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Journal articles on the topic 'Cervical vertebrae'
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Rakesh Ranjan, Md. Zahid Hussain, Soni Kumari, Vijay Kumar Singh, and Rashmi Prasad. "The morphology and incidence of the accessory foramen transversarium in human dried cervical vertebrae as well as their clinical significance in the Eastern Indian population." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v13i8.43777.
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Background: A characteristic feature of the cervical vertebrae (C1–C7) is the presence of a foramen tranversarium on the transverse process. The cervical vertebrae are the smallest in size as compared to the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and are characterized by a foramen in each transverse process, which is not found in any other vertebra. Except for the seventh cervical vertebra, which transmits only the vertebral vein, this foramen transmits the vertebral artery, vein, and sympathetic nerves (a branch from the cervicothoracic ganglion) in all cervical vertebrae. Any deviation in the development of the foramen transversarium (FT) causes changes in the course, relationships, and structure (stenosis and lumen narrowing) of the vertebral artery and its associated structures. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to establish the location, shape, size, and incidence of accessory FT in dry humancervical vertebrae of Eastern Indian population. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 170 dry cervical vertebrae (Typical-123 and Atypical-47) of unknown sex and age after getting approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Range, frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and P value were calculated. P<0.05 was taken as significant. Results: The foramen tranversarium in the transverse process is present in all 170 cervical vertebrae examined. Of the 170 cervicalvertebrae, the accessory FT is found in 24 (14.12%) of the vertebrae. In both typical and atypical cervical vertebrae, the accessory FT is more common on the right side. On the axis vertebra, no accessory FT was found. Conclusion: Understanding the accessary FT and the considerable variation in different cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) in terms of their size, shape, and number of FT are essential for routine spine surgical procedures in the cervical region to avoid post-operative complications. This study is also important for the teaching and acknowledgement of undergraduate and postgraduate students in anatomy as well as in orthopedics, neurosurgery, and radiology departments.
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Murugan, Magi, and Suman Verma. "A study on variations of foramen transversarium of cervical vertebrae." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 03, no. 01 (January 2014): 04–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700714.
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Abstract Background and aims: Foramen transversarium of cervical vertebra is a bony enclosure for the vertebral artery. These foramina are known to exhibit variations in size, shape and may be multiple in number or absent. The aim of this study is to record these variations of foramen transversarium of cervical vertebrae. Material and methods: This study was carried out on 150 cervical vertebrae available in the department of anatomy at Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences. Results: Among 150 cervical vertebrae, 19 vertebrae were found to possess double foramina transversaria. Among these 15 were typical and four were atypical vertebrae. Among 15 typical cervical vertebra 12 (80%) had double foramina on right side, one (6.6%) on left side and two (13.3%) bilaterally. Among four atypical vertebra three (75%) possessed double foramina on right side and one (25%) bilaterally. In one typical vertebra there was an enmeshed foramen. Conclusions: The knowledge of these variations is important for radiologists in interpreting computed tomographs and magnetic resonance images.
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Rathnakar, Pretty, and Remya K. "STUDY OF ACCESSORY FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIA IN CERVICAL VERTEBRAE." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 03, no. 04 (December 2013): 097–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703711.
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AbstractThe cervical vertebrae presents foramen transversaria in each transverse process. In all but the seventh cervical vertebra, the foramen normally transmits vertebral artery and vein and a branch from the cervicothoracic ganglion.140 cervical vertebrae were studied. Variations were noticed in the number of foramen transversarium unilaterally and bilaterally. Variations in foramen transversarium may indicate the variation in course of vertebral arteries
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Zehtabvar, Omid, Ali Reza Vajhi, Amir Rostami, Ali Reza Vosoogh Afkhami, Somaye Davudypoor, Marzie Gholikhani, and Seyed Hossein Modarres. "Morphometric and Normal 2D CT Anatomic Study of the Vertebral Column of the European Pond Turtle (Emys orbicularis)." Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijvm.17.1.1005235.
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Background: European pond turtle is one of the two species of freshwater turtles in Iran. Regarding clinical examinations and diagnostic imaging techniques, it is necessary to have complete anatomical information on this turtle. Objectives: This study provided complete morphometric and normal two-dimensional computerized tomographic scanning information of the vertebrae of European pond turtles. Methods: Ten European pond turtles were used in this study. Computerized tomography (CT) scans were taken from each anesthetized turtle. Then, morphometric parameters were measured in the CT scans of the vertebral column. Results: Atlas was the shortest of the cervical vertebrae, and the eighth cervical vertebra was shorter than the previous vertebrae. The articular surface of the caudal articular processes of the eighth cervical vertebra was bent, and these surfaces were almost vertical. Transverse process width had remained constant in the cervical vertebrae. The transverse process was not observed in the dorsal vertebrae. The first dorsal vertebra had a different shape than others. Conclusion: The particular shape of the last two cervical vertebrae, especially the arched shape of the eight vertebrae. The seventh and eighth cervical vertebrae have the largest transverse distance between caudal articular processes that seem necessary for cervical motion. The limited space of the caudal cervical vertebrae inside the shell chamber can be the reason for the reduction in the length of these vertebrae. The absence of a spinous process in the seventh and eighth cervical vertebrae of the neck may be related to their specific position in the neck retraction.
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Dias, Fernanda Gosuen Gonçalves, Vinícius Thomaz da Silva Almeida, Victória Marques Russo Ramos, Tais Harumi de Castro Sasahara, Lucas de Freitas Pereira, Marcela Aldrovani Rodrigues, Luis Gustavo Gosuen Gonçalves Dias, and Thaissa Oliveira Faleiros. "Comparison between cervical vertebrae of man and of the domestic animals." Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo 16, no. 2 (February 9, 2024): e3159. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/cuadv16n2-020.
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Anatomy is the science that studies the form, architecture and structure of living beings, and the modality that explores the morphological differences between species is called comparative anatomy. Among the bone structures that make up the axial skeleton of individuals, the cervical vertebrae stand out, considered odd and irregular bones. Given the relevance of cervical vertebrae, the objective of the present study was to compare such bone elements in humans and domestic animals (dogs, horses and cattle) and, nevertheless, highlight the structural similarities in these different species in terms of quantities, functions and formats in resulting from bone accidents. For this, skeletons and individual anatomical pieces from the Human and Veterinary Anatomy Laboratory of the University of Franca (UNIFRAN - Franca, SP) were used, as well as anatomy books renowned in this area of specialty and scientific articles. The results were presented in a descriptive way. As for quantity, humans have seven cervical vertebrae, just like dogs, horses and cattle. In all species, the cervical vertebrae support the neck, providing movement of the head and protection of the cervical spinal cord. Regarding shape, the first (atlas) and second (axis) cervical vertebrae are atypical in all species. The atlas has an arched body, containing the dorsal and ventral tubercle; furthermore, the transverse process is modified (wing of the atlas) with the alar foramen and lateral vertebral foramen. The caudal articular surface of the atlas (fovea dentis) articulates with the odontoid process of the axis. Cattle do not have a transverse foramen and, in no species, does the spinous process appear in the atlas. The axis had a rod-shaped odontoid process in dogs, concave in cattle and pointed in other species, in addition to an elongated spinous process. The other cervical vertebrae are typical, composed of a vertebral body (with head of the vertebra and vertebral fossa), vertebral arch (participates in the formation of the vertebral foramen), vertebral foramen (houses the spinal cord) and spinous processes (poorly developed), transverse (well developed, containing the transverse foramen) and cranial and caudal articular (flat surfaces). In all species, the seventh cervical vertebra is modified, presenting a long spinous process and reduction or absence of the transverse foramen; furthermore, in horses, the spinous process was detected only in this vertebra. In humans, dogs, horses and cattle, the seventh cervical vertebra has a pair of caudal costal facets for articulation with the first pair of ribs. Given the results obtained, it is accepted that the anatomical morphological similarities and differences between the cervical vertebrae may be related to the functional, evolutionary and postural aspects of the different species studied.
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S, Kaur. "Study of Morphometric Analysis of Foramen Transversarium and Uncinate Process and Clinical Relevance in Typical Cervical Vertebrae." Journal of Human Anatomy 8, no. 1 (January 18, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jhua-16000198.
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The foramen transversarium differentiates the cervical vertebrae from the other vertebrae of the spinal column. From the first part of the subclavian artery, the vertebral artery arises and passes through the foramen transversarium. FT protects the vertebral artery. The medial boundary of the luschka joint is a safe sight to protect the vertebral artery. The Uncovertebral Joint, also known as the Luschka Joint, is a joint that was formed by the Uncinate Process between the cervical vertebra bodies. These joints form the medial border of an intervertebral foramen in the cervical area below C-2 and are rarely found on the first thoracic vertebra. The present study was carried out on 100 dry human typical cervical vertebrae of unknown age and sex to determine the morphometric dimensions of FT and Uncinate Process in typical cervical vertebrae. The dimensions were taken by the digital vernier caliper on the superior aspect of the FT and Uncinate Process. The length and width of the FT were more on the left side than on the right side which was statistically insignificant (p-value >0.05). The narrow FTs were also observed in the present study. The mean difference between the Right and Left sides of the Uncinate Process was statistically not significant (p-value>0.05).
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Skriabin, E. G., A. N. Bukseev, P. B. Zotov, M. A. Akselrov, and A. A. Kurmangulov. "Uncomplicated fractures of the cervical vertebrae in children and adolescents." Genij Ortopedii 27, no. 6 (December 2021): 700–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-6-700-708.
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Introduction Various aspects of uncomplicated fractures of the cervical vertebrae in children and adolescents remain topical. Purpose To study incidence, character and type of uncomplicated fractures of the vertebrae of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. Materials and methods Out of 1000 children who had uncomplicated vertebral fractures, 27 (2.7 %) people were diagnosed with fractures at the cervical level. There were more boys among the injured – 77.77 % of the injured. 29.63 % of the patients were under the age of 12, and 70.37 % of – aged 12–17. Traditional methods for emergency traumatology were used for clinical diagnostics. Results In 17 (62.96 %) of the patients only the cervical vertebrae were compressed, in 10 (37.04 %) patients – both the thoracic vertebrae and the cervical vertebrae. Among the cervical vertebrae, compression of C7 vertebral body was most often observed – in 30.64 % of cases, less often – the body of C3 – in 4.08 % of cases. The main mechanism of injury was falling on head from a height of 2 m and more – 25.98 % of cases. Analysis of the character of C2 fractures showed that four patients had fractures of the odontoid process (three patients – type I, one – type III), one patient – fractures of the arches of this vertebra corresponding to type I. Fractures of subaxial location mainly corresponded to group "A" (subgroup I (36 compressed vertebrae), subgroup II (6 injured vertebrae)). In 2 cases, vertebral fractures were referred to group "B" (subgroup I). In 25 (92.59 %) clinical cases conservative treatment was used, in 2 (7.41 %) – there were indications for surgical treatment. The average duration of in-patient treatment for fractures of the cervical vertebrae was 9.4 days. Evaluation of long-term treatment results showed "good" results in 83.33 % of cases, satisfactory – in 16.67 % of clinical observations. Discussion The results that we have received are mainly comparable with the literature data on the main aspects of cervical trauma in children. At the same time, it is necessary to mention some differences. For example, many authors report that younger children most often get fractures of the C2 vertebra. According to our data, the average age of patients with these fractures was 14.8 years.
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G, Prabavathy, Sadeesh T, and Jayaganesh J. "Morphometry of foramen transversarium of cervical vertebrae and its clinical significance in South Indian population." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 7, no. 4 (January 15, 2021): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2020.071.
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Literature shows multiple variations within the foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebrae. To study the morphometry of foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebrae on both sides. The foramen transversarium of three-hundred-fifty dry human cervical vertebras of unknown age and sex was studied. The dimensions of the main foramen and the incidence of accessory foramen transversarium were measured and tabulated. Among 350 vertebrae studied, the accessory foramina was noted in 66 (19%) vertebrae. On 21 (6%) vertebrae the accessory foramen was noted on both sides of the vertebra and in the remaining 45 (13%), it was observed on one side. When observing unilateral cases, 30 were present on the right side and 15 were on the left side. In both unilateral and bilateral cases, the increased incidence of accessory foramina was noted more in the C6 vertebra. A significant increase in the diameter of the foramen transversarium was observed on the left side of all vertebras studied. Successful surgical management in degenerative, traumatic, and neoplastic diseases of the cervical spine needs well-detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the cervical spinal column.In our study, we found a noted increase in the incidence of accessory foramen transversarium. These morphometric parameters will be added data and can serve as a helpful guide while performing various surgeries of the neck region and for proper interpretation of X-rays and CT scan.
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Kaushal, Parul, and Subhash Bhukya. "Fusion of C2 and C3: embryological and clinical perspective." Anatomy Journal of Africa 7, no. 2 (September 19, 2018): 1281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v7i2.177636.
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Skeletal abnormalities in the upper cervical region may result in severe neck ache, altered mobility, muscular weakness and sensory deficits. Fused cervical vertebrae (FCV) have been reported in literature, however cases with fused articular facets have scarcely been documented. During routine osteology demonstration, we came across fused axis and the 3rd cervical vertebra. There was complete fusion of the vertebral arch on the left side along with complete fusion between the inferior articular facet of C2 and superior articular facet of C3. There was partial fusion between the bodies of the vertebrae and the right half of the vertebral arch. Owing to the vital role of this region in various neck movements and spinal alignment, knowledge of such asymmetric variations in the upper cervical region, is of immense importance to orthopedicians, radiologists, neurosurgeons, anaesthetists, physiotherapists.Keywords: intubation, synostosis, axis, block vertebrae
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Orel, A. M., and O. K. Semenova. "Functional division and age differences in cervical spine of males and females." Russian Osteopathic Journal, no. 2 (June 27, 2023): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2023-2-105-118.
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Introduction. The cervical spine from osteopathy point of view, taking into account spine functional division, includes vertebrae of the cervical-thoracic junction, and the approach requires additional coordination. The X-ray examination experience with the entire spine integrity suggests that both cervical vertebrae and vertebrae of cervical-thoracic junction are the place of the greatest age-related changes. The study of gender difference in cervical spine vertebra positions and its age-related dynamics requires additional attention. The purpose of the work: on the basis of digital radiographs to develop an integral indicator for assessing the position of the vertebrae of the middle cervical spine; research objectives: to quantify vertebra positions from CIII–VI; to propose a characteristic of transition smoothness from vertebral CIII–VI group to the vertebral CVII–TIII group; to study the male/female features of age trend in cervical spine shape.Materials and methods. Radiographs of all spine parts in sagittal plane were examined for 141 patients with dorsopathies (57 males and 84 females). The cohort of patients is divided into 4 groups: I (n=31) — 21–44 years (average age 33,1 years); II (n=39) — 45–59 years (average age 52,6 years); III (n=50) — 60–74 years (average age 66,8 years); IV (n=21) — 75–88 years (average age 81,1 years). A single digital X-ray spine image in sagittal plane was obtained for each patient. On the combined digital radiograph, the occipital vertical was drawn along all spine parts, starting from the external tubercle of occipital bone, and anteroposterior axes for CIII–TIII vertebrae (r axes) were drawn. The angles between the occipital vertical and the perpendiculars restored to the axes at the points of their intersection with the occipital vertical were measured. Statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out.Results. The St integral indicator has been developed to quantify the vertebra position of middle cervical spine. It was calculated by formula St = (rCIII+rCIV+rCV +rCVI)/4. Using St the type boundaries are determined, and four displacement types for the cervical vertebra group (from CIII–VI) are identifi ed: I — low start; II — medium start; III — high start; IV — ultra-high start. An age-related trend of changes in CIII–VI vertebra position was detected. The correlation between the position indicator St of the middle cervical vertebrae and indicator ArCT for the vertebrae of cervical-thoracic junction CVII–TIII was proved. Gender differences depending on age were revealed in transition smoothness between these spine parts.Conclusion. Some arguments have been obtained confi rming the validity of attributing the vertebra group of cervical-thoracic junction from CVII to TIII to the functional unity of cervical spine. Quantitative smoothness assessment of transition from the middle cervical spine to the vertebra group of cervical-thoracic junction can be carried out by calculating the difference between the ArCT and St indicators. The difference demonstrates age-related shape features of the spine part for males and females.
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Men’shchikova, I. A. "Osteometry of the human spine at the age of maturity in the Ural region." Kazan medical journal 100, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2019-622.
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Aim. To reveal the patterns of the changes of osteometric characteristics of the adults living in the Ural region.
Methods. 56 cadavers of human beings at the age of maturity were analyzed (28 women aged 21 to 55 years, and 28 men aged 22 to 60 years) being the residents of the Ural region. The scheme recommended by the Symposium on Age Periodization at the Institute of Age Physiology in 1969, was used for distribution by age groups. Osteometry and statistical method were used.
Results. In the cervical spine, the greatest sagittal size was determined in the spinal process of the VII cervical vertebra (30.9±1.79 mm), in the thoracic spine — in the VII thoracic vertebra (41.5±2.4 mm), and in lumbar spine — in the III lumbar vertebra (36.4±0.95 mm). The frontal size of vertebral bodies increased from overlying vertebrae to underlying ones, however, the decrease in the frontal size of vertebral bodies was noted from the I thoracic to the VI thoracic vertebra, and starting from the VII thoracic vertebra its further increase was observed. The sagittal size of vertebral body increased only from the II cervical vertebra to the III lumbar one. The sagittal size of the bodies of the III–V vertebrae was within the range of 32–34 mm. The sizes of vertebral arch pedicle allow conducting the transpedicular fixation at the level of all vertebrae, but it should be taken into account that in V and VI thoracic vertebrae frontal size of arch pedicle is the least as compared to other levels. The frontal sizes of spinal canal were more than sagittal ones at the levels of all vertebrae, with the exception of atlas and the V thoracic vertebra.
Conclusion. The results can serve as the basis for performing any surgical interventions on the spine and as the norm for evaluation of its pathological changes.
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Ptashnikov, Dmitriy, Shamil Magomedov, Alexandr Tatarincev, and Sergey Rominskiy. "The role of puncture biopsy in the treatment of pathological fractures of the cervical vertebrae." Problems in oncology 67, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2021-67-2-268-271.
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The aim is to analyze the data obtained during biopsy of primary and secondary lesions and pathological fractures of the cervical vertebrae and their influence on the tactics of treatment of patients. Evaluation of the effectiveness of biopsy of pathological processes in the cervical vertebrae.
Materials. The results of biopsies of 20 patients with lesions of the cervical vertebrae of unknown etiology or with the presence of pathological fractures with compression of the spinal cord and roots by a vertebra or a soft tissue component were analyzed.
The following results were obtained: the presence of a secondary lesion of the cervical vertebrae was revealed: metastatic nature – 10, primary tumors – 1, lymphoproliferative tumors – 3, no tumor lesion was detected – 3, not enough material for the study – 3.
Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the high efficiency and sufficient safety of puncture biopsy in diagnosing lesions of the cervical vertebrae, even in complex localizations (C2). Revealing the nature of vertebral lesions in the absence of absolute indications for decompression and stabilization interventions significantly affects the tactics and order of treatment of the patient.
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Vetrile, S. T., S. V. Yundin, A. I. Krupatkin, S. V. Kolesov, E. V. Ogarev, S. T. Vetrile, S. V. Yundin, A. I. Krupatkin, S. V. Kolesou, and E. V. Ogarev. "Condition of Vertebral Arteries in Experimental Modelling of Low Cervical Vertebrae Dislocation." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 11, no. 1 (March 15, 2004): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto200411114-19.
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Condition of vertebral arteries in experimental modeling of cervical vertebrae dislocations at C3-C6 level was studied on 20 section-blocks of cervical spine. Vertebral arteries were contrasted and cervical block was fixed using external fixation device. Various types of dislocation and subluxation under X-ray control were produced. Thus, it was possible to observe dynamic picture of vertebral arteries deformation in traumatic cervical vertebrae dislocation. To confirm the results of angiography the cut up of frozen section-blocks in sagittal plane and in vertebral arteries projection as well as visual control (photography of vertebrae dislocation steps) were performed. Results of experimental study allowed to detect peculiarities of vertebral arteries deformations in cervical vertebrae dislocation and to determine the correlation between the degree of vertebrae dislocation and severity of extracranial vertebral artery deformation. It enables to predict the degree of hemodynamic disorders in the system of vertebral arteries, to determine the role of vascular factor in cervical spine injury and to use the differentional approach to the choice of treatment tactics using routine roentgenography.
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Sihombing, Tessa Rebecca, and Mimi Marina Lubis. "Hubungan tingkat maturitas vertebra servikalis dengan panjang mandibulaRelationship between cervical vertebrae maturity and mandibular length." Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran 32, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v32i3.28300.
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Pendahuluan: Beberapa tahun terakhir, hubungan antara cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) dengan pertumbuhan mandibula yang dinilai melalui panjang mandibula mendapat perhatian. Pemahaman mengenai pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kraniofasial pasien sangat penting dalam membantu menegakkan diagnosis, merencanakan perawatan, dan keberhasilan perawatan ortodonti. Waktu perawatan ortodonti berhubungan dengan keparahan dan tipe maloklusi yang dikaitkan dengan tingkat maturitas pasien. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan tingkat maturitas vertebra servikalis dengan panjang mandibula. Metode: Jenis penelitian analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Sampel penelitian menggunakan 100 foto sefalogram lateral pasien usia 8-18 tahun dengan Klas I skeletal. Kualitas foto sefalogram lateral baik dan berasal dari laboratorium yang sama. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menganalisis tingkat maturitas vertebra servikalis dan mengukur panjang mandibula pada sefalogram lateral. Uji statistik yang digunakan ANOVA dan Kruskal-Wallis, analisis korelasi menggunakan Pearson. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada panjang mandibula laki-laki dan perempuan, dengan nilai p=0,009. Panjang mandibula pada laki-laki lebih besar dibandingkan perempuan. Peningkatan panjang mandibula tertinggi pada laki-laki terjadi dari cervical vertebrae maturation stages (CVMS) 3 ke CVMS 4 sebesar 8,19±5,79 mm dan pada perempuan terjadi dari CVMS 3 ke CVMS 4 sebesar 6,38±4,51 mm. Hubungan yang paling erat adalah pada tahap CVMS 3 ke CVMS 4 sebesar 0,858 yang bersifat kuat. Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara tingkat maturitas vertebra servikalis dengan panjang mandibula, pada setiap tingkat maturitas vertebra servikalis terjadi peningkatan panjang mandibula. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan mandibula sejalan dengan maturitas vertebra servikalis.Kata kunci: Maturitas, vertebra servikalis, panjang mandibula. ABSTRACTIntroduction: In recent years, the relationship between cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) and mandibular growth assessed by mandibular length has received attention. Understanding the patient’s craniofacial growth and development is very important in helping make the diagnosis, planning treatment, and the success of orthodontic treatment. The orthodontic treatment timing was related to the severity and type of malocclusion associated with the patient’s maturity level. This study was aimed to analyse the relationship between cervical vertebrae maturity level and mandibular length. Methods: This was an analytic study with a cross-sectional design. The study sample used 100 lateral cephalogram photos of patients aged 8-18 years with skeletal Class I. The quality of the lateral cephalogram images was good and came from the same laboratory. Data collection was carried out by analysing the cervical vertebrae’s maturity level and measuring the mandibular length on the lateral cephalogram. The statistical test used was ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis, and the correlation analysis used was Pearson. Results: There were significant differences in the male and female mandibular length, with the p-value = 0.009. The mandibular length in male was higher than in the female. The highest increase in the male mandibular length occurred from cervical vertebrae maturation stages (CVMS) 3 to CVMS 4 by 8.19 ± 5.79 mm, and in women occurred from CVMS 3 to CVMS 4 by 6.38 ± 4.51 mm. The closest relationship was at the CVMS 3 to CVMS 4 stage of 0.858, which was categorised as strong. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the maturity level of the cervical vertebrae and the mandibular length. At each maturity level of the cervical vertebrae, there is an increase in the mandibular length. These results suggest that the mandibular growth is in line with the maturity of the cervical vertebrae.Keywords: Maturity, cervical vertebrae, mandibular length.
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Proks, Pavel, Trude Maria Johansen, Ivana Nývltová, Dominik Komenda, Hana Černochová, and Massimo Vignoli. "Vertebral Formulae and Congenital Vertebral Anomalies in Guinea Pigs: A Retrospective Radiographic Study." Animals 11, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030589.
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The objectives of this retrospective study of 240 guinea pigs (148 females and 92 males) were to determine the prevalence of different vertebral formulae and the type and anatomical localization of congenital vertebral anomalies (CVA). Radiographs of the cervical (C), thoracic (Th), lumbar (L), sacral (S), and caudal (Cd) part of the vertebral column were reviewed. Morphology and number of vertebrae in each segment of the vertebral column and type and localization of CVA were recorded. In 210/240 guinea pigs (87.50%) with normal vertebral morphology, nine vertebral formulae were found with constant number of C but variable number of Th, L, and S vertebrae: C7/Th13/L6/S4/Cd5-7 (75%), C7/Th13/L6/S3/Cd6-7 (4.17%), C7/Th13/L5/S4/Cd6-7 (2.50%), C7/Th13/L6/S5/Cd5-6 (1.67%), C7/Th12/L6/S4/Cd6 (1.25%), C7/Th13/L7/S4/Cd6 (1.25%), C7/Th13/L7/S3/Cd6-7 (0.83%), C7/Th12/L7/S4/Cd5 (0.42%), C7/Th13/L5/S5/Cd7 (0.42%). CVA were found in 30/240 (12.5%) of guinea pigs, mostly as a transitional vertebra (28/30), which represents 100% of single CVA localised in cervicothoracic (n = 1), thoracolumbar (n = 22) and lumbosacral segments (n = 5). Five morphological variants of thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae (TTV) were identified. Two (2/30) guinea pigs had a combination of CVA: cervical block vertebra and TTV (n = 1) and TTV and lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LTV) (n = 1). These findings suggest that guinea pigs’ vertebral column displays more morphological variants with occasional CVA predominantly transitional vertebrae.
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Guthrie, James, and Noel Fitzpatrick. "Surgical Management of Cervical Vertebral Fractures in Two Dogs with Severe Concurrent Vertebral Venous Plexus Hemorrhage." VCOT Open 01, no. 01 (July 2018): e1-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660828.
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AbstractSurgical repair of fractures and luxations of the cranial cervical vertebrae can be complicated by vertebral venous plexus hemorrhage following fracture fragment manipulation and realignment. Severe hemorrhage is potentially life threatening and may preclude definitive surgical fixation if it cannot be acceptably controlled and interferes with fixation technique. This report describes this scenario and a surgical strategy in two dogs with fractures of the second cervical vertebra. The surgical technique to limit hemorrhage included the insertion of the pins into the vertebrae, placement of collagen fleece, and autogenous cancellous bone graft over the fracture site, and while the polymethylmethacrylate cement was still within the liquid phase, axial traction was employed. The long-term outcome was considered excellent with both dogs able to ambulate unassisted and free from signs of pain. Although it is uncommon, severe vertebral venous plexus hemorrhage can occur during cervical vertebrae fracture repair. This technique provides a means to achieve internal fixation while concurrently limiting hemorrhage.
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P, Neelima, and Ravi Sunder R. "OCCIPITALISATION OF ATLAS VERTEBRA AND ITS CLINICAL FRAMES OF REFERENCE- AN ANALYSIS." Journal of Ayurvedic Herbal and Integrative Medicine 1, no. 1 (October 23, 2021): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/j-ahim.v1.i1.2021.15.
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Vertebral column is made of 33 vertebrae named as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae. Axial skeleton comprises of skull and vertebral column. 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves exit from the central nervous system which control the entire body. Malformations or fusion of vertebrae could be one of the etiologies of nerve compression syndromes. Vital structures emerge out through intervertebral foramina extending from cervical to coccygeal vertebrae. Occipitalisation of atlas, the first cervical vertebra is one of the emergencies leading to wide spectrum of presentations like chronic neck pain or foramen magnum syndrome or unconscious state due to compression of medulla oblongata. During routine examination of skull bones while teaching, one skull was found to exhibit assimilation of atlas. Photographs were captured and compared with normal skull. Thorough examination revealed incomplete occipitalisation of atlas. The anterior arch was completely fused but the posterior arch was bifid showing a split. The styloid process on right side seemed to be long and very close leading to compression of structures of styloid apparatus in addition. On observation, it was found to be a male skull. Fusion of vertebrae may be a congenital anomaly due to maldevelopment of somites in forming vertebrae. Skeletal element of caudal 4th occipital somite forms the occipital bone and when it is fused with the proximal 1st cervical somite leads to occipitalisation of atlas. Acquired conditions like atlantoaxial subluxation, chiari malformations or cervical vertebral fusion or foramen magnum abnormalities have been associated with assimilation of atlas. The present study reports occipitalisation of atlas which is incomplete with a bifid posterior arch. Prevalence of such anomalies may form the differential diagnosis of chronic headache or myelopathies.
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Hernández-Gómez, Luis Héctor, Juan Alfonso Beltrán-Fernández, G. Urriolagoitia-Calderón, A. González-Rebatú, M. M. Galán Vera, and G. Urriolagoitia-Sosa. "Biomechanical Characterization of a Cervical Corporectomy Using Porcine Specimens, Following an Experimental Approach." Key Engineering Materials 478 (April 2011): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.478.103.
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In this paper, the interaction among cervical vertebrae, a cervical plate and a bone graft implant, which is developed in a Corporectomy, is analyzed in an experimental form. In the case of specific damaged vertebra, its replacement is one of the alternative solutions. However, the displacement between the vertebral adjacent facets and the bone graft is a critical parameter which has to be evaluated in order to ensure the stability of the spine. Besides, it is advisable to make a precise evaluation of the structural integrity of the arrangement. For this study, porcine cervical vertebrae (C3-C5) were instrumented in order to replace a damaged C4 vertebra. This arrangement was tested under compression. The experimental observations were complemented with a numerical model. The displacements between the vertebral facets and the bone graft were measured. They are lower than 3 mm in order to develop stability in the spine. Besides, the proposed arrangement has structural integrity and the surgical procedure is simplified, as no wires are used.
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Emohare, O., A. H. McGregor, P. Wragg, and W. M. W. Gedroyc. "THE ASSESSMENT OF THE KINEMATICS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE USING OPEN (INTERVENTIONAL) MRI." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 08, no. 01 (March 2004): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957704001193.
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The scope of serial studies into the kinematics of the cervical vertebrae, have been limited by the methods available for imaging. Plain radiography has been one of the main methods by which data has been collected. The widespread use of this method has, however, been restricted by factors including exposure to ionizing radiation and magnification errors. With the advent of Interventional Magnetic Resonance (iMR) scanners, however, the authors sought to determine the utility of an iMR scanner in obtaining functional images of the cervical vertebrae, from which repeatable measurements of vertebral kinematics can be collected. 20 healthy volunteers (mean age 25.4 ± 3.7 years) were recruited. They had their cervical vertebrae scanned in three positions: neutral, flexed and extended. Sagittal images were obtained for each subject from between the level of the C2 vertebra to the T1 vertebra and measurements of inter-segmental motion were made, using established clinical methodology. Clear images of the cervical vertebrae were obtained in all positions from which measures of motion were made. Greatest angular motions were found to occur in the mid-cervical level, C4/C5. Non-osseous structures, including the intervertebral discs and nerve roots were well visualized. Our results suggest that iMR scanning may have an important role in the imaging of cervical spine and its associated structures. It offers a modality that allows the determination of both normal and abnormal kinematics on a large scale.
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Tripathi, Alok, Shobhit Raizaday, Hina Kausar, Satyam Khare, Shilpi Jain, Ran Kumar Kaushik, and Swati Yadav. "An osteological study of fusion of cervical vertebrae." Journal of Anatomical Sciences 30, no. 1 (June 3, 2022): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46351/jas.v29i1pp20-24.
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Introduction: Fusion of vertebral column is a common finding in both radiological studies and in anatomical studies. The present study was focussed only on the fusion of the cervical vertebrae. The present study is to study the morphology of fused cervical vertebrae and its clinical aspect. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 200 dry cervical vertebrae of both the sexes in Department of Anatomy, Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. The bones were carefully studied and digitally photographed. Results: In this study the incidence of fused cervical vertebrae was 0.5% (01 out of 200). Out of seven cervical vertebrae the fusion was only seen in C2-C3 Vertebrae. Conclusions: The overall incidence of the fused cervical vertebrae in this study was only 0.5%. The fusion of cervical vertebrae is commonly associated with Klippel-Feil Syndrome, Crouzon’s syndrome and Chorda Dorsalis. The fusion of the cervical vertebrae causes restricted and painful neck movements and can cause sudden death also. The knowledge of such fusion is important for anatomists, neurosurgeons, radiologists, orthopaedic surgeons, neurologists, physiotherapists and even orthodontists. The knowledge of the fusion of cervical vertebrae is important for anaesthetist while doing endotracheal intubation where extension of the neck is done. Keywords: Cervical vertebrae
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Patil, Karthikeya, C. J. Sanjay, K. P. Mahesh, Eswari Solayappan, Christopher Varusha Sharon, and Namrata Suresh. "A cone beam computed tomographic study on foramen transversarium." European Journal of Anatomy 28, no. 3 (May 2024): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52083/cjiy2659.
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The foramen transversarium is a vital feature found in the cervical vertebrae of the spine. It serves as a protective passageway for the vertebral artery and vertebral vein, supplying blood to the brain and spinal cord. Any compromise to these structures within the foramen can lead to severe neurological complications, emphasizing its clinical significance. The study was carried out on 83 subjects of typical cervical vertebrae. Among them were 42 males and 41 females. All the foramen transversaria were observed for any anatomical variations. The anteroposterior, transverse diameters of all the foramen transversaria and the distance between the medial margin of uncinate process to the foramen transversarium were measured. The average transverse diameter of typical cervical vertebrae and seventh cervical vertebrae were ± 0.84mm and 5.13 ± 1.22 mm respectively. The average anteroposterior diameters of typical and seventh cervical vertebrae were 4.84 ± 0.69 mm and 3.91 ± 1.17 mm respectively. The distance from medial border of uncinate process to foramen transversaria was 4.28 ± 0.77 mm in typical and 5.44 ± 1.28 mm in seventh cervical vertebrae. The incidence of double bubble foramen in typical cervical vertebrae was reported to be17.5%. The incidence of double foramen transversaria was 12.5% in the seventh cervical vertebrae. Osteophytes were obstructing the foramen transversarium and narrowing it in 25% of vertebrae. In cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), the foramen transversarium plays a pivotal role in precise imaging of the cervical spine. Its significance lies in providing clear visualization of anatomical structures and potential abnormalities, aiding in the accurate diagnosis and treatment planning for various spinal conditions, thus enhancing patient care.
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Sultana, Qudusia, Ramakrishna Avadhani, Varalakshmi KL, and Shariff MH. "VARIATIONS OF FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM IN ATLAS VERTEBRAE : A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY WITH ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 05, no. 02 (June 2015): 080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709822.
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Abstract Introduction: The second part of the vertebral artery along with vertebral venous plexus and sympathetic plexus traverses through vicinity of foramen transversarium of atlas. Derangement of these structures in their course may be seen due to deformities, narrowing and presence of osteophytes in foramen transversarium. Methods: Two hundred foramen transversarium of 100 atlas vertebrae were grossly studied for their variations. Results: Out of hundred atlas vertebrae examined, we found that all the vertebrae had foramina transversaria. Absence of costal element was noticed in five atlas vertebrae. 2 of the vertebrae showed incomplete unilateral foramen transversarium, 3 vertebrae showed bilateral incomplete foramen, In 1 vertebra along with normal foramen transversarium, complete retroarticular foramen was observed on the left side and incomplete retroarticular foramen observed on the right side of the posterior arch.4 vertebrae showed incomplete retroarticular foramen. Conclusion: The increasing incidence of neck injuries and related syndromes necessitates the study of bony variations of the atlas vertebra and its transverse foramina. Due to the incomplete formation of the foramen transversarium the second part of vertebral artery is prone to be damaged easily during posterior cervical injuries and Surgeries. The bony bridges embracing the vertebral artery may be responsible for vertigo and cerebrovascular accidents hence the knowledge of such variations is important for Physicians, Otirhinolaryngologists, neurologists ,Orthopaedicians and Radiologists.
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Byun, Bo-Ram, Yong-Il Kim, Tetsutaro Yamaguchi, Koutaro Maki, and Woo-Sung Son. "Quantitative Assessment of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Korean Girls." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/405912.
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This study was aimed to examine the correlation between skeletal maturation status and parameters from the odontoid process/body of the second vertebra and the bodies of third and fourth cervical vertebrae and simultaneously build multiple regression models to be able to estimate skeletal maturation status in Korean girls. Hand-wrist radiographs and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained from 74 Korean girls (6–18 years of age). CBCT-generated cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) was used to demarcate the odontoid process and the body of the second cervical vertebra, based on the dentocentral synchondrosis. Correlation coefficient analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used for each parameter of the cervical vertebrae (P<0.05). Forty-seven of 64 parameters from CBCT-generated CVM (independent variables) exhibited statistically significant correlations (P<0.05). The multiple regression model with the greatest R2 had six parameters (PH2/W2, UW2/W2, (OH+AH2)/LW2, UW3/LW3, D3, and H4/W4) as independent variables with a variance inflation factor (VIF) of <2. CBCT-generated CVM was able to include parameters from the second cervical vertebral body and odontoid process, respectively, for the multiple regression models. This suggests that quantitative analysis might be used to estimate skeletal maturation status.
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Jovevska, Svetlana. "ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS OF ACCESSORY FORAMINA TRANSVERSARIA IN CERVICAL VERTEBRAE." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2802537j.
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Introduction: The cervical vertebrae are cranially placed, moveable vertebrae in the human body. The characteristic feature of these vertebrae are the presence of a Foramen Transversarium (FT) in each lateral mass. A plexus of sympathetic nerves surrounding the Vertebral Artery (VA) and Vertebral Veins (VV) passes through the FT. The variable number and size of FT may lead to clinically significant conditions.It may be due to variable course of the VA which implicates an embryological basis.Aims: The objective of the present study is to find out the incidence of accessory FT in the cervical vertebrae and its morphological and clinical significance.Material and Methods:There were 117 dried cervical vertebrae available in the Department of Anatomy of Medical Sciences Stip. They were macroscopically studied to find variations in the number of FT.Results: Out of 117 cervical vertebrae accessory FT were found in 25 vertebrae (21.3%). The accessory FT were unilateral in 15 vertebrae (12.8%) and bilateral in 10 vertebrae (8.7%). The unilateral foramina were more common than the bilateral one. The accessory FT were smaller and posteriorly placed compared to the regular FT. Conclusions: In the present study 21.3% of cervical vertebrae showed accessory FT. Among them the unilateral accessory FT was more common than the bilateral variety. The accessory foramina were mostly observed in the lower cervical vertebrae. These anatomical variations and morphology of the FT is useful in the operations involving spine surgeries. It is also of great value to the radiologists in the interpretation of X-ray films and CT-scans.
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M, Lalit. "Study of Morphological Analysis of the Foramen Transversarium and Accessory Foramen Transversarium in Typical Cervical Vertebrae." Journal of Human Anatomy, no. 1 (February 20, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jhua-16000184.
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Foramen Transversarium (FT) is present in the transverse process of cervical vertebrae. One FT is present in each transverse process of cervical vertebrae. The vertebral artery, vein, and sympathetic nerves pass through it. The present study was carried out on 100 typical cervical vertebrae on their foramen transversarium regarding their shape and no of FT on transversarium. The oval shape was mostly observed in 45% and 44% on the right and left sides. The accessory foramen transversarium (AFT) was observed in 22 vertebrae among 100 vertebrae. The AFT was mostly observed on the right side.
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Manoj P Ambali and Surekha D Jadhav. "Anatomical Variations of Foramen Transversarium of 7th Cervical Vertebrae and Its Clinical Significance." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (August 11, 2020): 4902–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2791.
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Cervical vertebrae have a cardinal part that is a closeness of and through it passes the vertebral course, vertebral vein and sharp plexus of nerves. The vertebral course enters the of C6 and this way, the FT of C7, which transmits just the vein and nerve, might be near nothing or even occasionally absent. A vertebral channel may enter through C7 in 2% cases as necessities be combinations of this may affect the anatomical course of vascular and neural structures, and this way may cause over the top conditions. The explanation behind the investigation was to watch the anatomical mixes in the of seventh cervical vertebrae. Present work was carried on 156 dry seventh cervical vertebrae of cloud sex and age. We observed each for shape, symmetry, number or accessory and spicules. We observed nine different types of shape of . Round shapes of were present in 28.75 %, accessory in 28.84% and spicules in 12.17 % of vertebrae also noted incomplete FT in 5 vertebrae. Disclosures of present evaluation may be helpful for a radiologist in the comprehension of X-segments, dealt with and scans for spine specialists in preoperative arranging and for blocking injury of a vertebral vessel near to sharp nerves during the careful cervical approach.
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Danowitz, Melinda, Aleksandr Vasilyev, Victoria Kortlandt, and Nikos Solounias. "Fossil evidence and stages of elongation of the Giraffa camelopardalis neck." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 10 (October 2015): 150393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150393.
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Several evolutionary theories have been proposed to explain the adaptation of the long giraffe neck; however, few studies examine the fossil cervical vertebrae. We incorporate extinct giraffids, and the okapi and giraffe cervical vertebral specimens in a comprehensive analysis of the anatomy and elongation of the neck. We establish and evaluate 20 character states that relate to general, cranial and caudal vertebral lengthening, and calculate a length-to-width ratio to measure the relative slenderness of the vertebrae. Our sample includes cervical vertebrae ( n =71) of 11 taxa representing all seven subfamilies. We also perform a computational comparison of the C3 of Samotherium and Giraffa camelopardalis , which demonstrates that cervical elongation occurs disproportionately along the cranial–caudal vertebral axis. Using the morphological characters and calculated ratios, we propose stages in cervical lengthening, which are supported by the mathematical transformations using fossil and extant specimens. We find that cervical elongation is anisometric and unexpectedly precedes Giraffidae. Within the family, cranial vertebral elongation is the first lengthening stage observed followed by caudal vertebral elongation, which accounts for the extremely long neck of the giraffe.
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Rieppel, Olivier. "The skeleton of a juvenile Lanthanotus (Varanoidea)." Amphibia-Reptilia 13, no. 1 (1992): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853892x00201.
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AbstractThe cleared and stained skeleton of a juvenile Lanthanotus bomeensis provides additional evidence for the "cervicalization" of an anterior dorsal vertebra, resulting in the 9 cervical vertebrae thought to be diagnostic of the Varanidae. Lanthanotus shows two complete sternal ribs associated with the vertebral segments 10 and 11, and an incomplete sternal rib associated with the 9th segment; Varanus shows three complete sternal ribs associated with the vertebral segments 10, 11 and 12. The loss of a sternal rib associated with the 12th segment is autapomorphic for Lanthanotus. Nine cervical vertebrae may be diagnostic for the genus Varanus only, since Lanthanotus preserves a rudimentary sternal rib associated with the 9th vertebral segment, at least at some stage of its ontogeny. A free carpal "intermedium" is absent (or variably present) in Lanthanotus. The pattern of epiphyseal calcification in the carpus and tarsus of Lanthanotus is described and compared to Varanus.
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Ray, Saugat, Sanjeev Datana, Balakrishnan Jayan, and Amit Jain. "Cervical vertebral anomalies in patients with obstructive sleep apnea." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 5 (November 20, 2015): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.169974.
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Objective The aim of this study was to find an association between the patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and with cervical vertebral anomalies and any further correlation between various anomalies with varying severities of OSA. Materials and Methods The sample consisted lateral cephalograms of 70 subjects who were diagnosed with OSA and 70 other orthodontic patients who were selected as a control group. The lateral radiographs of both cases and controls were traced and findings were recorded. Results In total, 21.42% of subjects in the OSA group and 8.57% in the control group were affected with cervical vertebrae anomalies. The statistical analysis reveals that the number of subjects affected with cervical vertebrae anomalies in OSA group is highly significant. A number of cases of fusion were higher than posterior arch deficiency in OSA group and equal in the control group. However, in both the groups, the number of cases with two vertebrae fusion was higher. Further, the higher number of two vertebrae fusion cases in OSA group was found to be statistically significant. The findings of one-way ANOVA for OSA cases reveals the number of cases affected with cervical vertebrae anomalies were statistically highly significant (P < 0.01) in severe cases of OSA. Conclusion Patients of cervical vertebral anomalies may be at higher risk of developing OSA, and the possibility of the presence of cervical vertebral anomalies may increase with the increase in the severity of OSA. The most common vertebral anomaly was found to be two vertebral fusions.
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Jiang, Jingjing. "RESEARCH ON THE IMPROVED IMAGE TRACKING ALGORITHM OF ATHLETES’ CERVICAL HEALTH." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, no. 5 (September 2021): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127042021_0115.
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ABSTRACT Objective: With the increasing number and youth of patients with cervical spondylosis, people pay more and more attention to the cervical spine. Early diagnosis, intervention and treatment play an important role in the recovery of cervical spondylosis. With the continuous development of computer technology, the improvement of various modeling theories, and the application of image processing methods in orthopedics, new ideas are opened to observe cervical vertebra motion health. Methods: In this paper, the measurement of cervical motion is achieved by machine vision. A method of parameter measurement based on the constraint relationship of lower cervical motion is proposed. Based on image preprocessing, the left edge of the cervical vertebra was extracted and analyzed. Results: With the horizontal coordinate of registration point as the reference line, the changing trend of the angle between the left edge curve and the reference line of C4 and C5 vertebrae in the process of spontaneous flexion and extension of the cervical vertebrae was observed, and the movement rate of the cervical vertebrae was analyzed. Conclusions: It was found that the speed of the cervical vertebrae in the process of movement of the patients with cervical spondylosis showed jumping changes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Nikiforidou, Vasiliki, Stefanos Zaoutsos, Nikolaos Vlahos, and Panagiotis Berillis. "Vertebrae Morphometric Measurement and Ca/P Levels of Different Age European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)." Fishes 5, no. 4 (December 8, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes5040037.
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The European seabass is one of the most important species of the Mediterranean, specifically Greece. Individuals with different numbers of vertebrae have been reported. This number ranges from 24 to 26 vertebrae. In this study a sample of 73 individual seabass were collected from fish farms and divided into three age groups. The first group included fingerling individuals, the second group, juvenile individuals and the third group, adult individuals. The number and the length of their vertebrae were measured by radiographs. The individuals were divided into subgroups according to their vertebrae number, and from each one the tenth vertebra was taken. Ca and P levels (%) of each tenth vertebra were measured by X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and the Ca/P ratio was determined. Vertebrae length, Ca and P levels and Ca/P ratio were compared among age groups and among individuals with different numbers of vertebrae. It was shown that the European seabass’s vertebral column can be divided to three sections—cervical, abdominal and caudal—following the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) model.
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Yousuf, Syed Mubashir, Shameema Gulzar, Mohd Saleem Itoo, and Mudasir Ahmad Khan. "Morphometeric study of dens and its clinical importance." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2023): 1268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20230873.
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Background: The axis vertebra's distinguishing characteristic is the existence of the odontoid process. The axis vertebra's morphology is very different from the morphologies of the other cervical vertebrae. Surgery on the axis vertebrae is exceedingly risky, and dens of axis vertebrae fractures are fairly common. As a result, it is essential to have a good grasp of the anatomical variance before performing the procedure. The study aimed to evaluate the morphometric parameters of the odontoid process of the axis vertebra. The different anatomical parameters of the odontoid process of the vertebra will be measured and compared with the previously studied parameters. Methods: Thirty dried human axis vertebrae of unknown sex will be taken. The linear and angular morphometric measurements of odontoid process will be recorded by using vernier caliper and goniometer. Results: The mean height, a-p diameter, and minimum and maximum width were 15.8mm, 10.7mm, 10.3mm and 8.5mm respectively. The total height and vertical angle were 38.1mm and 52.2 degrees respectively. Conclusions: To prevent damage to vital components and to help treat dens fractures, the information gleaned from this study may be helpful to surgeons working around the dens of the axis vertebra.
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Komala, Wenti, Endah Mardiati, Eky Soeria Soemantri, and Isnaniah Malik. "Physiological maturation stage of cervical vertebrate index in cleft lip/palate and non-cleft lip/palate patients." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 4, no. 3 (September 6, 2019): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.28356.
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Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common congenital anomalies. Cleft lip and palate patients encounter growth problems in lip and palate area, although their overall growth and development remains unknown. Cervical vertebral maturation are indicators of physiological maturation used in interceptive treatment and orthognathic surgery. The present study aims to determine physiological maturation stage of cervical vertebrae maturation index in cleft andnon-cleft patients. Lateral cephalogram of 26 cleft patients and 27 non-cleft patients with a range of chronological age from 8-16 years old were involved. The cervical vertebrae maturation were analyzed in six stages of cervical vertebrae maturation method of Hassel and Farman. Data were analyzed using t-test (p≤ 0.05). The result shows that physiologicalmaturation stage of cervical vertebrae maturation index in cleft and non-cleft patients has no significant difference in stage acceleration (p= 0.38), stage transition (p= 0.41) and deceleration (p= 0.39). Likewise, there is no significant difference in physiological maturation stage of cervical vertebrae maturation index between cleft and non-cleft patients.
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Mallo, Moisés. "Of Necks, Trunks and Tails: Axial Skeletal Diversity among Vertebrates." Diversity 13, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070289.
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The axial skeleton of all vertebrates is composed of individual units known as vertebrae. Each vertebra has individual anatomical attributes, yet they can be classified in five different groups, namely cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal, according to shared characteristics and their association with specific body areas. Variations in vertebral number, size, morphological features and their distribution amongst the different regions of the vertebral column are a major source of the anatomical diversity observed among vertebrates. In this review I will discuss the impact of those variations on the anatomy of different vertebrate species and provide insights into the genetic origin of some remarkable morphological traits that often serve to classify phylogenetic branches or individual species, like the long trunks of snakes or the long necks of giraffes.
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Saba, N., A. Rani, G. Sehgal, Rk Verma, Ak Srivastava, and M. Faheem. "Fusion of axis with third cervical vertebra: a case report." Romanian Neurosurgery 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/romneu-2016-0044.
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Abstract Introduction: Fusion of one or more contiguous vertebral segments is usually the result of embryological failure of normal spinal segmentation. It may be associated with syndromes such as Klippel-Feil. Fused cervical vertebrae (FCV) may also be acquired or pathologic. FCV is generally associated with disease like tuberculosis, other infections, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and trauma. The commonest site of involvement is C2-C3. In condition of fusion the two vertebrae appear not only structurally as one but also function as one. This anomaly may be asymptomatic; however, it may also manifest in the form of serious clinical features such as myelopathy, limitation of the neck movement, muscular weakness, atrophy or neurological sensory loss. Case report: We observed the fusion of axis with 3rd cervical vertebra. Body, laminae and spines of C2 and C3 were completely fused on both anterior and posterior aspects, whereas the pedicles and transverse processes were not fused. Foramen transversarium was present on both the vertebrae bilaterally. Conclusion: This variation is noteworthy to neurosurgeons and radiologists in studying computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
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ROMDLON, MAHINDRA AWWALUDIN, Setiadi W. Logamarta, and Yulia Anggraeni. "THE RELATIONSHIP OF CERVICAL VERTEBRAL MATURATION (CVM) STAGE AND ANTEROPOSTERIOR FACIAL DIMENSIONS IN INDONESIAN POPULATION." Berkala Ilmiah Kedokteran Duta Wacana 5, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21460/bikdw.v5i2.179.
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Background: Growth and development are two different but interrelated and difficult to separate factors. The growth spurt in boys is different from girls. Facial growth is closely related to overall body growth, one of which is the growth of the cervical vertebrae.
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the anteroposterior dimensions of the face based on the maturation levels of cervical vertebrae in 12-14 years old children.
Method: Quantitative research using an analytic observational method with a cross-sectional approach was conducted on 21 boys and 21 girls. Measurement of anteroposterior facial length (S-A' and PTM-A) and assessment of cervical vertebral bone maturation level using the Hassel and Farman method.
Results: Independent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference (p <0.05) in facial length (S-A') between male and female subjects at all maturation levels of cervical vertebrae. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in facial length (S-A') based on the maturation level of the cervical vertebrae (CVMS) in male subjects. Independent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference in facial length (PTM-A) based on the maturation level of cervical vertebrae in female subjects (p <0.05).
Conclusion: There was a difference in facial length (S-A ') between male and female subjects at all maturation levels of the cervical vertebrae. There is a difference in facial length (S-A') based on the maturation level of the cervical vertebrae (CVMS) in male subjects. There are differences in anteroposterior facial length (PTM-A) based on the maturation level of the cervical vertebrae in female subjects. There is a relationship between the maturation level of the cervical vertebrae with the anteroposterior dimensions of the face S-A' and PTM-A in male subjects.
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Danowitz, Melinda, Rebecca Domalski, and Nikos Solounias. "The cervical anatomy of Samotherium , an intermediate-necked giraffid." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 11 (November 2015): 150521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150521.
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Giraffidae are represented by many extinct species. The only two extant taxa possess diametrically contrasting cervical morphology, as the okapi is short-necked and the giraffe is exceptionally long-necked. Samotherium major , known from the Late Miocene of Samos in Greece and other Eurasian localities, is a key extinct giraffid; it possesses cervical vertebrae that are intermediate in the evolutionary elongation of the neck. We describe detailed anatomical features of the cervicals of S. major , and compare these characteristics with the vertebrae of the two extant giraffid taxa. Based on qualitative morphological characters and a quantitative analysis of cervical dimensions, we find that the S. major neck is intermediate between that of the okapi and the giraffe. Specifically, the more cranial (C2–C3) vertebrae of S. major represent a mosaic of features shared either with the giraffe or with the okapi. The more caudal (C5–C7) S. major vertebrae, however, appear transitional between the two extant taxa, and hence are more unique. Notably, the C6 of S. major exhibits a partially excavated ventral lamina that is strong cranially but completely absent on the caudal half of the ventral vertebral body, features between those seen in the giraffe and the okapi. Comprehensive anatomical descriptions and measurements of the almost-complete cervical column reveal that S. major is a truly intermediate-necked giraffid. Reconstructions of the neck display our findings.
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Lin, Jian-Liang, and Bradley R. Coolman. "Atlantoaxial Subluxation in Two Dogs With Cervical Block Vertebrae." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 45, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0450305.
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Atlantoaxial (AA) subluxation is an uncommon disorder that can cause various degrees of neurological deficits in dogs. Block vertebra is a congenital deformation involving the fusion of two or more vertebrae. This report describes two dogs with cervical block vertebrae from C2 to C5 and C2 to C4, respectively. We hypothesize that the fused cervical vertebrae created a “fulcrum effect” at the AA joint and predisposed these dogs to traumatic AA subluxation.
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Szczygielski, Tomasz. "Homeotic shift at the dawn of the turtle evolution." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 4 (April 2017): 160933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160933.
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All derived turtles are characterized by one of the strongest reductions of the dorsal elements among Amniota, and have only 10 dorsal and eight cervical vertebrae. I demonstrate that the Late Triassic turtles, which represent successive stages of the shell evolution, indicate that the shift of the boundary between the cervical and dorsal sections of the vertebral column occurred over the course of several million years after the formation of complete carapace. The more generalized reptilian formula of at most seven cervicals and at least 11 dorsals is thus plesiomorphic for Testudinata. The morphological modifications associated with an anterior homeotic change of the first dorsal vertebra towards the last cervical vertebra in the Triassic turtles are partially recapitulated by the reduction of the first dorsal vertebra in crown-group Testudines, and they resemble the morphologies observed under laboratory conditions resulting from the experimental changes of Hox gene expression patterns. This homeotic shift hypothesis is supported by the, unique to turtles, restriction of Hox-5 expression domains, somitic precursors of scapula, and brachial plexus branches to the cervical region, by the number of the marginal scute-forming placodes, which was larger in the Triassic than in modern turtles, and by phylogenetic analyses.
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Shivaleela C, Khizer Hussain Afroze M, Ramesh P, and Lakshmiprabha S. "An Osteological Study of Anatomical Variations of Foramen Transversarium of Cervical Vertebrae and its Clinical Implications." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 4 (December 5, 2021): 8145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.171.
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Background: In cervical vertebrae, the costal and transverse elements are connected to each other around the foramen transversarium of the transverse process. The adult cervical vertebrae are characterized by the presence of Foramen Transversarium (FT) in transverse process. These transverse foramina are found to have variations in size, shape and numbers and may be absent, incomplete or duplicate, which may lead to various symptoms. Aim: To study the anatomical variations of cervical vertebrae. Materials and methods: The present observational study was performed on 182 dry human cervical vertebrae of unknown sex and age. Intact cervical vertebrae without any degenerative or traumatic disorders were included in this study. Deformed and damaged vertebrae were excluded from the study Results: Out of these 364 foramen transversarium, 98 (27%) foramen transversarium were of type-I. Type -I was the most common presentation in the present study. Type -II foramen transversarium were seen in 33 (09%) foramen transversarium. Out of 364 foramen transversarium 88 (24%) foramen transversarium were of type-III. Type-IV foramen transversarium were seen in 62 (17%) foramen transversarium. Type-V foramen transversarium were seen on 83 (23%) foramen transversarium. Out of 182 vertebrae 40 (22%) showed complete double foramen transversarium. Incomplete double foramen transversarium were seen in 24 (13%) of vertebrae. One side complete & other side incomplete foramen transversarium were seen in 04 (02%) vertebrae. Conclusion: Knowledge of such variations is important for Physicians, Neurologists Otorhinolaryngologists, radiologists and Orthopedicians. Presence of accessory foramen transversarium especially of incomplete variety, the second part of vertebral artery may be dislodged and prone to get damaged easily during posterior cervical injuries. It helps in radiological imaging, neurological diagnosis and complex surgical procedures in the cervical area. KEY WORDS: Cervical Vertebrae, Foramen transversarium, Accessory Foramen Transversarium.
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Kakarlapudi, H., S. Speirs, A. P. Lal, D. Alaie, R. Petrillo, M. B. Ashraf, B. Kolanuvada, and M. Bhargava. "A 73-Year-Old Male with Cervical Spine Osteomyelitis Presenting as Urosepsis." Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports 8 (January 2015): CCRep.S31253. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ccrep.s31253.
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Vertebral osteomyelitis is a serious debilitating infection if not detected early. Involvement of cervical vertebrae is usually seen in the presence of specific risk factors. Urinary tract infection commonly spreads to the lumbar vertebrae. This is a case presentation of an elderly male who, in the absence of specific risk factors for cervical osteomyelitis, presented with symptoms of urinary tract infection and was found to have cervical spine osteomyelitis.
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Orel, A. M., and O. K. Semenova. "Kyphosis types of the spine cervical-thoracic junction." Russian Osteopathic Journal, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2021-3-8-18.
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Introduction. The strengthening of thoracic kyphosis and forward head posture is one of the urgent problems of modern man. Such changes are most often detected for elderly and senile people. However, today these features are also detected for young people. Digital radiography can objectively assess the position of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. However, the criteria for reliably registering the position of the vertebrae of the cervicalthoracic junction have not yet been developed.The aim of the study — to develop a method for assessing the position of the vertebrae of the cervical-thoracic junction according to digital radiographs; to develop a typology of the vertebra positions of the cervical-thoracic junction; to study the frequency of vertebral position types for the cervical-thoracic junction for different age groups.Materials and methods. Spine X-ray images in the sagittal plane for 141 adult patients with dorsopathies were studied. The selection of patients was random and there were four age groups: 32 persons aged 21 to 45, 32 persons aged 46 to 59, 50 persons aged 60 to 74 and 21 persons aged 75 to 88 year-old. The study was conducted on PC screen, without the patient′s presence. A single digital X-ray image of the spine for each patient in the sagittal plane was obtained. On the combined digital radiograph, the occipital vertical was drawn along all parts of the spine, starting from the external hillock of the occipital bone downwards, and the anteroposterior CV–TV axes of the vertebrae (r axes) were applied. At the points of intersection of the axes with the occipital vertical, the perpendiculars to the axis were restored, and the angles between the perpendiculars and the vertical — the angles of the anteroposterior axes of the vertebrae (r angles) — were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the MS Offi ce Excel 2007 and Statistica 12 software packages.Results. It was found that the values of the anteroposterior axe angles r of CVII–TIII vertebrae can serve as criteria for determining the spatial position of the cervical-thoracic junction vertebrae. There are 4 types of the shape of the cervical-thoracic junction. Type I is a straightened kyphosis («giraffe neck»); type II is physiological («harmonious»); type III — enhanced kyphosis («bear withers»); type IV–hyperkyphosis («buffalo hump»). Types III and IV are accompanied by a forward displacement of the head. Straightened cervical-thoracic junction kyphosis — type I — was diagnosed in 21 (15 %) people, 52 (37 %) patients were assigned to type II, another 48 (34 %) patients had type III, and 20 (14 %) patients had type IV cervical-thoracic junction kyphosis. In young patients aged 21 to 45, as well as in middle-aged patients aged 46 to 59, the most common type was the harmonious type II of cervical-thoracic junction, in elderly patients aged 60 to 74 — type III and close to it in frequency was type III. In elderly patients aged 75 to 88, the IV type of the position of the vertebrae of the cervical-thoracic junction prevailed in frequency.Conclusion. The proposed diagnostic method allows to register the type of the vertebra positions in cervicalthoracic junction for each patient. Four position types of the cervical-thoracic junction vertebrae were determined: straightened kyphosis «giraffe neck», physiological kyphosis «harmonious», enhanced kyphosis «bear withers» and hyperkyphosis «buffalo hump». Increased kyphosis and hyperkyphosis are accompanied by a forward head posture.
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Orel, A. M., and O. K. Semenova. "Kyphosis types of the spine cervical-thoracic junction." Russian Osteopathic Journal, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2021-3-8-18.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The strengthening of thoracic kyphosis and forward head posture is one of the urgent problems of modern man. Such changes are most often detected for elderly and senile people. However, today these features are also detected for young people. Digital radiography can objectively assess the position of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. However, the criteria for reliably registering the position of the vertebrae of the cervicalthoracic junction have not yet been developed.The aim of the study — to develop a method for assessing the position of the vertebrae of the cervical-thoracic junction according to digital radiographs; to develop a typology of the vertebra positions of the cervical-thoracic junction; to study the frequency of vertebral position types for the cervical-thoracic junction for different age groups.Materials and methods. Spine X-ray images in the sagittal plane for 141 adult patients with dorsopathies were studied. The selection of patients was random and there were four age groups: 32 persons aged 21 to 45, 32 persons aged 46 to 59, 50 persons aged 60 to 74 and 21 persons aged 75 to 88 year-old. The study was conducted on PC screen, without the patient′s presence. A single digital X-ray image of the spine for each patient in the sagittal plane was obtained. On the combined digital radiograph, the occipital vertical was drawn along all parts of the spine, starting from the external hillock of the occipital bone downwards, and the anteroposterior CV–TV axes of the vertebrae (r axes) were applied. At the points of intersection of the axes with the occipital vertical, the perpendiculars to the axis were restored, and the angles between the perpendiculars and the vertical — the angles of the anteroposterior axes of the vertebrae (r angles) — were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the MS Offi ce Excel 2007 and Statistica 12 software packages.Results. It was found that the values of the anteroposterior axe angles r of CVII–TIII vertebrae can serve as criteria for determining the spatial position of the cervical-thoracic junction vertebrae. There are 4 types of the shape of the cervical-thoracic junction. Type I is a straightened kyphosis («giraffe neck»); type II is physiological («harmonious»); type III — enhanced kyphosis («bear withers»); type IV–hyperkyphosis («buffalo hump»). Types III and IV are accompanied by a forward displacement of the head. Straightened cervical-thoracic junction kyphosis — type I — was diagnosed in 21 (15 %) people, 52 (37 %) patients were assigned to type II, another 48 (34 %) patients had type III, and 20 (14 %) patients had type IV cervical-thoracic junction kyphosis. In young patients aged 21 to 45, as well as in middle-aged patients aged 46 to 59, the most common type was the harmonious type II of cervical-thoracic junction, in elderly patients aged 60 to 74 — type III and close to it in frequency was type III. In elderly patients aged 75 to 88, the IV type of the position of the vertebrae of the cervical-thoracic junction prevailed in frequency.Conclusion. The proposed diagnostic method allows to register the type of the vertebra positions in cervicalthoracic junction for each patient. Four position types of the cervical-thoracic junction vertebrae were determined: straightened kyphosis «giraffe neck», physiological kyphosis «harmonious», enhanced kyphosis «bear withers» and hyperkyphosis «buffalo hump». Increased kyphosis and hyperkyphosis are accompanied by a forward head posture.
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Berezhny, A. P., G. N. Berchenko, A. K. Morozov, and I. A. Kasymov. "Solitary eosinophilic granuloma of bone in children." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 1, no. 2 (June 12, 2022): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto64667.
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The work is based on the experience of examination and treatment of 134 children with solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the vertebrae, long and flat bones. When vertebrae are damaged with the formation of a vertebra plana, treatment consists of reclining the spine and fixing it with a plaster brace, and then with a polyvic brace until V3-V2 is restored to the initial height of the vertebral body. A pathological fracture of one of the cervical vertebrae with the formation of an angular deformity is an indication for the imposition of a halo apparatus. With the localization of eosinophilic granulomas in long and flat bones, the method of choice is puncture treatment with the introduction of a steroid hormone into the focus.
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van der Geer, Alexandra A. E., and Frietson Galis. "High incidence of cervical ribs indicates vulnerable condition in Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceroses." PeerJ 5 (August 29, 2017): e3684. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3684.
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Mammals as a rule have seven cervical vertebrae, a number that remains remarkably constant. Changes of this number are associated with major congenital abnormalities (pleiotropic effects) that are, at least in humans, strongly selected against. Recently, it was found that Late Pleistocene mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) from the North Sea have an unusually high incidence of abnormal cervical vertebral numbers, approximately ten times higher than that of extant elephants. Abnormal numbers were due to the presence of large cervical ribs on the seventh vertebra, indicating a homeotic change from a cervical rib-less vertebra into a thoracic rib-bearing vertebra. The high incidence of cervical ribs indicates a vulnerable condition and is thought to be due to inbreeding and adverse conditions that may have impacted early pregnancies in declining populations. In this study we investigated the incidence of cervical ribs in another extinct Late Pleistocene megaherbivore from the North Sea and the Netherlands, the woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis). We show that the incidence of abnormal cervical vertebral numbers in the woolly rhinoceros is unusually high for mammals (15,6%,n = 32) and much higher than in extant Rhinoceratidae (0%,n = 56). This indicates that woolly rhinoceros lived under vulnerable conditions, just like woolly mammoths. The vulnerable condition may well have contributed to their eventual extinction.
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Khemnar, Ganesh, and Rajendra Garud. "SUBAXIAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE: MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF THE PEDICLES, LAMINAE AND VERTEBRAL FORAMINA." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 7, no. 2.2 (May 5, 2019): 6536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2019.162.
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Niloy Kumar Das and Urmimala Basu. "Morphological features and anatomical variations of the Foramen Transversarium in Cervical vertebrae: A study in Eastern Indian population." International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijstra.2022.3.2.0156.
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Introduction: The foramina transversaria (FT) is a cardinal feature of the Cervical Vertebra. It transmits the vertebral vascular bundle (vertebral artery, and veins) and the sympathetic plexus which accompanies the vessels. Variations in number, size, shape & other morphological details of foramen transversarium give rise to neurological as well as hearing impairment. We in the index study, deliberated over the variations of FT as well as accessory FT. This in turn will help neurology surgeons as well as orthopedic surgeons while performing surgeries on the cervical spine. Objectives: Study of variations in number, size, shape & other morphological details of foramen transversarium in order to facilitate spinal surgery of cervical vertebra. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional, single center, observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital with 160 sets, exactly 1099 human cervical vertebrae. All cervical vertebrae were observed macroscopically, on both the sides for presence of: Variations in number, size, shape & other morphological details of foramen transversarium. Variations in number, size, shape & other morphological details of accessory foramen transversarium. Results: According to our observation type 4 is the most prevalent category in the right side (39.67%); whereas type 5 (30.12%) is the commonest category in the left side, being closely seconded by type 1(28.57%). The incidence of AFT (Accessory Foramina Transversarium) varied from 2.5% to 17.61 %. There is progressive increase in incidence from C1 to C7 except C2 where the incidence was zero. Conclusion: The data provided by the present study on the morphology of foramen transversarium can be helpful in the interpretation of radiographic pictures and in computerized tomography for the diagnostic purposes. They may also be of assistance in determining a more accurate surgical approach to the removal of osteophytes or spurs compressing the vertebral arteries, or for other interventions in that area.
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Evers, Serjoscha W., Oliver W. M. Rauhut, Angela C. Milner, Bradley McFeeters, and Ronan Allain. "A reappraisal of the morphology and systematic position of the theropod dinosaurSigilmassasaurusfrom the “middle” Cretaceous of Morocco." PeerJ 3 (October 20, 2015): e1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1323.
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Sigilmassasaurus brevicollisis an enigmatic theropod dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Morocco, originally based on a few isolated cervical vertebrae. Ever since its original description, both its taxonomic validity and systematic affinities were contentious. Originally considered to represent its own family, Sigilmassasauridae, the genus has variously been suggested to represent a carcharodontosaurid, an ornithischian, and, more recently, a spinosaurid. Here we describe new remains referrable to this taxon and re-evaluate its taxonomic status and systematic affinities. Based on the new remains, a re-evaluation of the original materials, and comparisons with other spinosaurids, the holotype ofSigilmassasaurus brevicollisis identified as an anterior dorsal, rather than a cervical vertebra, and differences between elements referred to this taxon can be explained by different positions of the elements in question within the vertebral column. Many characters used previously to diagnose the genus and species are found to be more widespread among basal tetanurans, and specifically spinosaurids. However, the taxon shows several autapomorphies that support its validity, including the presence of a strongly rugose, ventrally offset triangular platform that is confluent with a ventral keel anteriorly in the mid-cervical vertebral centra and a strongly reduced lateral neural arch lamination, with no or an incomplete distinction between anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae in the posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae. We argue furthermore thatSpinosaurus maroccanus, also described on the basis of isolated cervical vertebrae from the same stratigraphic unit and in the same paper asSigilmassasaurus brevicollis, is a subjective synonym of the latter. Both a detailed comparison of this taxon with other theropods and a formal phylogenetic analysis support spinosaurid affintities forSigilmassasaurus. However, we reject the recently proposed synonymy of bothSpinosaurus maroccanusandSigilmassasurus brevicolliswithSpinosaurus aegyptiacusfrom the Cenomanian of Egypt, as there are clear differences between the vertebrae of these taxa, and they do not share any derived character that is not found in other spinosaurids. Together with a comparison with other spinosaurid vertebral material from the Kem Kem, this suggests that more than one taxon of spinosaurid was present in the Kem Kem assemblage of Morocco, so the referral of non-overlapping material from this unit to a single taxon should be regarded with caution.
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Xalxo, Neha, and Vandana Mehta. "Morphometric evaluation of superior articular facet and inferior articular facet in human atlas vertebrae." Journal of Anatomical Sciences 29, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46351/jas.v29i2pp42-50.
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Introduction: Trauma and degenerative changes are observed frequently in the cervical column. The first two cervical vertebrae constitute crucial sites for cervico-spinal instability. Accurate surgical intervention in this region requires detailed quantitative analysis of the Atlas and Axis vertebrae. Aim and objectives: To provide baseline data pertaining to morphometric details of SAF & IAF of Atlas vertebra in Indian population. To compare the right and left sided morphometric values. To explore any morphological variations of SAF & IAF of Atlas vertebra. Materials and methods: 50 human dry Atlas vertebrae were examined in the present study. The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi. Results: Mean length of the SAF of Atlas vertebrae on right side was found to be 21.35 mm and 20.27 mm on left side. Mean width of right SAF was 11.48 mm and 11.12 mm on the left side. A statistically significant difference of 0.047 was observed in mean length of SAF of right and left sides of the Atlas vertebrae . Mean length of the IAF of Atlas vertebrae on right side was 15.80 mm and 16.03 mm on left side. Mean width of right IAF side was 15.1 mm whereas 15.05 mm on the left side. Conclusions: Familiarity with the morphological variations and morphometric details of the first two cervical vertebrae is of paramount significance for Radiologists, Orthopedic surgeons and Neurosurgeons. Precise information pertaining to morphometric details of the first two cervical vertebrae enhances the accuracy of screw fixation and prevents inadvertent injuries to neurovascular structures Keywords: Atlas, Superior Articular Facet, Inferior Articular Facet
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Trajkovic, Milena, Emira Lazic, Nenad Nedeljkovic, Zorana Stamenkovic, and Branislav Glisic. "Relationship between the vertical craniofacial disproportions and the cervicovertebral morphology in adult subjects." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 144, no. 1-2 (2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1602015t.
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Introduction. Orthodontic diagnosis includes the interpretation of the relations between the craniofacial and cervical system, given the potential impact of the irregularities from one system to another. Objective. The aim of this study was to examine morphological characteristics of the cervical spine, depending on the parameters of the vertical craniofacial growth and gender in adult subjects. Methods. The sample comprised lateral cephalograms of 120 subjects with different vertical facial growth, aged 17.5-35 years. Measured parameters were the following: anterior and posterior vertebral body height (ABHC2-C5, PBHC2-C5), anterior and posterior intervertebral space (AISC2-C5, PISC2-C5), distance between vertebrae and point sella (SC2, SC3, SC4), pterygomaxillare (PmC2), gonion (GoC2) and basion (BaC4); cervical spine angulation (OPT/CVT) and inclination (OPT/HOR, CVT/HOR). Results. Results showed that subjects with anterior facial growth rotation have greater values for BaC4, OPT/HOR, CVT/HOR, OPT/CVT, anterior and posterior vertebral body heights and intervertebral spaces, and lower values for GoC2 and PmC2. Higher values in males were found for anterior and posterior vertebral body heights, distances SC2, SC3, SC4, and BaC4. In females, the greater values were found for GoC2 and ???/?VT. Conclusion. Subjects with anterior facial growth rotation have greater cervical spine inclination and angulation, higher cervical vertebrae and intervertebral spaces, longer upper cervical spines and shorter distances GoC2 and PmC2. Males show smaller cervical column curvature, but higher cervical vertebrae and greater length of the upper cervical spine.