0 × 12–mm screws) and lateral mass screws (excluding C-2) at the C-1 (3.0 × 40 mm) and C3–5 levels (3.0 × 16 mm). Testing was repeated for the following configurations: Configuration 1 (CF1), instrumentation only from occiput to C-5; CF2, C-2 corpectomy leaving the dens; CF3, titanium mesh cage (16-mm diameter) from C-3 to C-1 ring and dens; CF4, removal of cage, C-1 ring, and dens; CF5, titanium mesh cage from C-3 to clivus (16-mm diameter); CF6, removal of C-2 posterior elements leaving the C3–clivus cage (spondylectomy); CF7, titanium mesh cage from C-3 to clivus (16-mm diameter) with 2 titanium mesh cages from C-3 to C-1 lateral masses (12-mm diameter); and CF8, removal of all 3 cages. A crosslink was added connecting the posterior rods for CF1, CF6, and CF8. Range-of-motion (ROM) differences between all groups were compared via repeated-measures ANOVA with paired comparisons using the Student t-test with a Tukey post hoc adjustment. A p < 0.05 indicated significance. Results The addition of a central cage significantly increased FE rigidity compared with posterior instrumentation alone but had less of an effect in AR and LB. The addition of lateral cages did not significantly improve rigidity in any bending direction (CF6 vs CF7, p > 0.05). With posterior instrumentation alone (CF1 and CF2), C-2 corpectomy reduced bending rigidity in only the FE direction (p < 0.05). The removal of C-2 posterior elements in the presence of a C3–clivus cage did not affect the ROM in any bending mode (CF5 vs CF6, p > 0.05). A crosslink addition in CF1, CF6, and CF8 did not significantly affect primary or off-axis ROM (p > 0.05). Conclusions Study results indicated that posterior instrumentation alone with 3.5-mm rods is insufficient for stability restoration after a C-2 corpectomy. Either C3–1 or C3–clivus cages can correct instability introduced by C-2 removal in the presence of posterior instrumentation. The addition of lateral cages to a C3–clivus fusion construct may be unnecessary since it does not significantly improve rigidity in any direction.
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Qadri, Firdausi, Firoz Ahmed, Tanvir Ahmed, and Ann-Mari Svennerholm. "Homologous and Cross-Reactive Immune Responses to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Colonization Factors in Bangladeshi Children." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 8 (August 2006): 4512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00474-06.
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ABSTRACT We have studied homologous (HoM) and cross-reacting (CR) immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody responses to colonization factors (CFs) in Bangladeshi children with diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains of the CF antigen I (CFA/I) group (CFA/I, n = 25; coli surface antigen 4 [CS4], n = 8; CS14, n = 11) and the CS5 group (CS5, n = 15; CS7, n = 8), respectively. The responses to the HoM, CR, and heterologous (HeT) CF antigens in each group of patient were studied and compared to that seen in healthy children (n = 20). In the CFA/I group (CFA/I and CS14), patients responded with antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses to HoM CFs (geometric mean, 156 to 329 ASCs/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs]) and to CR CFs (≈15 to 38 ASCs/106 PBMCs) but least of all to the HeT CS5 antigen (2 to 4 ASCs/106 PBMCs). For the CS5 group of patients with ETEC (CS5 and CS7), likewise, responses to HoM CFs (230 to 372 ASCs/106 PBMCs) and CR CFs (27 to 676 ASCs/106 PBMCs) were seen, along with lower responses to the HeT CFA/I antigen (9 to 38 ASCs/106 PBMCs). Both groups of patients responded with CF-specific IgA antibodies to HoM and CR antigens in plasma but responded less to the HeT CFs. The responses in patients were seen very soon after the onset of diarrhea and peaked around 1 week after onset. Vaccinees who had received two doses of the oral, killed whole-cell ETEC vaccine (CF-BS-ETEC) responded with plasma IgA antibodies to CFA/I, a component of the vaccine, but also to the CR CS14 antigen, which was not included in the vaccine, showing that antibody responses can be stimulated by a CFA/I-containing ETEC vaccine to a CR-reacting antigen in individuals in countries where ETEC is endemic.
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Alabi, Stephen Adeyemi, and Jeffrey Mahachi. "Performance assessment of mechanical and durability properties of cupola slag geopolymer concrete with fly and rice husk ashes." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 19, no. 1 (June 6, 2022): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v19i1.4.
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Research into substituting recycled materials for cement and aggregates can yield beneficial natural resource conservation, waste management, cost savings, and reduced embodied energy in concrete. Hence, this research investigates the potential adoption of coal fly ash (CFA) and rice husk ash (RHA) as geopolymer binders to partially substitute cement in varying proportions up to 25%. However, cupola furnace slag (CFS) was also used as a partial substitute of crushed granite from 0% to 35% in steps of 5% in the production of geopolymer concrete (GPC). The selected geopolymer binders were synthesized using an alkaline solution. Workability, compressive strength, and rapid chloride penetration tests on fresh and hardened normal concrete (NC) as control and GPC containing CFS were evaluated at different water-binder ratios. The findings revealed that integrating 15%CFA, 20%RHA, and 30%CFS with w/b of 0.50 and 0.65 improved the workability by 180% and 105.7%, respectively, but compressive strength is significantly reduced. The findings further showed that combining 75%OPC, 20%CFA, 5%RHA, 100%RS, 20%CFS, and 80%CG results in optimal compressive strength of 19.68 N/mm2 and, 21.49 N/mm2 at 28 days and 56 days with w/b of 0.50, respectively, as contrasted to the lowest possible strength requirement. The Rapid Migration Test (RMT) was used to determine the chloride ions permeability in various concrete mixes. The results show that GPC produced with the combination of 15%CFA, 20%RHA 65%OPC, 30%CFS, and 70%CG with w/b of 0.65 is more durable and has higher chloride ion penetration resistance than most other mix proportions.
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Kaur, Ritinder, and Neha Gupta. "CFS-MHA." International Journal of Information Security and Privacy 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisp.313663.
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With the increasing modernism in our society, networked computers are playing a pivotal role in dispersion of knowledge, and the protection of critical data in information systems has become a challenge for the research and industrial community. The intrusion detection systems undermine huge amounts of attack data to extrapolate patterns using machine learning techniques. In this paper, a two-stage intrusion detection model has been proposed to employ a blend of diverse attribute selection techniques and machine learning algorithms to provide high performance intrusion detection. The first stage extracts the relevant attributes by applying a hybrid meta-heuristic feature selection algorithm, and in the second stage, supervised machine learning algorithms have been implemented to improve the detection accuracy, execution time, and error rate. NSL-KDD dataset has been used, and the performance of CFS-MHA has been evaluated using different classification strategies. By using 10 attributes and random tree ensemble techniques, CFS-MHA has achieved an accuracy of 81.2% in detection of attacks.
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Qadri, Firdausi, Swadesh Kumar Das, A. S. G. Faruque, George J. Fuchs, M. John Albert, R. Bradley Sack, and Ann-Mari Svennerholm. "Prevalence of Toxin Types and Colonization Factors in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Isolated during a 2-Year Period from Diarrheal Patients in Bangladesh." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 1 (January 2000): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.1.27-31.2000.
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ABSTRACT The prevalence of toxin types and colonization factors (CFs) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was prospectively studied with fresh samples ( n = 4,662) obtained from a 2% routine surveillance of diarrheal stool samples over 2 years, from September 1996 to August 1998. Stool samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunoassay techniques and with specific monoclonal antibodies for the toxins and CFs. The prevalence of ETEC was 14% ( n = 662), with over 70% of the strains isolated from children 0 to 5 years of age, of whom 93% were in the 0- to 3-year-old age range. Of the total ETEC isolates, 49.4% were positive for the heat-stable toxin (ST), 25.4% were positive for the heat-labile toxin (LT) only, and 25.2% were positive for both LT and ST. The rate of ETEC isolation peaked in the hot summer months of May to September and decreased in winter. About 56% of the samples were positive for 1 or more of the 12 CFs that were screened for. The coli surface antigens CS4, CS5, and/or CS6 of the colonization factor antigen (CFA)/IV complex were most prevalent (incidence, 31%), followed by CFA/I (23.5%) and coli surface antigens CS1, CS2, and CS3 of CFA/II (21%). In addition, other CFs detected in decreasing order were CS7 (8%), CS14 (PCFO166) (7%), CS12 (PCFO159) (4%), CS17 (3%), and CS8 (CFA/III) (2.7%). The ST- or LT- and ST-positive ETEC isolates expressed the CFs known to be the most prevalent (i.e., CFA/I, CFA/II, and CFA/IV), while the strains positive for LT only did not. Among children who were infected with ETEC as the single pathogen, a trend of relatively more severe disease in children infected with ST-positive ( P < 0.001) or LT- and ST-positive ( P < 0.001) ETEC isolates compared to the severity of the disease in children infected with LT only-positive ETEC isolates was seen. This study supports the fact that ETEC is still a major cause of childhood diarrhea in Bangladesh, especially in children up to 3 years of age, and that measures to prevent such infections are needed in developing countries.
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Li, Huanyu, Marco Liebscher, Khoa Hoang Ly, Phong Vinh Ly, Thomas Köberle, Jian Yang, Qingyi Fan, Minghao Yu, Inez M. Weidinger, and Viktor Mechtcherine. "Effect of electrophoretic deposition of micro-quartz on the microstructural and mechanical properties of carbon fibers and their bond performance toward cement." Journal of Materials Science 57, no. 48 (December 2022): 21885–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07989-w.
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AbstractAn electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process of micro-quartz (MQ) powder is applied to carbon fibers (CFs) with the aim to enhance their interfacial bond to cementitious matrices and to investigate its influence on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the CFs itself. The electrophoretic mobility of the MQ particles with negative charge in aqueous media was confirmed by potential sweep experiments and zeta-potential measurements. High amounts of MQ were successfully deposited onto the fiber surface, as proven by scanning electron microscopy. Single-fiber tension tests and thermogravimetric analysis showed that EPD treatment had little impact on the tensile properties and thermal stability of the modified fibers. However, storing the CFs in cement pore solution impaired temperature stability of untreated and modified fibers. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy reveal specific changes of CF's microstructure upon EPD treatment and immersion in pore solution. Single-fiber pullout tests showed that the pullout resistance of MQ-modified CFs was enhanced, relative to untreated CFs. This augmentation can be explained by an enhanced interlocking mechanisms between CF and matrix due to the deposited quartz particles on the CF surface.
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Chong, Edward, Jia Qian Chia, Felicia Law, Justin Chew, Mark Chan, and Wee Shiong Lim. "Validating a Standardised Approach in Administration of the Clinical Frailty Scale in Hospitalised Older Adults." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 48, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v48n4p115.
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Introduction: We developed a Clinical Frailty Scale algorithm (CFS-A) to minimise inter-rater variability and to facilitate wider application across clinical settings. We compared the agreement, diagnostic performance and predictive utility of CFS-A against standard CFS. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analysed data of 210 hospitalised older adults (mean age, 89.4 years). Two independent raters assessed frailty using CFS-A. Agreement between CFS-A raters and with previously completed CFS was determined using Cohen’s Kappa. Area under receiver operator characteristic curves (AUC) for both measures were compared against the Frailty Index (FI). Independent associations between these measures and adverse outcomes were examined using logistic regression. Results: Frailty prevalence were 81% in CFS and 96% in CFS-A. Inter-rater agreement between CFS-A raters was excellent (kappa 0.90, P <0.001) and there was moderate agreement between CFS-A and standard CFS (kappa 0.42, P <0.001). We found no difference in AUC against FI between CFS (0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.95) and CFS-A (0.89; 95% CI, 0.84-0.95; P <0.001). Both CFS (OR, 3.59; 95% CI, 2.28-5.67; P <0.001) and CFS-A (OR, 4.31; 95% CI, 2.41-7.69; P <0.001) were good predictors of mortality at 12 months. Similarly, CFS (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.81-3.69; P <0.001) and CFS-A (OR, 3.58; 95% CI, 2.13-6.02; P <0.001) were also good predictors of institutionalisation and/or mortality after adjusting for age, sex and illness severity. Conclusion: Our study corroborated the results on inter-rater reliability, diagnostic performance and predictive validity of CFS-A which has the potential for consistent and efficient administration of CFS in acute care settings. Key words: Assessment, Frailty, Geriatric, Inpatient, Risk
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Hasan, Ali Murtatha. "The inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus on siderophore production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in vitro)." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 17, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v17i1.60.
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Probiotic are alive microorganisms presented in food and dietary supplements, probiotics beneficially affect the individual by improving the intestinal microbial balance properties . This study revealed anew pathway of siderophore attenuation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using Lactobacillus. Out of forty P. aeruginosa isolates , 20 isolates were siderophore produced , Cell free supernatant (CFS) and Cell free culture (CFC) of Lactobacillus the antimicrobial agent were able to produce zones of inhibition against P. aeruginosa growth in average (8-15 mm) and (9-15 mm) by CFS and CFC respectively .These antimicrobial agent also were able to attenuate the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa by prevent its ability to siderophore production.
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Okpara, Uche T., and Ifeoma Q. Anugwa. "Harms to Community Food Security Resulting from Gender-Based Violence." Land 11, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 2335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122335.
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While the right to food and community self-reliance underpin current knowledge and interpretation of community food security (CFS), the literature on CFS seldom accounts for the ways in which gender-based violence (GBV) disrupts and undermines CFS. In this review, we make the case that GBV in CFS contexts manifests as a continuum, involving different forms of violence that blend into and reinforce each other, fueling social degradation and undermining the capacity of community food system workers to prioritise and pursue CFS. We show that harms to CFS resulting from GBV manifest through (i) GBV-induced social degradation, (ii) erosion of moral and ethical values anchoring CFS, (iii) disruption of crucial food systems sustainability pathways to CFS, (iv) the challenges, behaviours and activities of community food system workers, and (v) the crippling of community-level on-farm and off-farm food value chains, which oftentimes disrupt food access, consumption and utilisation. We further outline that the diversion of CFS funds into GBV prevention services may reduce CFS-related economic outputs and that CFS efforts that are GBV-blind can undermine the agency of community food system workers, pushing them into decisions that undermine CFS. We conclude that there is a dearth of information on how to mainstream GBV-sensitivity into CFS plans, and it is unclear whether GBV-responsive CFS initiatives can enhance the legitimacy of CFS efforts in GBV-exposed settings. We suggest that the spectrum of what is considered “community” in relation to CFS be expanded; and that scholars and practitioners pay attention to the dynamics of GBV, focusing on how GBV occurring at individual and household levels spills over into communities to undermine CFS. Finally, since GBV is not only a human rights violation issue but also a catalyst for social degradation and food insecurity, we encourage refocusing CFS efforts to prioritise early detection and prevention of GBV across specific community-level, on-farm and off-farm food value chains in order to better enhance community ties and foster food security.
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Bram, Anthony D., Kiley A. Gottschalk, and William M. Leeds. "Emotional Regulation in Women with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Depression: Internal Representations and Adaptive Defenses." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 66, no. 4 (August 2018): 701–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065118798043.
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Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) presents challenges in differential diagnosis and treatment. Complicating diagnosis is that its symptoms overlap with those of depression. This study applies psychoanalytic concepts to understand emotional regulation (ER) in women with CFS and/or depression. One hundred eighty-six women were assigned to four groups and compared: (a) CFS plus high er depression (CFS-HD); (b) CFS plus lower depression (CFS-LD); (c) depressive disorder (DD); and (d) healthy controls (HC). ER was operationalized by measures of capacity to form internal representations and adaptive defenses. The study’s premise was that difficulties metabolizing emotions psychologically would be associated with their greater somatic expression. Some support was found for the hypothesis that CFS participants would exhibit more impairment in representing emotions and in adaptive defenses compared to the DD and HC groups, but this held only for the CFS-HD group. Although CFS-LD participants were expected to be more purely somatizing than the CFS-HD group, they instead showed more sophisticated capacities for ER than that group and recalled less distressing early relationships, revealing more resilience. Still, however, we found support for somatization in some CFS sufferers: Within both the CFS-HD and the CFS-LD groups, weaknesses in representing emotions and in defensive functioning were associated with more severe physical symptoms. Clinically, the heterogeneity of CFS and those who suffer from it indicates the need for individual assessment and depression treatment.
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Nijs, Jo. "Pain in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Time for Specific Pain Treatment?" Pain Physician 5;15, no. 5;9 (September 14, 2012): E677—E686. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2012/15/e677.
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Background: Besides chronic fatigue, patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have debilitating widespread pain. Yet pain from CFS is often ignored by clinicians and researchers. Objectives: To examine whether pain is a unique feature of CFS, or does it share the same underlying mechanisms as other CFS symptoms? Second, it is examined whether effective treatments for pain from CFS are currently available. Study Design: Narrative review covering the scientific literature up through December 2011. Setting: Several universities. Results: From the available literature, it is concluded that musculoskeletal factors are unlikely to account for pain from CFS. Pain seems to be one out of many symptoms related to central sensitization from CFS. This idea is supported by the findings of generalized hyperalgesia (including widespread increased responsiveness to painful stimuli) and dysfunctional endogenous analgesia in response to noxious thermal stimuli. Pain catastrophizing and depression partly account for pain from CFS. Pain increases during exercise is probably due to the lack of endogenous analgesia and activation of several genes in response to exercise in CFS. There is currently no evidence in support for the efficacy of complementary medicine in the treatment of pain from CFS. Intensive education about the biology of pain from CFS (within the framework of central sensitization) has positive short-term effects for patients with CFS, and fatigue-targeting cognitive behavioral therapy appears to be effective for pain from CFS as well. Limitations: The role of the deficient hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in relation to pain from CFS, as well as the interactions with immune (dys)functioning require further study. Conclusion: Recent research has increased our understanding of pain from CFS, including its treatment. It is advocated to optimize current CFS treatment protocols by targeting the underlying mechanism for those patients having severe pain. Key words: Chronic pain, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, central sensitization, catastrophizing, exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy.
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Okamoto, Luis E., Satish R. Raj, Amanda Peltier, Alfredo Gamboa, Cyndya Shibao, André Diedrich, Bonnie K. Black, David Robertson, and Italo Biaggioni. "Neurohumoral and haemodynamic profile in postural tachycardia and chronic fatigue syndromes." Clinical Science 122, no. 4 (October 24, 2011): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20110200.
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Several studies recognized an overlap between CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome) and POTS (postural tachycardia syndrome). We compared the autonomic and neurohormonal phenotype of POTS patients with CFS (CFS–POTS) to those without CFS (non-CFS–POTS), to determine whether CFS–POTS represents a unique clinical entity with a distinct pathophysiology. We recruited 58 patients with POTS, of which 47 were eligible to participate. A total of 93% of them reported severe fatigue [CIS (Checklist of Individual Strength), fatigue subscale >36], and 64% (n=30) fulfilled criteria for CFS (CFS–POTS). The prevalence of CFS symptoms (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria) was greater in the CFS–POTS group, but the pattern of symptoms was similar in both groups. Physical functioning was low in both groups (RAND-36 Health Survey, 40±4 compared with 33±3; P=0.153), despite more severe fatigue in CFS–POTS patients (CIS fatigue subscale 51±1 compared with 43±3; P=0.016). CFS–POTS patients had greater orthostatic tachycardia than the non-CFS–POTS group (51±3 compared with 40±4 beats/min; P=0.030), greater low-frequency variability of BP (blood pressure; 6.3±0.7 compared with 4.8±1.0 mmHg2; P=0.019), greater BP recovery from early to late phase II of the Valsalva manoeuvre (18±3 compared with 11±2 mmHg; P=0.041) and a higher supine (1.5±0.2 compared with 1.0±0.3 ng/ml per·h; P=0.033) and upright (5.4±0.6 compared with 3.5±0.8 ng/ml per h; P=0.032) PRA (plasma renin activity). In conclusion, fatigue and CFS-defining symptoms are common in POTS patients. The majority of them met criteria for CFS. CFS–POTS patients have higher markers of sympathetic activation, but are part of the spectrum of POTS. Targeting this sympathetic activation should be considered in the treatment of these patients.
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Jin, Xin, John M. Hanesiak, and David G. Barber. "Time Series of Daily Averaged Cloud Fractions over Landfast First-Year Sea Ice from Multiple Data Sources." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 1818–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1472.1.
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Abstract The time series of daily averaged cloud fractions (CFs) collected from different platforms—two Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on Terra and Aqua satellites, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) model, a Vaisala 25K laser ceilometer, and ground-based manual observations (manobs)—above the winter camp of the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES) field experiment are analyzed in this study. Taking the manobs as standard, the authors conclude that 1) the NCEP products considerably underestimated CFs in spring (e.g., from April to May) and 2) the performance of two MODIS products depends on the variation of solar zenith angle (SZA). Aqua MODIS misrepresents the snow-covered surface as clouds with almost randomly distributed CFs during the dark winter [cos(SZA) < 0], leading to the overestimation of CFs in winter while Terra MODIS has good agreement with manobs. When 0.1 < cos(SZA) < 0.4, both MODIS products regularly misrepresent the snow-covered background as clouds, leading to the significant overestimation of CFs in late winter (February) and early spring (March). When cos(SZA) > 0.4, both MODIS products have good performance in detecting cloud masks over snow backgrounds. If the sky is slightly cloudy, surface-based meteorological observers tend to underestimate cloud amounts when there is a lack of light. Comparing the CFs from Terra and manobs, the authors conclude that this bias can be over 10%. Power spectral analysis and wavelet analysis show three results: 1) High clouds more frequently appear in winter than in spring with periods between 8 and 16 days, indicating their close connection with synoptic events. Current NCEP products can predict this periodicity but have a phase lag. 2) Middle and low clouds are more local and are common in mid- and late spring (April and May) with periods between 2 and 4 days. At the CASES winter and spring field site, the periodicity of high clouds is dominant. 3) The time-scale-dependent correlation coefficients (CCs) between both MODIS products, NCEP and manobs, show that with high frequent CF sampling per day, the CCs are stable when the time scale varies between 1 and 4 days: with Terra MODIS and NCEP, the value is about 0.6; with Aqua MODIS, between 0.4 and 0.5. All CCs get smaller when the time scale increases beyond 8 days: with respect to both MODIS products, the CCs get closer with values between 0.3 and 0.4; with respect to NCEP, the CC dramatically decreases from positive values to negative values, indicating the lack of accuracy in current NCEP cloud schemes.
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Fukami, Kimio, Namiko Ogata, Kenji Yamamoto, Kazuki Kawamura, Iwao Mitani, and Masaoki Sakamoto. "Treatment and Effective Removal of Metal Fine Particles from Waste Cutting Fluids by Flotation via Microbubbles and Skimming." Water 14, no. 16 (August 20, 2022): 2575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162575.
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Cutting fluids (CFs) are chemical liquids or aqueous emulsions of mineral (or synthetic) oil widely used in metal-machining processes. They contain toxic organic compounds and petroleum products, and spent CFs contain numerous small metal particles derived from the processing of metal workpieces. The iron fine particles (IFPs) in CFs can diminish the quality and precision of machine products. Machining industries purchase large amounts of CFs, which they must treat appropriately and from which they must remove the IFPs; therefore, cost-effective ways to treat spent CFs are needed. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of collecting and separating the IFPs and treating organic matter in spent CFs using microbubbles (MiBs). We found that numerous IFPs with sizes of ~1 μm were suspended in spent CFs and that they could be very effectively removed by bubbling with MiBs and skimming the surface of the CFs. The lifetime of the CFs could be doubled via this treatment. The cost for treating spent CFs using MiBs was 12% lower than the cost of traditional treatment. These results strongly suggest that bubbling with MiBs is a cost-effective and eco-friendly way to treat spent CFs.
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Wilson, Elisabeth J. "CFS Patient's Protest." Physiotherapy 84, no. 9 (September 1998): 461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(05)65859-2.
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Van Houdenhove, Boudewijn. "Listening to CFS." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 52, no. 6 (June 2002): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00297-5.
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Theou, Olga, Mario Ulises Pérez-Zepeda, Alexandra M. van der Valk, Samuel D. Searle, Susan E. Howlett, and Kenneth Rockwood. "A classification tree to assist with routine scoring of the Clinical Frailty Scale." Age and Ageing 50, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab006.
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Abstract Background the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) was originally developed to summarise a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and yield a care plan. Especially since COVID-19, the CFS is being used widely by health care professionals without training in frailty care as a resource allocation tool and for care rationing. CFS scoring by inexperienced raters might not always reflect expert judgement. For these raters, we developed a new classification tree to assist with routine CFS scoring. Here, we test that tree against clinical scoring. Objective/Methods we examined agreement between the CFS classification tree and CFS scoring by novice raters (clerks/residents), and the CFS classification tree and CFS scoring by experienced raters (geriatricians) in 115 older adults (mean age 78.0 ± 7.3; 47% females) from a single centre. Results the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the CFS classification tree was 0.833 (95% CI: 0.768–0.882) when compared with the geriatricians’ CFS scoring. In 93%, the classification tree rating was the same or differed by at most one level with the expert geriatrician ratings. The ICC was 0.805 (0.685–0.883) when CFS scores from the classification tree were compared with the clerk/resident scores; 88.5% of the ratings were the same or ±1 level. Conclusions a classification tree for scoring the CFS can help with reliable scoring by relatively inexperienced raters. Though an incomplete remedy, a classification tree is a useful support to decision-making and could be used to aid routine scoring of the CFS.
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Yu, Ping, Ruheng Zheng, Hongze Ma, Jin Z. Zhang, and Gerardine G. Botte. "Novel Pt-Ni Electrocatalyst for Coal Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 044514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac61bc.
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Carbon fiber-supported Pi-Ni binary alloy electrocatalyst (Pi-Ni/CFs) with different nickel contents is synthesized using impregnation-hydrogen reduction method for coal electrolysis to produce hydrogen. The electrode based on the Pt-Ni/CFs is characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicate Pt-Ni alloy formed on the CFs. Electrochemical results show that Pt-Ni/CFs have higher electrocatalytic activity than pure Pt/CFs, with Pt-Ni/CFs (1:1) electrode exhibiting the best performance. Compared with the pure Pt/CFs, the efficiency of coal electrolysis for hydrogen production is increased by 13.8% with Pt-Ni/CFs (1:1). The improved performance of Pt-Ni/CFs is attributed to the modification of surface electronic properties due to metallic alloying.
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Taylor, Anna K., Maria Loades, Amberly LC Brigden, Simon M. Collin, and Esther Crawley. "‘It’s personal to me’: A qualitative study of depression in young people with CFS/ME." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 22, no. 2 (October 14, 2016): 326–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104516672507.
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Background: Paediatric chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) has a prevalence of 0.4–2.4% and is defined as ‘generalised disabling fatigue persisting after routine tests and investigations have failed to identify an obvious underlying cause’. One-third of young people with CFS/ME have probable depression. Little is known about why depression develops, the relationship between depression and CFS/ME, or what treatment might be helpful. Methods: We conducted nine semi-structured interviews with young people with CFS/ME (aged 13–17 years, 8/9 female) and probable depression, covering perceived causes of depression, the relationship between CFS/ME and depression, and treatment strategies. Results: Most thought CFS/ME caused depression. Many discussed a cyclical relationship: low mood made CFS/ME worse. A sense of loss was common. CFS/ME restricted activities participants valued and changed systemic structures, causing depression. There was no single helpful treatment approach. Individualised approaches using combinations of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), medication, activity management and other strategies were described. Conclusion: This study suggests that depression may be secondary to CFS/ME in young people because of the impact of CFS/ME on quality of life. Clinicians treating young people with CFS/ME need to consider strategies to prevent development of depression, and research is needed into approaches that are effective in treating CFS/ME with co-morbid depression.
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Josev, Elisha K., Rebecca C. Cole, Adam Scheinberg, Katherine Rowe, Lionel Lubitz, and Sarah J. Knight. "Health, Wellbeing, and Prognosis of Australian Adolescents with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): A Case-Controlled Follow-Up Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 3603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163603.
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Background: The purpose of this study was to follow-up an Australian cohort of adolescents newly-diagnosed with ME/CFS at a tertiary paediatric ME/CFS clinic and healthy controls over a mean period of two years (range 1–5 years) from diagnosis. Objectives were to (a) examine changes over time in health and psychological wellbeing, (b) track ME/CFS symptomatology and fulfillment of paediatric ME/CFS diagnostic criteria over time, and (c) determine baseline predictors of ME/CFS criteria fulfilment at follow-up. Methods: 34 participants aged 13–18 years (25 ME/CFS, 23 controls) completed standardised questionnaires at diagnosis (baseline) and follow-up assessing fatigue, sleep quality and hygiene, pain, anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life. ME/CFS symptomatology and diagnostic criteria fulfilment was also recorded. Results: ME/CFS patients showed significant improvement in most health and psychological wellbeing domains over time, compared with controls who remained relatively stable. However, fatigue, pain, and health-related quality of life remained significantly poorer amongst ME/CFS patients compared with controls at follow-up. Sixty-five percent of ME/CFS patients at baseline continued to fulfil ME/CFS diagnostic criteria at follow-up, with pain the most frequently experienced symptom. Eighty-two percent of patients at follow-up self-reported that they still had ME/CFS, with 79% of these patients fulfilling criteria. No significant baseline predictors of ME/CFS criteria fulfilment at follow-up were observed, although pain experienced at baseline was significantly associated with criteria fulfilment at follow-up (R = 0.6, p = 0.02). Conclusions: The majority of Australian adolescents with ME/CFS continue to fulfil diagnostic criteria at follow-up, with fatigue, pain, and health-related quality of life representing domains particularly relevant to perpetuation of ME/CFS symptoms in the early years following diagnosis. This has direct clinical impact for treating clinicians in providing a more realistic prognosis and highlighting the need for intervention with young people with ME/CFS at the initial diagnosis and start of treatment.
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Yim, Yoon-Ji, Jae Jun Lee, Alexandre Tugirumubano, Sun Ho Go, Hong Gun Kim, and Lee Ku Kwac. "Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Behavior of Magnetic Carbon Fibers Prepared by Electroless FeCoNi-Plating." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 3774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143774.
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In this study, soft magnetic metal was coated on carbon fibers (CFs) using an electroless FeCoNi-plating method to enhance the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of CFs. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and a vibrating sample magnetometer were employed to determine the morphologies, structural properties, and magnetic properties of the FeCoNi-CFs, respectively. The EMI shielding behavior of the FeCoNi-CFs was investigated in the frequency range of 300 kHz to 3 GHz through vector network analysis. The EMI shielding properties of the FeCoNi-CFs were significantly enhanced compared with those of the as-received CFs. The highest EMI shielding effectiveness of the 60-FeCoNi-CFs was approximately 69.4 dB at 1.5 GHz. The saturation magnetization and coercivity of the 60-FeCoNi-CFs were approximately 103.2 emu/g and 46.3 Oe, respectively. This indicates that the presence of FeCoNi layers on CFs can lead to good EMI shielding due to the EMI adsorption behavior of the magnetic metal layers.
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Toms, Margaret, and John Patrick. "Some Components of Fault-Finding." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 29, no. 5 (October 1987): 587–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872088702900508.
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The aim of this study is to examine some of the components involved up to and including choice of the first test in a network fault-finding task. The components investigated were identifying the set of possible faults or consistent fault set (CFS), applying the half-split rule to a specified CFS, and making the first test without the CFS being specified. Factors of network size (54 units and 24 units) and complexity, as defined by four types of CFS configuration, were manipulated. Results indicated that errors occurring in identification of the CFS are mostly omission errors. Performance of this component is degraded by increasing both network size and complexity of the CFS. The same pattern of effects is observed in selecting the first test when the CFS is not specified. Ability to select a half-split test from a given CFS is affected only by complexity of the CFS configuration. Future studies need to differentiate further the psychological demands imposed during the initial stages of faultfinding.
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Wang, Xueyao, Dongmei Yang, Xianhui An, and Xueren Qian. "Phytic Acid Doped Polypyrrole as a Mediating Layer Promoting Growth of Prussian Blue on Cotton Fibers for Solar-Driven Interfacial Water Evaporation." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010006.
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Phytic acid doped polypyrrole (PPy) as a mediating layer was in-situ coated on cotton fibers (CFs) to promote the growth of Prussian blue (PB) and construct the PB/PPy@CFs composite. The results showed that the proper amounts of PA doped PPy in-situ generated significantly promoted the growth of PB on CFs, the PB deposition ratio increased from 12.29% (PB@CFs) to 32.4% (PB/PPy@CFs), and the growth of PB on PPy@CFs could be completed in 4 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the PB particles with perfect nano cubic structure were formed in the composite. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that both PB and PPy were successfully deposited on CFs. The PB/PPy@CFs composite had excellent light absorption, hydrophilicity, wettability, and photothermal property, and the surface could be heated up to 81.5 °C under one sun illumination. The PB/PPy@CFs composite as a photothermal conversion material was used for solar-driven interfacial water evaporation, the water evaporation rate was 1.36 kg·m−2·h−1 at the optical concentration of 1 kW·m2, and the corresponding photothermal conversion efficiency increased from 81.69% (PB@CFs) to 90.96% (PB/PPy@CFs).
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Lee, Han Seung, Sang Heon Shin, and Je Woon Kyung. "Effect of Carbon Fiber Sheets on Flexural Strengthening of RC Beams Damaged by Corrosion of Tension Rebar." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.437.
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RC beam with corroded tension rebars were strengthened with carbon fiber sheets(CFS) and were subjected to static loading tests to investigate the flexural strengthening effect of CFS. The test results confirmed that CFS are effective in reducing stresses to be carried by tension rebars and increasing flexural strength. Since the deformation capacity of the strengthened specimens was increased by anchoring the CFS and since the maximum strength of the specimens was determined by detachment or rupture of CFS, the flexural strength of the strengthened specimens could be calculated from an existing formula. Experimentally determined load-deflection relationships for RC beams were reproduced accurately through a FEM analysis modeling the bond elements between the concrete and the CFS. Practical application of the CFS sheeting method to RC beams requires improvement of the strength of bond between CFS and concrete.
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Ikram, Adeel, Alan R. Norrish, Ben A. Marson, Simon Craxford, John R. F. Gladman, and Ben J. Ollivere. "Can the Clinical Frailty Scale on admission predict 30-day survival, postoperative complications, and institutionalization in patients with fragility hip fracture?" Bone & Joint Journal 104-B, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.104b8.bjj-2020-1835.r2.
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Aims We assessed the value of the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) in the prediction of adverse outcome after hip fracture. Methods Of 1,577 consecutive patients aged > 65 years with a fragility hip fracture admitted to one institution, for whom there were complete data, 1,255 (72%) were studied. Clinicians assigned CFS scores on admission. Audit personnel routinely prospectively completed the Standardised Audit of Hip Fracture in Europe form, including the following outcomes: 30-day survival; in-hospital complications; length of acute hospital stay; and new institutionalization. The relationship between the CFS scores and outcomes was examined graphically and the visual interpretations were tested statistically. The predictive values of the CFS and Nottingham Hip Fracture Score (NHFS) to predict 30-day mortality were compared using receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) analysis. Results Significant non-linear associations between CFS and outcomes were observed. Risk of death within 30 days rose linearly for CFS 1 to 5, but plateaued for CFS > 5. The incidence of complications and length of stay rose linearly for CFS 1 to 4, but plateaued for CFS > 4. In contrast, the risk of new institutionalization rose linearly for CFS 1 to 8. The AUCs for 30-day mortality for the CFS and NHFS were very similar: CFS AUC 0.63 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.69) and NHFS AUC 0.63 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.69). Conclusion Use of the CFS may provide useful information on outcomes for fitter patients presenting with hip fracture, but completion of the CFS by the admitting orthopaedic team does not appear successful in distinguishing between higher CFS categories, which define patients with frailty. This makes a strong case for the role of the orthogeriatrician in the early assessment of these patients. Further work is needed to understand why patients assessed as being of mild, moderate, and severe frailty do not result in different outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(8):980–986.
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Ryabkova, Varvara A., Natalia Y. Gavrilova, Tamara V. Fedotkina, Leonid P. Churilov, and Yehuda Shoenfeld. "Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Post-COVID Syndrome: A Common Neuroimmune Ground?" Diagnostics 13, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13010066.
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Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating chronic disease of unknown etiology, sharing a similar clinical presentation with the increasingly recognized post-COVID syndrome. We performed the first cross-sectional study of ME/CFS in a community population in Russia. Then we described and compared some clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of ME/CFS and post-COVID syndrome as neuroimmune disorders. Of the cohort of 76 individuals who suggested themselves as suffering from ME/CFS, 56 were diagnosed with ME/CFS by clinicians according to ≥1 of the four most commonly used case definitions. Of the cohort of 14 individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome, 14 met the diagnostic criteria for ME/CFS. The severity of anxiety/depressive symptoms did not correlate with the severity of fatigue either in ME/CFS or in post-COVID ME/CFS. Still, a positive correlation was found between the severity of fatigue and 20 other symptoms of ME/CFS related to the domains of “post-exertional exhaustion”, “immune dysfunction”, “sleep disturbances”, “dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system”, “neurological sensory/motor disorders” and “pain syndromes”. Immunological abnormalities were identified in 12/12 patients with ME/CFS according to the results of laboratory testing. The prevalence of postural orthostatic tachycardia assessed in the active orthostatic test amounted to 37.5% in ME/CFS and 75.0% in post-COVID ME/CFS (the latter was higher than in healthy controls, p = 0.02). There was a more pronounced increase in heart rate starting from the 6th minute of the test in post-COVID ME/CFS compared with the control group. Assessment of the functional characteristics of microcirculation by laser doppler flowmetry revealed obvious and very similar changes in ME/CFS and post-COVID ME/CFS compared to the healthy controls. The identified laser doppler flowmetry pattern corresponded to the hyperemic form of microcirculation disorders usually observed in acute inflammatory response or in case of systemic vasoconstriction failure.
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Lee, Han-Dong, Chang-Hoon Jeon, Nam-Su Chung, Ha-Seung Yoon, and Hee-Woong Chung. "Is the Severity of Cervical Foraminal Stenosis Related to the Severity and Sidedness of Symptoms?" Healthcare 9, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121743.
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(1) Background: Cervical foraminal stenosis (CFS) is a common cause of axial neck and arm pain. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the severity of CFS and clinical symptoms in terms of severity and sidedness. (2) Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 75 consecutive patients with degenerative CFS. We graded 900 foramina from C3–4 to T1–2 using Park’s grading system. We collected visual analogue scale (VAS) and neck disability index (NDI) values from the neck and both arms. We analyzed the relationships with CFS grades and total number. We defined four types of left/right dominance of CFS (none, left-dominant, right-dominant, and both) by comparing left and right sides using total counts and maximal grade of CFS, respectively. We compared arm pain sidedness (no arm pain, left-only, right only, and bilateral) among different left and right CFS dominance types. (3) Results: Mean neck and left and right arm VAS scores were 4.4 ± 2.5, 4.9 ± 1.6, and 4.6 ± 2.0, respectively. The mean total NDI was 16.0 ± 8.0. The CFS grade at C3–4 and total count were correlated with neck VAS. Arm VAS was also correlated with CFS grade and total counts. Total NDI score was not correlated with radiological parameters. The presence and sidedness of arm pain were significantly different between left and right CFS dominance groups divided by total count of grade 2 and 3 CFS. (4) Conclusions: The CFS grade and total count were correlated with neck and arm VAS. Arm pain occurred more frequently on the side with more grade 2 and 3 CFS.
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Jung, Hee-Won, Il-Young Jang, Ji Yeon Back, Seunghyun Park, Chan MI Park, Seung Jun Han, and Eunju Lee. "Validity of the Clinical Frailty Scale in Korean older patients at a geriatric clinic." Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 36, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 1242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2020.652.
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Background/Aims: We aimed to assess the validity of the Korean translated version of the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) in determining the frailty status in geriatric outpatients.Methods: The records of 123 ambulatory outpatients who had undergone CFS and comprehensive geriatric assessments (CGAs) including measurements for the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) frailty scale and the frailty index (CGA-FI) were analyzed. Correlations between CFS, CHS frailty scale, and CGA-FI were assessed. The ability of CFS to classify frailty status was calculated using the CHS frailty scale and CGA-FI as references.Results: The mean CFS score was 3.2 in the study population, with a mean age of 77.49 years (45.5% men). Individuals with higher CFS scores were older, had a greater burden of chronic diseases, and worse daily functions and cognitive performance. CFS scores positively correlated with CGA-FI (B = 0.78, p < 0.001) and CHS frailty scale (B = 0.67, p < 0.001) scores. For CFS, C-statistics to classify frailty by CGA-FI and CHS scale were 0.905 and 0.826, respectively. The cut-off value of CFS ≥ 4 maximized Youden’s J to classify frailty by both the CHS scale and CGAFI.Conclusions: The CFS is a valid screening tool to assess the frailty status in outpatients of a geriatric clinic in Korea. As a simple and quick measure, the CFS may facilitate frailty assessments in real-world clinical practice.
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Mandarano, Alexandra H., Ludovic Giloteaux, Betsy A. Keller, Susan M. Levine, and Maureen R. Hanson. "Eukaryotes in the gut microbiota in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome." PeerJ 6 (January 22, 2018): e4282. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4282.
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Patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) often suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms and many are diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Previous studies, including from our laboratory, have demonstrated that the ME/CFS gut bacterial composition is altered and less diverse when compared to healthy individuals. Patients have increased biomarkers of inflammation and leaky gut syndrome. To further investigate dysbiosis in the ME/CFS gut microbiome, we sought to characterize the eukaryotes present in the gut of 49 individuals with ME/CFS and 39 healthy controls. Using 18S rRNA sequencing, we have identified eukaryotes in stool samples of 17 healthy individuals and 17 ME/CFS patients. Our analysis demonstrates a small, nonsignificant decrease in eukaryotic diversity in ME/CFS patients compared to healthy individuals. In addition, ME/CFS patients show a nonsignificant increase in the ratio of fungal phyla Basidiomycota to Ascomycota, which is consistent with ongoing inflammation in ME/CFS. We did not identify specific eukaryotic taxa that are associated with ME/CFS disease status.
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Shimosako, Nana, and Jonathan R. Kerr. "Use of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to distinguish gene expression subtypes of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME)." Journal of Clinical Pathology 67, no. 12 (September 19, 2014): 1078–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202597.
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AimsWe have reported gene expression changes in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and the fact that such gene expression data can be used to identify subtypes of CFS/ME with distinct clinical phenotypes. Due to the difficulties in using a comparative gene expression method as an aid to CFS/ME disease and subtype-specific diagnosis, we have attempted to develop such a method based on single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis.MethodsTo identify SNP allele associations with CFS/ME and CFS/ME subtypes, we tested genomic DNA of patients with CFS/ME (n=108), patients with endogenous depression (n=17) and normal blood donors (n=68) for 504 human SNP alleles located within 88 CFS-associated human genes using the SNP Genotyping GoldenGate Assay (Illumina, San Diego, California, USA). 360 ancestry informative markers (AIM) were also examined.Results21 SNPs were significantly associated with CFS/ME compared with depression and normal groups. 148 SNP alleles had a significant association with one or more CFS/ME subtypes. For each subtype, associated SNPs tended to be grouped together within particular genes. AIM SNPs indicated that 4 subjects were of Asian origin while the remainder were Caucasian. Hierarchical clustering of AIM data revealed the relatedness between 2 couples of patients with CFS only and confirmed the overall heterogeneity of all subjects.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that human SNPs located within CFS/ME associated genes are associated with particular genomic subtypes of CFS/ME. Further work is required to develop this into a clinically useful subtype-specific diagnostic test.
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Mustaffa, Roshida, Irwana Nainggolan, Tulus Ikhsan Nasution, Rafezi Ahmad Khairel, and Nazree Derman. "Chitosan Film Sensor (CFS) for Detecting Fertilizer Concentration of Grape Tree." Applied Mechanics and Materials 679 (October 2014): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.679.137.
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A method to detect fertilizer concentration of grape tree using chitosan film sensors (CFS) with 1.75% w/v has been developed. Electrochemical deposition has been chosen as an efficient technique for the fabrication of CFS. CFS has been used to detect different concentration of fertilizer ranging from 0 ppm until 60 ppm. The types of fertilizers used in this testing were magnesium sulphate and ammonium molybdate. The electrical laboratory testing result of the CFS shows the de-ionised water (DIW) has the highest response with the value ~81%. The highest response values of CFS of magnesium sulphate and ammonium molybdate content of 10 ppm concentration were ~52% and ~35% respectively. The lowest response values of CFS of magnesium sulphate and ammonium molybdate content of 60 ppm concentration were ~13.5% and ~16% respectively. The results have been proven that CFS can differentiate concentration of fertilizers. The morphological surfaces of CFS were observed with SEM and FTIR. SEM image of CFS showed the film surface was compact and the chitosan was well distributed. FTIR result shows there were N-H and OH groups in chitosan film where they were the main components to sense the fertilizer concentrations. The CFS can fulfil all the reliable sensing properties which include excellent sensitivity, recovery, response time, stability, repeatability and selectivity.
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Brooks, Samantha K., Trudie Chalder, and Katharine A. Rimes. "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Cognitive, Behavioural and Emotional Processing Vulnerability Factors." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 45, no. 2 (January 18, 2017): 156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465816000631.
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Background: Cognitive-behavioural models of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) suggest that personality factors such as perfectionism and high moral standards may contribute to the development of CFS. Aims: To investigate cognitive, behavioural and emotional processing risk factors for CFS. Method: CFS patients (n = 67) at a UK specialist clinic completed questionnaires about psychological characteristics both currently and retrospectively (6 months pre-CFS onset). Responses were compared with those of healthy individuals (n = 73) who rated their current characteristics. Forty-four relatives retrospectively rated the pre-morbid psychological characteristics of the CFS participants. Results: CFS patients showed similar levels of current perfectionism to controls, though higher pre-morbid perfectionism. CFS patients showed greater self-sacrificial beliefs and more unhelpful beliefs about experiencing and expressing negative emotions, both currently but more markedly prior to onset. In the 6 months pre-illness onset, CFS patients showed more disruption to their primary goal and greater general stress than controls. Ratings of pre-morbid psychological characteristics by relatives were consistent with patients’ self-reports. The extent of overinvestment in one goal was significantly associated with fatigue. Conclusions: Perfectionism, self-sacrificial tendencies, unhelpful beliefs about emotions, and perceived stress may be present to a greater extent pre-morbidly in CFS patients compared with healthy individuals.
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Ensalada, Leon H., and Christopher R. Brigham. "Clinical Update: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome." Guides Newsletter 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2002.janfeb02.
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Abstract Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a term applied to individuals who report severe chronic fatigue out of proportion to their efforts, but the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fourth and Fifth Editions, are clear that no ratable impairment is linked to CFS. Chronic fatigue is not synonymous with CFS; only a small fraction of persons who present with chronic fatigue symptoms meet the criteria for CFS; and CFS, like fibromyalgia and multiple chemical sensitivity, is poorly understood. CFS may be associated with disability but primarily is based on psychological rather than physical symptoms. No tests confirm the diagnosis of CFS, and routine laboratory testing is reserved for excluding other medical conditions. CFS is an illness without a disease and often is characterized by illness behavior expressed as somatization. To date, no convincing evidence supports the notion that CFS is an infectious, neuroendocrine, or immunologic disorder. Thus, sophisticated behavioral assessment is critical and may include a fatigue rating scale, a depression scale, and psychological and personality inventories. No specific treatment has been recommended for CFS treatment, but cognitive and behavioral interventions may be useful to address psychological symptoms; medication is reserved for specific symptoms indicative of depression or anxiety.
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Jahanbani, Fereshteh, Rajan D. Maynard, Justin Cyril Sing, Shaghayegh Jahanbani, John J. Perrino, Damek V. Spacek, Ronald W. Davis, and Michael P. Snyder. "Phenotypic characteristics of peripheral immune cells of Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome via transmission electron microscopy: A pilot study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): e0272703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272703.
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Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex chronic multi-systemic disease characterized by extreme fatigue that is not improved by rest, and worsens after exertion, whether physical or mental. Previous studies have shown ME/CFS-associated alterations in the immune system and mitochondria. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the morphology and ultrastructure of unstimulated and stimulated ME/CFS immune cells and their intracellular organelles, including mitochondria. PBMCs from four participants were studied: a pair of identical twins discordant for moderate ME/CFS, as well as two age- and gender- matched unrelated subjects—one with an extremely severe form of ME/CFS and the other healthy. TEM analysis of CD3/CD28-stimulated T cells suggested a significant increase in the levels of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in T cells from ME/CFS patients (over 2-fold). Stimulated Tcells of ME/CFS patients also had higher numbers of swollen mitochondria. We also found a large increase in intracellular giant lipid droplet-like organelles in the stimulated PBMCs from the extremely severe ME/CFS patient potentially indicative of a lipid storage disorder. Lastly, we observed a slight increase in platelet aggregation in stimulated cells, suggestive of a possible role of platelet activity in ME/CFS pathophysiology and disease severity. These results indicate extensive morphological alterations in the cellular and mitochondrial phenotypes of ME/CFS patients’ immune cells and suggest new insights into ME/CFS biology.
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Zeng, Xiang Rong, Cai Ping Li, Jin Chen, Xiao Xie, and Lei Zhang. "The Anti-Bending Performance Study of Loaded Continuous Beam that Strengthened with Prestressed Laterally Bonded Carbon Fiber Sheets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.283.
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We studied the strengthening performance of prestressed laterally bonded carbon fiber sheets (CFS) to two-span continuous beams in this paper, which included one unstrengthened beam, two non-prestressed laterally bonded CFS strengthening beams, and four prestressed laterally bonded CFS strengthening beams, and all of them were sticked with CFS on different styles on tension part of lateral beam. We discussed the stress and deformation of laterally bonded CFS strengthened continuous beams under different initial load cases and different prestressed impact, and studied the influence of initial load and prestressing to reinforcement effect. The results showed that the size of initial load and prestressing would affect the reinforcement effect of laterally bonded CFS to continuous beams; The smaller initial load, the better reinforcement effect; The reinforcement effect to continuous beams of prestressed laterally bonded CFS was better than the non-prestressed laterally bonded CFS. Corresponding to latter, the former also owned better deformation performance, less cracks number and width.
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Goode, Luke, and Michael Godhe. "Beyond Capitalist Realism – Why We Need Critical Future Studies." Culture Unbound 9, no. 1 (June 15, 2017): 108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1790615.
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This paper introduces the interdisciplinary field of Critical Future Studies (CFS). CFS investigates the scope and constraints within public culture for imagining and debating different potential futures. It interrogates imagined futures founded – often surreptitiously – upon values and assumptions from the past and present, as well as those representing a departure from current social trajectories. CFS draws on perspectives from various disciplines including sociology, political studies, intellectual history, cultural history, media and cultural studies, utopian studies, science and technology studies, and philosophy. CFS also engages with discourses and ideas from the natural sciences (including popular science), computing and economics. And, given our concern with public culture, CFS aims to contribute constructively to vigorous and imaginative public debate about the future – a futural public sphere – and to challenge a prevalent contemporary cynicism about our capacity to imagine alternative futures while trapped in a parlous present. To that extent, we propose CFS as a programme of engaged and open-ended social critique, not as a solely academic endeavour. Our paper begins by describing the relationship between CFS and mainstream Future Studies. Subsequently, we discuss the contemporary context for Critical Future Studies. Here we make the case that CFS is a timely and even urgent project at our current historical juncture, arguing also for the significance of both utopian and dystopian imaginings. We then go on to discuss methodologies within CFS scholarship. Finally, we conclude by reflecting on the values underpinning CFS. Overall, this paper not only describes CFS as a field of research but also serves as an invitation to cultural scholars to consider how their own work might intersect with and contribute to CFS.
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Brkic, Snezana, Slavica Tomic, Maja Ruzic, and Daniela Maric. "Chronic fatigue syndrome." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 139, no. 3-4 (2011): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1104256b.
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Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is defined by a profound, debilitating fatigue, lasting for at least 6 months and resulting in a substantial reduction of occupational, personal, social and educational status. CFS is a relatively poorly recognized clinical entity, although everyday experience shows that there are many patients with CFS symptoms. The incidence and prevalence of CFS remain unknown in most countries; however, the working population is most affected with predominantly female patients in generative period. Although, CFS was first mentioned four centuries ago, mysterious aethiopathogensis of CFS still intrigues scientists as hundreds of studies are still published every year on the subject. About 80 different aetiological CFS factors are mentioned, which can be classified into five basic groups: genetics, immunology, infectious diseases, endocrinology and neuropsychiatry-psychology. Even today the condition is passed established based on the diagnosis by exclusion of organic and psychiatric disorders, which demands u multidisciplinary approach. As the syndrome is often misdiagnosed and mistreated, self-medication is not uncommon in CFS patients?. In addition, such patients usually suffer for years tolerating severe fatigue. Thus, at the moment there are three priorities regarding CFS; understanding pathogenesis, development of diagnostic tests and creating efficient treatment program.
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Perrin, R. N. "Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: diagnosis from an osteopathic perspective." Russian Osteopathic Journal, no. 1-2 (August 8, 2018): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2018-1-2-19-27.
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Introduction. To date, there have existed different sets of symptoms of CFS/ME. Scientifi c ideas about the clinical manifestation of this disease continue to appear.Goal of research - to justify osteopathic approach in diagnostics of CFS/ME.Materials and methods. Analysis of approaches to the diagnostics of CFS/ME, osteopathic diagnostics.Results. The author describes the possible pathogenesis of CFS/ME, which may be related to the neurolymphatic changes connected with the alteration of the drainage. All of this leads to dysfunctions of the sympathetic system. Medical history of patients with CFS/ME often contains indications on spinal trauma or congenital developmental disorders of the cranium and vertebral column, which may alter the function of the lymphatic system and lead to the further central neurotoxicity through perivascular spaces. The article presents a protocol of physical signs, typical for patients with CFS/ME, and the results of diagnostics of 94 patients: 52 patients with CFS/ME and 42 non-CFS/ME controls.Conclusion. The research concluded that examining for physical signs is both quick and simple for the practitioner and may be used as an effi cient screening tool for CFS/ME.
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Vernon, Suzanne D., Elizabeth R. Unger, Irina M. Dimulescu, Mangalathu Rajeevan, and William C. Reeves. "Utility of the Blood for Gene Expression Profiling and Biomarker Discovery in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome." Disease Markers 18, no. 4 (2002): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/892374.
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Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a debilitating illness lacking consistent anatomic lesions and eluding conventional laboratory diagnosis. Demonstration of the utility of the blood for gene expression profiling and biomarker discovery would have implications into the pathophysiology of CFS. The objective of this study was to determine if gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) could distinguish between subjects with CFS and healthy controls. Total RNA from PBMCs of five CFS cases and seventeen controls was labeled and hybridized to 1764 genes on filter arrays. Gene intensity values were analyzed by various classification algorithms and nonparametric statistical methods. The classification algorithms grouped the majority of the CFS cases together, and distinguished them from the healthy controls. Eight genes were differentially expressed in both an age-matched case-control analysis and when comparing all CFS cases to all controls. Several of the diffrentially expressed genes are associated with immunologic functions (e.g., CMRF35 antigen, IL-8, HD protein) and implicate immune dysfunction in the pathophysiology of CFS. These results successfully demonstrate the utility of the blood for gene expression profiling to distinguish subjects with CFS from healthy controls and for identifying genes that could serve as CFS biomarkers.
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Yu, Yongjin, Jiawen Fu, Chi Zhang, Fengzhong Qi, Ming Li, and Junlan Yang. "Mechanical Properties and Enhancement Mechanism of Oil-Well Cement Stone Reinforced with Carbon Fiber Surfaces Treated by Concentrated Nitric Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite." International Journal of Polymer Science 2020 (November 18, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8214549.
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In this study, carbon fibers (CFs) were used as toughening materials to improve the mechanical properties of cement stone. The surfaces of the CFs were treated with concentrated nitric acid and sodium hypochlorite to increase the interfacial adhesion between the CFs and the cement. The CFs subjected to surface treatment were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and infrared analysis to find a significant increase in the number of oxygen-containing groups on the surface. The CFs subjected to surface treatment were added to the cement matrix. The effect of the modified CFs on the mechanical properties of the cement matrix was evaluated by testing the means of mechanical properties. The maximum tensile strength, maximum compressive strength, and ultimate strain of the enhanced cement stone of the CFs treated with sodium hypochlorite increased by 68.2%, 12.0%, and 4.4%, respectively. The maximum tensile strength, maximum compressive strength, and ultimate strain of the enhanced cement stone of the CFs treated with concentrated nitric acid increased by 72.7%, 14.7%, and 4.5%, respectively. The addition of CFs to the cement stone exerted no effect on the type of cement hydration products, as determined by infrared analysis and X-ray diffraction. The toughening mechanism of the modified CFs added to the cement stone was ultimately explored, and the bridging effect, deflection effect, and pull-out effect of cracks were evaluated.
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Sleigh, Kenna M., Donelda G. Danforth, Raymond T. Hall, Jonathan A. Fleming, and H. Grant Stiver. "Double-Blind, Randomized Study of the Effects of Influenza Vaccination on the Specific Antibody Response and Clinical Course of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 11, no. 5 (2000): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/602862.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether influenza immunization is associated with early side effects, a deleterious impact on the illness course and depressed antibody response in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. CFS patients and healthy volunteers filled out a questionnaire on immunization side effects and had hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titres measured pre- and three weeks after immunization. CFS patients completed symptom and function questionnaires before and during the six-week, postimmunization period.SETTING: Ambulatory care.POPULATION STUDIED: Convenience sample of 40 CFS patients fulfilling the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria and 21 demographically matched healthy volunteers.INTERVENTIONS: CFS patients were randomly selected to receive commercially available whole virus influenza vaccine (n=19) or an injection of saline placebo (n=21). Healthy volunteers received vaccine only.MAIN RESULTS: As a group, immunized CFS patients had lower geometric mean HI antibody rises than healthy volunteers (P<0.001). However, there was no difference in the rates of fourfold titre rises, and immunization did achieve a probably protective titre (1:32 or greater) in most CFS patients. No difference could be detected between immunized and placebo CFS patients in immunization side effects, although CFS patients as a group reported four times as many side effects as healthy volunteers. Further, in the six weeks following immunization, placebo and immunized CFS patients did not demonstrate any differences in terms of functioning, symptom severity and sleep disturbance.CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CFS, influenza immunization is safe, not associated with any excess early reactions, and stimulates an immunizing response comparable with that of healthy volunteers.
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Dowell, H., R. Mallinson, D. Cartmell, K. Mellstrom, G. Pettigrew, and C. Spice. "107 Improving Frailty Screening and Accuracy in the Emergency Department (Ed) of A Busy District General Hospital." Age and Ageing 50, Supplement_1 (March 2021): i12—i42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab030.68.
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Abstract Background Over 20,000 75+ years attendances annually in ED with frailty screening in introduced in ED in 2016. Early recognition of frailty is recommended. Accurate estimation of frailty level is important as it contributes to clinical pathway and management. Introduction Screening rates had fallen and there were concerns about the accuracy.. Our aim was increased frequency and accuracy of screening at triage. Method Frailty screening rates for patients aged 75+ years attending the ED (routine measure) reviewed with ED Frailty Lead. Stakeholder engagement with ED staff and Frailty and Interface Team (FIT). Frailty screening tool revised. Data review March 2020 focused on CFS accuracy (CFS at triage v CFS by FIT in routine assessment). Sampling approach to CFS accuracy during June 2020. Interventions Small group sessions with ED nursing staff (Jan 2020). Revised electronic screening tool introduced (February 2020). Education sessions (x2) for ED nursing staff (June 2020) focused on CFS. Results Frailty screening increased significantly following revised screening tool introduction from 60% to >80%. In March 2020 agreement of CFS at triage and FIT review in 22% (76/341). The CFS reliability for 10 consecutive patients per day was measured in June 2020 before and following 2 education sessions held on CFS. The reliability of CFS was 0.23 prior to teaching in June and rose to an average of 0.31 following the teaching intervention. Conclusions Frailty screening frequency and the reliability of the CFS improved following teaching interventions but remains low. Work is continuing to focus on improving this further. Although CFS has been found to be reliable between raters in other hospitals we have found this difficult to replicate. It is not known if this is due to local factors or to more common challenges that others may face in CFS estimation by ED staff.
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Tokumasu, Kazuki, Hiroyuki Honda, Naruhiko Sunada, Yasue Sakurada, Yui Matsuda, Koichiro Yamamoto, Yasuhiro Nakano, et al. "Clinical Characteristics of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Diagnosed in Patients with Long COVID." Medicina 58, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58070850.
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Background and Objectives: COVID-19 can be serious not only in the acute phase but also after the acute phase and some patients develop ME/CFS. There have been few studies on patients with long COVID in whom ME/CFS was diagnosed by physicians based on standardized criteria after examinations and exclusion diagnosis and not based on only subjective symptoms. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the detailed characteristics of ME/CFS in patients with long COVID. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was performed for patients who visited a COVID-19 aftercare clinic established in Okayama University Hospital during the period was from February 2021 to April 2022. Results: Clinical data were obtained from medical records for 281 patients, and 279 patients who met the definition of long COVID were included. The overall prevalence rate of ME/CFS diagnosed by three sets of ME/CFS criteria (Fukuda, Canadian and IOM criteria) was 16.8% (48.9% in male and 51.1% in females). The most frequent symptoms in ME/CFS patients were general fatigue and post-exertional malaise (89.4% of the patients), headache (34.0%), insomnia (23.4%), dysosmia (21.3%) and dysgeusia (19.1%). Dizziness, chest pain, insomnia and headache were characteristic symptoms related to ME/CFS. The male to female ratio in ME/CFS patients was equal in the present study, although ME/CFS was generally more common in women in previous studies. Given that patients with ME/CFS had more severe conditions in the acute phase of COVID-19, the severity of the acute infectious state might be involved in the pathophysiology of ME/CFS. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of ME/CFS and the characteristic sequelae in the long COVID condition were revealed in this study.
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Hudig, Dorothy, Jennifer Tang, Alexander P. Sung, Michael J. Guglielmo, Julie Smith-Gagen, Lucinda Bateman, and Douglas D. Redelman. "Low NK Cell ADCC as a Risk Factor in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Familial Risk for CFS or Differences between Human Populations?" Journal of Immunology 200, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2018): 49.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.49.15.
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Abstract ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) requires the cytotoxic subset of NK cells that can also recognize antibody. In vivo function may depend on the number of these ADCC NK cells. We report on ADCC activity and the number of IgG FcR-positive NK cells/ul blood as risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). ADCC capacity was measured as CX1:1 (PMID 29113954), the % Daudi B tumor cells killed at a 1:1 ratio of CD16A FcR-pos CD56pos NK effector cells to Daudi targets with obinutuzumab anti-CD20. CFS patients met the 1994 Fukuda diagnostic guidelines. We examined 5 families with 2 or more patients per family, comparing patients with their non-CFS family members and with unrelated healthy controls. ADCC activity and effector cell counts were similar between CFS patients and their family members. Surprisingly, the CX1:1 of both the CFS patients and their non-CFS family members was low, 77% of the controls (P=0.03). The ADCC effector cell counts/ul blood were also lower for both (two-tailed P=0.09, insignificant). The potential for synergistic interaction of low CX1:1 and low effector cell counts was 24-fold greater for CFS family members than for unrelated healthy controls (P<0.05). The ADCC similarity between patients and family members indicates that lower ADCC is unlikely to influence who is affected with CFS within families. The combined lower ADCC and lower effector cell counts of CFS family members could indicate a familial risk for CFS. However, caution is warranted by evidence that the CFS families are from a Utah population that is genetically skewed, while the controls have diversity representative of the USA. The ADCC differences could be between 2 human populations or between people more or less likely to suffer from CFS.
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Pounder, Gerard A. J., Ruel L. A. Ellis, and Gerardo Fernandez-Lopez. "Cognitive function synthesis: preliminary results." Kybernetes 46, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 272–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-01-2015-0038.
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Purpose This paper aims to introduce the cognitive function synthesis (CFS) conceptual framework to artificial general intelligence. CFS posits that at the “core” of intelligence in hybrid architectures, “interdependent” cognitive functions are synthesised through the interaction of various associative memory (AM)-based systems. This synthesis could form an interface layer between deliberative/symbolic and reactive/sub-symbolic layers in hybrid cognitive architectures. Design/methodology/approach A CFS conceptual framework, specifying an arrangement of AMs, was presented. The framework was executed using sparse distributed memory. Experiments were performed to investigate CFS autonomous extraction, consciousness and imagination. Findings Autonomous extraction was achieved using data from a Wi-Fi camera with the CFS auto-associative AM handling “Sensor Data”. However, noise reduction degraded the extracted image. An environment, simulated in V-REP 3.3.1, was used to investigate consciousness and imagination. CFS displayed consciousness by successfully tracking/anticipating the object position with over 90 per cent congruence. CFS imagination was seen by its predicting two time steps into the future. Originality/value Preliminary results demonstrate the plausibility of CFS claims for autonomous extraction, consciousness and imagination.