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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Gavorka, Vaidotas. "Tauriųjų elnių (Cervus elaphus L.) auginimas aptvaruose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100621_114406-06584.

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Magistro darbe tiriami tauriųjų elnių auginimo aptvaruose ypatumai Lietuvos sąlygomis. Darbo objektas - S.Petraičio privatus elnininkystės ūkis, esantis Joniškio rajone. Darbo tikslas - išaiškinti aptvaruose auginamų tauriųjų elnių augimo ir veisimosi ypatumus. Darbo uždaviniai – nustatyti tauriųjų elnių veisimosi, kūno ir ragų augimo ypatumus, užsikrėtimą ligomis bei parazitais. Išaiškinti ar šėrimo racionas tenkina tauriųjų elnių poreikius. Darbo metodai – vizualinis tauriųjų elnių stebėjimas visais metų laikais, nustatant elgsenos ypatumus. Helmintų tyrimas (helmintoovoskopija) – laboratorijoje tiriami sviežiai surinkti tauriųjų elnių ekskrementai. Šėrimo raciono išaiškinimas, pagal maisto medžiagų kiekius skirtingose pašaro rūšyse ir elnių poreikius nustatomas jo pakankamumas. Rujos, jauniklių vedimo bei įvairių kitų darbų ir operacijų stebėjimas tiesiogiai dalyvaujant jose (haremų tvarkymas, vakcinavimas, ženklinimas (numeravimas), ir kt.). Kūno morfometrijos duomenys surinkti iš jau sumedžiotų elnių. Numestų ragų matavimas pagal CIC sistemą. Darbo rezultatai – intensyviai ūkininkaujant ir esant labai dideliam tauriųjų elnių tankumui susiduriama su labai daug problemų. Joniškio rajone esančiame elnininkystės ūkyje paskutiniais duomenimis yra 800 tauriųjų elnių, kurie gyvena 150 ha senų obelų sodų ir natūralių pievų, t.y. 5,3 individo kiekviename hektare. Esant tokiam žvėrių tankiui ir nevykdant dehelmintizacijos absoliučiai visi jauni elniai, o ypač iki vienerių metų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In the Master’s Thesis the peculiarities of breeding the red deers in enclosures under the conditions of Lithuania are investigated. Work object – private deers’ farm of S.Petraitis in Joniškis region. Work aim – to reveal the peculiarities of growing and breeding of red deers in the enclosures. Work objectives – to ascertain the peculiarities of breeding the red deers, body and antlers, infection with diseases and parasites. To find out whether the feeding ration is suitable for the needs of the red deers. Work methods – visual observation of the red deers during all seasons, when determining the behaviour peculiarities. Analysis of helminths (helminthovoscopy) – the freshly collected excrements of the red deers are analysed in the laboratory. The exploration of feeding ration – its sufficiency is estimated according to the nourishing quantities in the types of feed and the needs of deers. The observation of rut, calving and various works and operations is performed by taking part directly in them (arranging of harems, vaccination, marking (numbering), etc.). The body morphometry data are collected from the bagged deers. Metering of dropped antlers according to CIC system. Work results – when performing the intensive farming and when the big density of the red deers is estimated, a lot of problems arise. According to the recent data, in the farm of deers in Joniškis region 800 red deers live in the garden of old apple-trees and natural meadows of 150 ha, i.e. 5.3... [to full text]
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2

McComb, Karen Esther. "Roaring and reproduction in red deer (Cervus elaphus)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283661.

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3

Gedir, Jay V. "Foraging behaviour and intake in wapiti hinds (Cervus elaphus canadensis)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ39529.pdf.

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4

Demmers, Kristina Jane. "The maternal recognition of pregnancy in red deer, Cervus elaphus." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312239.

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5

Lobo, Ana Carolina Monteirinho. "Maneio e controlo reprodutivo do veado (Cervus elaphus) em cativeiro." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/31463.

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O veado é o maior herbívoro da fauna portuguesa. Em vida-livre, na maior parte do tempo, os veados agregam-se em grupos distintos de machos e fêmeas que apenas se juntam na época reprodutiva. Ao longo do ano, é frequente observar conflitos entre os machos da espécie, principalmente durante a época de reprodução. Em cativeiro, estes conflitos tornam-se mais frequentes devido à limitação do espaço. A presente dissertação inclui uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as características gerais e comportamentais desta espécie e métodos adequados para o controlo da sua atividade reprodutiva, bem como um estudo que teve por objetivo avaliar a eficácia da aplicação de métodos de controlo da sobrepopulação e da agressividade destes animais em cativeiro. Os resultados sugerem que a realização de vasectomias em todos os machos presentes no Zoo foi eficaz para controlo da sobrepopulação, mas só apenas após a remoção das hastes ocorreu diminuição da agressividade dos conflitos entre os mesmos; Management and Control of Reproductive Activity of Captive Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) ABSTRACT: Deers are the largest herbivore of the Portuguese fauna. In wildlife, deer often aggregate into distinct males and females groups, only coming together in the breeding season. Conflicts are common observed between males throughout the year, but are paticulary notorious during the breeding season. In captivity, these conflicts are more frequent due to the limited space. This dissertation includes a section of literature review about the general and behavioral aspects of the species and the appropriate methods for deer reproductive control. Another section reports the results of a study intended to evaluate the effectiveness of applied strategies to control overpopulation and the aggressiveness of animals in captivity. This study suggests that the use of vasectomies to prevent overpopulation, performed in all the males' deer at the Zoo, was effective but insufficient to reduce aggressions. Only after the antlers removal decreased conflict aggressiveness between the animals was recorded.
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6

Santos, João Pedro Valente e. "Estudo populacional do veado (Cervus elaphus L.) no nordeste transmontano." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/855.

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Mestrado em Ecologia, Biodiversidade e Gestão de Ecossistemas
O ressurgimento do veado (Cervus elaphus L.) no Nordeste Transmontano, decorrente dos repovoamentos efectuados na Reserva Regional de Caza “Sierra de la Culebra” (Zamora, Espanha) durante a década de 1970, bem como o progressivo aumento do número de efectivos e expansão geográfica verificados ao longo dos anos na região, têm conduzido a uma crescente preocupação no que se refere à conservação, gestão e aproveitamento cinegético deste recurso natural, visto ser uma espécie de inegável valor ecológico e sócio-económico. A definição de estratégias que visem a manutenção e a gestão sustentada da população de veados na Zona de Caça Nacional da Lombada/Parque Natural de Montesinho (Distrito de Bragança, Portugal) deve passar necessariamente por um conhecimento prévio e continuado da situação populacional e das relações da espécie com o meio em que se insere. Neste sentido, os objectivos deste estudo foram: estimar as densidades de veado na área norte (12.000 ha) da ZCN da Lombada através da aplicação de duas metodologias de observação directa (transectos lineares e pontos fixos); caracterizar a estrutura/composição da população; estudar e analisar os padrões de uso do habitat e actualizar a informação referente à área de distribuição da espécie na região. Os resultados obtidos durante as diferentes fases deste estudo confirmaram um crescimento populacional e um aumento da distribuição espacial da espécie no nordeste português relativamente aos dados conhecidos para a última década. Apesar da baixa precisão de algumas estimativas e da discrepância verificada nos valores de densidade média obtidos nas diferentes fases de amostragem realizadas, poder-se-á afirmar que a densidade média real para a área de estudo deverá aproximar-se da estimativa obtida no Inverno de 2009 mediante a aplicação da amostragem de distâncias (Distance sampling) nos transectos lineares, mais precisamente 3,26 veados/100 ha (IC 95% = 2,27 – 4,70). Relativamente a outros parâmetros populacionais, foi possível determinar, para um conjunto de três períodos, um rácio macho/fêmea médio de 0,74 (IC 95% = 0,64 – 0,84), o qual evidencia uma boa situação geral na relação entre sexos, e uma taxa média de recrutamento de crias de 0,37 (IC 95% = 0,29 – 0,44), valor este que reflecte uma produtividade que se pode considerar entre baixa a moderada, quando comparada com outros valores ao nível europeu. No que diz respeito à expansão geográfica da espécie no Parque Natural de Montesinho, verificou-se um incremento na ordem dos 30% da área de distribuição entre os anos de 2002 e de 2008. Tendo em consideração a composição da paisagem na área da ZCN da Lombada/Parque Natural de Montesinho e a importância relativa dos diferentes tipos de habitat para a espécie, pode dizer-se que a região, em termos globais, reúne as condições necessárias para a manutenção e proliferação do veado. ABSTRACT: The reappearance of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in the north-east of Trás-os-Montes, due to deer releases in the “Sierra de la Culebra” Regional Hunting Reserve (Zamora, Spain) during the 70s, as well as the population growth and geographic expansion observed throughout the last years in this region, have lead to an increasing concern in relation to conservation, management and game exploitation of this natural resource, given its undeniable ecological and socio-economic value. The definition of strategies for the conservation and sustainable management of red deer population in Lombada´s National Hunting Reserve/Montesinho Natural Park (Bragança, Portugal) must necessarily include a previous and continuous knowledge about population situation and species relationship with the surrounding environment. The aims of this study were to estimate red deer densities in the northern area (12.000 ha) of Lombada´s National Hunting Zone using two different methods (line transects and vantage points); to characterize population structure and composition; to understand habitat use patterns and to update data about population distribution area in the region. The results obtained during the different stages of this study showed an increase in the red deer population density and in geographic range, when compared to available data referring to last decade. Despite the low precision of some estimates and the divergence in the average density calculated during the different phases of this study, we can affirm that the real average density value for surveyed area must be close to 3.26 deer/100 ha (95% CI = 2.27 – 4.70), which was the value estimated during the winter of 2009 using a line transect sampling scheme. In relation to other red deer population parameters, it was possible to calculate, for three periods, an average sex-ratio (male/female) of 0.74 (95% CI = 0.64 – 0.84), which is near a 1:1 proportion, and an average calf recruitment rate of 0.37 (95% CI = 0.29 – 0.44), a value that reflects a low to moderately productive population, when compared to other values in the European context. In terms of distribution area in the Montesinho Natural Park, it was possible to observe an increase in population geographic range of approximately 30% between 2002 and 2008. Taking into account the landscape characteristics throughout Lombada´s National Hunting Zone/Montesinho Natural Park area and the relative importance of the different habitats for the species, it can be argued that, as a whole, the region provides good conditions for survival, maintenance and proliferation of red deer population.
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7

Leinberger, Peter. "Untersuchung zur Stressbelastung von Rothirschen (Cervus elaphus) im Rahmen tierseuchenrechtlicher Eingriffe." Diss., lmu, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-135368.

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8

Rose, Karen Elizabeth. "Factors affecting lifetime reproductive success in red deer stags (Cervus elaphus)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388484.

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9

Righetti, Antonio. "Raumnutzung von Rotwild (Cervus elaphus L.) im Gebiet Brienz/Oberhasli/Giswil /." Bern : [s.n.], 1988. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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10

Smith, Stephanie Lindsay. "Hybridisation and introgression of exotic Cervus (nippon and canadensis) with red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the British Isles." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8290.

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Europe’s largest population of wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) resides in the British Isles and has been present since the end of the last ice age, c. 11,000BP. Since the mid-19th century, multiple introductions of Japanese sika (Cervus nippon) and wapiti (Cervus canadensis) have taken place across the British Isles. While wapiti introductions have generally gone extinct, sika have thrived and expanded and now often live in sympatry with red deer. Hybridisation between these species has been demonstrated in captivity and in the wild. This study sought to determine the extent of hybridisation and introgression between red and sika across large parts of the British Isles and elucidate some of its potential consequences. Chapter 2 addresses the extent of hybridisation and introgression across Scotland and NW England. A total of 2984 samples from the North Highlands, the central Highlands, the Hebrides, Kintyre and the English Lake District were genotyped at 22 microsatellite loci, which are highly diagnostic for red and sika and strongly diagnostic for red and wapiti and a mitochondrial marker that is diagnostic for red and sika, alongside 49 wapiti samples from Canada. Microsatellite data was analysed using the Bayesian clustering program Structure 2.3 to determine the extent of admixture between species. There was some evidence for very low-level introgression by wapiti into a small number of Scottish red deer (<0.2% of total). Only two areas (both in Kintyre, Argyll) showed extensive introgression with collapse of assortative mating between red and sika (50.4% and 61.8% of sampled individuals were hybrid in West Loch Awe and South Kintyre, respectively). However, rare and widely scattered individuals with low-level sika introgression or cytonuclear disequilibrium suggest hybridisation has occurred in several other places in mainland Scotland and Cumbria in the past without subsequent loss of assortative mating. Chapter 3 addresses the extent of hybridisation in Ireland. There are now an estimated 4,000 red deer in Ireland and their numbers are increasing. It has recently been determined that the red deer in Killarney, County Kerry are descended from an ancient (c. 5,000BP) introduction and therefore merit genetic conservation. Introduction of exotic species, including Japanese sika and North America wapiti, since the 19th century have primarily occurred via the now defunct Powerscourt Park, County Wicklow, which was the source of many translocations to the rest of Ireland as well as to the UK. 374 deer samples from across Ireland were analysed as in Chapter 2. Wapiti introgression was again very low, with trace amounts of introgression detected in a small proportion of samples (0.53%), whilst 41% of 197 deer sampled in Co. Wicklow and 47% of 15 deer sampled in Co. Cork were red-sika hybrids according to either their nuclear genome or mitochondrial haplotype. No pure red deer were detected in Co. Wicklow, suggesting that in this region the red deer has disappeared following hybridisation. Whilst no hybrids were detected among 37 red samples and 77 sika samples in Co. Kerry, the Co. Cork hybrids pose a threat to the Killarney populations due to their proximity. Chapter 4 investigates population genetic structure within red and sika populations across the British Isles and investigates whether low-level introgression by the other species influences the resolved population structure. Structure analysis was conducted separately using 2307 ‘pure’ red deer individuals and 752 ‘pure’ sika animals from the British Isles (defined as Q > 0.95 for red and Q < 0.05 for sika) and then on reduced sample sizes using more stringent purity criteria (Q ≥ 0.99 and Q ≤ 0.01). As might be predicted, the more stringent criteria removed individuals in areas known to contain advanced backcrosses. In red deer, there was some evidence for a loss of within-species population structure under the more stringent criteria, while for sika there was not. Datasets were also analysed using Discriminate Analysis of Principal Components; a multivariate method designed to infer and describe genetic population structure. In red deer, both analytical approaches confirmed the strong separation of the deer on Harris and Lewis from others, and there is support for clusters typified by the other Hebridean islands, Kintyre, central and North Scotland and the English sites. Among sika, both approaches supported the likelihood of three clusters which are presumably the result of bottleneck events as each introduction was made. Chapter 5 investigates the phenotypic consequences of hybridisation by three approaches. Firstly, carcass weight was regressed against genetically-determined hybrid scores (at two stringency levels, see Chapter 4) and heterozygosity (in terms of red and sika alleles). Among hybrids, carcass weight is linearly related to hybrid score (Q) and there is some evidence for a positive relationship with heterozygosity. This suggests that additive genetic variation explains variation in carcass weight to a greater extent than heterosis. Secondly, analysis of five case studies representing individual putative hybrids submitted by stalkers from areas without known hybridisation, two proved to be hybrids, while the other three were pure sika. Lastly, in regions known to contain hybrids, the accuracy of ranger-assigned phenotype averaged 78% and revealed that in Scotland accuracy tends to decline as an individual becomes more genetically intermediate; whilst in Co. Wicklow it is the identification of pure parental animals that is more challenging. In conclusion, the existence of rare and widely scattered advanced red-sika backcrosses with low-level nuclear introgression and/or mitochondrial introgression (e.g. in North of Scotland, Cumbria) highlight that some hybridisation events are followed by extensive backcrossing without the breakdown of assortative mating, while others are followed by the generation of a hybrid swarm (e.g. in South Kintyre, West Loch Awe, Co. Wicklow, Co. Cork). Phenotypic traits can become intermediate due to hybridisation and this may facilitate further gene flow and hybridisation. New molecular tools including next generation sequencing (NGS) will enable better understanding the hybridisation process and its phenotypic consequences in this and other systems.
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11

Thomas, David Granville. "The hormonal control of hair growth in the Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301129.

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12

Bugalho, Miguel Nuno do S. M. "The foraging behaviour of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Mediterranean environment." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU117743.

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The feeding ecology of red deer (Cervus elaphus) living in a Mediterranean environment was investigated. Composition of the diet was determined from the n-alkane content of samples of faeces. Principal Component Analysis and Canonical Variate Analysis were conducted on n-alkane concentrations of samples of vegetation. These multivariate statistical techniques demonstrated that n-alkanes could be used as markers to distinguish browse from herbage and individual browse species from each other, in such a way that n-alkane content of the faeces could be used to determine the composition of the diet of red deer. Red deer included grasses and forbs in their diets throughout the period of study, but the proportion of these groups of plants was lower in autumn when their availability was low. During autumn red deer included a high proportion of acorns in their diets. Browse was included in the diet mainly in summer, although a proportion of browse was found in the diet during other periods of the year. Females had a significant higher proportion of grasses and forbs in their diets during summer than males. OM digestibility of the diet was higher in spring and early summer but low in late summer and autumn. It is likely that the low total biomass of grasses and forbs constrained the opportunities for diet selection in late summer and autumn, whilst low availability of live plant material constrained the opportunities for diet selection in mid summer. In a Mediterranean environment red deer has to face relatively quick changes in the quality and quantity of food. In these environments red deer is probably subjected to different seasonal constraints on food availability compared to red deer at more northern latitudes. This could possible affect their reproductive cycle and ultimately population dynamics differently.
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13

Batalha, Ana Isabel Ferreira Hora Freire. "Avaliação da população de veado (Cervus elaphus L.) na Herdade da Contenda." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18269.

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Com este trabalho pretendeu-se determinar a densidade de veados na Contenda e conhecer os habitats seleccionados pelo veado (Cervus elaphus L.), para propor medidas de gestão relativas ao aproveitamento cinegético desta espécie, compatíveis com os objectivos de conservação da Rede Natura 2000 (Sitio Moura Barrancos). Para estimar a densidade usou-se o método dos transactos lineares com correcção para as distâncias de observação. No estudo da selecção de habitat o montado foi o mais procurado no Outono, certamente por causa do consumo de bolota. Já na época que antecede a queda das hastes o habitat mais procurado foi o mato, sendo muito provável que o principal motivo seja o refúgio, como reacção às montarias. Os valores de densidades estimados indicam um crescimento da população de veado na Contenda nos últimos anos. E a proporção macho/ fêmea continua a mostrar um desequilíbrio a favor das fêmeas. Há necessidade de implementar um modelo de gestão para a população de veado na Contenda e zonas envolventes, e de continuar a monitorizar os efectivos populacionais; ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to estimate the red deer (Cercus elaphus L.) population density in Contenda and know which are the habitat selected by red deer, to propose hunting management rules, according to conservation goals of Rede Natura 2000 (Sitio Moura Barrancos). To estimate the density we used line transects with correction to distance observation. Analyzing habitat selection the class of "montado" was the one that become more relevant, in the autumn, which is related with the consumption of acorn. But at the time that precedes the antlers drop, the most searched was "mato", and the main reason should be refuge, in reaction to hunting. The estimate densities suggest the increase of the number of animals and sex ratio shows an imbalance positive to the females. lt is necessary to implement a management model to deer population in Contenda and surrounding areas and continue to monitoring deer population.
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14

Faifr, Michal. "Populační hustota jelena evropského (Cervus elaphus) a poškození lesních porostů na Křivoklátsku." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-258612.

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The aim of this study was to determine the population density of deer in the area Křivoklátsko. To detect a population density was used counting dung piles. The work is also characteristic of the whole monitored area, and the deer (Cervus elaphus), which Krivoklatsko abundant. This work also discussed the various census followed by a focus on the method of counting dung piles. Furthermore, it evaluates the incidence not only of deer in forests and damages, as well as the presence of sika deer (Cervus nippon), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and fallow deer (Dama dama) and damage them caused. In this study also highlighted the amount of catch deer in both areas, compared with known population density of deer. In the discussion we discussed the pros and cons of methods of counting dung piles and accuracy of results.
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15

Conradt, Larissa. "Causes of sex differences in habitat use in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286678.

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16

Price, Joanna Susan. "Characterisation of pre-osseus tissues in the antlers of red deer (Cervus elaphus)." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.560548.

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17

McGeachy, David N. C. "Population Distribution and Seasonal Resource Selection by Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Central Ontario." Thesis, Laurentian University of Sudbury, 2014. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/2181.

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Understanding population structure and resource selection are essential for wildlife management and conservation. I assessed the population structure and resource selection of elk (Cervus elaphus) in central Ontario. I used fuzzy and hierarchical cluster analyses to elucidate elk population structure based on spatial data collected from 41 radio-collared elk. I assessed impacts of habitat quality on space use using the minimum convex polygon (MCP) and fixed kernel methods. I evaluated resource selection by elk in winter, spring, summer, and fall, from December 2011 to August 2013, using resource selection functions (RSF’s). I used a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to evaluate resource selection functions and used Akaike information criterion (AICc ) to select the best model of 20 candidate models constructed a priori. Models included parameters representing resources known to be important to elk: elevation, aspect, slope, distance to roads and water, and habitat. Both fuzzy and hard clustering indicated that elk in Central Ontario occur in a metapopulation that includes 5 subpopulations. The largest cluster consisted of a core group of 22 radio-collared elk located in Burwash with several satellite subpopulations spread along a 50km long north-south axis and a small subpopulation to the west located in Worthington. Survival rates among subpopulations were similar ranging from 0.71 to 0.83; however, anthropogenic causes of mortality were predominant only in the Burwash subpopulation. Space use and density of elk differed between core and satellite subpopulations. Resource selection by elk differed by time of day and season. In all seasons, elk selected open habitats at night and more forested areas during the day. Elk avoided areas close to roads in spring, but selected them in winter at night. Elk selected higher elevations in winter and for south facing slopes in spring and fall. Elk displayed strong crepuscular activity patterns in all seasons; however, movements were limited in winter. Understanding population structure is important in order to develop appropriate management plans. My results support the conclusion that population structure can be reliably assessed using spatial data. Resource selection is a dynamic process that changes with seasons, as well as animal activity across the diel period. Resource selection should include time of day in order to obtain a complete picture of resources important to a particular species and to support the conservation of habitats used for various animal activities.
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18

Conard, Jonathan Mark. "Genetic variability, demography, and habitat selection in a reintroduced elk (Cervus elaphus) population." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1515.

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19

Brough, April M. "Summer Home Range Fidelity in Adult Female Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Northwestern Colorado." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/492.

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Understanding the degree of spatial fidelity of individuals within a species increases our ability to manage appropriately. Elk (Cervus elaphus) is a highly managed species in the Intermountain West, but there is little research evaluating summer home range fidelity of individual elk. We evaluated fidelity of 72 adult female elk to individual summer-fall home ranges in the White River study area in northwestern Colorado during two consecutive summers. Based on individual kernel-estimated utilization distributions, we used (1) the Volume of Intersection (VI) statistic and (2) interannual distances between centers of mass to compare summer range overlap and distribution. We also examined the role of landcover in summer habitat selection by elk from three distinct perspectives: landscape, individual, and philopatric. While many previous habitat studies included landscape analysis, few incorporate individual analysis and none contain a philopatric assessment, to our knowledge. We found adult female elk in the White River Study area exhibit fidelity to individual home ranges. VI values indicated that 93% of the elk showed some home range overlap, with a median value of 0.42 (SE = 0.02, n = 72). Between-year center-of-mass distances ranged from 183 m to 34,170 m (x = 3819, SE = 619, n = 72), while within-year maximum distances between location points ranged from 4,320 m to 31,680 m (x = 13,958, SE = 628, n = 72). Our landcover results indicated elk can be characterized as both generalists and specialists. While elk occurred across a very diverse landscape, we found a preference for Aspen-Mixed Conifer, Aspen, and Dry-Mesic Spruce-Fir landcover types, and a general avoidance of Agriculture, Sagebrush Steppe, Subalpine Meadow, and Grassland. We also found a high degree of similarity in landcover composition between years for individual elk. Elk home range fidelity could impact habitat management, specifically with respect to browsing and successful aspen (Populus tremuloides) regeneration. Incorporation of the philopatric perspective into future elk behavior and habitat selection studies could make results more rigorous and expand understanding of landscape-level results.
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Löwe, Radim. "Habitatové preference jelena evropského a jelena siky v Doupovských horách." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-258298.

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This master thesis is focused on GPS telemetry of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) in the Doupov Mts., the Czech republic. Positional data from 14 red deer does and 2 sika deer does was collected during the study period of April 2013 to February 2016. The main aim was to determine habitat preferences of does with the use of the very precise vertical differentiation of vegetation created by air laser scanning of the surface (LiDAR technology). The study examines the dependence of the average maximum height of vegetation nearby positions of does on the time of year and time of day. For the evaluation was used two-way factorial analysis of variance. The highest average height of the vegetation nearby does was found during the day and the lowest during the night. Does of red deer and sika deer occurred in open habitats particularly at night, where they were actively seeking for food and more closed habitats with higher vegetation during the day, where they could hide themselves. Focusing on a period of the year, the height of vegetation in the summer period without hunting was significantly lower than in the summer period with hunting. This could be caused by starting hunting season but also it might be a response to reduced quality of available grass by aging. The two does of sika deer were treated individually. Significant differences were revealed between both does. However they both were occupying habitats with the lowest height of vegetation at night during the rut season. The gained results can now be used to supplement information about ethology of red deer and sika deer. The comprehensive knowledge of ethology can be directly used in the management of these two species, particularly for hunting efficiency and subsequent reduction of their population numbers, particularly in the case of sika deer. However these results can be directly used in forest management in active protection of forest stands against damage by wild game.
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21

Muir, Paul David. "Studies on the growth and compositional development of antlers in red deer (Cervus elaphus)." Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1178.

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The experiments described in this thesis investigated nutritional and physiological aspects of antler growth in red deer stags. The initial experiment (Section 3) examined the effects of winter nutrition on subsequent antler casting date and velvet antler weight. Mature stags on two different farm types (hill country, Farm H and irrigated lowland, Farm L) were offered three levels of winter nutrition, two levels of a concentrate supplement (ad libitum pellets and 1/2 ad libitum pellets) and a basal hay ration. On both properties liveweight gains occurred in supplemented groups and liveweight losses in unsupplemented groups. At antler casting there were significant differences in liveweight of approximately 10 kg between fully supplemented and unsupplemented groups. Realimentation of winter liveweight losses subsequently occurred so that by the following rut the effects of winter undernutrition had been eliminated. On Farm H poor winter nutrition (hay only) resulted in a significant delay in casting date (13 days) and lower velvet antler yields (0.24 kg), than in stags offered the ad libitum concentrate ration. Stags on Farm H were 13 kg lighter at commencement of the trial than at Farm L and the differences in treatment effects obtained between farms may have been due to differences in body condition at commencement of the trial. An association was demonstrated between liveweight and date of antler casting, with heavier stags casting earlier than lighter stags. There was no effect of age of stag on casting date. Of the liveweights recorded, liveweight prior to the rut showed the best relationship with casting date, possibly because the seasonal nature of liveweight change meant that a weight recorded at this time gave the best indicator of the true frame size of a stag. Both age and liveweight significantly affected velvet antler weight, with increases of velvet antler weight of 0.26 kg between 3 and 4-year-old stags and of 0.30 kg between 4 and 5-year-old stags at the same liveweight. Within an age group velvet weight increased by 0.12 kg for each 10 kg increase in pre-rut liveweight. The experiments described in Section 4 comprised studies on antler growth and composition. In order to obtain data on antler growth and composition individual antlers were removed sequentially from mature red deer stags between 28 and 112 days after casting of hard antlers. Contralateral antlers were removed after stripping of velvet. Wide variation occurred in antler casting date (53 days) compared to date of velvet stripping (24 days). The duration of the period of antler growth may therefore be governed more by date of casting than by date of velvet stripping. Mean duration of the antler growth period was 164 days. Growth in length of the antler appeared to follow a sigmoid curve. However, between 28 and 112 days after casting, rates of elongation were close to linear. Mean length of hard stripped antlers was 0.71 m and between 28 to 112 days after casting mean rate of antler elongation was 0.62 cm/day. Over this period indivdual antlers increased in fresh weight at a rate of 13.7 g/d, with heaviest weight recorded 112 days after antler casting, at approximately 130% of final hard antler weight. Between 28 and 91 days of growth, volume of blood in the antler increased linearly at a rate of 194 ml/kg. Three phases of mineralization were demonstrated in developing antlers. Tips of growing antlers were cartilaginous and poorly mineralized. A zone of mineralization occurred 5.0 to 7.5 cm behind the antler tip which corresponded histologically to the transition from mineralized cartilage to trabecular bone. The second phase of mineralization occurred through continued accretion of trabecular bone in the antler shaft. The third phase, described as "terminal mineralization" in this study, appeared to be associated with a rapid increase in density of cortical bone in the periphery of the antler shaft. Terminal mineralization (between 91 and 112 days after casting of hard antlers) coincided with the slowing of growth in length, a decrease in relative blood volume in the antler and an increase in levels of plasma testosterone. These events occurred close to the summer solstice. At velvet stripping individual antlers had a mean weight of 1.12 kg and contained 81.1% dry matter (DM). Fat free organic matter (FFOM) and ash concentration in DM were 36.6 and 60.0%, respectively. Peak daily rates of FFOM and ash deposition occurred between 91 days and 112 days after casting, at rates of 1.4% of hard antler FFOM and 1.6% of hard antler ash. For a stag producing 2.24 kg of hard antler mean rates of FFOM and ash deposition over this period were 9.3 and 18.3 g/d, respectively. On a whole antler basis calcium concentration in antler ash remained constant, at around 35%. Therefore peak rate of antler calcium deposition would be 6.4 g/d. In the final experiment (Section 5) mature stags were offered a maintenance ration of greenfeed oats during the period of peak calcium requirement for antler growth and the kinetics of calcium metabolism were examined using a radio-isotope (⁴⁵Ca). Rates of faecal endogenous loss were low and at approximately 6.4 mg/kg BW per were half the estimated requirements of ARC (1980) for sheep and cattle. Availability of calcium from greenfeed oats was low (mean, 37%) and less than 30% of total calcium requirements were derived from the diet. Poorly mineralized skeletal bones indicated that the shortfall in antler calcium was derived from the skeleton. In spite of a severely negative calcium balance stags were capable of maintaining high and apparently normal rates of antler calcium deposition (mean, 44 mg/kg BW per day). Antlers appear to be acting as a sink with calcium being irreversibly deposited in the antler and lost to the animal's body. On the assumption therefore that antler calcium behaves like calcium lost during lactation a kinetic model of calcium metabolism in the stag was developed.
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22

Winnie, John Arthur Jr. "Behavioral responses of elk (Cervus elaphus) to the threat of wolf (Canus lupus) predation." Diss., Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/winnie/WinnieJ0506.pdf.

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23

Liley, Stewart Grayson. "Elk (Cervus elaphus) vigilance levels in response to predation risk from wolves (Canis lupus)." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/liley/LileyS0507.pdf.

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24

Slate, Jon. "Mapping genes for birth weight in a wild population of red deer (Cervus elaphus)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12967.

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25

Caslini, C. "WILD RED DEER (CERVUS ELAPHUS, LINNAEUS, 1758) POPULATIONS STATUS ASSESSMENT: NOVEL METHODS USING HAIR." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/218528.

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The assessment of free-ranging wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations status is an important tool in wildlife management, because of, in some areas, this species reaches high densities, which can increase the occurrence of road accidents, of damages to agriculture and forest regeneration, and, not last, can reduce the fitness of the species itself. In fact, high density populations compared to low density ones usually show lower levels of fertility, higher prevalence of disease, higher mortality, worst general body conditions and nutritional status. Nevertheless, collecting samples to assess free-ranging populations status is often difficult. Hair is a safe, readily available, and easy to store and transport matrix, and hair sampling does not involve pain or infection risk for the animals. Furthermore, hair assay provides a long-term endocrine profile. Thus, this matrix could be useful to assess long term cortisol accumulation and other hormonal substrates of social trends. Furthermore, hair can be an important indicator of accumulation of environmental pollutants in ecological, clinical and hygienic studies. In this thesis three studies were carried out, concerning respectively the extraction of cortisol, progesterone (P4) and arsenic from hair. We show how the analysis of hormones or other substances in hair constitutes a highly promising and reliable method for assessment of substances secretion over extended periods of time in free-ranging red deer. In particular, our findings suggest that i) hair cortisol concentration provides a good index of long-term HPA axis activity and allostatic load; ii) hair progesterone concentration, in combination with other sexual hormones concentrations in hair and biometric measures, may contribute in the future to develop a reliable and easy pregnancy test for free-ranging red deer; iii) hair arsenic concentration could be analysed, not only in order to assess wild populations status, but also to control wild animals contamination, in biomonitoring investigations or in health programs. In conclusion, the assessment of hormones and micro-elements in the hair seems to be an interesting tool for future wild species management.
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26

Jones, Paul Francis. "Winter habitat selection by elk (Cervus elaphus) in the lower foothills of west-central Alberta /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq22609.pdf.

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27

Jost, Monika A. "Forage utilization by wapiti, Cervus elaphus, in the French River and Burwash regions of Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0025/MQ31442.pdf.

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28

Christianson, David Alan. "Risk effects in Elk (Cervus elaphus) behavioral and nutritional responses to wolves and environmental conditions /." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/christianson/ChristiansonD0508.pdf.

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Until recently, predators have been though to regulate prey primarily through direct predation, in ecosystems where top down effects have been shown to be important. However, experiments and recent empirical observations show that the costs of antipredator responses in individuals that successfully avoid predation can exert equal or larger driving forces on population dynamics than the numerical effect of direct predation. Such a mechanism has not been explored in a large terrestrial vertebrate. I explored the antipredator responses of elk (Cervus elaphus) to wolves (Canis lupus) in the Upper Gallatin Canyon of southwest Montana, USA, December through May in the winters of 2003-2006. First I reviewed elk winter diet studies to understand what drives elk foraging behavior. Next I modeled the consequences of diet shifts in grazing and browsing on mass dynamics in wintering female elk. I also developed a new nutritional index, fecal chlorophyll, that I used primarily between winter and spring periods of nutrition as foraging constraints (and costs of antipredator response) would be quite different between these two periods. Specifically, I measured foraging behavior, diet selection, and nutrient balance in wintering elk and monitored daily predation risk as wolves moved naturally, in and out of four creek drainages that formed the primary winter range. Elk showed great sensitivity to fine-scale descriptions of wolf predation risk in nearly every response variable. In particular, adult female elk increased browsing on woody stems, sagebrush, and confers while adult males showed the opposition response and increased grazing on days when wolves were present in the same drainage. This work implies that predator may in fact play a large role in ecosystems including ecosystems where predators were deemed non-influential and bottom up effects important.
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29

Moore, Emily Kathryn. "Red deer (Cervus elaphus) grazing on vegetation mosaics : grazing patterns and implications for conservation management." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10488.

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Grazing is widely used as a tool in conservation management. Many plant communities of conservation importance are dependent on grazing for their existence, maintenance of species diversity and other valued characteristics. Plant community response to grazing depends on many factors, including site productivity and dominant plant species; setting appropriate grazing levels can therefore be challenging. The problems are magnified when more than one species or plant community is the target of conservation goals as they may need different levels of grazing. Where multiple plant communities are present in a mosaic, grazing pressure on the higher productivity community (usually the more attractive to herbivores) can affect the utilisation of the lower productivity communities: grazing on the less productive community is elevated in close proximity (a few metres) to the productive community. This increases the possibility of conflict in managing grazing for the conservation of both communities as low productivity communities can sustain only low levels of grazing. Less well studied are the effect of community layout at larger spatial scales (100s – 1000s of metres) and the effect of vegetation pattern on grazing on the productive community. It is also not well known how the spatial pattern of grazing is affected by changes in herbivore density. I investigated the consequences of the spatial pattern of plant communities and changing herbivore density for grazing patterns on a complex multi-community mosaic and assessed the probable consequence for conservation of these plant communities. The plant mosaic comprised a mixture of species-rich grassland and several less productive communities, primarily heaths and bogs; the main grazers were red deer (Cervus elaphus). The grassland needs higher grazing levels than the others to meet management goals. I used small scale experiments to investigate the effects of reducing grazing on grassland and how the effects varied within the grassland community. Elimination of grazing caused a rapid switch from short, herb-rich grassland towards a graminoid dominated, less diverse sward, as expected. The degree of change in diversity and herb cover was dependent on productivity. Experimental reduction in grazing had mixed consequences for grassland in relation to conservation goals due to pre-existing variation in intensity of grazing on the grassland. The condition of areas of initially heavily grazed and short vegetation improved, whilst taller grasslands deteriorated. Analysis of large-scale datasets was used to investigate the influence of spatial pattern of community types and differences in large scale deer density on the distribution of grazing. There was increased grazing pressure on less productive plant communities where grassland was abundant within 1km and this was fairly consistent across communities and across different grazing indicators. There was an effect on grazing levels on grassland, but the explanatory power was generally lower and the effect less consistently present across indicators of grazing. Sward height and litter depth measures from one dataset indicated heavier grazing with more grassland present nearby (250m); however, lower grazing pressure was indicated by sward height and a combined grazing index when there was more grassland in a more distant zone (500-1000m). Deer density had limited power to explain large scale variation in impacts, probably due to the coarse scale of the information available and correlation with other variables. This limited the ability to thoroughly test the consequences of changes in deer density on the spatial pattern of impacts or investigate whether there was an interaction between deer density and spatial pattern. The inherent conflict in conservation management of grazed communities of different productivities is increased by the influence of the spatial distribution of plant communities on the distribution of grazing; conservation management goals need to account for this and identify a suitable trade-off.
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Leinberger, Peter Michael [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Erhard. "Untersuchung zur Stressbelastung von Rothirschen (Cervus elaphus) im Rahmen tierseuchenrechtlicher Eingriffe / Peter Leinberger. Betreuer: Michael Erhard." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1016172826/34.

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31

Bainbridge, David Robert James. "Endocrine regulations of luteal regression and maternal recognition of pregnancy in the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522164.

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32

Senn, Helen V. "Hybridisation between red deer (Cervus elaphus) and Japanese sika (C. nippon) on the Kintyre Peninsula, Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4344.

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Hybridisation between introduced and endemic species causes conservation concerns, but also provides us with an opportunity to study the dynamics of gene flow between two species as they first meet. Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon) were introduced to the British Isles at a number of locations at the beginning of the 20th century. In the intervening time, sika have spread and their range now extends across approximately 40% of Scotland, where they overlap with that of native red deer (C. elaphus), with which they hybridise. In this study we focus on the consequences of one particular introduction that took place at Carradale, on the Kintyre Peninsula in 1893. First, I assessed the current state of hybridisation using a sample of 735 red and sika deer samples collected in 2006/7 from forestry blocks throughout the Kintyre Peninsula. Genetic analysis was conducted with a panel of 22 highly differentiated microsatellite loci and one mtDNA marker. Population admixture analysis of the microsatellite data was conducted with the Bayesian clustering programme STRUCTURE. Over most of the study area, levels of introgression into red and sika deer were low and were consistent with a scenario of very occasional F1 hybridisation followed by backcrossing. There was, however, one forestry block where 43% of individuals could be defined as hybrids. Second, I developed a branching process model of introgression via backcrossing, to assess whether variation in introgression across microsatellite loci could be interpreted as a signature of selection, or could in fact be attributed to stochastic processes. If only a few hybridisation events have contributed to the hybridising population, the pattern of introgression, even with a large number of genetic markers, will be highly stochastic. This pattern of neutral variation in introgression can have high enough variance that it could be mistaken for selection. Therefore, even if strong selection is acting, it may not be possible to distinguish its effects from neutral variation. Third, I analysed trends in hybridisation and introgression over 15 years on the peninsula, through analysis of a dataset of 1513 red and sika deer samples at 20 microsatellite and a mtDNA marker. There was little evidence of change in the extent of hybridisation and introgression over time. MtDNA introgression was predominantly from red deer into sika. Recent introgression into sika on the peninsula can be explained by a very small number of F1 hybridisation events (~10) via analysis of the number of alleles that have introgressed from polymorphic red deer into the genetically homogenous sika population (a similar analysis cannot be conducted for introgression into red deer). Finally, I conducted a regression analysis of genetic hybrid scores against phenotypic traits to assess the effect of hybridisation on phenotype. Hybridisation has caused changes in the weight of sika-like deer and red-like females. Hybridisation has caused changes in incisor arcade breadth of both populations and jaw length (a proxy for skeletal size) in sika-like females. However, there is no evidence that hybridisation has caused changes in kidney fat (a measure of condition) or pregnancy rates in either population. In conclusion, even a small number of F1 hybridisation events can lead to extensive introgression and the timing and spatial distribution of these events is likely to have a large impact on the structure of a recently hybridising population - stochastic factors dominate both the distribution of hybrid individuals and the distribution of the genes that introgress following a hybridisation event. In red deer and sika deer, increasing phenotypic similarities of the two populations caused by hybridisation are likely to facilitate further breakdown between the two species. It is possible that breakdown in assortative mating between the two species could occur across their range.
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33

Ter, Beest Julia M. "EFFECTS OF A RESTORED ELK POPULATION ON SOILS, VEGETATION, AND WATER QUALITY IN EASTERN KENTUCKY." UKnowledge, 2005. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/284.

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A restored elk (Cervus elaphus) population in eastern Kentucky may be affecting ecosystem processes in a landscape composed of reclaimed grassland expanses and isolated forest remnants. Elk routinely select forested ridge-tops as resting and ruminating sites. These locations are characterized by sparse or absent leaf litter, trampled and diminished vegetation, large deposits of dung, and urine-saturated soils. In fall 2003, a series of fenced ungulate exclosures were constructed; 8 on highly disturbed forested ridge-tops and 8 on reclaimed grasslands. Soil analyses measured % moisture, pH, total nitrogen, total carbon, ammonium, nitrate, phosphorus, and major extractable cations in 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm cores. Litter depths and percentages of bare ground, vegetative cover, litter cover, and woody debris were measured. Sediment and water samples were collected monthly from sediment traps on reference and experimental ridge-tops. Studentfs t-tests were used to determine significance (p . 0.10) between treatments. Disturbed ridge-tops had higher soil ammonium (0.68 mg/kg, 10-20 cm) than reference sites (0.25 mg/kg) in spring 2004 and lower ammonium (0.72 mg/kg, 0-10 cm; 0.44 mg/kg, 10-20 cm) than reference sites (1.80 mg/kg, 0-10 cm; 0.94 mg/kg, 10-20 cm) in summer 2004. Total carbon was higher inside (67.57 g/kg, 0-10 cm) than outside (45.38 g/kg) of ridge-top exclosures in fall 2004. Soil moisture, litter depths, and vegetative cover were generally lower, while % bare ground was higher on disturbed ridge-tops. Sediment collected from traps averaged 2.21g/m2 inside exclosures, 2.86 g/m2 outside exclosures, and 0.39 g/m2 on reference ridge-tops. These data suggest that this reintroduced species is changing several attributes of the Cumberland Plateau landscape. The lack of a predator such as the gray wolf (Canis lupis) or cougar (Puma concolor) likely contributes to the development of habitual elk use of landscape features such as remnant ridge-top forests. Such concentrated use may create conditions for the colonization of certain plant species including rare natives and invasive exotics. Continued monitoring of high use areas is recommended so that managers can fully understand the long-term impact of the return of this large, gregarious herbivore, and that appropriate management actions can be developed to promote native biodiversity.
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34

Liouville, Marie. "Variabilité du Cerf Elaphe (Cervus elaphus Linné 1758) au cours du Pléistocène moyen et supérieur en Europe occidentale : approches morphométriques, paléoécologiques et cynégétiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MNHN0028.

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Parmi les peuplements mammaliens présents dans les gisements pleistocènes moyen et supérieur en Europe, le cerf élaphe (Cervus elaphus, Linné, 1758) est l’une des espèces assez couramment rencontrée. Il apparaît que les cerfs identifiés se différencient parfois très fortement par des statures indiquant des populations constituées par des individus de petite ou de grande taille suivant les gisements. Afin de tenter d’interpréter les causes de cette variabilité, nous avons entrepris une étude biométrique de plusieurs populations de Cerfs provenant de sites paléolithiques d’âge et de contextes écologiques différents. Nous avons pour cela utilisé notamment la méthode du V. S. I. (Variability Size Index) qui permet une bonne comparaison inter-sites et ce, quelle que soit la taille de l’échantillon analysé. A l’aide de plusieurs méthodes de reconstitution du contexte paléoécologique, nous avons par ailleurs pu caractériser le milieu et le climat dans lequel ces cerfs évoluaient. Un parallèle entre les données biométriques et paléoécologiques permet ensuite de voir s’il existe réellement un lien entre la taille du cerf et son environnement. Parallèlement, nous avons intégré nos résultats dans le cadre d’une étude plus globale concernant le mode de vie des différents groupes humains. En décrivant les différentes populations de cerfs (dénombrement, sex-ratio, courbes de mortalité), nous pouvons parvenir à déterminer le type d’acquisition des animaux, chasse opportuniste ou active et sélective
The Red deer (cervus elaphus, Linné 1758) is a species often found in Pleistocene faunal assemblages. It is also known to show a quite important variability, with small or tall individuals depending on the site. To explain the possible causes of this variability, we undertook a biometrical anaysis of various deer populations, from Palaeolithic sites of different ages and palaeoecological contexts. To do so, we use in particular the V. S. I. (Variability Size Index), which allows a good inter-sites comparison, regardless of the sample size. Thanks to the several environment reconstruction methods, we are able to characterize the environment and climate in which the deer evolved. The comparison of biometrical and palaeocological data allows us to evaluate the robustness of the correlation between deer size and environment. In addition, our data are integrated in a more global study, analysing the way of life of different human groups. In fact, the description of the deer populations from the different archaeological contexts (number of remains, sex ratio, mortality curves) sheds light on the hunting practices, i. E. Opportunistic or selective
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35

Judson, Howard Glenn. "Comparative nutrition and energy metabolism of young red deer (Cervus elaphus) and red x elk hybrid deer." Lincoln University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/2166.

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Elk (Cervus elaphus spp) are widely used as a terminal sire in the New Zealand deer industry because elk red deer crosses are heavier at 12 months of age than pure-bred red deer (Cervus elaphus) and therefore better fit market demands. However, it is unclear whether nutritional requirements differ between genotypes. A series of experiments compared young (4 - 12 months) red deer and red deer-elk cross (hybrids) in various aspects of their nutrition. Single genotype groups (10-15) of red deer and hybrid weaner stags were offered one of four pasture allowances (2 to 12 kg DM/head/day) on a rotationally grazed mixed ryegrass - white clover pasture system for 9 weeks in winter (June-July), spring (October-December) and summer (February - March). Stags were weighed and given a new allocation of pasture weekly. Pre-grazing pasture mass ranged from 800 kg DM/ha for low pasture allowances to 4500kg DM/ha for higher allowances. Winter live-weight gain was low (40-80 g/day), relatively unaffected by pasture allowance and similar for both genotypes. In spring however, hybrids gained live-weight on average 100 g/day more than red deer across all pasture allowances and the response to additional pasture allowance was large (110 g/day at 2kg DM/head/day to 300 g/day at 9.5 kg DM/head/day). At the highest pasture allowance, hybrids grew faster (350 g/day) than red deer (250 g/day), although red deer were able to achieve this live-weight gain when offered less pasture (4 vs 12 kg DM/head/day, respectively). Summer live-weight gain was lower for both genotypes and responded less to increases in pasture allowance than during spring. A second experiment compared the live-weight gain of both genotypes at ad lib feeding in an indoor environment where intake could be accurately measured. A group of red deer (n =15) and a group of hybrid (n =15) weaner stags were housed indoors during winter (3 June - 27 August) and spring (16 October - 16 December) and fed a pelleted grain based ration ad lib. Mean daily intake for each group (kg DM/head/day) was calculated as the difference between feed offered and feed refused. Hybrids had a significantly higher (P< 0.05) absolute DM intake compared with red deer in both seasons, although when expressed on a metabolic body weight basis, there was no difference between genotypes irrespective of season. Live-weight gain during winter did not differ significantly between genotypes regardless of whether it was expressed on an absolute or metabolic weight basis. Spring live-weight gain, expressed both on an absolute and metabolic live-weight basis, was significantly higher for hybrids compared with red deer (P<0.05). Red deer and hybrids increased their feed intake from winter to spring by 20% and 24% respectively on a metabolic body weight basis. Although the difference between genotypes in their seasonal increase in intake was relatively small there was a large difference in their pattern of live-weight gain. Red deer exhibited a 34% and hybrids a 76% seasonal increase in live-weight gain expressed on a metabolic live-weight basis from winter to spring. These results indicate the greater rate of live-weight gain displayed by hybrids compared with red deer was not associated with a greater ad lib intake (expressed on a metabolic body weight basis) and the seasonal increase in live-weight gain is greater for hybrids than for red deer. A further experiment estimated the energy requirement for maintenance of both genotypes. Five deer of each genotype were housed in separate pens (3.5m²) during winter (3 June - 27 August) and spring (16 October - 16 December) and randomly assigned to one of 5 feeding levels (0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, or 0.9 times estimated ad lib intake of l.5 and l.7 kg DM/head/day during the winter and 3.0 and 3.3 kg DM/head/day during the spring for red deer and hybrids, respectively. Maintenance requirement was determined by regression analysis of live-weight gain on ME intake. Although there was no seasonal effect on the live weight gain response to intake there was a significant genotype effect. To maintain live weight during either season, hybrids required a higher ME intake (0.52 MJ ME/W0.75/day compared with red deer 0.41 MJ ME/W0.75/day). The rate of increase in live weight gain to increasing intake declined as intake increased and more so for red deer than hybrids. The final experiment in the series involved individually housed deer and aimed to more precisely determine differences in maintenance requirement and examine the difference in composition of gain between genotypes. In addition, in vivo apparent DM digestibility was measured in both genotypes. Red deer (n=7) and hybrid weaner stags (n=7) were housed in individual pens for a period of 8 weeks in both winter (July - August) and spring (November - December) and offered one of 7 feeding levels which ranged from maintenance to ad lib. During each 8 week experimental period, live weight gain, apparent digestibility and feed intake were measured. Immediately prior to, and at the conclusion of each 8 week period body composition was estimated using computer-assisted topography (CT scan). In winter, there was no significant difference in the live weight gain response to intake although red deer tended to have a higher (44 vs 55 MJ/kg) requirement for gain than hybrids. In spring, red deer had a lower requirement for maintenance (0.35 vs 0.47 MJ ME/W0.75/day) but a greater requirement for live weight gain (64 vs 35 MJ/kg) than hybrids. In spring, mean ad lib intake was about 30% higher than in winter and was greater for hybrids than for red deer. Energy retention in whole body (kJ/W0.75/day) did not differ between genotypes in either winter or spring but both the energy requirement for zero energy balance (0.59 vs 0.48 MJ ME/W0.75/day) and the efficiency of utilisation (0.37 vs 0.24) was greater in spring than in winter. The disparity between live weight gain and whole body weight gain may have been due to differences in gut fill. There was no significant difference between genotypes in relative growth coefficients for lean, bone or adipose tissue in whole body. However hybrids tended to have a higher winter and lower spring growth coefficient for fat compared with red deer. Growth coefficients for adipose, lean and bone, respectively were 0.983, 1.063 and 1.026 for winter and 1.02, 0.708 and 1.727 for spring. At the same whole body weight, deer in October had less adipose tissue than in August. It is unclear whether this represents a strategy for rapid spring growth or is an artefact of experimental protocol. Apparent dry matter digestibility (DMD) did not differ between genotypes but was higher by between 7 and 15 percentage units in winter compared with spring. Unexpectedly, digestibility was positively correlated with intake. Digestibility increased by 2.6 percentage units for every 10g DM/W0.75/day increase in either season in one group and 4.1 and 2.1 percentage units for deer in winter and spring respectively in another group. Errors in faecal collection were discounted as causes of the unexpected result.
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36

Heydon, Matthew John. "The control of seasonal changes in reproduction and food intake in grazing red deer hinds (Cervus elaphus)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321623.

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37

Welte, Jürgen [Verfasser]. "Untersuchungen zur genetischen Diversität beim Rotwild (Cervus elaphus, L.) mit Hilfe von Knochen-DNA-Analysen / Jürgen Welte." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1068532912/34.

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38

Clarke, Luke Alexander. "Physiological function of prolactin based studies of hormome receptor gene expression in the red deer (Cervus elaphus)." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265841.

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39

Neno, Maria José Ferreira. "Qualidade de troféus de veado (Cervus elaphus) em Portugal continental: efeitos do regime cinegético e do clima." Master's thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21538.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal e Gestão dos Recursos Naturais / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa
O veado (Cervus elaphus) é uma importante espécie de caça maior, valorizada sobretudo pela qualidade do troféu. Este trabalho visou avaliar a qualidade de troféus de veado em função do regime cinegético (Zonas de Caça Turística, Associativa, Nacional e Municipal), da região Cinegética e do clima, nomeadamente anos de seca em Portugal, utilizando dados da Comissão de Homologação de Troféus. Verificou-se que as melhores pontuações de troféu foram obtidas nas Zonas de Caça Nacionais, tendo a pontuação média do troféu sido significativamente superior neste regime (p<0,05) e não diferindo significativamente entre as Zonas de Caça Turística, Associativa e Municipal (p>0,05). Bragança foi o concelho com pontuação de troféu mais elevada, com uma pontuação média de 187,04 ± 10,2 pontos. Nas Zonas de Caça Turística abateu-se um número significativamente superior de animais com troféu medalhável relativamente a outros tipos de zonas de caça. Verificou-se ainda, como seria de esperar, que a pontuação média de troféus de animais abatidos por aproximação foi significativamente superior à dos animais abatidos em montaria. Finalmente, constatou-se que em anos de seca a pontuação média dos troféus foi tendencialmente superior à pontuação de troféu em anos de precipitação normal. Os resultados obtidos contribuem para um melhor conhecimento da gestão das populações de veado em Portugal
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40

Suez, Marie. "Diversité génétique des populations de cerfs élaphe (cervus elaphus) en Île-de-France en liaison avec l'anthropisation." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066291.

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Au cours des 60 dernières années le développement des infrastructures de transports (Autoroutes, Lignes Grandes Vitesse, Nationales doubles voies) a fragmenté l'habitat des cerfs élaphe (Cervus elaphus). D'après les observations naturalistes, cette anthropisation a causé la fragmentation de deux populations géographiques existantes en sept dans la partie Sud et d'une en trois dans la partie Nord. Afin d'évaluer l'impact de ces infrastructures sur la structuration génétique de ces populations de cerfs, nous avons échantillonné chacune de ces populations grâce à la coopération de trois fédérations de chasse. Le cours laps de temps écoulé depuis la construction de ces infrastructures nous a conduits à choisir comme marqueurs moléculaires les microsatellites, efficaces dans l'inférence d'évènements récents. Les nouvelles techniques de séquençages (NGS) permettent d'obtenir d'importants jeux de données rapidement, nous avons choisi d'utiliser ces méthodes de séquençage pour obtenir nos données. Aucun logiciel ne permettant de traiter les données de séquençage haut débit des microsatellites pour des espèces dont le génome n'est pas complètement séquencé, nous avons alors réalisé un programme, MicNeSs qui permet de génotyper rapidement et objectivement (sans intervention humaine) un grand nombre d'individus et de locus. Nous avons utilisé MicNeSs pour génotyper 345 individus pour 17 locus microsatellites. A partir de ce jeu de données, nous avons montré l'existence d'une structuration génétique des populations de cerfs élaphe en Île-de-France en liaison avec les infrastructures routières et ferroviaires. Nous avons mis en évidence un effet fort des jumelages autoroutes/LGV et une efficacité différentielle des passages grande faune de 2ème et 3ème génération sur les populations de cerfs élaphe en Île-de-France
During the last 60 years, the development of urban areas, main roads, highways and railways in Île de France, has fragmented the habitat of the red deer (Cervus elaphus). According to naturalistic observations, it caused the fragmentation of the two existing putative populations in the South in to seven putative populations and one in three in the North.In order to estimate the impact of the infrastructure on the genetic structure of these populations we sampled each of the putative population with the help of three hunting societies. Due to the short time passed since the first highway construction we chose microsatellite loci as molecular markers, efficient in the inference of recent events. The next generation sequencing (NGS) enable to have quickly important data set, we chose to use this technic to obtain our data. No software permits to treat microsatellites data from NGS for the species without complete genome, we made one program, MicNeSs which genotypes quickly and objectively a lot of individuals and loci. We used MicNeSs to genotype 345 individuals for 17 microsatellite loci. With this data set we showed the presence of a genetic structure of the red deer populations in association with the road and rail infrastructure. We highlighted a strong impact of the paired of highway/railway and a differential efficiency of the wildlife passages of the second and third generation on the red deer populations in Île-de-France
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41

Fawcett, Felicia K. "Resource selection and spatial relationships of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and wolves (Canis lupus) in northern Wisconsin /." Link to Abstract, 2004. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/abstracts/2004/Fawcett.pdf.

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42

Chevallier, Aude. "Chasse et traitement des mammifères durant le Magdalénien et l'Azilien dans le Sud-Ouest de la France : la place particulière du Cerf." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010624.

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Au cours du Tardiglaciaire, de nombreuses transformations culturelles et sociales ont été mises en évidence à l’échelle de l’Europe occidentale, en parallèle aux changements environnementaux et climatiques. Dans les hypothèses fréquemment proposées pour tenter de les expliquer, les modalités d’exploitation des grands mammifères jouent généralement un rôle fondamental. La recomposition des cortèges fauniques émigration du Renne et essor septentrional du Cerf – est ainsi souvent évoquée. Afin de vérifier dans quelle mesure la réorientation de la prédation vers l’exploitation du Cerf avait pu jouer un rôle dans le processus d’azilianisation, les modalités d’acquisition et de traitement des grands mammifères ont été comparées entre le Magdalénien et l’Azilien. Huit ensembles osseux du Sud-Ouest de la France ont été étudiés : la couche 8 de Troubat pour le Magdalénien récent, l’ensemble A de Bourrouilla pour le Magdalénien terminal, la couche 4 du Bois-Ragot et le niveau F5 de Rhodes II pour l’Azilien ancien, la couche 3 du Bois-Ragot, les couches I à III de Murat et les niveaux F6 et F7 de Rhodes II pour l’Azilien récent. Les résultats obtenus ont ensuite été confrontés aux autres données disponibles pour la région puis à celles des régions limitrophes. Dans le Sud-Ouest, les différences entre les deux traditions culturelles en termes de modalités d’acquisition sont ténues. On observe néanmoins une diminution du nombre d’individus exploités dès l’Azilien ancien, en parallèle à une augmentation de la part des juvéniles parmi les populations chassées. Ces deux observations pourraient indiquer un comportement plus solitaire des gibiers exploités, conduisant à des chasses plus individuelles dont l’objectif restait néanmoins l’abattage d’un maximum de proies. Une évolution plus fondamentale est perceptible en ce qui concerne les modalités de traitement des carcasses. Une exploitation plus exhaustive de ces dernières semble ainsi devoir être notée pour l’Azilien, ce qui pourrait être mis en relation avec l’abattage d’un nombre plus réduit d’animaux. La désarticulation des carcasses semble en revanche moins intensive à cette époque par rapport au Magdalénien, ce qui pourrait indiquer l’absence de regroupement entre plusieurs familles à l’occasion des chasses et, par là, à nouveau des chasses plus individuelles. La morphologie des stries de décarnisation évolue également, ce qui pourrait plaider pour l’abandon dès le début de l’Azilien des pratiques de stockage de la viande supposées pour le Magdalénien. Tous ces éléments vont dans le sens d’une moindre planification de l’économie à l’Azilien, déjà évoquée pour l’industrie lithique ou la mobilité. Bien que des recherches complémentaires soient nécessaires pour l’affirmer, elle pourrait être mise en relation avec le comportement plus solitaire des gibiers exploités à cette époque. L’hypothèse d’une évolution du comportement du Cerf au cours du Tardiglaciaire, liée à la fermeture du milieu, est par ailleurs proposée
During the Late Glacial, many cultural and social transformations have been highlighted in WesternEurope, along with environmental and climatic changes. A lot of hypothesis, in which hunting strategies are often essential, have been proposed to explain them. The evolution of mammal geographic ranges, especially the Reindeer emigration and the Red deer development, are frequently mentioned. In order to determine the importance of the reorientation of predation towards the exploitation of Red deer in the process of azilianisation, the way of big game acquisition and carcass processing was compared between the Magdalenian and the Azilian period. Height faunal assemblages from Southwestern France were studied: layer 8 of Troubat for the upper Magdalenian, Bourrouilla ensemble A for the terminal Magdalenian, layer 4 of Bois-Ragot and level F5 of Rhodes II for the early Azilian and layer 3 of Bois-Ragot, layer I to III of Murat and levels F6 and F7 of Rhodes II for the upper Azilian. The results were then compared to the other available data in the region and in the sourrounding areas. In Southwestern France, there are very few differences between the Magdalenian and the Azilian periods concerning the way of acquisition. Nevertheless, in the early Azilian we can notice a decrease in the number of individuals exploited, whereas the number of young individuals hunted increased. These observations could indicate a more solitary behavior of the game, leading to a more individual hunting, although the goal was still to kill as many prey as possible. A more essential evolution could be noted in the carcass processing. On the one hand, a more intensive exploitation seems to be observed for the Azilian, which could be related to the smaller number of individuals killed at the same time. On the other hand, the dismembering of carcasses seems to be less intensive at this time, which could indicate that grouping of several families on the occasion of hunting didn’t exist anymore and thus still more individual hunting. An evolution in the morphology of cut marks linked to filleting could be also noted, which could emphasize that the Azilians abandoned the practices of storage of meat supposed during the Magdalenian. All these elements tend to show a less strategic economy during the Azilian period, already evoked in the flint industry or the mobility. Although additional researches are necessary to assert it, this economical evolution could be related to the more solitary behavior of game exploited at that time. The hypothesis of an evolution of Red deer behavior during the Late Glacial, linked to the closure of the environment, is also proposed
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43

Burkitt, Timothy David. "A comparison of ecology between sympatric native red deer (Cervus elaphus linnaeus 1758) and introduced Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon temminck 1836) populations in southwest Ireland." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497326.

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The density, patterns of habitat use and diet of sympatric populations of both native red deer (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus 1758) and introduced Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon Temminck 1836) in southwest Ireland are described. Habitat and dietary overlap between the two species was substantial and the potential for exploitative competition was investigated. Habitat associations and dietary preferences of both species are poorly known. There are also no published estimates of red and sika densities in this area.
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44

Achermann, Gérald. "The influence of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) upon a subalpine grassland ecosystem in the Swiss National Park /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=13479.

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45

Bauer, Benjamin. "Vergleichender Nachweis von Dictyocaulus eckerti L1 und Trichostrongylideneiern mittels FLOTAC-, McMaster- und Baermann-Verfahren beim Rothirsch (Cervus elaphus)." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-146966.

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46

Church, John Scott. "The effects of production practices on the behaviour of ruminant animals, Bos taurus, Bison bison and Cervus elaphus." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21557.pdf.

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47

Brown, Glen S. "Spatial behaviour and habitat utilization of wapiti ( Cervus elaphus) in the French River and Burwash regions of Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0003/MQ46468.pdf.

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48

Charlton, Benjamin David. "Female perception and use of size-related formant information in the roars of red deer stags (Cervus elaphus)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435612.

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49

Holland, Roy Keith. "Social behaviour, dispersion and dispersal of red deer (Cervus elaphus L. ) during the first two years of life." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259818.

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50

Bonenfant, Christophe. "Rôle des contraintes évolutives dépendantes du sexe en biologie des populations : l'exemple du Cerf élaphe (Cervus elaphus L.)." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10022.

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La biologie des populations des mammifères est essentiellement focalisée sur le compartiment femelle des populations. Le but de ce travail est de montrer quelles sont les conséquences des contraintes sexe-spécifiques sur la dynamique des populations de mamifères à partir de l'étude à long terme d'une population de Cerf élaphe (Cervus elaphus L. ) localisée à la Petite Pierre (68). Dans un premier temps nous avons montré que les mâles présentent, par rapport aux femelles, une sensibilté accrue aux variations environnementales. De plus un changement de sex-ratio adulte a abouti à une diminution de la compétition intra-mâle mettant à jour l'existence chez les mâles de stratégies à moindre risque au même titre que les femelles. Au niveau démographique, seuls les mâles sont sujets à la dispersion natale. Ces résultats confortent les prédictions issues de la sélection sexuelle et confirment l'importance de considérer la fraction de la population en biologie des populations.
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