Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cesium ( 137Cs)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Cesium ( 137Cs)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cesium ( 137Cs)"

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Donha, Riviane Maria Albuquerque, Mário Roque, Antônio Enedi Boaretto, Elcio Ferreira Santos, Fernando Giovannetti Macedo, Wanderley José Melo, and José Lavres Junior. "Could 137Cs remediation be accomplished with stable cesium (CsCl) on tropical soils?" November 2019, no. 13(11):2019 (November 20, 2019): 1777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.11.p1562.

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Stable cesium can be considered as the best element for desorption of soil radio-cesium. It is considered an element that slightly absorbed by plants, so that the application of high doses to the soil could increase the absorption of 137Cs, which is desired for the remediation of contaminated soils. There is shortage of knowledge on remediation of tropical and subtropical soils contaminated with 137Cs. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of 133Cs for the remediation of Brazilian tropical and subtropical soils contaminated with 137Cs. In addition, we investigated the Cs uptake by bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Cs contaminated soil. The experiment was carried out in pots under greenhouse conditions. Seven soil types were used in the experiment (Oxisol, Udox, Psamment, Ochrept; Aquoll; Udox and Udult), which received the application of four doses of 133Cs (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/pot in a completely randomized design arranged in a factorial scheme (7 soil types x 4 doses of 133Cs) with three replicates. An increase in transfer factor values of 137Cs was observed for both shoot growth and grains, as well as in percentage of total activity of 137Cs removed from the soil regarding to addition of stable cesium levels in all soils. The results showed that psamment soil presented higher specific activity of 137Cs in the soil and grains, as well as for the transfer coefficient from soil to shoot growth and grains. The application of stable cesium chloride to soil did not cause any effects on dry matter production of shoot growth and grains. The addition of 133Cs increased the transfer from soil 137Cs to the plant regardless of soil type, proving the efficiency of this practice for the remediation of soils contaminated with radioactive Cs. In addition, the plants of common bean were efficient for use in phytoremediation.
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Rauwel, Protima, and Erwan Rauwel. "Towards the Extraction of Radioactive Cesium-137 from Water via Graphene/CNT and Nanostructured Prussian Blue Hybrid Nanocomposites: A Review." Nanomaterials 9, no. 5 (May 2, 2019): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9050682.

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Cesium is a radioactive fission product generated in nuclear power plants and is disposed of as liquid waste. The recent catastrophe at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in Japan has increased the 137Cs and 134Cs concentrations in air, soil and water to lethal levels. 137Cs has a half-life of 30.4 years, while the half-life of 134Cs is around two years, therefore the formers’ detrimental effects linger for a longer period. In addition, cesium is easily transported through water bodies making water contamination an urgent issue to address. Presently, efficient water remediation methods towards the extraction of 137Cs are being studied. Prussian blue (PB) and its analogs have shown very high efficiencies in the capture of 137Cs+ ions. In addition, combining them with magnetic nanoparticles such as Fe3O4 allows their recovery via magnetic extraction once exhausted. Graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNT) are the new generation carbon allotropes that possess high specific surface areas. Moreover, the possibility to functionalize them with organic or inorganic materials opens new avenues in water treatment. The combination of PB-CNT/Graphene has shown enhanced 137Cs+ extraction and their possible applications as membranes can be envisaged. This review will survey these nanocomposites, their efficiency in 137Cs+ extraction, their possible toxicity, and prospects in large-scale water remediation and succinctly survey other new developments in 137Cs+ extraction.
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Tazoe, Hirofumi, Takeyasu Yamagata, Kazuki Tsujita, Hisao Nagai, Hajime Obata, Daisuke Tsumune, Jota Kanda, and Masatoshi Yamada. "Observation of Dispersion in the Japanese Coastal Area of Released 90Sr, 134Cs, and 137Cs from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant to the Sea in 2013." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214094.

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The March 2011 earthquake and tsunami resulted in significant damage to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) and the subsequent release of radionuclides into the ocean. Here, we investigated the spatial distribution of strontium-90 (90Sr) and cesium-134/cesium-137 (134, 137Cs) in surface seawater of the coastal region near the FDNPP. In the coastal region, 90Sr activity was high, from 0.89 to 29.13 mBq L−1, with detectable FDNPP site-derived 134Cs. This indicated that release of 90Sr from the power plant was ongoing even in May 2013, as was that of 134Cs and 137Cs. 90Sr activities measured at open ocean sites corresponded to background derived from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing fallout. The FDNPP site-derived 90Sr/137Cs activity ratios in seawater were much higher than those in the direct discharge event in March 2011, in river input, and in seabed sediment; those ratios showed large variability, ranging from 0.16 to 0.64 despite a short sampling period. This FDNPP site-derived 90Sr/137Cs activity ratio suggests that these radionuclides were mainly derived from stagnant water in the reactor and turbine buildings of the FDNPP, while a different source with a low 90Sr/137Cs ratio could contribute to and produce the temporal variability of the 90Sr/137Cs ratio in coastal water. We estimated the release rate of 90Sr from the power plant as 9.6 ± 6.1 GBq day−1 in May 2013 on the basis of the relationship between 90Sr and 137Cs activity (90Sr/137Cs = 0.66 ± 0.05) and 137Cs release rate.
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Kin, Tadahiro, Naoto Araki, Md Kawchar Ahmed Patwary, Katsumi Aoki, Kosuke Yoshinami, Masaya Yamaguchi, Masatoshi Itoh, and Yukinobu Watanabe. "Production method of environmental tracer 132Cs by accelerator-based neutron." EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 20002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023920002.

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Cesium-132 has proposed as an alternative tracer of 137Cs for environment study on radioactive cesium dynamics released by a nuclear power plant accident. In the present study, we conducted a production experiment of the 132Cs by means of accelerator-based neutron method to investigate production amount and radioactive purity. A 12-g Cs2CO3 sample was irradiated by the accelerator-based neutron via the C(d,n) reactions by 1.2 µA of 30-MeV deuterons. As a result, 102 kBq/g of 132Cs was obtained with higher than 98.5% radioactive purity. Following that, a feasibility study of cesium dynamics measurement in andosol soil was performed. We found distribution of absorption of cesium in andosol soil can be clearly measurable by the produced 132Cs tracer.
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Manaka, Takuya, Shinta Ohashi, Sumika Ogo, Yuichiro Otsuka, and Hitomi Furusawa. "Sorption and desorption experiments using stable cesium: considerations for radiocesium retention by fresh plant residues in Fukushima forest soils." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 329, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-021-07749-1.

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AbstractWe conducted sorption experiments with stable cesium (133Cs) solution in different organic matter samples, aiming to understand the sorption of radiocesium (134Cs and 137Cs) in the initial throughfall by fresh plant residues (e.g., needles, wood, and bark from Japanese cedar trees) in the Oi horizon in forests in Fukushima. Among the organic matter samples, bark and wattle tannin sorbed relatively large amounts of Cs, whereas wood and cellulose powder sorbed small amounts. In contrast, samples containing clay minerals showed much higher Cs sorption. We also conducted desorption experiments, and suggested that Cs on the organic matter samples were relatively mobile.
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Trappe, Matthew J., Leah D. Minc, Kimberly S. Kittredge, and Jeremias W. Pink. "Cesium radioisotope content of wild edible fungi, mineral soil, and surface litter in western North America after the Fukushima nuclear accident." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 11 (November 2014): 1441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0105.

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We measured activity levels of radioisotopes cesium-134 (134Cs) and cesium-137 (137Cs) in wild edible fungi, mineral soil, and surface litter of the west coast of North America from southern California to northern Vancouver Island after the Fukushima nuclear accident. All activity measurements were below United States governmental limits for human health.137Cs activity increased to the north in mineral soils and fungal samples, whereas134Cs activity increased to the south in surface litter samples. Chanterelles (Cantharellus spp.) did not significantly bioconcentrate either radioisotope, but chanterelle activity levels were correlated with those of mineral soil. Activity levels demonstrated a high degree of variability, even in samples from the same site. In most cases, the level of137Cs activity was substantially higher than that of134Cs, suggesting that137Cs was present in the environment prior to the Fukushima release.
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Ramzaev, V. P., and A. N. Barkovsky. "Estimation of the air kerma rate from 137Cs and 134Cs deposited on the ground in the Sakhalin region of Russia after the Fukushima accident." Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene 12, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21514/1998-426x-2019-12-1-36-51.

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Previous studies conducted by the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being (Rospotrebnadzor) in Sakhalin Region, Russia in 2011–2012 have shown that soils on the southern Kuril Islands were contaminated with 137Cs and 134Cs due to the accident at the Fukushima-1 NPP. In this study, we evaluated the air kerma rate from 137Cs and 134Cs using earlier published data on the vertical distribution of Fukushima-derived radiocaesium in the soil at grasslands on the islands of Kunashir, Shikotan and Iturup. The air kerma rate due to gamma-rays from pre-Fukushima 137Cs was estimated as well. In the period from May 2011 to September 2012, the air kerma rate due to the fresh fallout of radioactive caesium varied from 0.31 to 0.84 nGy h−1. On average, the contribution of the radiation from Fukushima-derived 134Cs and 137Cs to the total air kerma rate from radioactive cesium was 35% in the fall of 2011 and 25% in the fall of 2012. The mean normalized kerma rate from Fukushima-derived 137Cs was estimated at a level of 1.63 nGy h−1 per kBq m−2 in mid-May 2011, 1.53 nGy h−1 per kBq m−2 in autumn 2011 and 1.45 nGy h−1 per kBq m−2 in autumn 2012. The mean normalized air kerma rate from pre-Fukushima 137Cs at reference undisturbed grasslands was estimated as 0.77 nGy h−1 per kBq m−2. The results of our calculations of the air kerma rate from Fukushima-derived 137Cs were in good agreement with the forecast of the 2013 UNSCEAR model, which was used to estimate the external doses of the Japanese population after the Fukushima accident. For pre-Fukushima 137Cs, the UNSCEAR model underestimated the calculated normalized air kerma rates in Sakhalin Region by approximately 40%. Our calculations showed that, overall, the aboveground biomass of herbaceous plants had practically no effect on the air kerma rate from radioactive cesium contained in the soil. The fallout of 134Cs and 137Cs after the accident at the Fukushima-1 NPP did not lead to any significant increase in the gamma dose rate in the air at grasslands on Kuril Islands. In 2019–2020, the contribution of radiocaesium to the total gamma dose rate in air will not exceed 5%.
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Black, E., and K. O. Buesseler. "Spatial variability and the fate of cesium in coastal sediments near Fukushima, Japan." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2014): 7235–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-7235-2014.

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Abstract. Quantifying the amount of cesium incorporated into marine sediments as a result of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident has proven challenging due to the limited multi-core sampling from within the 30 km zone around the facility, the inherent spatial heterogeneities in ocean sediments, and the potential for inventory fluctuations due to physical, biological, and chemical processes. Using 210Pb, 234Th, 137Cs, and 134Cs profiles from 20 sediment cores, coastal sediment inventories were reevaluated. A minimum 137Cs sediment inventory of 100 ± 50 TBq was found for an area of 55 000 km2 using cores from this study and a total of 130 ± 60 TBq using an additional 181 samples. These inventories represent less than 1% of the estimated 15–30 PBq of cesium released during the FDNPP disaster and constitute ~ 90% of the total coastal inventory of 137Cs remaining in 2012. The time needed for surface sediment activities (0 to 3 cm) at the 20 locations to reduce by 50% via bioturbation was estimated to range from 0.4 to 26 years, indicating a much greater persistence of cesium in the sediments relative to coastal water activities. However, due to the observed variability in mixing rates, grain size, and inventories, additional cores are needed to further improve estimates and capture the full extent of cesium penetration into the shallow coastal sediments, which was deeper than 14 cm for all cores retrieved from water depths less than 150 m.
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MAULÉ, C. P., and M. J. DUDAS. "PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF SOIL SEPARATES ASSOCIATED WITH FALLOUT 137Cs." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-016.

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A soil sample, from an accretionary environment, high in 137Cs activity, was fractionated into exchangeable cations, organic-rich material, and sand, silt, and clay separates to determine the partitioning of 137Cs activity. Most of the 137Cs activity was associated with separates containing organic matter. About 21% of the 137Cs activity consisted of exchangeable cesium while 51% of the activity was associated with organic-rich silt to sand-size separates. Results of this study have relevance to the use of this radionuclide for estimating soil erosion. Key words: Fallout cesium, soil separates, clays, organic matter, humic material
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Domingo, Thomas, Krzysztof Starosta, Aaron Chester, Jonathan Williams, Sarah J. Lehnert, Nikolaus Gantner, and Juan José Alava. "Fukushima-derived radioactivity measurements in Pacific salmon and soil samples collected in British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 96, no. 2 (February 2018): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2017-0272.

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Despite the many studies that have shown minimal health risks to individuals living outside of Japan following the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, there are persisting concerns regarding the consumption of Pacific seafood that may be contaminated with radioactive species from Fukushima. To address these concerns, the activity concentrations of anthropogenic 134Cs and 137Cs, as well as naturally occurring 40K, were measured in Pacific salmon collected from Kilby Provincial Park, British Columbia (BC), in 2013 and from the Quesnel River, BC, in 2014 using low-background gamma-ray spectroscopy. In addition, soil samples and a single roof-debris sample were collected and analysed to provide a record of Fukushima-derived contamination in BC. Cesium-134 was not detected in the salmon samples. Cesium-137 was not detected in any of the sockeye or chum samples, although it was detected in all of the Chinook samples. The weighted average (±1σ) 137Cs activity concentration in the Chinook salmon collected in 2013 and 2014 was 0.23 (3) and 0.20 (3) Bq/kg fresh weight, respectively. A conservative annual dose estimate for an adult who consumes the average Canadian quantity of seafood per year, contaminated with radiocesium at the maximum concentrations measured in this campaign, was calculated to be 0.054 μSv per year. Cesium-134 was detected in all but two of the soil samples. A weak positive correlation was observed between presence of 134Cs and of 7Be suggesting that the 134Cs arrived via atmospheric deposition. Cesium-137 was present in every soil sample, although the total radiocesium activity concentrations measured were significantly less than action levels set by Health Canada.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cesium ( 137Cs)"

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Sauvé, Daniel. "Measurement of 236U, 137Cs, and 129I in the Labrador and Beaufort Seas." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34501.

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The first comprehensive analysis of surface waters in the Labrador Sea for 236U was completed via Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Through the analysis of 236U the method for AMS measurement was fine-tuned to allow for more precise results. Surface samples for the anthropogenic isotopes 137Cs and 129I were also collected along with two depth profiles of 129I. Samples were also collected in the Beaufort Sea and analyzed for the aforementioned isotopes. It was found that anthropogenic 129I from reprocessing plants is easily discernible at different concentrations among water bodies in both the Labrador and Beaufort Sea. 137Cs in surface waters is close to global fallout levels with no discernable influence from reprocessing plant inputs, but follows a similar trend to that of 129I with depth in the Beaufort Sea. 236U among surface waters in the Labrador Sea did not follow the same trends as 129I but had concentrations indicative of a mix of global fallout as well as reprocessing plant influenced waters. 236U samples from the Beaufort Sea were contaminated by an unknown source of 236U and were inconclusive but were reproducible and allowed for continued development of the AMS analysis methodology.
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Correchel, Vladia. ""Avaliação de índices de erodibilidade do solo através da técnica da análise da redistribuição do "fallout" do 137Cs"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64132/tde-13042004-111210/.

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Entre os parâmetros da USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation), método mais utilizado na estimativa das perdas de solo por erosão hídrica, a erodibilidade do solo, representada pelo fator K e definida como a taxa de solo perdida por unidade de índice de erosividade, em parcela unitária considerada como padrão (Wischmeier et al., 1971), é o único intrínseco ao solo. Nessas condições padrão o valor encontrado é considerado como o real valor de K. Pelas dificuldades experimentais para obtenção do valor de K para todos os solos, esse fator é geralmente estimado por equações matemáticas empíricas com base em atributos físicos, químicos e mineralógicos do solo. O presente trabalho trata da avaliação de oito métodos de estimativa do fator K da USLE, tomando-se por base estimativas das taxas de erosão avaliadas pelo método do 137Cs. Foram utilizadas oito parcelas padrão de avaliação de perdas de solo e seis transeções demarcadas no campo, em diferentes solos. Nas parcelas padrão, as taxas de erosão medidas diretamente foram comparadas com as estimadas pelo método do 137Cs e os resultados indicaram uma boa concordância. Os valores de K, estimados pelos diferentes modelos, para o solo da parcela, foram comparados diretamente com o valor medido e mostram que os métodos propostos por Wischmeier et al. (1971) e Denardin (1990) desenvolvido para solos do Brasil, são os que mais se aproximam do valor medido. Os mesmos valores de K foram também avaliados por meio da comparação entre as taxas de erosão estimadas pela USLE e pelo método do 137Cs, tendo sido obtidos resultados semelhantes aos da avaliação direta. Essa última forma de avaliação dos métodos de estimativa do fator K foi aplicada também em seis transeções demarcadas em diferentes solos. Devido às grandes limitações associadas aos dois métodos, os resultados mostram uma grande discrepância entre as taxas de erosão estimadas pela USLE e pelo 137Cs o que inviabilizou a comparação proposta dos modelos.
Among the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) parameters, the soil erodibility factor (K), defined as the rate of soil loss per unit of area and per unit of erosivity index for a specific soil as measured on unit plot (Wischmeier & Smith, 1978), is the only soil intrinsic factor. The K values determined on standard unit plots are considered as the real K values. However, K factor can be also estimated by empirical models based on physical, chemical and mineralogical soil attributes. Eight of such empirical methods for K factor estimation were evaluated by comparing the rates of soil loss calculated by USLE and 137Cs fallout redistribution analysis. This procedure was applied both in eight standard erosion plots and six field transects on different soils. In the standard erosion plots the measured soil erosion rates were compared with the rates estimated by the 137Cs method and the results indicate a good relationship. The K values estimated by the different models for the specific soil of the standard plots were compared with the measured K value. The results obtained by the models proposed by Wischmeier et al. (1971) and Denardin (1990) for Brazilian soils were more close to the measured K value. The same K values were also evaluated by comparing the soil erosion rates estimated by USLE and 137Cs methods and the results are in agreement with the direct comparison. This procedure was also applied for the evaluation of K estimation models on the field transects. Due to the limitations associated to both models, the soil erosion rates estimated by USLE and 137Cs methods were very discrepant which did not allow the comparison of K estimation methods when applied for the soils of the transects.
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Talačka, Vaidas. "Radioaktyvių izotopų kaupimosi Drūkšių ežero žuvų organizmuose įvertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050530_083051-90257.

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It was being exploratored radiation pollution of fish living in water-cooling basin of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in master's work. The objectives of work. NPP water-cooling basin's fish. The purpose of work was to estimate fish (Rutilus rutilus ( L.), Abramis brama ( L.), Esox lucius ( L.) and Perca fluviatilis ( L.)) contamination degree with macrobiotic radioisotopes cesium ( 137Cs) and strontium ( 90Sr) of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant ( NPP) water cooling basin, to point up estimated radio-pollution concentrations dependence from fish capturing period of year, their (fish) varietal particularity, nutritional mode of fish life and compare with fish contamination by macrobiotic radioisotopes in other Lithuanian waters. Methods of work. Gama spectral analysis to estimate 137Cs levels in foodstaffs; 90Sr method estimation in foodstaffs and environmental samples by method of Tcherenkov radiation. The experiment was accomplished in the Laboratory of Environmental Protection – the subdivision of Ignalina NPP in 2004-2005. Samples of fish were delivered for the investigations by three times a year ( by 20 kg for every time (month); by 5 kg of different kind; totally 60 kg). It was being applied that method for statistical evaluation of secured data - calculable marks evaluation of secured results. All findings are on 95 % reliability level. The results of investigations showed, that larger specific activity of ( 137Cs) has been found in Esox lucius ( L.) and Perca... [to full text]
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Malki, Mohammed. "Etat electronic et structural du cesium dans les composes d'intercalation du graphite : etude par resonnance magnetique nucleaire du 133cs." Orléans, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ORLE2018.

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L'insertion du cesium dans le graphite conduit a des composes de differents stades. Par rmn du noyau #1#3#3cs nous avons montre que dans le stade i et iii, de 80 k a 300 k, les alcalins occupent les centres des prismes hexagonaux formes par les carbones graphitiques. Par ailleurs, la mesure du deplacement de knight dans ces deux composes nous a permis d'affirmer que l'ionisation des cesiums est totale dans le trosieme stade, alors qu'elle n'est que partielle dans le premier. La raie de rmn du stade ii se distingue nettement des cas precedents: a basse temperature, elle se confond avec celle du stade iii mais lorsque la temperature croit, elle se deplace vers les bas champs comme si elle allait rejoindre la position obtenue dans le stade i. De plus, pour les echantillons composes de plusieurs plaquettes, la raie est nettement composite. A temperature ambiante, les differentes raies que nous avons observees dans deux composes, ex-hopg de stade ii, sont dues non pas a la distribution des cs sur un nombre fini de sites, mais au fait que ces echantillons sont composes de plusieurs plaquettes chacun. En effet, des experiences de rmn sur une seule plaquette ont confirme l'unicite de la raie jusqu'a 400 k. Nous avons attribue la difference entre les plaquettes a leur concentration respective en atomes de cesium. Pour expliquer l'augmentation rapide, en fonction de la temperature de ce deplacement de knight dans chaque plaquette, nous avons propose deux interpretations: la premiere est basee sur le decentrement croissant avec la temperature et la concentration en ions cs#+, et la seconde sur la diminution du recouvrement des orbitales 6s et 2p#z, suite a l'agitation thermique. Enfin, nous avons explique la difference de comportement du deuxieme stade par rapport aux autres par le resultat des competitions des deux interactions alcalin-alcalin et graphite-alcalin
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Mårtensson, Anna-Lisa. "Uppfångning och kvarhållning av 134Cs och 85Sr i olika växtutvecklingsstadier." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-168489.

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Emissions of radionuclides to the atmosphere can lead to wet deposition on plants in theevent of rainfall. An increased level of radioactivity in the plants may occur due tointerception and retention of the radionuclides. If the content of the plants is above thethreshold limit value, entire yields may have to be destroyed. In order to preventcontamination or decrease the content countermeasures can be taken. The impact of thebiomass, leaf area index (LAI) and growth stage of the plant on the interception andretention is important to know in order to decide which countermeasures to use.Weather may also be an important factor. In this work the interception and retention of 134Cs and 85Sr by spring wheat, ley andspring oil-seed rape was studied. The impact of the biomass, LAI and growth stage ofthe plant and precipitation after deposition was also studied. The work was conducted asa field study with plots of the size 1 x 1 m. The plants were wet deposited with 134Cs and 85Sr by using a rain simulator. A total activity of 40 kBq/m2 for both radionuclideswas deposited on each plot. Depositions were performed during four different growthstages and the plants were sampled approximately four hours, one and five days afterdeposition. Activities of the dried plant samples were measured with a High PurityGermanium (HPGe) detector. Finally the interception fraction and the retention factorwere calculated. The study showed that the interception fraction was highest for the third growth stagefor both wheat and oil-seed rape; dough ripeness for wheat and ripening for oil-seedrape. Ley, which was harvested after two depositions, had the highest interceptionfraction at the second growth stage, flowering. Oil-seed rape and ley seemed to have aslightly higher interception fraction for 85Sr at all growth stages. There was a positiverelationship for the biomass and interception fraction, for the LAI and interceptionfraction the relationship wasn’t significant. The retention showed a weak trend ofdecreasing with time, with the decrease being largest during the first day after theinterception. However, the standard deviation was large and consequently the values uncertain.
Utsläpp av radionuklider till atmosfären kan genom regn leda till att de våtdeponeras påväxter. Radionukliderna kan då fångas upp av växterna och hållas kvar vilket kanresultera i förhöjda halter av radioaktivitet hos växterna. Om detta leder till attgränsvärden överskrids kan kassering av växter som används vid livsmedelsproduktionvara nödvändig. Motåtgärder kan vidtas för att undvika kontaminering eller minskahalterna. För att veta vilka motåtgärder som ska användas är det viktigt att veta hurväxtens biomassa, bladyteindex (LAI), utvecklingsstadium samt väderförhållandenpåverkar uppfångningen och kvarhållningen. I detta arbete undersöktes uppfångningen och kvarhållningen av 134Cs och 85Sr hosvårvete, vall och vårraps. Inverkan av växtens biomassa, LAI och utvecklingsstadiumsamt nederbörd efter deponering undersöktes också. Arbetet genomfördes som ettfältförsök med försöksrutor med storleken 1 x 1 m. Växterna våtdeponerades med 134Csoch 85Sr med hjälp av en regnsimulator. En total aktivitet på 40 kBq/m2 för bådaradionukliderna deponerades per försöksruta. Deponeringar skedde under fyra olikaväxtutvecklingsstadier och växtprover togs ungefär fyra timmar efter deponering samtett och fem dygn senare. Aktiviteten hos de torkade växtproverna mättes med en HighPurity Germanium (HPGe) detektor. Därefter beräknades uppfångningsfraktioner ochkvarhållningsfaktorer. Försöket visade att uppfångningsfraktionen var störst vid det tredjeväxtutvecklingsstadiet för både vete och raps; degmognad för vete och fröutveckling förraps. Vallen, som slogs av efter två deponeringar, uppvisade störst uppfångningsfraktionvid andra växtutvecklingsstadiet, blomning. Hos raps och vall verkadeuppfångningsfraktionen för 85Sr vara något högre vid samtliga växtutvecklingsstadier.För biomassan och uppfångningsfraktionen fanns ett positivt samband, för LAI ochuppfångningsfraktionen var sambandet inte signifikant. Kvarhållningen visade en svagtrend att minska med tiden, minskningen var störst under det första dygnet efteruppfångningen. Dock var standardavvikelsen stor och värden därmed osäkra.
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Bebeachibuli, Aida. "Relógio atômico a feixe efusivo de 133Cs: estudo da estabilidade e da acuracia como função do deslocamento da frequência atômica devido ao efeito zeeman de segunda ordem, ao cavity pulling e ao rabi pulling." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76131/tde-12092007-114223/.

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Em 1967, a definição do segundo passou a ser baseada nas propriedades atômicas dos átomos de 133Cs. O instrumento utilizado para reproduzir esta definição é um relógio atômico. Neste trabalho iremos apresentar os progressos feitos no programa brasileiro de metrologia científica de tempo e freqüência. A proposta deste trabalho de dissertação é a caracterização do nosso padrão. Nós estudaremos os deslocamentos presentes em um relógio atômico, como o efeito Zeeman Quadrático, Δ ν/ ν0 =5,4×10-13 o ?Cavity Pulling?, Δ ν/ ν0 = 1,27×10-13 e o ?Rabi Pulling?, Δν/ν0 =1,3×10?13 entre outros, que são induzidas na freqüência hiperfina do césio. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho podem ser resumidos da seguinte forma: uma incerteza global de 1,44×10-12 e uma estabilidade a curto prazo dada pela raíz quadrada da variância de Allan 1,8×10-10Τ-0,5. Estes resultados foram medidos após as seguintes mudanças efetuadas em nosso padrão: determinamos a potência ótima injetada na cavidade afim de aumentar o sinal e assegurar que os átomos sofram uma transição π/2; melhoramos o controle do campo magnético estático aplicado ao longo da cavidade de interrogação resultando em um campo magnético mais homogêneo; e, diminuímos a temperatura de operação do forno do relógio tal que a velocidade média dos átomos presente no feixo atômico diminui significativamente. Todas estas mudanças resultaram no ganho de uma ordem de grandeza na acuracia e na estabilidade de nosso relógio.
Since 1967, the definition of the second is based on the atomic properties of the 133Cs atom. The device that realises this definition is an atomic clock. In this work, we present the progress made in the last year on Brazilian scientific time and frequency program. The aim of this dissertation work is the caracterization of our standard. We report the major sifts present in our atomic clock due to Quadratic Zeeman effect, Δν/ν0 =5,4×10-13 Cavity Pulling, Δν/ν0 =1,27×10-13 Rabi Pulling, Δν/ν0 =1,3×10-13 and other ones, which induced a shift in the hiperfine levels frequency of the performances: a global uncertainty of 1,44×10-12 and a short term stability of 1,8×10-10Τ-0,5 .The results were obtained after these changes: we have determined the optimum microwave power injected into the cavity in order to increase the signal and assure that the atoms suffer a π/2 pulse; we have also minimizes the field inhomogeneity by improving the control of the static magntic field along the interaction region; we have decreased the temperature of the clock oven in order to obtain a slower atomic beam. All this changes has increased our accuracy and our stability of about one order.
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TRNKOVÁ, Michaela. "Vliv stromů na kontaminaci půdy 137Cs." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-395672.

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Nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere and accidents in nuclear energy facilities in the last 50 years caused significant contamination of the environment. Half-life of certain leaked radionuclides is several decades and therefore they are still present in today's environment. That is the reason why there is still on going monitoring of radiation situation in the Czech Republic in order to determine the behaviour and kinetics of anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment and the severity of radiological impact on humans. The results of this monitoring serve to review the radiation situation, observe long-term trends and last but not least to gain new knowledge that could facilitate the management od radiological emergencies. The aim of this thesis was to measure the content of 137Cs in soils under and around leafy tree crowns in the area affected by radiation fall and to find out whether the tree's crown has an effect on the distribution of 137Cs in the soils below them. To this end, a research question has been set: Do tree crowns affect the distribution of cesium in the soils below them? For better intelligibility, the introduction of the thesis is devoted to information about ionizing radiation, basic terms and quantities in the field of ionizing radiation, sources of radionuclide contamination, especially the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, environmental and population contamination, and elements important for the practical part of this work. The theoretical part is followed by research methodology. The soil samples were collected under five leafy trees of the Walnut species that met the set criteria for collection. Under each tree, samples were taken in three directions at an angle of 120° always at the trunk, in the middle of the crown, at the edge of the crown and outside the crown. Thus, 12 samples per tree, a total of 60 samples. Dry and purified soil samples were measured by semiconductor gamma spectrometry which determined 137Cs radionuclide mass activity values as well as naturally occurring radionuclide40K. Graphs were generated from the measured values. Despite the frequent deviations that may be caused by natural phenomena or human activities, it was found out that tree crowns affect the distribution of 137Cs in the soils below them.
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Books on the topic "Cesium ( 137Cs)"

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Cesium (137Cs and 133Cs) and Selected Metals in the Environment. Science Publishing Group, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cesium ( 137Cs)"

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Suchara, Ivan. "The Distribution of 137Cs in Selected Compartments of Coniferous Forests in the Czech Republic." In Impact of Cesium on Plants and the Environment, 71–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41525-3_5.

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Kudzin, Maksim, Viachaslau Zabrotski, and Dzmitry Harbaruk. "Distribution of 137Cs Between the Components of Pine Forest of Chernobyl NPP Exclusion Zone." In Impact of Cesium on Plants and the Environment, 149–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41525-3_9.

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Nakanishi, Tomoko M. "Real-Time Element Movement in a Plant." In Novel Plant Imaging and Analysis, 109–68. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4992-6_4.

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AbstractWe developed an imaging method utilizing the available RIs. We developed two types of real-time RI imaging systems (RRIS), one for macroscopic imaging and the other for microscopic imaging. The principle of visualization was the same, converting the radiation to light by a Cs(Tl)I scintillator deposited on a fiber optic plate (FOS). Many nuclides were employed, including 14C, 18F, 22Na, 28Mg, 32P 33P, 35S, 42K, 45Ca, 48V, 54Mn, 55Fe, 59Fe, 65Zn, 86Rb, 109Cd, and 137Cs.Since radiation can penetrate the soil as well as water, the difference between soil culture and water culture was visualized. 137Cs was hardly absorbed by rice roots growing in soil, whereas water culture showed high absorption, which could provide some reassurance after the Fukushima Nuclear Accident and could indicate an important role of soil in firmly adsorbing the radioactive cesium.28Mg and 42K, whose production methods were presented, were applied for RRIS to visualize the absorption image from the roots. In addition to 28Mg and 42K, many nuclides were applied to image absorption in the roots. Each element showed a specific absorption speed and accumulation pattern. The image analysis of the absorption of Mg is presented as an example. Through successive images of the element absorption, phloem flow in the aboveground part of the plant was analyzed. The element absorption was visualized not only in the roots but also in the leaves, a basic study of foliar fertilization.In the case of the microscopic imaging system, a fluorescence microscope was modified to acquire three images at the same time: a light image, fluorescent image, and radiation image. Although the resolution of the image was estimated to be approximately 50 μm, superposition showed the expression site of the transporter gene and the actual 32P-phosphate absorption site to be the same in Arabidopsis roots.
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Vinichuk, Mykhailo, Anders Dahlberg, and Klas Rose. "Cesium (137Cs and 133Cs), Potassium and Rubidium in Macromycete Fungi and Sphagnum Plants." In Radioisotopes - Applications in Physical Sciences. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/22263.

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"actual practice one would have to consider factors such as the maximum speed of the conveyor system and the logistics of transporting the products to the irradiator and removing them after irradiation. The purpose of this exercise was only to show how one can estimate the throughput of a cobalt facility for a given source strength and radiation dose. In the case of 137Cs the gamma energy per decay is only 0.66 MeV— less than a quarter of the 60Co decay. Moreover, the higher self-absorption of the cesium capsules makes only 70% of the cesium activity available. As a result, a 137Cs irradiator having the same source strength as a 60Co irradiator provides only about a seventh of the dose rate or throughput. A survey of large-scale gamma irradiators in the United States carried out in 1981 showed 32 million installed curies of 60Co and 2 million installed curies of Cs. All available information indicates that the share of 137Cs has decreased since that time. In other countries the use of 137Cs is also low in comparison with the use of Co." In Safety of Irradiated Foods, 35. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-27.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cesium ( 137Cs)"

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Kim, Gye-Nam, Won-Zin Oh, Hui-Jun Won, and Min-Gil Kim. "TRIGA Soil Decontamination by Electrokinetic Method." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4711.

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The experiment for removing cesium and cobalt from the contaminated soil around the TRIGA reactor in Korea using the electrokinetic method were conducted. To increase removal efficiency by the electrokinetic method, a device to restrain the pH increase in the soil column was suggested. An acetate buffer solution (CH3COONa+CH3COOH) was injected into the soil column and acetic acid periodically was injected into the cathode reservoir to restrain any pH increase. Many 137Cs and 60Co were transferred by electromigration rather than electroomosis during the intial remediation period, and no precipitate was formed in the soil column. 25% of cesium radioactivity in the soil column was removed after 10 days, while 94% of cobalt radioactivity was removed. Furthermore, the remaining radioactive concentrations predicted by the developed numerical model were similar to those obtained by experiment.
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Mimura, Hitoshi, Yan Wu, Yufei Wang, Yuichi Niibori, Isao Yamagishi, Masaki Ozawa, Takashi Ohnishi, and Shinichi Koyama. "Selective Separation and Recovery of Cesium by Ammonium Tungstophosphate-Alginate Microcapsules." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29091.

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A fine crystalline ammonium tungstophosphate (AWP) exchanger with high selectivity toward Cs+ was encapsulated in biopolymer matrices (calcium alginate, CaALG). The characterization of the AWP-CaALG microcapsule was examined using SEM/WDS, IR and DTA/TG analyses, and the selective separation and recovery of 137Cs were examined by the batch and column methods using simulated and real high-level liquid waste (HLLW). The free energy (ΔG0) of the ion exchange (NH4+ ↔ Cs+) for fine AWP crystals was determined at −13.2 kJ/mol, indicating the high selectivity of AWP towards Cs+. Spherical and elastic AWP-CaALG microcapsules (∼700 μm in diameter) were obtained and fine AWP crystals were uniformly immobilized in alginate matrices. Relatively large Kd values of Cs+ above 105 cm3/g were obtained in the presence of 10−3∼1 M Ca(NO3)2, resulting in a separation factor of Cs/Rb exceeding 102. The irradiated samples (60Co, 17.6 kGy) also exhibited large Kd values exceeding 105 cm3/g in the presence of 2.5 M HNO3. The Kd values in the presence of 0.1–9 M HNO3 for 67 elements were determined and the order of Kd value was Cs+ ≫ Rb+ > Ag+. The breakthrough curve of Cs+ had an S-shaped profile, and the breakpoint increased with decreasing flow rate; the breakpoint and breakthrough capacity at a flow rate of 0.35 cm3/min for the column (0.7 g AWP-CaALG) were estimated at 25.2 cm3 and 0.068 mmol/g, respectively. Good breakthrough and elution properties were retained even after thrice-repeated runs. The uptake (%) of Cs+ in simulated HLLW (28 metal components-1.92 M HNO3, SW-11, JAEA) was estimated at 97%, and the distribution of Cs+ and Zr/Ru into the AWP and alginate phases, respectively, were observed by WDS analysis. Further, the selective uptake of 137Cs exceeding 99% was confirmed by using real HLLW (FBR “JOYO”, JAEA). The AWP-CaALG microcapsules are thus effective for the selective separation and recovery of Cs+ from HLLWs.
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Barrè, Yves, and Audrey Hertz. "Immobilization of Inorganic Ion-Exchanger Into Biopolymer Foams: Application to Cesium Sorption." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96081.

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Nickel-potassium ferrocyanide (along with other ferrocyanide sub-products, as shown by mineralization, SEM-EDX analyses) has been immobilized in highly porous discs of chitin for the sorption of Cs(I) from near neutral solutions. The immobilization process allows synthesizing stable materials that can bind up to 80 mg Cs g−1 (i.e., 240 mg Cs g−1 ion-exchanger). The pseudo-second order rate equation fits well kinetic profiles: the rate coefficient increases with the flow rate of recirculation (to force the access to potentially non-interconnected pores), as an evidence of the control of uptake kinetics by diffusion properties. Preliminary tests performed on 137Cs spiked solutions confirm the efficiency of the material for the treatment of effluents bearing radionuclides.
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Iijima, K., H. Funaki, T. Tokizawa, and S. Nakayama. "Distribution of Radioactive Cesium in Trees and Effect of Decontamination of Forest Contaminated by the Fukushima Nuclear Accident." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96113.

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In decontamination pilot projects conducted by Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), many different techniques were tested to determine their applicability to remediate areas evacuated after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident following the Great Tohoku earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011. In addition to buildings, roads and farmland, the forest adjacent to living areas was one of the main decontamination targets. The projects evaluated the radioactive contamination of trees and the effectiveness of decontaminating a highly contaminated evergreen forest. This forest was located 1.3 km southwest of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and is dominated by Japanese cedar trees and fir trees. As the first step, three Japanese cedar trees and three fir trees were cut down and the distributions of radioactive cesium (Cs) were measured in each. The total concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs in the leaves and branches were about 1 MBq/kg for both cedar and fir trees, and were appreciably higher than in the bark for cedar. The concentrations in the outer part of the trunks (under the bark) were lower, on the order of 10 kBq/kg, and those in the core of the trunks were lower than 1 kBq/kg for both kinds of trees. The observation that the Cs concentrations are higher in the outer part of trees, is compatible with the assumption that radio-Cs was mostly adsorbed on the surface of trees and partly penetrated into the trunks through the bark. Evolution of air dose rates in a 100 × 60 m pasture adjacent to the forest was monitored during decontamination of the forest and of the pasture itself. The dose rates in the pasture decreased drastically after stripping contaminated topsoil from the pasture and decreased slightly more after stripping contaminated topsoil of the forest floor and pruning the trees. Cutting down and removing 84 trees in the outermost area (10-m width) of the forest also slightly decreased these dose rates. After decontamination, the residual dose rates around the highly contaminated forest were mostly attributed to radioactive Cs existing in or on trees and topsoil in the untouched forest beyond the decontaminated area.
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Корсаков, Антон, Anton Korsakov, Дмитрий Лагерев, Dmitriy Lagerev, Леонид Пугач, Leonid Pugach, Владислав Трошин, et al. "The Application of Visual Analytics Methods to Analyze the Dynamics of Stillbirth in Radiation Contaminated Areas of the Bryansk Region after the Chernobyl Disaster (1986-2016)." In 29th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Image Processing and Computer Vision, Visualization Systems and the Virtual Environment GraphiCon'2019. Bryansk State Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/graphicon-2019-2-86-91.

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The relevance of the research is due to the complexity of the stage of exploratory data analysis and hypotheses for further verification by methods of statistical and/or data mining. Objective: to apply methods of visual analysis and cognitive visualization for exploratory analysis and advance preliminary hypotheses in the process of analyzing the dynamics of stillbirth of boys and girls in all areas of the Bryansk region with different density of radioactive contamination by long-lived radionuclides Cesium-137 (137Cs) and Strontium-90 ( 90Sr), on the basis of official statistics for the long-term period (1986-2016). Research methods: visual analytics and cognitive visualization, mathematical statistics: Shapiro-Wilk test, Student t-test, homoscedasticity test, linear regression. Research results: the research results confirm the feasibility of using methods of visual analytics and cognitive visualization for exploratory analysis and advancement of preliminary hypotheses. The use of cognitive visualization in the process of exploratory data analysis allows the researcher to better understand the main trends and patterns in the analyzed data. This makes it possible to reduce the time required to form hypotheses by two to three times and to improve the quality of the hypotheses put forward.
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Reports on the topic "Cesium ( 137Cs)"

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Elliott, W. Crawford, Bernd Kahn, Robert Rosson, J. Marion Wampler, Seth E. Rose, Eirik J. Krogstad, and Daniel Kaplan. The Natural Enrichment of Stable Cesium in Weathered Micaceous Materials and Its Implications for 137Cs Sorption. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1029204.

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Hamilton, T. An assessment of potential health impacts on Utrok Atoll from exposure to cesium-137 (137Cs) and plutonium. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/921150.

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Hamilton, T., S. Kehl, T. Brown, R. Martinelli, D. Hickman, T. Jue, S. Tumey, and R. Langston. Individual Radiological Protection Monitoring of Utrok Atoll Residents Based on Whole Body Counting of Cesium-137 (137Cs) and Plutonium Bioassay. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/912681.

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Daniels, J., D. Hickman, S. Kehl, and T. Hamilton. Estimation of Radiation Doses in the Marshall Islands Based on Whole Body Counting of Cesium-137 (137Cs) and Plutonium Urinalysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/923133.

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