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Books on the topic 'Cervical pain'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

Carl, DeRosa, ed. Mechanical neck pain: Perspectives in functional anatomy. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1995.

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2

W, Wiesel Sam, and Boden Scott D, eds. Neck pain: Medical diagnosis and comprehensive management. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1996.

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3

Christensen, Kim D. Chiropractic rehabilitation. Ridgefield, Wash: C.R.A., 1991.

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4

J, Murphy Daniel. Whiplash and spinal trauma notes: January 1992. [Auburn, CA: D. Murphy, 1992.

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5

128 zhao tiao yang jing zhui bing: 128zhao tiaoyang jingzhuibing. Beijing: Hua xue gong ye chu ban she, 2015.

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6

McKenzie, Robin. The cervical and thoracic spine: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy vol. 1 and 2. 2nd ed. Raumati Beach, N.Z: Spinal Publications (N.Z.) Ltd., 2006.

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7

Harms-Ringdahl, Karin. On assessment of shoulder exercise and load-elicited pain in the cervical spine: Biomechanical analysis of load, EMG, methodological studies of pain provoked by extreme position. Stockholm: Distributed by the Almqvist & Wiksell Periodical Co., 1986.

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8

Symposium '89 (1989 Phoenix, Ariz.). An integrated physical and imaging approach to the clinical diagnosis and management of trauma and conditions affecting the cervical spine, the lumbar spine & the extremities. [Arlington, Va.]: American Chiropractic Association Council on Diagnostic Imaging and Council on Chiropractic Orthopedics, 1989.

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9

Horowitz, Joshua. Cervical Radicular Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0018.

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Cervical radicular pain is a common reason for patients in pain to seek care from a pain physician. Differing from low back pain and lumbar radiculopathy, cervical radicular pain is often not related to disc protrusion alone but, rather, a combination of disc and degenerative pathologies, such as uncovertebral hypertrophy and spondylosis. Likewise, the natural history is quite favorable if no treatments are applied, mandating greater safety for the treatments applied. Indeed, the most recent American Society of Anesthesiologists closed claims database report suggests that adverse occurrences from procedural therapies for cervical radicular pain are increasing. This chapter broadly discusses the anatomy, pathophysiology, and various approaches to treatment of these disorders.
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10

Wang, Roger, and Sarah Choxi. Cervical Myofascial Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0007.

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Cervical myofascial pain (CMP) is caused by trauma, spine pathology, repetitive strain, postural dysfunction, and physical deconditioning of the muscles that support the shoulders and neck. These include the trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, and rhomboid muscles. Treating the underlying etiology is the most effective therapy, however, it may be challenging to diagnose CMP, adding to the difficulty of definitive therapy. Management of CMP often requires a multidisciplinary approach incorporating physical therapy, pharmacotherapy, injection therapy, and behavioral modification. Neck pain is a common condition affecting two-thirds or more of the global population during their lifetime. The etiology of neck pain includes cervical disk disease, cervical facet-mediated pain, and CMP. In particular, CMP is often a cause of disability in the population with chronic neck pain.
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11

Petersohn, Jeffrey D. Cervical Disc Disease and Extremity Pain. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0004.

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This chapter reviews the anatomic features producing extremity pain, discusses the clinical presentation of cervical disc and spondylotic disease, and explores the differential diagnosis of upper extremity pain. Clinically relevant findings are emphasized in the history and physical examination. Electrodiagnostic and imaging studies necessary to establish a correct diagnosis are highlighted. Common upper extremity nerve entrapment syndromes are discussed. Following a discussion of the anatomic basis for pain, interventional and surgical methods for treatment are briefly compared.
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12

A, Malanga Gerard, ed. Cervical flexion-extension/whiplash injuries. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, Inc., 1998.

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13

Thakur, Siddarth, and Salahadin Abdi. Cervical Spine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190626761.003.0007.

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Pain emanating from the cervical spine represents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians. The precise etiology of the pain may be difficult to identify because there are many potential pain-generating structures in the cervical spine and surrounding region. It is helpful to delineate the patient’s symptoms as axial- or radicular-predominant in order to guide the investigation prior to initiating treatment. The evidence for many commonly used treatment regimens is variable, and therefore an individualized plan is often necessary. Although it is conceptually accommodating to compartmentalize the etiology of cervical spine pain from a single source, the reality is that multiple structures are often involved, given the complex anatomy of the cervical spine. This chapter discusses cervical spine anatomy and biomechanics, as well as the etiology, pathophysiology, and management options for axial and radicular neck pain.
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14

Kohan, Lynn, and James Liadis. Cervicogenic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0006.

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Cervicogenic pain is a common source of pain in many patients who present with neck and head pain. It is a secondary headache believed to be caused by referral of pain from a variety of upper cervical pain generators. The typical pain generators of cervicogenic headache are structures that are innervated by the upper three cervical nerves and that relay these signals through the trigeminocervical nucleus, resulting in head pain. Imaging studies may help to rule out other pathologies but cannot be used to make a diagnosis of cervicogenic headache. Treatment options include a multidisciplinary approach using physical therapy, medications, and interventional treatments.
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15

F, Giles L. G., and Singer K. P, eds. Clinical anatomy and management of cervical spine pain. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998.

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16

Walsh, David A. Cervical and lumbar spine. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0157.

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Cervical and lumbar spine pain are major causes of disability and distress. Careful assessment is needed of the nature and extent of the problem, for diagnosis and exclusion of important (treatable) differential diagnoses, and for the formulation and engagement of the patient in an appropriate treatment plan. Acute spinal pain frequently does not indicate underlying joint pathology. Chronic spinal pain is often associated with intervertebral disc disease or which is often classified together with facet joint osteoarthritis as spondylosis. Sciatica, brachalgia, or spinal claudication may each be a consequence of either spondylosis or intervertebral disc prolapse. Simple mechanical low back and neck pain may respond well to conservative management with analgesics and physiotherapy. Specific spinal problems, such as neuronal compromise, may require additional treatments. The roles of injections and surgery in the management of spinal pain continue to evolve. Although ongoing management is largely determined by the individual's clinical response, comprehensive health economic analyses inform healthcare policies which may limit treatment availability. Many people with spinal problems suffer long-term or recurrent pain and disability, with significant psychological and social impact. Multidisciplinary approaches are needed to facilitate pain management and enable people with spinal pain to lead fulfilling lives when the underlying condition cannot be cured.
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17

An, Howard. Cervical spine disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.003001.

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♦ Degenerative cervical spine disorders may manifest clinically with axial neck pain, radiculopathy, myelopathy, or a combination of these clinical symptoms♦ The findings on radiographs and MRI are pertinent if they correlate with the clinical symptoms♦ The initial treatment for patients with degenerative cervical spine disorders is conservative, including non-narcotic analgesics, anti-inflammatory medications, exercise program, physiotherapy, and occasional injections♦ Surgical indications include significant radicular pain despite conservative treatment, profound neurologic deficits, and presence of significant myelopathy♦ Surgical treatment for cervical radiculopathy includes lamino-foraminotomy, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), and artificial disk replacement, and surgical treatment for myelopathy includes anterior discectomy and/or corpectomy with fusion, posterior laminoplasty, and posterior laminectomy and fusion. The surgeon should be familiar with the specific indications as well as advantages and disadvantages of each procedure.
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18

Menchetti, Pier Paolo Maria. Cervical Spine: Minimally Invasive and Open Surgery. Springer, 2016.

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19

Menchetti, Pier Paolo Maria. Cervical Spine: Minimally Invasive and Open Surgery. Springer, 2015.

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20

(Editor), Howard Vernon, ed. The Cranio-Cervical Syndrome: Mechanisms, Assessment and Treatment. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

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21

Amin, Sandeep. Cervical Facet Dysfunction. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0005.

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Cervical facet dysfunction poses a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma in patients with axial neck pain due to either degenerative changes or whiplash injuries as it presents with a paucity of diagnostic radiologic or examination findings. The specific orientation of the cervical facet joints renders them particularly vulnerable to whiplash injury. This chapter examines the clinically relevant anatomy with nuances unique to the cervical spine, etiology of the structural changes, diagnostic tools, and treatment of cervical facet dysfunction. Understanding the relevant anatomy and referral patterns of cervical facet joints allows for more targeted diagnosis and treatment. There are strong evidence-based options in the treatment of cervical facet joint dysfunction.
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22

(Editor), Marek Szpalski, and Robert Gunzburg (Editor), eds. The Degenerative Cervical Spine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

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23

Gutierrez, Genaro J., and Divya Chirumamilla. Cervical Spinal Stenosis. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0006.

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Cervical spinal stenosis is the narrowing of the spinal canal. Degenerative cervical spinal stenosis can occur as a result of disc degeneration, osteophyte formation, and hypertrophy of spinal canal ligaments. Diagnosis is primarily made with clinical history and examination in order to assess for classic myelopathic signs (motor weakness, hyperreflexia, and other specific tests). Radiologic imaging is used to validation the diagnosis and to determine the extent of stenosis. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most useful and noninvasive modality. Cervical spinal stenosis without myelopathy can be managed nonsurgically with strengthening, physical therapy, traction, orthosis, and pain management (cervical epidural steroid injections and selective nerve root blocks). Cervical spondylolisthesis has received insufficient attention in comparison to spondylolisthesis of the lumbar spine. It is primarily considered a surgical condition, yet few publications have been dedicated to the topic.
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24

Davies, Paul. Facial pain. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0052.

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Facial pain occupies the area below the orbitomeatal line, above the neck and anterior to the pinnae. It comes in many forms and may or may not be accompanied by other symptoms. It may be acute, subacute, or chronic, arise from local pathology (e.g. dentition, parotid gland, sinus), be referred from other structures (e.g. pain behind the eye may be due to cervical spondylosis or sphenoidal sinusitis) or be part of a neurological syndrome such as trigeminal neuralgia or persistent idiopathic facial pain (previously termed atypical facial pain). There is a wide differential diagnosis. As with headache, serious causes are rare. Some benign conditions are particularly painful (trigeminal neuralgia, cluster headache) but have effective treatment.
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25

Mendoza-Lattes, Sergio, and Charles R. Clark. Subaxial cervical spine injuries. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.012040.

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♦ The spine study group classification describes three families of fractures♦ Clinical examination can exclude a cervical spine injury in a non-distracted conscious patient without pain and neurological deficit♦ CT scan is the investigation of choice where fracture is suspected♦ Pure ligamentous injuries are rare♦ Priorities are immobilization and assessment, reduction of dislocations and then surgical decompression and stabilization.
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26

1949-, Tollison C. David, and Satterthwaite John R, eds. Painful cervical trauma: Diagnosis and rehabilitative treatment of neuromusculoskeletal injuries. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.

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27

Painful Cervical Trauma: Diagnosis and Rehabilitative Treatment of Neuromusculoskeletal Injuries. Williams & Wilkins, 1992.

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28

Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 61-Year-Old Male with Severe Shoulder and Cervical Pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0007.

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Severe shoulder pain in the absence of a clear orthopedic cause may be due to acute brachial plexitis. Numbness and tingling in association with weakness and muscle atrophy that cannot be accounted for by a single nerve or nerve root distribution suggests the diagnosis. Additional clues suggesting brachial plexitis include intensity of shoulder pain and antecedent events such as illness, vaccination, injury, unusual physical activity or surgery. The approach to diagnosis of plexitis/plexopathy and appropriate evaluation for etiology are discussed. Management of this condition is conservative, relating to pain control and judicious use of mobilization and strengthening with physical therapy. Prognosis is generally good with recovery of strength occurring in weeks to months.
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29

Jones, Mark R., Matthew Novitch, Graham R. Hadley, Alan D. Kaye, and Sudhir A. Diwan. Thoracic Spine Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190626761.003.0008.

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Thoracic spinal pain (TSP) tends to receive less attention from clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic research communities owing to a reduced incidence in comparison to pain arising from cervical and lumbar derangement. Nevertheless, TSP can be similarly disabling to other forms of spinal pain, imposing significant burdens on the individual and society. Thoracic pain may arise from a multitude of underlying pathologies, including angina pectoris, herpes zoster infection, thoracic disc herniations, pulmonary or pleural tumors, and aneurysms. This chapter focuses on TSP of musculoskeletal origin; however, a thorough history and physical are imperative to avoid overlooking a potentially life-threatening condition.
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30

Souzdalnitski, Dmitri, and Samer N. Narouze. Cervical Interlaminar Epidural Injections: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0010.

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Interlaminar cervical epidural steroid injections (CEI) have been considered an effective treatment for neck pain accompanied by radicular pain or radiculopathy secondary to the herniated cervical disc. Also, CEI may be useful in the treatment of intracranial hypotension secondary to a spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Computer tomography (CT) uses significantly higher doses of radiation for patients. Fluoroscopy uses less radiation than CT, and helps to correctly identify the site of injection and guide the procedure with, likely, less trauma to ligaments, periosteum, epidural vessels, cervical spinal cord, nerve roots, and other important structures. It may help to avoid technical difficulties and complications associated with CEI in patients with postsurgical conditions, congenital deformities, and others. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) fluoroscopy can help to identify intravascular injection during CEI; it advisable to use it for all CEI if there are no contraindications.
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31

Vydyanathan, Amaresh, Karina Gritsenko, Samer N. Narouze, and Allan L. Brook. Cervical Intra-Articular Facet Injection: Computed Tomography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0009.

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Intra-articular facet joint injections commonly refer to the injection of a contrast media and local anesthetic solution, with or without corticosteroids, directly into the facet joint space. The purpose of this procedure is pain relief as well as to establish an etiological diagnosis for surgical interventions such as joint denervation or radiofrequency ablation. Medial branch block, or facet nerve block, refers to injection of local anesthetic and possible corticosteroids along the medial branch nerve supplying the facet joints. Cervical intra-articular and facet nerve block injections are often part of a work-up for general or focal neck pain, headaches, or cervical muscle spasms. There is limited evidence for short- and long-term pain relief with cervical intra-articular facet joint injections. Cervical medial branch nerve blocks with local anesthetics demonstrate moderate evidence for short- and long-term pain relief with repeat interventions, and strong evidence exists for long-term pain relief following cervical radiofrequency neurotomy.
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32

Narouze, Samer N. Cervical Sympathetic Block: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0027.

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In those patients with significant sympathetically maintained pain, repeated blocks may provide a therapeutic value and help facilitate physical therapy and rehabilitation. Cervical sympathetic blocks have been traditionally performed by using surface landmarks, however imaging-guided blocks are strongly recommended to avoid potential serious complications. Most preganglionic sympathetic efferents innervating the head, neck, and upper extremity either pass through or synapse at the stellate ganglion. This provides an ideal target for blockade of sympathetic innervation to the head, neck, and upper limbs. The stellate ganglion block can be performed at the C6 and C7 transverse processes. Fluoroscopy is a reliable method for identifying bony surfaces, which facilitates identifying the C6 and C7 transverse processes; however, this is only a surrogate marker, because the location of the cervical sympathetic trunk is defined by the fascial plane of the prevertebral fascia, which cannot be visualized with fluoroscopy.
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33

McClenahan, Maureen F., and William Beckman. Pain Management Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0011.

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This chapter provides a broad review of various interventional pain management procedures with a focus on indications, anatomy, and complications. Specific techniques reviewed include transforaminal epidural steroid injection, lumbar sympathetic block, stellate ganglion block, cervical and lumbar radiofrequency ablation, gasserian ganglion block, sacroiliac joint injection, celiac plexus block, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block, ilioinguinal block, lumbar medial branch block, obturator nerve block, ankle block, occipital nerve block, superior hypogastric plexus block, spinal cord stimulation, and intrathecal drug delivery systems. The chapter reviews contrast agents, neurolytic agents, botulinum toxin use, corticosteroids, and ziconotide pharmacology and side effects in addition to diagnosis and management of local anesthetic toxicity syndrome. It also discusses indications for neurosurgical techniques including dorsal root entry zone lesioning. In addition, information on radiation safety and the use of anticoagulants with neuraxial blocks is covered.
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34

Physical Therapy of the Cervical and Thoracic Spine. 3rd ed. Churchill Livingstone, 2002.

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35

Kastler, Adrian, and Bruno Kastler. Cervical Sympathetic Block and Neurolysis: Computed Tomography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0029.

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The stellate ganglion blockade technique is used to treat complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). It is now well established that stellate blockades should be performed under imaging guidance. It has been suggested that alcohol may bring longer lasting relief in cases of severe intractable cancer-related pain arising from regional neoplasms invading the stellate ganglion, but frequent onset of Horner’s syndrome can outweigh the technique’s efficacy. Radiofrequency neurolysis (RFN) has become a common procedure in the management of chronic neuropathic pain. This chapter reviews indications of stellate ganglion procedures and describes the basic anatomical background, as knowledge of the anatomical surroundings of the stellate ganglion is a necessary prerequisite to a safe and successful procedure. Then it demonstrates how CT-guidance allows a step-by-step control of positioning the needle tip at target for either alcohol or radiofrequency thermal ablation, and discusses the results, advantages, and disadvantages of each approach.
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36

Siegenthaler, Andreas. Cervical Facet Nerve Block: Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0008.

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The cervical facet joints are well-documented sources of chronic neck pain and headache. Ultrasound may offer the advantage of visualizing the actual target nerves, which is not possible with fluoroscopy. The relevant structures are located much more superficially than in the lumbar spine, hence visibility of the potential targets with ultrasound is expected to be better than in the lumbar region. Besides the ability to perform diagnostic nerve blocks, ultrasound imaging is expected to increase precision of radiofrequency neurotomy due to the ability to localize the exact course of a facet joint supplying nerve. For practitioners with only little experience in cervical sonoanatomy, we recommend performing ultrasound-guided cervical medial branch blocks with parallel fluoroscopic control first till one gains more experience. Correct level determination with ultrasound as described may be difficult for beginners, and the parallel use of fluoroscopy will help developing a “feel” for the procedure.
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37

Overley, Samuel C., Dante Leven, Abhishek Kumar, and Sheeraz A. Qureshi. Degenerative Conditions of the Cervical Spine. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0008.

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Degenerative disease of the cervical spine, also referred to as cervical spondylosis, is one of the most common pathologies encountered by spine specialists. This degenerative condition is primarily attributed to the natural aging process. However, a subset of patients may exhibit symptoms ranging from axial neck pain to radiculopathy to florid signs of myelopathy. A sound understanding of the spinal anatomy, pathology, patient presentation and treatment options, including surgical intervention, is paramount to evaluating and treating a patient with cervical spondylosis. This chapter focuses on the disease process, its natural history, patient characteristics, and treatment options for one of the most prevalent and potentially problematic spinal pathologies: the degenerative cervical spine.
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38

Chong, Sam, and J. Ganesalingham. Acute pain in the neurological patient. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0016.

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Acute pain is a common presenting symptom in patients with neurological conditions. Acute onset headache may indicate a life-threatening underlying condition. Lumbosacral and cervical spine pain are commonly caused by degenerative disease but there are sometimes clues to indicate alternative pathologies. Acute pain arising from the peripheral nervous system and muscles are usually inflammatory in origin. A careful history and examination is crucial to assess patients with neurological pain. Opioids may be used in combination of an anti-epileptic or antidepressant drug in the treatment of acute neuropathic pain.
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39

Cervical Spinal Disorders: A Textbook for Rehabilitation Sciences Students. Springer, 1999.

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40

Grant, Ruth, M. App. Sc., ed. Physical therapy of the cervical and thoracic spine. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1988.

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41

PhD, Helge Kasch MD, Dennis C. Turk PhD, and Troels S Jensen MD DMSc. Whiplash Injury: Perspectives on the Development of Chronic Pain. IASP, 2016.

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42

Lee, Christoph I. Cervical Spine Imaging in Blunt Trauma Patients. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0010.

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This chapter, found in the back pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of cervical spine imaging in blunt trauma patients. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study presents a set of five diagnostic criteria that approach 100% sensitivity for identifying clinically important cervical spine injuries and could eliminate one-eighth of all cervical spine radiographs ordered for these patients. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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43

McClatchie, Lynda. Do joint mobilizations of the asymptomatic cervical spine affect non-responsive shoulder pain in adults? 2006.

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44

Grant, Ruth, M. App. Sc., ed. Physical therapy of the cervical and thoracic spine. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1994.

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45

Hadley, Graham R., Matthew Novitch, Mark R. Jones, Vwaire Orhurhu, Alan D. Kaye, and Sudhir A. Diwan. Comprehensive Review of Discography in Spinal Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190626761.003.0014.

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Neck and back pain are common in the adult population, with many adults experiencing such pain at any one point in time. Both are a common cause of disability and socioeconomic burden, with relatively high annual prevalence rates. The aim of discography involves determination of the morphology of the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc. The knowledge of structural integrity of the disc is the fundamental principle in determining whether the neck or back pain is discogenic in nature. This chapter discusses the safety profile and diagnostic utility of discography, as well as the controversy that still remains over its clinical use, with respect to the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine regions.
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46

Candido, Kenneth D., Teresa M. Kusper, and Nebojsa Nick Knezevic. Chronic Chest Wall Pain in Postherpetic Neuralgia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0014.

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Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a debilitating condition that frequently arises after herpes zoster (HZ) caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It is characterized by severe neuropathic pain and sensory disturbances persisting after the resolution of characteristic vesicular skin lesions. Most commonly affected are the thoracic dermatomes. Trigeminal (V1), cervical, and lumbar nerves are other frequently affected sites. Early treatment shortens the duration of acute HZ and may prevent the onset of PHN. A variety of modalities are utilized to treat PHN, including chemical compounds, interventional pain techniques, and neuromodulation. HZ vaccine is recommended for individuals more than 60 years old, and it is currently the best method of averting HZ and consequent progression to PHN.
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47

Cervical and Thoracic Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (2-Volume Set). Orthopedic Physical Therapy Products, 2006.

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48

Katirji, Bashar. Case 11. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0015.

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Cervical radiculopathy and neck pain are among the most common neurological presentations seen in clinical practice. Cervical radiculopathy results in radicular pain, sensory manifestations, motor weakness and reflex changes, that are dependent on the specific compressed cervical root. The accurate diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy depends on a detailed neurological examination supplemented by electrodiagnostic studies and imaging of the cervical spine. This case highlights the anatomy, pathophysiology, and findings of the various cervical radiculopathies and distinguishes them from brachial plexopathies and other upper limb mononeuropathies. The benefits, pitfalls, and challenges of electrodiagnostic studies, including nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography, are also discussed.
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49

van Eerd, Maarten, Arno Lataster, and Maarten van Kleef. Cervical Facet Nerve Block and Radio Frequency Ablation: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0007.

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In the cervical spinal column local anesthetic can be injected intra-articularly or adjacent to the ramus medialis (medial branch) of the ramus dorsalis of the segmental nerve. Nerve blocks of the ramus medialis are preferred to an intra-articular block, because it is sometimes technically difficult to position a needle into the facet joint. These procedures are typically performed under fluoroscopy, but there are increasing numbers of studies that describe these procedures with the help of ultrasound. Reports regarding the effects of intra-articular (steroid) injections are limited. There are no comparative studies between intra-articular steroid injections and radiofrequency (RF) therapy. Based on literature about the efficacy of RF treatment and a long track record of safety of RF treatment, many pain practitioners abandon intra-articular injections in favor of RF treatment.
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50

Lee, Christoph I. Cervical Spine Imaging in Alert and Stable Trauma Patients. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0011.

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This chapter, found in the back pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study validating the Canadian C-spine rule for imaging the cervical spine in alert and stable trauma patients. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study shows that the Canadian C-Spine Rule may be able to identify a large group of alert and stable adult trauma patients for whom cervical spine imaging is unnecessary. It may also help to standardize the appropriate use of cervical spine imaging in the emergency department. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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