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Dohale, Sonali, Kara M. Bombach, Cyril T. Brennan, Renée A. Latour, and Axel S. Urie. "CFIUS issues final regulations on national security review of foreign investments in the United States under FIRRMA: broader reach, mandatory filings, and limited exceptions." Journal of Investment Compliance 21, no. 2/3 (November 23, 2020): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-09-2020-0025.
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Purpose The article examines the sweeping changes to the review process undertaken by Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) as a result of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018 (FIRRMA). The Article specifically reviews the long-awaited final sets of regulations, effective as of February 13, 2020, and analyzes their impact on the CFIUS process, as well as considers the implications of FIRRMA for parties to foreign acquisition, control, and investment transactions. Design/methodology/approach The Article begins with an overview of the CFIUS framework and a general explanation of FIRRMA. It then moves to an analysis of FIRRMA and the resulting changes to the prior CFIUS regime. The Article concludes with general considerations and provides recommendations for parties who may find themselves analyzing the potential applicability of CFIUS to foreign acquisition and investment transactions. Findings FIRRMA resulted in significant changes to the existing CFIUS regulatory framework. Practical implications Parties should learn the CFIUS changes as a result of FIRRMA, including the new mandatory filing requirements as well as implications for non-controlling investment transactions. Parties should include CFIUS analysis and planning in the earliest stages of deal planning and due diligence. Originality/value The article provides an in-depth review of the changes to CFIUS resulting from FIRRMA. The changes to the existing CFIUS landscape have resulted in new mandatory filing requirements and expanded jurisdiction over non-controlling investment and real estate transactions, which are discussed in the article.
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Hari, Hrishikesh, Jeremy Zucker, and Darshak Dholakia. "Gone with the Wind III: Ralls Historic Appeal and Lessons for Foreign Investors." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 10 (October 1, 2014): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014059.
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An unexpected July 2014 decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit pertaining to the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) merits consideration by both foreign investors and the U.S. national security community. Reversing a decision of the District Court below, the Circuit Court found that CFIUS and the President denied Ralls Corporation (Ralls), a foreign investor, its constitutionally protected due process rights in connection with requiring Ralls to divest acquired property on national security grounds. The case centered on a July 2012 finding by CFIUS that Ralls' acquisition of several windfarm projects located near a U.S. Naval facility in Oregon posed a national security risk to the United States. The President then issued an historic order-just the second of its kind-mandating the unwinding of the completed transaction pursuant to a national security review. Ralls then took CFIUS and the President to court, arguing CFIUS and the President denied its due process. Between two hearings in February and October 2013, the District Court dismissed all of Ralls' claims, finding national security interests outweighed Ralls' interest in learning the specific grounds for the President's divestment order. In the recent decision, the Circuit Court reversed and remanded to the District Court, finding CFIUS and the President failed to give constitutional due process to Ralls. The Circuit Court also ruled that CFIUS must share all unclassified information on which it relied and provide Ralls an opportunity to rebut. As we explore below, the Circuit Court's decision could impact the CFIUS review process and considerations for foreign investors. Even if the decision ultimately does not stand, as we have discussed at length in companion articles, the Ralls case underscores the importance for potential foreign investors in the United States to carefully consider CFIUS issues early in the investment process.
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Wang, Zhu (Judy). "CFIUS under Review: National Security Review in the US and the WTO." Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 2 (April 1, 2016): 193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016011.
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Ralls v. CFIUS is the first and only CFIUS challenge that has been heard by United States federal courts. In granting standing to the foreign investor, the DC Circuit determined that the purchaser had gained protectable property interests and was therefore guaranteed due process rights. However, this privilege is circumscribed insofar as factual considerations cannot touch on issues of national security and classified sources. These limitations render the “justiciability” of CFIUS decisions toothless, much in the same way that Article XXI issues are effectively non-justiciable before the GATT Panel.
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Leiter, Michael, John Caccia, Heather Cruz, Michael Hoffman, James Schnell, Ivan Schlager, Donald Vieira, Jonathan Gafni, and Daniel Gerkin. "Governance implications of CFIUS reform for US investment funds with foreign investors." Journal of Investment Compliance 20, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-01-2019-0010.
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Purpose To explain how corporate governance is likely to be affected by drastic changes to national security reviews by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), especially for US funds with foreign investors. Design/methodology/approach The article summarizes the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018 (FIRRMA) and then details the pilot program and how to qualify for exceptions. Findings While many questions and considerations remain, including how FIRRMA will play out across various industries, we concluded that there will be an increase in CFIUS filings. Originality/value Practical guidance from experienced national security and CFIUS lawyers.
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Khanapurkar, Uday. "CFIUS 2.0: An Instrument of American Economic Statecraft Targeting China." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 48, no. 2 (August 2019): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1868102620906973.
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On 13 August 2018, the president of the United States signed a bill to strengthen the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), an interagency executive body responsible for screening foreign investments made in the United States for national security risks. The move is primarily aimed at preventing Chinese firms from exploiting the US open capital markets to acquire technology. While much commentary exists spelling out the changes made to CFIUS by way of the legislation, their focus is largely on the legal and business ramifications of the policy at the firm level. This analysis assesses what CFIUS strengthening portends for the tech ambitions, examines the Chinese state’s response to the move, and observes its relevance to US–China economic decoupling.
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Neelakantan, Usha, Daniel B. Pickard, and Nova J. Daly. "The Ralls Case: Why CFIUS and the Court Got It Right." Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 7/8 (July 1, 2013): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013026.
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The Ralls Case: Why CFIUS and the Court Got It Right examines the President's determination, based on a CFIUS recommendation, that national security concerns warranted the issuance of a divestiture order of Ralls Corporation's acquired interest in four wind farm project companies in Oregon. The article also reviews the decision of the US District Court in the legal challenge that Ralls brought in response to the President's order. The article argues that the President and CFIUS were right to block the transaction and that the President was within his legal authority to take such action. The article further argues that the court decision affirming the President's authority is, to date, correct.
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Bellinger III, John B., and Nicholas L. Townsend. "Inside ‘the CFIUS’: US National Security Review of Foreign Investments." Global Trade and Customs Journal 6, Issue 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2011001.
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Foreign companies looking for good deals buying US businesses that were hit hard by the economic downturn need to be aware that transactions that implicate the US national security are subject to significant scrutiny by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). Several recent foreign investments have failed because of national security concerns raised by this little-known US government committee. National security review by the CFIUS can be a frustrating process for international investors who are not well-prepared. Potential foreign investors should understand how the US national security review process works and how the Obama Administration’s trade policy and the highly politicized national security debate in the US could impact their transactions. This article provides international investors an informal guide to the CFIUS process to help them understand what is involved and benefit from lessons learned from past transactions.
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Anwar, Syed Tariq. "CFIUS, Chinese MNCs’ Outward FDI, and Globalization of Business." Journal of World Trade 44, Issue 2 (April 1, 2010): 419–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2010015.
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Internationalization of Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs) as well as regulatory bodies’ legal and procedural issues are major topics in world trade. By using literature from the areas of world trade, international law, geopolitics, global business, and globalization, this paper investigates the changing role of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) and its interactions with Chinese and other MNCs. The study uses a longitudinal case-based research approach to analyse seven Chinese MNCs and adds value to the current literature by discussing three timely topics: Chinese MNCs? internationalization activities, the CFIUS and its regulatory approval mechanism, and globalization of business and its world trade-related issues.
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Salladin, Anne W., and Amelia J. Schmidt. "CFIUS post-Ralls: Ramifications for Sovereign Wealth Funds." International Review of Law 2015, no. 2 (March 2015): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/irl.2015.swf.4.
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Hari, Hrishikesh, and Jeremy Zucker. "Gone With the Wind: The Ralls Transaction and Implications for Foreign Investment in the United States." Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 7/8 (July 1, 2013): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013025.
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In 2012, pursuant to a national security review conducted by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), President Obama ordered the unwinding of Ralls Corporation's ("Ralls") acquisition of certain US wind farm companies. Ralls' legal challenge of the President's Order, and the court's opinions to date, highlight important considerations for both foreign investors and the national security community. This article contextualizes the case within a broader debate about how well CFIUS balances openness to foreign investment and protection of national security, points out important gaps in the national security review process, and considers opportunities for greater transparency.
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Wakely, Jonathan R., David N. Fagan, and Mark E. Plotkin. "The Ralls Case: Lessons for Foreign Investors." Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 7/8 (July 1, 2013): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013027.
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In September 2012, for only the second time in history, the President exercised his statutory authorities to prohibit the acquisition of a US company on national security grounds. This matter, involving Chinese-controlled Ralls Corporation, offers valuable lessons for foreign companies contemplating US investments. In particular, the Ralls case highlights the dangers associated with transactions that close without CFIUS consideration, the risks associated with physical proximity to sensitive US facilities, and the benefits of early consultations with experienced CFIUS counsel. At the same time, the Ralls matter does not portend any change in US openness to foreign investment-including from China.
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Hari, Hrishikesh, and Jeremy Zucker. "Gone with the Wind II: The Ralls Decision and Lessons for Foreign Investors." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 1 (January 1, 2014): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014005.
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A recent decision of the US District Court for the District of Columbia (District Court) merits consideration by both foreign investors and the US national security community. The case involved a dispute between a foreign investor, Ralls Corporation (Ralls), and the US Government. In July 2012, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) found that Ralls' acquisition of several windfarm projects located near a US Naval facility in Oregon posed a national security risk to the United States. As we discussed at length in a prior article in this Journal, the President then issued an historic order-just the second of its kind-mandating the unwinding of a completed transaction pursuant to a national security review. Ralls then took CFIUS and the President to court, marking the first time an aggrieved foreign investor had done so. After an initial hearing, in February 2013 the District Court dismissed all but one of Ralls' claims, granting an additional hearing only to determine whether Ralls' due process claim merited further consideration. On October 9, 2013, the District Court rejected Ralls' due process argument as well, finding national security interests outweighed Ralls' interest in learning the specific grounds for President Obama's divestment order. For prospective foreign investors, this ruling offers an important lesson, underscoring the importance of seeking prior approval from CFIUS before entering into a "covered transaction."
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Ortega, Diego, John Cheretis, and Chase Kaniecki. "Navigating the New CFIUS: Reflections on FIRRMA and the Pilot Programme." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 9 (September 1, 2019): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019049.
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Han, Wang, and Liu Jianhua. "The Role of Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States in the Tech War with China." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 8, no. 2 (May 16, 2022): p104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v8n2p104.
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With the escalation of the science and technology war against China, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) continues to expand its powers with the support of Congressional legislation, and plays an increasingly important role in the science and technology war against China. The committee strictly restricts Chinese technology companies’ investment in the United States by means of routine review, case tracing, whitelisting, and long-arm jurisdiction, preventing China from acquiring advanced American technology through investment channels in the United States, so as to curb China’s high-tech development and maintain American technological hegemony. The goal of CFIUS’s review of Chinese companies’ investment in the United States has shown trends such as generalization of security, joint action, focus on emerging fields, and strengthening of law enforcement capabilities China should pay attention to the scope of CFIUS expansion and behavioral trends, and take corresponding countermeasures to avoid and reduce investment risks in the United States.
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Grindal, Karl. "Trade regimes as a tool for cyber policy." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 21, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-08-2018-0042.
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PurposeThis research develops a framework for assessing international trade regimes which could be used to address global cybersecurity challenges based on the corresponding costs of implementation and their distribution. Trade regimes, such as export controls, tariffs, investment restrictions and localization requirements, have disparate effects on foreign and domestic producers and consumers.Design/methodology/approachThese trade regimes and their effects are explored through a literature review and conceptual framework. A case study then assesses trends in the use of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS).FindingsCFIUS investment restrictions have justified blocking specific Chinese acquisitions of American companies, at least partially, on cybersecurity grounds using a targeted and evidence-based approach. Because of its targeted effect, CFIUS is the least likely of these trade regimes to block legitimate international trade. Restrictions on international trade, without sufficient cause, produce dead weight loss under the theory of comparative advantage.Originality/valueThese costs should be accounted for in any policy-based decision, particularly as policy entrepreneurs increasingly push for embedding cybersecurity reforms into these trade regimes. While the literature on trade regimes and cybersecurity is growing, this paper advances this research with its comparative framework.
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Bardi, Andrew, Stewart Baker, and Stephen Heifetz. "Annual CFIUS Report Reflects Higher National Security Hurdle and Need for More Jurisdictional Guidance." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 4 (April 1, 2014): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014021.
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Gasseling, L. "M&A in het tijdperk van nationale beschermingsmechanismen: gaan we richting een Europese CFIUS?" Maandblad voor Ondernemingsrecht 6, no. 5-6 (June 2020): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/mvo/245231352020006506005.
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Baltz, Matthew J. "Institutionalizing neoliberalism: CFIUS and the governance of inward foreign direct investment in the United States since 1975." Review of International Political Economy 24, no. 5 (July 4, 2017): 859–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2017.1335650.
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Casselman, Joshua W. "China's Latest 'Threat' to the United States: The Failed CNOOC-Unocal Merger and its Implications for Exon-Florio and Cfius." Indiana International & Comparative Law Review 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 155–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/17535.
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Chen, Sichong, Wenxue Li, and Qi Wang. "Are Chinese Acquirers Discriminated against in Cross‐border Mergers and Acquisitions? An Analysis Based on Covered Transactions Filed with CFIUS." China & World Economy 28, no. 2 (March 2020): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12320.
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Lavelle, Kathryn C. "Congress in the World: Benefits of the Congressional Fellowship Program for the Study of International Relations." Perspectives on Politics 6, no. 3 (August 18, 2008): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708081279.
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The Congressional Fellowship Program of the American Political Science Association charted new territory in the 1950s when it opened the internal workings of Congress to subsequent generations of political science scholars. Numerous programs incorporating a “Hill” experience into a variety of academic disciplines have imitated it since then. However, scholarship in the subfield of international relations has not benefited from the opportunities the program offers to the same extent as other disciplines and subfields have. I use a sample of legislative and policy matters that I encountered as a fellow in the 2006–2007 year to argue that a wide spectrum of theoretical work in international political economy would profit from insights generated by the type of direct participation the program affords. Specifically, I connect literature across subfields on institutional change, and relate how my experiences with Darfur divestment legislation, Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. (CFIUS) legislation, and politics in a financial crisis hold the potential to enrich our understanding of the international political economy. I suggest where more direct experience with other issues by other scholars could prompt additional insights for research on U.S. foreign policy and international relations.
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&NA;. "What Is CFIDS?" Journal of Christian Nursing 25, no. 1 (January 2008): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cnj.0000306004.27747.ce.
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Sheridan, Thomas F. "Disability Policy and CFIDS." Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 3, no. 4 (January 1997): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j092v03n04_08.
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Korotkikh, Alla. "Foreign direct investments in U.S. agricultural land." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 2 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760019822-1.
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U.S. agricultural land remains attractive to foreign investors. As of December 31, 2020, foreign direct investment in this property amounted to $4.5 million, which is three times higher than in 2014. Foreign individuals and companies currently held an interest in nearly 15.2 million hectares of US agricultural land. This represents 2.9 percent of all privately owned agricultural land in the United States. Almost half of the reported foreign interest holdings of U.S. land are arable land and pastures, with timber and forestland accounting for 46 percent of the total acreage, which are mainly used by timber and "green" energy companies. Canadian investors own the largest amount of reported foreign-held agricultural land, with 32 percent. Foreign persons from an additional four countries, the Netherlands, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Germany collectively held 31 percent of the foreign-held acreages in the United States. The state of Texas has the largest amount of foreign-held U.S. agricultural land. Maine has the second, Alabama - the third largest amount of foreign-held agricultural land. Three states collectively held more than 25% of the reported foreign-held agricultural land in the United States, the vast majority of which is forestland. Current law imposes no restrictions on the amount of private U.S. agricultural land that can be foreign owned. However, several states have imposed certain prohibitions or restrictions on foreign ownership, but do not significantly inhibit foreign farmland ownership, while most states expressly allow foreign ownership. The US government controls direct investment flows. Federal law requires foreign persons and entities to disclose to USDA information related to foreign investment and ownership of U.S. agricultural land. The Agricultural Foreign Investment Disclosure Act of 1978 (AFIDA) and its federal regulations, implemented by USDA, established a nationwide system for the collection of information pertaining to foreign ownership of U.S. agricultural land. At the federal level, the Committee on Foreign Investment (CFIUS) authorized to review certain transactions involving foreign investment in the United States in order to determine the effect of such transactions on U.S. national security.
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Chen, Qiang, and Peter Monk. "Time domain CFIEs for electromagnetic scattering problems." Applied Numerical Mathematics 79 (May 2014): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnum.2013.03.005.
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Chernecky, Cynthia, and Jennifer Waller. "Comparison of Bacterial CFUs in Five Intravenous Connectors." Clinical Nursing Research 19, no. 4 (August 13, 2010): 416–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1054773810375110.
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Tuan, Tran Manh, Luong Thi Hong Lan, Shuo-Yan Chou, Tran Thi Ngan, Le Hoang Son, Nguyen Long Giang, and Mumtaz Ali. "M-CFIS-R: Mamdani Complex Fuzzy Inference System with Rule Reduction Using Complex Fuzzy Measures in Granular Computing." Mathematics 8, no. 5 (May 3, 2020): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8050707.
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Complex fuzzy theory has strong practical background in many important applications, especially in decision-making support systems. Recently, the Mamdani Complex Fuzzy Inference System (M-CFIS) has been introduced as an effective tool for handling events that are not restricted to only values of a given time point but also include all values within certain time intervals (i.e., the phase term). In such decision-making problems, the complex fuzzy theory allows us to observe both the amplitude and phase values of an event, thus resulting in better performance. However, one of the limitations of the existing M-CFIS is the rule base that may be redundant to a specific dataset. In order to handle the problem, we propose a new Mamdani Complex Fuzzy Inference System with Rule Reduction Using Complex Fuzzy Measures in Granular Computing called M-CFIS-R. Several fuzzy similarity measures such as Complex Fuzzy Cosine Similarity Measure (CFCSM), Complex Fuzzy Dice Similarity Measure (CFDSM), and Complex Fuzzy Jaccard Similarity Measure (CFJSM) together with their weighted versions are proposed. Those measures are integrated into the M-CFIS-R system by the idea of granular computing such that only important and dominant rules are being kept in the system. The difference and advantage of M-CFIS-R against M-CFIS is the usage of the training process in which the rule base is repeatedly changed toward the original base set until the performance is better. By doing so, the new rule base in M-CFIS-R would improve the performance of the whole system. Experiments on various decision-making datasets demonstrate that the proposed M-CFIS-R performs better than M-CFIS.
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Kim, Min-Bae. "Enactment and Issues of Japan's Important Land Survey Regulation Act." Korean Public Land Law Association 99 (August 30, 2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30933/kpllr.2022.99.1.
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On the basis of national security and territorial integrity, can the state regulate the use of land and buildings around important defense facilities or on border islands? In response, on June 16, 2021, Japan promulgated ‘Important Land Survey Regulation Act.’ In enacting the Important Land Survey Regulation Act, the Japanese government suggested land acquisition in a specific area by foreign capital as a basis for legislation. Due to the cases of land acquisition in a water source, defense facilities, or border islands, anxiety among Japanese residents and the people is growing.
As a background of legislation, the Important Land Survey Regulation Act refers to ‘concerned’ foreign capital and state. It is primarily considering Korea and China as regulatory targets. The Important Land Survey Regulation Act is a regulation law based on the maintenance of the base of national life, maritime sovereignty, and national security. In the future, I think the Important Land Survey Regulation Act will have a direct or indirect effect on Korea.
From a national security perspective, laws that regulate direct investment in corporate purchases also exist in the United States and Japan. However, regulations on real estate transactions have recently been introduced from the perspective of national security. In the United States, the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) enacted in August 2018 is a representative law. Real estate transactions are being conducted as a subject of review by the US Foreign Investment Committee (CFIUS). From a national security perspective, Japan is reviewing the case of the United States, which regulates the sale of real estate. However, problems with the bill were pointed out in the process of enacting the Important Land Survey Regulation Act. The issue of unconstitutionality of the Important Land Survey Regulation Act was also raised.
In this study, I reviewed the issues and the contents of the law in the legislative process of the Japanese National Assembly : the purpose of legislation and the existence of legislative facts, the subject of regulation and delegation of legislation, forest and water sources, enforcement decree and delegation legislation, resident movement regulation, designation of special zones, and pre-reporting system, etc. The following matters were reviewed on the issue of unconstitutionality inherent in the Important Land Survey Regulation Act : legislative purposes and the absence of legislative facts, violation of the principles of parliamentary legislation, principle of criminal justice, recommendations and orders and criminal penalties, land use investigation and personal information, privacy rights, freedom of thought and conscience, self-denial rights, property rights and compensation systems, etc.
The Important Land Survey Regulation Act, like FIRRMA in the United States, is based on national security, Japan primarily aims to protect Japan’s Self-Defense Forces facilities and U.S. military facilities. To this end, ownership and use, and transactions of land and buildings in a specific area are regulated. Second, however, it is a law to prepare for border disputes or maritime disputes between Japan and China, Japan and Russia, Korea and Japan. From the perspective of borders, territories, and maritime sovereignty, the Republic of Korea needs to establish new border protection measures for uninhabited islands and islands.
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Varnavskii, V. "The Chinese Phenomenon of Economic Growth." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 1 (2022): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-1-5-15.
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Modern China should be considered as an unique experiment and great world project of human civilization, effectively a co-product of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the West. The centuries-old concept of a free-market economy fell on fertile ground of the hardworking Chinese people and in a short historical period since the beginning of the reform has finally bore fruit. Globalization and digitalization have greatly helped the Chinese economy to expand around the world and have become powerful catalysts for Chinese economic development, providing it with new approaches to doing business. The article attempts to analyze this phenomenon and systematize the factors of China’s growth. Key aspects of the Chinese economy transformation are studied, such as GDP (in current and constant prices) and GNI per capita, manufacturing and trade, finance and capital. Special attention is paid to the global leadership role of China or/and the USA: Economy, Manufacturing, and International Trade. An in-depth comparative analysis of the economic growth indicators for China and the USA is based on extensive international statistical data. The author focuses on estimates of key indicators published by international bodies, such as the United Nations, UNCTAD, UNIDO, OECD, WTO and others. Various think tanks, independent agencies and other institutions such as McKinsey Global Institute, Primakov Institute of World Economy and International Relations RAS, Congressional Research Service (CRS), United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission, Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) have been analyzing Chinese phenomenon of economic growth. Quantitative assessments of China’s economic growth are discussed. As shown, China plays a major role in the world economy and manufacturing. It is now the world’s first country by many economic indicators. In 2007, China became the world’s largest merchandise exporter. In 2009, it took the 1st place in manufacturing value-added output. Measured by purchasing power parity (PPP), in 2017 China stood as the world-largest economy in terms of GDP in current US dollars. Over the past decade, China has provided at least 30 percent of global GDP growth, while the United States was half as much. China is in the world’s top two for receiving and being the source of foreign direct investment (FDI). In 2020, China had 124 Global Fortune 500 companies compared to 121 American. At the same time, the US remains the world leader in many other quantitative indicators, for example in GDP at official exchange rates, innovation, research and development, finance, and services. It also ranks first in the world in terms of quality indicators of economic development. The author gives his vision of the China’s economic growth fundamental factors. Four of them are identified: a) low labor costs, b) well-designed legal environment for attracting foreign capital, c) massive FDI influx, d) imports of capital goods as well as modern Western technologies, including transfer of critical technologies, intellectual property and know-how (mainly through acquisition of Western firms). The general conclusion is that the reforms completely transformed the lives of Chinese people. China of the 1970s 80s and today’s China are two different economic, industrial, scientific, technical, socio-humanitarian entities.
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Karau, Melissa J., Suzannah M. Schmidt-Malan, Mariana Albano, Jayawant N. Mandrekar, Christina G. Rivera, Douglas R. Osmon, Caitlin P. Oravec, Daniel J. Berry, Matthew P. Abdel, and Robin Patel. "Novel Use of Rifabutin and Rifapentine to Treat Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Rat Model of Foreign Body Osteomyelitis." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 9 (July 7, 2020): 1498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa401.
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Abstract Background Owing to patient intolerance or drug interactions, alternative agents to rifampin are needed for management of staphylococcal periprosthetic joint infection. In the current study, we evaluated rifabutin, rifapentine and rifampin, with and without vancomycin, in a rat model of foreign body osteomyelitis. Methods Proximal tibiae were inoculated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and a Kirschner wire (K-wire) implanted in each. After 4 weeks of infection, rifampin, rifabutin, or rifapentine were administered, alone or with vancomycin. Tibiae and K-wires were cultured, and medians were reported as log10 colony-forming units (CFUs) per gram of bone or log10 CFUs per K-wire, respectively. Results Rifampin, rifabutin or rifapentine administered with vancomycin yielded less MRSA from bones (0.10, 3.02, and 0.10 log10 CFUs/g, respectively) than did no treatment (4.36 log10 CFUs/g) or vancomycin alone (4.64 log10 CFUs/g) (both P ≤ .02). The K-wires of animals receiving no treatment or vancomycin monotherapy recovered medians of 1.76 and 2.91 log10 CFUs/g per K-wire, respectively. In contrast, rifampin, rifabutin and rifapentine administered with vancomycin yielded medians of 0.1 log10 CFUs per K-wire, respectively. Rifampin resistance was detected in a single animal in the rifampin monotherapy group. Conclusions Rifabutin or rifapentine with vancomycin were as active as rifampin with vancomycin against MRSA in rat foreign body osteomyelitis, suggesting that rifabutin and/or rifapentine may be alternatives to rifampin in the clinical management of staphylococcal periprosthetic joint infections.
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Yamamoto, Yu, Osamu Miura, and Takashi Ohyama. "Cruciform Formable Sequences within Pou5f1 Enhancer Are Indispensable for Mouse ES Cell Integrity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 3399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073399.
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DNA can adopt various structures besides the B-form. Among them, cruciform structures are formed on inverted repeat (IR) sequences. While cruciform formable IRs (CFIRs) are sometimes found in regulatory regions of transcription, their function in transcription remains elusive, especially in eukaryotes. We found a cluster of CFIRs within the mouse Pou5f1 enhancer. Here, we demonstrate that this cluster or some member(s) plays an active role in the transcriptional regulation of not only Pou5f1, but also Sox2, Nanog, Klf4 and Esrrb. To clarify in vivo function of the cluster, we performed genome editing using mouse ES cells, in which each of the CFIRs was altered to the corresponding mirror repeat sequence. The alterations reduced the level of the Pou5f1 transcript in the genome-edited cell lines, and elevated those of Sox2, Nanog, Klf4 and Esrrb. Furthermore, transcription of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) within the enhancer was also upregulated in the genome-edited cell lines, in a similar manner to Sox2, Nanog, Klf4 and Esrrb. These ncRNAs are hypothesized to control the expression of these four pluripotency genes. The CFIRs present in the Pou5f1 enhancer seem to be important to maintain the integrity of ES cells.
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Todriya, T. V. "Proliferative potential of CFUs from bone marrow of thymectomized mice." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 114, no. 2 (August 1992): 1196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00800092.
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Liu, Ting-Hang, Shu-Shen Cheng, Huey-Ling You, Mel S. Lee, and Gwo-Bin Lee. "Bacterial detection and identification from human synovial fluids on an integrated microfluidic system." Analyst 144, no. 4 (2019): 1210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an01764f.
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An integrated microfluidic system was developed for detecting and identifying four bacteria in human joint fluid with the limit of detection as low as 100 colony forming units (CFUs) per milliliter (or 20 CFUs per reaction).
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Sunaguchi, Naoki, Yoshiki Yamakoshi, and Takahito Nakajima. "A Color-Doppler Shear-Wave-Imaging Phase-reconstruction Method Using Four Color Flow Images." Ultrasonic Imaging 39, no. 3 (November 30, 2016): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0161734616680985.
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This study investigates shear wave phase map reconstruction using a limited number of color flow images (CFIs) acquired with a color Doppler ultrasound imaging instrument. We propose an efficient reconstruction method to considerably reduce the number of CFIs required for reconstruction and compare this method with Fourier analysis-based color Doppler shear wave imaging. The proposed method uses a two-step phase reconstruction process, including an initial phase map derived from four CFIs using an advanced iterative algorithm of optical interferometry. The second step reduces phase artifacts in the initial phase map using an iterative correction procedure that cycles between the Fourier and inverse Fourier domains while imposing directional filtering and total variation regularization. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method using synthetic and experimental data of a breast phantom and human breast tissue. Our results show that the proposed method maintains image quality and reduces the number of CFIs required to four; previous methods have required at least 32 CFIs to achieve equivalent image quality. The proposed method is applicable to real-time shear wave elastography using a continuous shear wave produced by a mechanical vibrator.
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Tandlich, Roman, Mbonisi Ncube, S. M. M. Khamanga, and Bongumusa M. Zuma. "A Case Study on the Health Risks Related to Flood Disasters in South Africa." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 732–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0732.
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Floods occurred in the Ndlambe Local Municipality in South Africa in October 2012. During various stages of the post-disaster recovery, bacterial concentrations were measured in water and soil samples from the flood zone. All drinking water concentrations ofE. coliwere below 1–3 colony forming units per 100 millilitres (CFUs/100 mL). The flood waters contained between 46500 to more than 100000 CFUs/100 mL ofE. coli. {The concentrations ofSalmonellaspp. in the flood waters varied from 5000 to 250000 CFUs/100 mL. The presumptiveVibriospp. concentrations in flood waters ranged from 1000 to over 150000 CFUs/100 mL. {The soil concentrations forE. coliranged from 1 to above 330 colony-forming units per 1 g of soil dry weight (CFUs/g). The soil concentrations ofSalmonellaspp. varied from below 1 to 22 CFUs/g. The estimated airborne fungal concentrations ranged from 16820 to 28540 colony-forming units per 1 cubic meter. An outbreak of an infectious disease was recorded among the volunteers who assisted with the post-disaster recovery. The likely bacterial causative agents included strains ofAeromonasspp. andVibrio cholerae. Any human contact with either the contaminated flood waters or of flooded dwellings should only occur, if the individuals in questions are equipped with the full-body personal protective gear. Non-governmental stakeholders performed majority of the post-disaster recovery operations, as the local government could only cover 11% of the required costs. Applying sanitation funds to disaster recovery and increased use of the low-cost flood defence products in high risk areas could provide a solution for the future.
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Morikawa, Daichi, Benjamin C. Hawthorne, Mary Beth R. McCarthy, Nicholas Bellas, Jeremiah D. Johnson, Maxwell T. Trudeau, Kyle V. Murphy, et al. "Analysis of Patient Factors Affecting In Vitro Characteristics of Subacromial Bursal Connective Tissue Progenitor Cells during Rotator Cuff Repair." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10174006.
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Unsatisfactory failure rates following rotator cuff (RC) repair have led orthopaedic surgeons to explore biological augmentation of the healing enthesis. The subacromial bursa (SB) contains abundant connective tissue progenitor cells (CTPs) that may aid in this process. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of patient demographics and tear characteristics on the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) and nucleated cell count (NCC) of SB-derived CTPs. In this study, we harvested SB tissue over the supraspinatus tendon and muscle in 19 patients during arthroscopic RC repair. NCC of each sample was analyzed on the day of the procedure. After 14 days, CFUs were evaluated under a microscope. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was then used to determine the relationship between CFUs or NCC and patient demographics or tear characteristics. The study found no significant correlation between patient demographics and the number of CFUs or NCC of CTPs derived from the SB (p > 0.05). The study did significantly observe that increased tear size was negatively correlated with the number of CFUs (p < 0.05). These results indicated that increased tear size, but not patient demographics, may influence the viability of CTPs and should be considered when augmenting RCrepairs with SB.
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Mutasem, Alzoubaidi, and Milan Zlatkovic. "Safety Performance Evaluation of Continuous Flow Intersections in the Era of Connected Vehicles: A Microsimulation Modelling Approach." Put i saobraćaj 68, no. 4 (December 17, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31075/pis.68.04.01.
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This study employed Federal Highway Administration’s Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) to investigate the safety of implementing Connected Vehicles (CVs) at the Continuous Flow Intersection (CFI), by reproducing a real-world corridor, that has multiple successive implementations of CFIs, in VISSIM. Econolite’s ASC/3 Software-in-the-Loop signal controllers and Python-programmed Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communications were embedded in VISSIM. Additionally, the effect of CV-Market Penetration Rate (CV-MPR) on safety is taken into consideration. The study shows that CV deployments at partial and full CFIs leads to notable reductions in crash likelihoods and severities. The total number of conflicts, rear-end and lane change conflicts dropped by 23.8%, 23.6% and 24.4%, respectively at full CFIs and 100% MPR, whereas those were reduced by 6.4%, 4.8% and 17.9%, respectively at partial CFIs and 100% MPR. It was also found that at least a 50% MPR of CVs is required for safety improvements to be influential.
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Rais, Samy, and Kabir Duggal. "The Evolution of Brazilian CFIAs from 2015 to 2020: Like Wine, Does It Get Better with Time?" Journal of International Arbitration 38, Issue 2 (April 1, 2021): 215–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2021012.
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This article undertakes an in-depth analysis of the evolution of Brazil’s Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements (CFIAs) since the publication of the Brazilian Model CFIA in 2015. It studies the tumultuous history of investment treaties in Brazil and how it may have shaped Brazil’s response to the investor-State arbitration regime through the current model CFIA. It assesses how the reception of Brazil’s Model CFIA among Brazilian stakeholders and commentators may have influenced the trends and evolutions of the fourteen CFIAs signed by Brazil from 2015 to 2020. It argues that the Brazilian CFIAs have improved with time through the progressive narrowing and strengthening of their jurisdictional, substantial, public policy and dispute resolution clauses. At the same time, they may not have fully implemented the criticisms and comments of academia and Brazilian civil society, and some provisions remain to be clarified in the future. Bilateral Investment Agreement, Brazil, Model BIT, Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements, Investment arbitration reform
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Alexander, M. E., M. G. Cruz, and A. M. G. Lopes. "CFIS: A software tool for simulating crown fire initiation and spread." Forest Ecology and Management 234 (November 2006): S133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.174.
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Anderson, Deverick J., Maria F. Gergen, Emily Smathers, Daniel J. Sexton, Luke F. Chen, David J. Weber, and William A. Rutala. "Decontamination of Targeted Pathogens from Patient Rooms Using an Automated Ultraviolet-C-Emitting Device." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 5 (May 2013): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/670215.
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Objective.To determine the effectiveness of an automated ultraviolet-C (UV-C) emitter against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE),Clostridium difficile, andAcinetobacterspp. in patient rooms.Design.Prospective cohort study.Setting.Two tertiary care hospitals.Participants.Convenience sample of 39 patient rooms from which a patient infected or colonized with 1 of the 3 targeted pathogens had been discharged.Intervention.Environmental sites were cultured before and after use of an automated UV-C-emitting device in targeted rooms but before standard terminal room disinfection by environmental services.Results.In total, 142 samples were obtained from 27 rooms of patients who were colonized or infected with VRE, 77 samples were obtained from 10 rooms of patients withC. difficileinfection, and 10 samples were obtained from 2 rooms of patients with infections due toAcinetobacter. Use of an automated UV-C-emitting device led to a significant decrease in the total number of colony-forming units (CFUs) of any type of organism (1.07 log10reduction;P< .0001), CFUs of target pathogens (1.35 log10reduction;P< .0001), VRE CFUs (1.68 log10reduction;P< .0001), and C.difficileCFUs (1.16 log10reduction;P< .0001). CFUs ofAcinetobacteralso decreased (1.71 log10reduction), but the trend was not statistically significantP= .25). CFUs were reduced at all 9 of the environmental sites tested. Reductions similarly occurred in direct and indirect line of sight.Conclusions.Our data confirm that automated UV-C-emitting devices can decrease the bioburden of important pathogens in real-world settings such as hospital rooms.
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Nair, Mythili H., Imaan Bayoumi, Patricia C. Parkin, Charles D. G. Keown-Stoneman, Adrian J. Smith, Catherine S. Birken, Jonathon L. Maguire, and Cornelia M. Borkhoff. "117 Using composite area-level measures as a proxy for self-report family income." Paediatrics & Child Health 25, Supplement_2 (August 2020): e48-e49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxaa068.116.
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Abstract Background Socioeconomic status (SES) is a well-established social determinant of child health. When reliable self-report family income is unavailable, area-level measures, such as median neighbourhood income, are commonly used as a proxy. However, median neighbourhood income is not a good proxy for self-report family income. Newer area-level measures, such as the Neighbourhood Equity Score (NES) and the Child and Family Inequities Score (CFIS) are composite scores comprised of indicators of well-being such as income, parental education and physical surroundings. Objectives The primary objective was to evaluate the agreement between self-report family income and three area-level measures: median neighbourhood income, NES, and CFIS. The secondary objective was to examine the association between self-report family income, NES, and CFIS with two health indicators associated with SES: overweight/obesity (BMI z-score>1) and short breastfeeding duration (<6 months). Design/Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from a healthy urban Canadian cohort of young children (0-5 years) attending a scheduled health supervision visit in primary care. Parents completed a questionnaire including family income, postal code and breastfeeding duration. Research assistants measured height and weight (to calculate body mass index). Postal code was used to determine each area-level measure. Agreement between self-report family income and area-level measures was evaluated using kappa coefficients. The percentage of families accurately classified by area-level measures compared with self-report family income was calculated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between self-report family income, NES, and CFIS (quintiles) with the two health indicators (present/absent). Results 5149 children were included (mean age 21 months). Agreement between self-report family income and both NES and CFIS was ‘fair’ (weighted k=0.29 for both), and agreement with median neighbourhood income was ‘poor’ (weighted k=0.09). Accurate classification between self-report family income and the three measures were: median neighbourhood income (5.6%), NES (32.2%), CFIS (32.4%). For children in the lowest vs. highest quintile, the odds (95% CI) of overweight/obesity were: self-report family income OR=2.75 (1.60-4.72), NES OR=2.02 (1.23-3.30), CFIS OR=2.04 (1.25-3.33); and having short breastfeeding duration: self-report family income OR=1.61 (1.32-1.97), NES OR=1.84 (1.50-2.25), CFIS OR=1.84 (1.46-2.31). Conclusion Agreement and accurate classification between self-report family income was strongest for composite area-level measures (NES and CFIS), compared with median neighbourhood income. Both self-report family income and composite area-level measures supported the same conclusion that lower SES was associated with poorer health outcomes. These newer measures may be more appropriate than median neighbourhood income when self-report family income is unavailable.
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Sop Foka, Eric Igor, Cedric Yamssi, Ben Enyetornye, Christelle Noumedem Anangmo, Mpoame Mbida, and Theodore B. Mayaka. "Reduction of Ascaridia galli Pathology by Salmonella typhimurium in Broiler Chicken." Journal of Parasitology Research 2021 (September 4, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5386575.
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Previous studies have reported interactions between Salmonella spp. and some helminth coinfections. In this study, S. typhimurium and Ascaridia galli coinfections were analyzed, and the consequences on therapy were proposed. In a first experiment where the effect of the bacteria on the nematode was evaluated, thirty 42-day-old broiler chickens were divided into 3 groups and coinfected with both parasites. The rate of A. galli egg inoculum was kept constant at 500/ml while that of S. typhimurium varied as follows: T0 (500 A. galli eggs/ml), T104 (500 A. galli eggs/ml+104 S. typhimurium CFUs), and T106 (500 A. galli eggs/ml +106S. typhymurium CFUs). EPG and parasitic load were measured using the McMaster technic, and number of worms and their length were also measured. We observed that T106 containing 106 CFUs of Salmonella significantly reduced the EPG values, and this group recorded the lowest worm load ranging from 18 to 21 worms. Likewise, the length of the worms obtained with T104 and T106 appeared to be shorter than those of the control (T0). In a second experiment to assess the effects of the nematode on the bacteria, thirty 42-day-old broiler chickens were divided into 3 groups and coinfected with both parasites. The rate of S. typhimurium inoculum was kept constant at 106 CFUs while that of A. galli varied as follows: T0 (106CFUs), T500 (500 A. galli eggs/ml +106S. typhymurium CFUs), and T750 (750 A. galli eggs/ml +106S. typhymurium CFUs). Bacterial load was measured using Voogt technique. We observed that T500 increased the colonization time and prolonged the duration of S. typhimurium secretion. Salmonella appears to be a hyperparasite considering the deleterious effect on A. galli. Due to this, it may be prudent to combine anti-Salmonella treatment with anthelmintic so as to effectively treat pathologies caused by these two pathogens.
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Chan, J. H. H., C. Lemon, F. Courbin, R. Gavazzi, B. Clément, M. Millon, E. Paic, et al. "Discovery of strongly lensed quasars in the Ultraviolet Near Infrared Optical Northern Survey (UNIONS)." Astronomy & Astrophysics 659 (March 2022): A140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142389.
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We report the discovery of five new doubly imaged lensed quasars from the first 2500 square degrees of the ongoing Canada-France Imaging Survey (CFIS), which is a component of the Ultraviolet Near Infrared Optical Northern Survey. The systems are preselected in the initial catalogues of either Gaia pairs or MILLIQUAS quasars. We then take advantage of the deep, 0.6″median-seeing r-band imaging of CFIS to confirm the presence of multiple point sources with similar colour of u − r via convolution of the Laplacian of the point spread function. Requiring point sources of similar colour and with flux ratios of less than 2.5 mag in r-band, we reduce the number of candidates from 256 314 to 7815. After visual inspection, we obtain 30 high-grade candidates, and prioritise a spectroscopic follow-up analysis for those showing signs of a lensing galaxy upon subtraction of the point sources. We obtain long-slit spectra for 18 candidates with ALFOSC on the 2.56-m Nordic Optical Telescope, confirming five new doubly lensed quasars with 1.21 < z < 3.36 and angular separations from 0.8″ to 2.5″. One additional system is a probable lensed quasar based on the CFIS imaging and existing SDSS spectrum. We further classify six objects as nearly identical quasars, that is, possible lenses but without the detection of a lensing galaxy. Given our recovery rate (83%) of existing optically bright lenses within the CFIS footprint, we expect that a similar strategy, coupled with u − r colour-selection from CFIS alone, will provide an efficient and complete discovery of small-separation lensed quasars of source redshifts below z = 2.7 within the CFIS r-band magnitude limit of 24.1 mag.
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Duong Ha, Van. "Productivity and Social Performance of Co-operative Financial Institutions: Evidence from Vietnam." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 63 (March 24, 2020): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.63.259.271.
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The major intendment of this study was to discover the interactive relationship between productivity and social performance, in which the productivity measured as a ratio of number of active borrowers to number of staff, the social performance is measured through the breadth of outreach and the depth of outreach. This research used the panel data regression method with research data from thirty-six selected CFIs in Vietnam from 2013 to 2018. The study results discovered that the debt-to-equity ratio, equity growth rate, breadth of outreach and return on equity had positive relationships with productivity and that the depth of outreach, loan-to-deposit ratio, non-performing loans ratio and return on assets had negative relationships with productivity. The age of CFIs, debt-to-equity ratio, breadth of outreach had positive relationships with the depth of outreach; the productivity and financial sustainability had negative impacts on the depth of outreach. The depth of outreach, productivity and non-performing loans ratio had positive relationships with the breadth of outreach; the deposit growth ratio had a negative impact on the breadth of outreach. The research had determined the bidirectional interactions and relationship between productivity and social performance. Based on the findings the study offers policy implication and further emphasizes optimal policies to CFIs management that helps the policy makers, CFIs managers and executives in improving the overall productivity and increasing the social performance of CFIs in Vietnam.
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VAN AERDE, J. "Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome: An Epidemic?" Pediatrics 89, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 802–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.89.4.802c.
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To the Editor.— Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS) or Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (M.E.) is a debilitating neuroimmune disorder which is taking on epidemic proportions. Some estimates indicate that 5% of the North American population might become affected this decade. Smith et al1 confuse the symptom of "chronic fatigue" with the disease "chronic fatigue syndrome" The terminology is mixed up throughout the entire paper, but the authors clearly report on the symptom only. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the patient has to meet two major and eight minor criteria to be diagnosed with CFIDS.
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Mauch, P., M. Rosenblatt, and S. Hellman. "Permanent loss in stem cell self renewal capacity following stress to the marrow." Blood 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.4.1193.1193.
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Abstract A technique of irradiating the entire mouse except for one hind limb was developed to provide repeated proliferative demand on the stem cell pool. Animals received 200 cGY weekly for a total dose of 3,400 to 4,000 cGy. During irradiation, shielded bone marrow cellularity was similar to that of unirradiated controls. Shielded marrow colony- forming unit (CFUs) content increased while marrow CFUs self renewal capacity decreased as compared with unirradiated age-matched controls. Following irradiation experimental animals were monitored monthly for 10 to 12 months for marrow cellularity, CFUs content, and self renewal capacity. Shielded marrow cellularity and CFUs content remained elevated over age-matched controls throughout the period of observation. These findings are compatible with the requirement of the shielded hind limb to provide hematopoietic support for the remainder of the animal. Shielded marrow self renewal capacity, a measurement reflecting primitive hematopoietic stem cell function, remained depressed and did not recover with time. These experiments provide evidence for there being limitations on the self renewal capacity of the stem cell compartment. While the small amount of shielded marrow had sufficient capacity to support the animal its average self renewal capacity was permanently reduced.
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Mauch, P., M. Rosenblatt, and S. Hellman. "Permanent loss in stem cell self renewal capacity following stress to the marrow." Blood 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.4.1193.bloodjournal7241193.
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A technique of irradiating the entire mouse except for one hind limb was developed to provide repeated proliferative demand on the stem cell pool. Animals received 200 cGY weekly for a total dose of 3,400 to 4,000 cGy. During irradiation, shielded bone marrow cellularity was similar to that of unirradiated controls. Shielded marrow colony- forming unit (CFUs) content increased while marrow CFUs self renewal capacity decreased as compared with unirradiated age-matched controls. Following irradiation experimental animals were monitored monthly for 10 to 12 months for marrow cellularity, CFUs content, and self renewal capacity. Shielded marrow cellularity and CFUs content remained elevated over age-matched controls throughout the period of observation. These findings are compatible with the requirement of the shielded hind limb to provide hematopoietic support for the remainder of the animal. Shielded marrow self renewal capacity, a measurement reflecting primitive hematopoietic stem cell function, remained depressed and did not recover with time. These experiments provide evidence for there being limitations on the self renewal capacity of the stem cell compartment. While the small amount of shielded marrow had sufficient capacity to support the animal its average self renewal capacity was permanently reduced.
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Jagannathan, Ramanujan, and Joe G. Bared. "Design and Performance Analysis of Pedestrian Crossing Facilities for Continuous Flow Intersections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1939, no. 1 (January 2005): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193900116.
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Although concepts of the continuous flow intersection (CFI) have been around for approximately four decades, minimal or no literature describing studies that have analyzed pedestrian traffic performance at these intersections is available. Several studies have reported on the qualitative and quantitative benefits for the vehicular traffic performance of CFIs in comparison with the benefits for the vehicular traffic performance of conventional intersections but have provided minimal or no discussion about pedestrian traffic performance. As a novel intersection design, many important considerations are required to design pedestrian accesses and crossings at CFIs without compromising pedestrian safety and vehicular traffic performance. In this paper, the design methodologies for providing pedestrian access and related pedestrian signal timings are discussed. Modeling was conducted on three typical geometries for CFIs with base signal timings optimized for vehicular traffic performance. The results indicate an acceptable pedestrian level of service of B or C on the basis of the average delay per stop experienced by any pedestrian for pedestrian crossings at the typical CFI geometries modeled. All pedestrians served at the CFIs are accommodated within two cycles for a typical signal cycle length ranging from 60 to 100 s.
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Hörnig, Friederike, Tibor Kohajda, Stefan Röder, Gunda Herberth, Martin von Bergen, Michael Borte, Ulrike Diez, et al. "The LINA Study: Higher Sensitivity of Infant Compared to Maternal Eosinophil/Basophil Progenitors to Indoor Chemical Exposures." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5293932.
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Purpose. Enhanced eosinophil/basophil (Eo/B) progenitor cell levels are known to be associated with allergic inflammation and atopy risk. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of different indoor exposures on the recruitment and differentiation of Eo/B progenitors in mother-child pairs.Methods. In 68 mother-child pairs of the LINA study peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used to assess Eo/B colony forming units (CFUs). Information about disease outcomes and indoor exposures was obtained from questionnaires. Indoor concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured by passive sampling.Results. Infant’s Eo/B CFUs were positively associated with exposure to tobacco smoke, disinfectants, or VOCs. In contrast, for maternal Eo/B CFUs, only a few associations were seen. Higher numbers of infant Eo/B CFUs were observed in children with wheezing symptoms within the second year of life.Conclusions. We demonstrate that infant’s hematopoietic cells seem to respond with more sensitivity to environmental exposure compared to maternal cells. At least in infants, an activation of these hematopoietic cells by environmental exposure could contribute to an enhanced risk for the development of respiratory outcomes.
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Sparwasser, Tim, Lothar Hültner, Eva Sophie Koch, Arne Luz, Grayson B. Lipford, and Hermann Wagner. "Immunostimulatory CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotides Cause Extramedullary Murine Hemopoiesis." Journal of Immunology 162, no. 4 (February 15, 1999): 2368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.162.4.2368.
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Abstract Bacterial DNA and the synthetic CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) derived thereof have attracted attention because they activate cells of the adaptive immune system (lymphocytes) and the innate immune system (APCs) in a sequence-dependent manner. Here, we addressed whether CpG-ODNs affect hemopoiesis. Challenging mice with immunostimulatory CpG-ODN sequences led to transient splenomegaly, with a maximum increase of spleen weight at day 6. The induction of splenomegaly by CpG-ODNs was sequence-specific, dose-dependent, and associated with an increase in splenic cell count, in numbers of granulocyte-macrophage CFUs (GM-CFUs), and early erythroid progenitors (burst-forming units-erythroid). The transfer of spleen cells from CpG-ODN-pretreated animals into lethally irradiated syngeneic mice yielded an increase of spleen CFUs. Furthermore, the challenge of sublethally irradiated mice with CpG-ODNs caused radioprotective effects, in that recovery of GM-CFUs and cytotoxic T cell function was enhanced. The increase in GM-CFU and CTL function correlated with an enhanced resistance to Listeria infection in irradiated mice. We conclude from these data that CpG-ODNs trigger extramedullary hemopoiesis, and that this finding could be of therapeutic relevance in myelosuppression.