Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cervical artificial insemination (AI)'

Objectives were to evaluate time of insemination relative to estrus and synchronization with melengestrol acetate (MGA) plus prostaglandin (PG) or progesterone insert (CIDR) plus PG on AI pregnancy rate in beef heifers (n = 662) during Fall or Spring. Fall heifers (n = 349) received MGA-PG (MGA for 14 d followed by PG on d 18) or CIDR-PG (CIDR for 7 d, PG administered 1 d before CIDR removal). Estrus was monitored by HeatWatch® (n = 200) or visually (n = 149). Spring heifers (n = 313) underwent CIDR-PG with detection of estrus by HeatWatch®. Heifers not in estrus by 96-100 h after PG were bred AI as non-responsive AI (NRAI). Across seasons, 548 heifers were bred following estrus (EAI). Heifers synchronized during the Fall with MGA received more (P < 0.05) mounts than Fall CIDR heifers (76.8 ± 6.7 and 47.6 ± 7.4, respectively), but duration of estrus was similar. Fall CIDR heifers had greater (P < 0.05) mounting activity and duration of estrus (47.9 ± 5.2 mounts and 15.5 ± 1.1 h) compared to Spring CIDR heifers (34.5 ± 3.1 mounts and 12.7 ± 0.6 h). Heifers grouped in 4 h blocks from 0 to 24 h had no difference (P > 0.05) in pregnancy rates (mean 62.5 %). Treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on EAI pregnancy rates. Pregnancy rates across seasons for EAI, NRAI and overall was 61.0 %, 26.3 %, and 54.5%. In conclusion, a 24 h window may exist to successfully AI heifers.
Master of Science

Este estudo avaliou a performance reprodutiva de primíparas suínas submetidas à inseminação artificial pós-cervical (IAPC) comparada à inseminação artificial cervical (IAC). A dificuldade na introdução do cateter, ocorrência de sangue ou refluxo durante a inseminação e o volume e o total de células refluídas até 60 minutos após a inseminação também foram avaliados. As fêmeas foram homogeneamente distribuídas, de acordo com a perda de peso na lactação, duração da lactação, número de leitões desmamados, intervalo desmame-estro e nascidos totais no parto anterior, em dois tratamentos: IAPC (n=165) com 1,5 x 109 células espermáticas em 45 ml e IAC (n=165) com 3 x 109 células espermáticas em 90 ml. Foi realizada ultrassonografia transabdominal em tempo real no momento em que as fêmeas apresentaram estro e 24 horas após a última inseminação. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos na taxa de parto e no tamanho da leitegada (P > 0,05). O sucesso na passagem do cateter intra-uterino em todas as inseminações foi possível em 86,8% (165/190) das fêmeas inicialmente selecionadas para o tratamento IAPC. A dificuldade na introdução do cateter em pelo menos uma inseminação não afetou a performance reprodutiva das fêmeas do tratamento IAPC (P > 0,05). A ocorrência de sangramento durante a inseminação não afetou (P > 0,05) a taxa de parto em ambos os tratamentos, mas o tamanho da leitegada foi reduzido nos tratamentos IAC e IAPC (P ≤ 0,06). O percentual de espermatozoides presentes no refluxo foi maior no tratamento IAC que no IAPC (P < 0,01). Não foi observada diferença (P > 0,05) na taxa de parto e no tamanho da leitegada de acordo com o percentual de espermatozoides no refluxo (Baixo: ≤ 20% e Alto: >20%). É possível realizar a IAPC em primíparas suínas com doses contendo 1,5 x 109 células espermáticas sem causar prejuízos no desempenho reprodutivo.
The study evaluated the reproductive performance of primiparous sows submitted to post cervical insemination (PCAI) compared to cervical artificial insemination (CAI). Difficulty with catheter introduction, occurrence of bleeding or semen backflow during insemination, and volume and sperm cell backflow up to 60 min after insemination were also evaluated. Sows were homogenously distributed, according to body weight loss in lactation, lactation length, weaned piglets, weaning-to-estrus interval and total born in previous farrowing, in two treatments: PCAI (n= 165) with 1.5 x 109 sperm cells in 45 ml and CAI (n= 165) with 3 x 109 sperm cells in 90 ml. Transabdominal real time ultrasonography was performed at the moment of standing heat and 24 h after last insemination. There was no difference between treatments in farrowing rate and litter size (P > 0.05). Successful passage of the intrauterine catheter in all the inseminations was possible in 86.8% (165/190) of sows initially allocated to PCAI treatment. Difficulty of introducing the catheter in at least one insemination did not affect the reproductive performance of PCAI sows (P > 0.05). Bleeding during insemination did not affect (P > 0.05) the farrowing rate in both treatments, but litter size was reduced in CAI and PCAI sows (P ≤ 0.06). Percentage of spermatozoa present in backflow was greater in CAI than PCAI treatment (P < 0.01). No difference (P > 0.05) was observed in farrowing rate and litter size according to the percentage of spermatozoa in backflow (Low: ≤ 20%; High: > 20%). It’s possible to perform the PCAI in primiparous sows with doses containing 1,5 x 109 sperm cells without detrimental on reproductive performance.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of gilts subjected to post-cervical artificial insemination (PCAI) compared to traditional artificial insemination (TAI). We also evaluated the degree of difficulty in bypassing the cervix, time required to perform the insemination, presence of bleeding after insemination, semen backflow, as well as the volume and the total reflow cells 30 minutes after insemination. Gilts submitted to PCAI (n = 279) were inseminated with 45 mL doses of 1.5 x 10⁹ sperm cells and the ones submitted to TAI (n = 273) were inseminated with 80 mL doses with 2.5 x 10⁹ cells. The bypassing of the cervix was possible in 91.04% (254/279) of gilts. The difficulty bypassing the cervix in at least one of the gilt’s PCAI procedures happened with 41.58% (116/279) of the females, but it did not affect reproductive performance (P>0.05). The presence of bleeding after insemination did not affect the farrowing rate and total number of piglets born for both treatments (P>0.05). The average time needed to carry out the PCAI was 1.47 minutes and the TAI was 4.04 minutes. The percentage of sperm present in the reflux was higher in TAI than the PCAI, but no correlation was found between litter size and the percentage of sperm in reflux (P>0.05). There was no statistical difference (P>0.05) in farrowing rate (89.38% and 91.76%) and the total number of piglets born (11.63 and 11.81) between TAI and PCAI treatments, respectively. Thus, it is possible to perform the post-cervical artificial insemination in gilts without causing a reduction in reproductive performance, using doses with a concentration of 1.5 x 10⁹ sperm cells
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo de nulíparas submetidas à inseminação artificial pós-cervical (IAPC) comparada à inseminação artificial tradicional (IAT). Foram avaliados a ocorrência de sangramento, refluxo durante à inseminação, dificuldade no transpasse da cérvix, volume e o total de células refluídas até 30 minutos após a inseminação. As fêmeas submetidas à IAPC (n=279) foram inseminadas com doses na concentração de 1,5 x 109 diluídos em 45 mL e as fêmeas submetidas à IAT (n=273) foram inseminadas com doses na concentração de 2,5 x 109 diluídos em 80 mL. O transpasse da cérvix foi possível em 91,04% (254/279) das leitoas. A dificuldade no transpasse da cérvix, em pelo menos uma das inseminações, foi de 41,58% (116/279) e não comprometeu o desempenho reprodutivo (P>0,05). A presença de sangramento durante a inseminação não afetou a taxa de parto nem o número de leitões nascidos totais para ambos os tratamentos (P>0,05). O tempo médio necessário para a realização da IAPC foi de 1,47 minutos e a IAT foi de 4,04 minutos. O percentual de espermatozoides presentes no refluxo foi maior na IAT do que na IAPC, não sendo observada diferença no tamanho de leitegada de acordo com o percentual de espermatozoides no refluxo (P>0,05). Não houve diferença estatística (P>0,05) taxa de parto (89,38% e 91,76%) e no número de leitões nascidos totais (11,63 e 11,81) entre os tratamentos IAT e IAPC, respectivamente. Desta forma, podemos concluir que pode - se realizar a inseminação artificial pós-cervical em leitoas sem causar redução no desempenho reprodutivo, utilizando doses com concentração de 1,5 x 109 células espermáticas

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Zootécnica / Produção Animal
Neste trabalho, pretendeu-se expor e caracterizar as performances reprodutivas e produtivas do efectivo de porcas de uma suinicultura industrial em ciclo fechado. Realizou-se igualmente um ensaio experimental comparativo de métodos de inseminação artificial. Neste ensaio foram avaliadas as diferenças no que diz respeito aos valores de fertilidade e prolificidade das porcas, cobertas por inseminação artificial cervical, inseminação pós-cervical com cateter de esponja e a inseminação artificial pós-cervical com cateter em espiral (kubus). Para tal utilizou-se um total de 123 porcas, distribuídas por 41 grupos de 3 porcas que foram inseminadas por um dos três métodos de inseminação em estudo. Na análise zootécnica das performances produtivas e reprodutivas das porcas, verificou-se que a época do ano (Verão, Outono, Inverno e Primavera) de cobrição das porcas não afectou os parâmetros reprodutivos e produtivos das porcas. Após a 3ª parição, verificou-se uma melhoria acentuada do intervalo entre partos, no intervalo desmame cobrição fecundante e na produtividade. No triénio 2008-2010 observou-se uma redução do intervalo desmame cobrição fecundante e do intervalo entre partos e do número de leitões por ninhada mas, a produtividade das porcas aumentou em cerca de 2 leitões/porca/ano. Os resultados do ensaio experimental mostraram que as diferentes técnicas de inseminação artificial das porcas não afectaram significativamente a sua fertilidade nem o número de leitões nascidos por ninhada.
ABSTRACT - Conduct of reproduction in pigs: zootechnical analysis and comparative study of artificial insemination techniques - The productive and reproductive performances of the sows in a farrowing to finish swine unit were characterised. Moreover an experimental study to compare three different methods of artificial insemination (AI) was performed. In this trial the fertility rate and the litter size of 123 sows (41 groups of 3 sows), fertilised by cervical AI or two post-cervical AI techniques (sponge or kubus catheter) were analysed. Results show that the matting season (summer, fall, winter, spring) have no significant effect on the productive and reproductive performances of the sows. After the 3rd farrowing, there was a significant decrease in the farrowing interval and in the weaning-conception period and an improvement in the number of piglets weaned per sow per year. During the years 2008-2010, despite a decrease in the number of piglets per litter, the productivity of the sows increased by 2 piglets/sow/year as a result of a decrease in the duration of the productivity cycle of the sows. Results of the experimental trial show that the different AI techniques have no significant effect in the fertility rate and in the number of piglets born per litter.

Inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) associada à inseminação artificial pós-cervical (IAPC) permite uma maior utilização de machos geneticamente superiores e uma redução expressiva de mão de obra na produção de suínos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência da IATF de acordo com diferentes protocolos de (IA), usando pLH - hormônio luteinizante suíno - como indutor da ovulação. Um total de 597 matrizes desmamadas com detecção de estro realizada uma vez ao dia (08:00) foram alocados em três tratamentos: Controle (n = 199) - primeira inseminação realizada no início do estro (0 h) e repetida a cada 24 h, durante o estro; IATF1 (n = 199) - fêmeas receberam 5 mg (4 ml) i.m. de pLH no início do estro, e foram inseminadas 24 horas depois, e IATF2 (n = 199) – fêmeas receberam 5 mg de pLH mas foram inseminadas no início do estro (0 h) e 24 horas depois. Foram realizadas IAPC com doses homospérmicas (1,5 x 109 de espermatozoides totais/50 ml) em todos os tratamentos. O tratamento hormonal não afetou o intervalo do início do estro à ovulação (P> 0,05). O número de inseminações foi de 2,9, 1,0 e 2,0 para Controle, FTAI1 e FTAI2 respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para taxa de parto e leitões nascidos totais (P> 0,05). Leitões nascidos totais por dose inseminante foi diferente (P <0,0001) entre os tratamentos (4,5, 12,5 e 6,2 para Controle, FTAI1 e FTAI2 respectivamente). O uso de pLH no início do estro associado à uma única inseminação em tempo fixo IAPC 24 horas após, não comprometeu o desempenho reprodutivo de porcas multíparas.
Fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) associated to post cervical artificial insemination (PCAI) allows a wider use of high indexed boars and an expressive reduction on labor requirements in swine production. The aim of this study was to evaluate FTAI efficiency according to different AI protocols, using pLH – porcine luteinizing hormone - as ovulation inductor. A total of 597 weaned sows whose estrus detection was performed once daily (08:00 am) were allocated into three treatments: Control (n= 199) – the first insemination was performed at estrus onset (0 h) and repeated every 24 h thereafter, during estrus; FTAI1 (n= 199) - sows received a 5 mg (4 ml) i.m. injection of pLH at estrus onset, and were inseminated 24 h after, and FTAI2 (n= 199) - sows received 5 mg of pLH but were inseminated at estrus onset (0 h) and 24 h after. PCAI with homospermic doses (1.5 x 109 total sperm cells/50 ml) were performed in all treatments. Hormonal treatment did not affect the interval onset of estrus to ovulation (P>0.05). The number of inseminations was 2.9, 1.0 and 2.0 for Control, FTAI1 and FTAI2 respectively. Treatments did not affect farrowing rate and total born (P>0.05). Total piglets born per insemination dose was different (P<0.0001) among treatments (4.5, 12.5 and 6.2 for Control, FTAI1 and FTAI2 respectively). The use of pLH at estrus onset associated to a single fixed-time PCAI 24 h after does not compromise the reproductive performance of multiparous sows.

Exploring the genetics of the efficiency of fertile AI dose production in rabbits The general aim of this thesis has been to analyse sources of variation for some of the most important components of fertile artificial insemination (AI) dose production in order to explore the interest and limitations of different strategies for their genetic improvement in a paternal line of rabbits selected for growth rate. These components refer to seminal production and quality traits, being considered the male reproductive performance (fertility and prolificacy) as the final expression of the effect of the seminal characteristics and the effect of the interaction among them and with the female. Genetic analyses of the seminal traits involved in AI dose production and growth rate were modelled using threshold and linear multiple-trait mixed models. Relationship between fertility and pH of the semen was analysed either using mixed or recursive mixed models. Male and female genetic contributions to fertility were estimated using additive or product threshold models and both models were compared by its ability of predicting fertility data. Existence of genotype x artificial insemination conditions for male effect on fertility and prolificacy was estimated under a Character state model. Finally, the product threshold model was used for estimating separately the effect of the environmental temperature on male and on female contributions to fertility. All inferences of this thesis have been done under a Bayesian approach. Male libido and variables related to the quality of the ejaculate such as presence of urine and calcium carbonates in the ejaculate, individual sperm motility, semen pH and suitability for AI of the ejaculate (which involves the subjective combination of several semen quality traits) were found to be lowly heritable, but repeatable.
Tusell Palomero, L. (2011). Exploring the genetics of the efficiency of fertile AI dose production in rabbits [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/11842
Palancia

Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Jeffrey S. Stevenson
Our objectives were to determine: the effectiveness of upfront PGF2α injection to regress the corpus luteum; ovulation response to GnRH; and pregnancy outcomes. Dairy heifers (n = 545) from three locations (Florida, Kansas, and Mississippi) were assigned randomly to each of two treatments: 1) 25 mg of PGF2α injection and insertion of previously used autoclaved CIDR on d 7 followed by 100 µg of GnRH administered on d 5, and a 25 mg PGF2α injection at CIDR removal (7D) on d 0; 2) 100 µg of GnRH and insertion of previously used autoclaved CIDR on d 5 and 25 mg of PGF2α injection at CIDR removal (5D) on d 0. Artificial insemination (AI) occurred after detected estrus from d 0 to 3. Those heifers not detected in estrus were inseminated on d 3 and given a second 100 µg of GnRH. Blood collected on d 7 and 5 was assayed to determine concentrations of progesterone, presence of a CL (progesterone ≥1 ng/mL) on d 7, and whether luteolysis occurred in 7D heifers. Blood progesterone concentration from d 0 and 3 determined if luteolysis occurred in all heifers. Ovarian structure maps on d 5 and 0 were used to determine ovulation in response to GnRH on d 5. Pregnancy was determined on d 32 and 60 and intervening pregnancy loss was calculated. Of those heifers in the 7D treatment having progesterone ≥1 ng/mL on d 7, the proportion having progesterone <1 ng/mL 2 d later (luteolysis) was greater (P < 0.05) than that in the 5D treatment (43.0 vs. 22.9%, respectively). Total proportion of follicles that ovulated per heifer was numerically greater in the 7D treatment but only differed (P < 0.05) between locations. A treatment x location interaction was detected for pregnancy rates per AI. The Kansas location had no detectable treatment differences. In contrast, the 7D treatment produced greater (P < 0.05) pregnancy rates in the first replicate of the Florida location and at the Mississippi location. We concluded that the 5D protocol was not effective in producing acceptable luteolysis, pregnancy, and ovulation rates in comparison with the modified 7D protocol.

This experiment compared the effects of two artificial insemination (AI) rods on farrowing rate and number of piglets born per litter. Three hundred eighty-nine sows were allotted into two experimental groups based on parity, body condition, and breed of sire influence of the sows. One hundred ninety-three matings were performed using the experimental intrauterine rod, and one hundred ninety-six matings were performed using the traditional cervical rod as the control. Total number of piglets born per litter was measured after each sow farrowed, and the farrowing rates were calculated at the end of the study. Farrowing rates were 68% and 66% and total number of piglets born per litter was 9.39 ± 0.55 and 9.74±0.53 for the experimental and control groups. Number of piglets born alive per litter was slightly lower than the total number of piglets born per litter for both groups, 8.97±0.54 and 9.29 ±0.52. The total number of piglets born per litter and the farrowing rates were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between the experimental and control groups. Results from this trial produced no incentive to use the intrauterine AI rod in this or other similar commercial settings.

The New Zealand Dairy industry relies on artificial breeding to produce high genetic merit replacement stock. Proven bull semen is extended and preserved as either ambient temperature product or as frozen doses. High fertility is essential to maintain synchronicity of lactation with the spring surge of grass growth. To improve efficiency in the utilization of the very best bulls producers try to lower sperm dose rates without compromising fertility. Livestock Improvement Corporation's (LIC) Long Last Liquid ™ (LLL) is most commonly used during the peak season and is their most important product. However, shortfalls and specifically targeted matings are met with frozen semen. Lowering sperm dose rates in both liquid and frozen semen maximises the usage of elite sires increasing genetic gain, lowering overheads and garnering premium prices for the semen producer. A product for improving frozen semen technology was developed whereby a discrete quantity of pretreated semen was placed alongside a beneficial post-thawing redilution medium in a standard semen straw. This emulated a larger-scale process developed to freeze semen in times of low demand and redilution into the LLL form for use as an ambient temperature product. This rediluted product has been proved to enhance semen survival and to allow fertility to be maintained at sperm dose rates lower than the widely accepted standard for frozen semen. The physical packaging of the semen into the industry standard single dose straw in a configuration that separated incompatible components was novel. This configuration was essential to prevent damage to the sperm during the freezing process from low solubility components in the post-thaw redilution medium. Separation between the semen and diluent within the straw was achieved by the introduction of a gas partition or air bubble between the two liquids. A large-scale field trial showed that the new product could produce savings of up to 25% of the sperm needed for a semen dose to achieve equivalent fertility. Furthermore, the production cost per dose was lowered in comparison to the standard semen processing system used at LIC.

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on October 6, 2009) Thesis advisor: Dr. David J. Patterson, Includes bibliographical references.

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Artificial insemination (AI) is a technique intensively used in the swine farms nowadays, due to its benefits related to genetic improvement and health status, allowing the industry to market high-quality healthy products. The post-cervical AI (PCAI) allows the deposition of semen in the uterine body, using 1 x 10 9 spermatozoa dose. Thus, with PCAI the fertility of one particular boar can influence the reproductive performance of a much higher number of females than in ICAI-based systems. The objective of this study was to compare the subsequent reproductive performance of swine breeding females submitted to either intra-cervical artificial insemination (ICAI) with sperm concentrations of 3.5 x 10 9 spermatozoa per dose or post-cervical artificial insemination (PCAI) with 2, 1, or 0.5 x 10 9 spermatozoa per dose. The study was conducted in a commercial farm including 338 F1 females. Among them, 232 were first inseminated 12 h after estrus detection, receiving the subsequent doses after 12 h intervals, whereas 106 were inseminated right after ovulation diagnosis through real-time ultrasound. Conception and farrowing (FR) rates for ICAI (98.9% e 97.9%, respectively) did not differ (P < 0,001) from those observed for PCAI (87.1% e 84.3%, respectively). Total litter size did not differ across treatments (P = 0.09). Although TP did not differ (P = 0,40) for different parities, total litter size for primiparous females (9.1 ± 0.4) was lower (P = 0,0004) than for parity-2 and -3 females (11.5 ± 0.5 e 11.5 ± 0.2, respectively). There was a significant effect of an interaction between treatment and parity on total litter size (P < 0.05), generally characterized by the occurrence of lower litter sizes for PCAI in primiparous females than for other treatment by parity combinations. In conclusion, reproductive performance for PCAI and ICAI were similar with sperm concentrations up to 1 x 10 9 spermatozoa per dose.
A inseminação artificial (IA) é uma biotécnica reprodutiva que vem sendo intensamente utilizada na suinocultura, em função dos benefícios genéticos e sanitários, permitindo que as agroindústrias coloquem no mercado produtos saudáveis e de qualidade. A técnica de IA pós-cervical (IAPC) possibilita a deposição do sêmen no corpo do útero, utilizando doses inseminantes com de 1 x 10 9 espermatozóides/dose. Portanto, com a IAPC, a fertilidade do reprodutor utilizado como doador de sêmen, passa a influenciar o desempenho reprodutivo de um número três vezes maior de fêmeas, quando comparado a IA convencional. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas suínas submetidas a IAIC, com dose inseminante convencional com a IAPC com 3 diferentes concentrações (2; 1; e 0,5 x 10 9 espermatozóides/ dose). O estudo incluiu 338 fêmeas F1, sendo que, 232 fêmeas receberam a primeira dose inseminante 12 h após a detecção de cio e as doses subseqüentes em intervalos de 12 h, enquanto 106 fêmeas foram inseminadas imediatamente após a ovulação, confirmada por ultra-sonografia em tempo real. Taxas de concepção e parição (TPAR) para a IAIC (98,9% e 97,9%, respectivamente), foram maiores (P < 0,001) às observadas para a IAPC (87,1% e 84,3%, respectivamente). Tanto para taxa de concepção como TPAR, os índices observados para o T8 foram numericamente inferiores aos demais tratamentos, porém sem diferença significativa ( P > 0,05). O total de leitões nascidos por parto não diferiu entre os tratamentos (P = 0,09). Para as fêmeas com 1, 2 , 3 ou mais partos, a TPAR foi igual a 90,2%, 82,7% e 88,9% (P = 0,40). No entanto, o total de leitões nascidos foi influenciado pela ordem de parto (OP) das matrizes, sendo inferior (P = 0,0004) para fêmeas primíparas (9,1 ± 0,4) do que para fêmeas com 2 e 3 ou mais partos (11,5 ± 0,5 e 11,5 ± 0,2, respectivamente). Também houve interação entre o efeito dos tratamentos e a OP com relação ao tamanho de leitegada, pois a resposta foi inferior (P < 0,05) em fêmeas primíparas em alguns dos tratamentos com IAPC. Com isso, podemos concluir que o método de IAPC, em condições de rotina em uma granja comercial, atingiu índices de desempenho reprodutivo semelhantes quando comparado com o IAIC, com doses de até 1 x 10 9 espermatozóides.

Objectives were to: 1) Evaluate the effectiveness of presynchronization with GnRH before the CO‐Synch + CIDR protocol with timed AI (TAI) at 66 h in Bos indicus‐influenced cattle; 2) Characterize ovarian events associated with the presynchronization; 3) Evaluate the efficacy of measuring vaginal electrical resistance (VER) to assess follicular maturity at TAI; and 4) Compare serum concentrations of progesterone (P4) in ovariectomized cows bearing new or previously used CIDR devices with or without autoclaving. In Exp. 1 and 2, cattle received either GnRH or saline on day ‐7. The CO‐Synch + CIDR protocol included a CIDR insert and GnRH (GnRH‐1; day 0), removal of CIDR and PGF2α on day 7, and GnRH (GnRH‐2) and TAI 66 h after CIDR removal. In Exp. 1, pregnancy rate of females with BCS ≥ 5 tended to differ (P=0.085) between Presynch (38%) and CO‐Synch + CIDR (54%). In Exp. 2, ovulatory response to GnRH‐1 was greater (P<0.01) in the Presynchronization (58%) than in the CO‐Synch + CIDR (27.1%) group. Emergence of a follicular wave after GnRH‐1 and ovulation rate after GnRH‐2 did not differ between groups. More (P<0.01) females that developed a follicular wave after GnRH‐1 ovulated (82%) after GnRH‐2, compared to those that did not (29%). Mean VER (ohms) was greatest (101.4±0.8) on day 0 and declined (P<0.01) to 95.2±0.8 and 82±0.8, respectively, on days 7 and 10. We observed a low negative but significant relationship (r=0.38; P<0.001) between VER and follicular size on day 0, 7, and 10. VER difference (day 10 minus day 7) did not differ between females with small and large follicles at TAI. Mean concentrations of P4 during the 7‐day insertion period were greater (P<0.03) for new (3.7 ng/ml) and re‐used autoclaved (3.4 ng/ml) than for re‐used disinfected CIDRs (2.8 ng/ml). In summary, Presynch improved ovulation rate after GnRH‐1, but did not improve pregnancy rates compared to CO‐Synch + CIDR. Follicular maturity estimation was not feasible using VER as applied in this study. Autoclaving may be the best option when re‐using CIDR inserts because it creates greater concentrations of P4 during the first 48 h.

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Oxidative stress and premature sperm capacitation, generated during cryopreservation of ram semen, reduces their viability, especially after cervical insemination. The use of seminal plasma (SP) and negative pressure have produced protection and the reversion of such damages. Two experiments evaluated these potential enhancers of cryotolerance, and a third experiment compared 2 methods of cervical AI. In experiment 1 ram semen was subjected to the treatments: (TC) control or negative pressure of 200mBar (P200); 500mBar (P500) and 800mBar (P800). In experiment 2, the PS from rams, stallions and bulls was lyophilized (L) and its protein measured. From each SP 600μg of protein per mL was aded to the freezing diluent used, compounding the experimental groups: control (TC), ovine PS (PSLO), bovine PS (PSLB) and equine PS (PSLE). Experiment 3 evaluated 2 methods of AI, the superficial cervical AI (G1), and deep intrauterine or cervical AI with clamping the vaginal fornix (G2). The in vitro data were subjected to ANOVA and test T, and the pregnancy rate to the chi square test, all with 5% significance level. In the experiment 1 higher progressive motility (PM) was observed in TC (49%) compared to P200 (40.9%), P500 (38.9%) and P800 (38.9%) treatments. In PM during the test the thermal resistance (TTR), MP after percoll (PP), acrosome integrity (IAC), IAPP and membrane integrity (MI), there was no difference between the groups. In cleavage rate P800 (34.5%) was less than P200 (51.2%) and P500 (50.9%) did not differ from the control (44.3%). In conclusion the P500 is the most appropriate for use in ram semen cryopreservation, enabling high rates of cleavage after heterologous IVF, maintain membrane integrity. Experiment 2 evaluated MP, MPPP and cleavage rate after heterologous IVF in all groups, with the best group compared with the control in: CASA system; acrossoma integrity (FITC-PSA), membrane stability (M540), chromatin integrity (acridine orange), apoptosis (annexin) and potential of mitochondria (Mitotracker). Also the PSLE showed higher cleavage rate (71.37%), indicating a greater ability to oocyte penetration. The PSLE showed higher VCL (PC-163.5μm/s, PSLE-186.2μm/s) and ALH (PC9μm PSLE-8.2μm) in CASA evaluation, compared to control. In flow cytometry the annexin test revealed a greater amount of non-apoptotic viable cells in PSLE (38.9%), compared to TC (32.1%). In experiment 3 there was no difference in pregnancy rates after superficial (33.3%) or deep and intrauterine (52.2%) IA, possibly due to the reduced number of animals used
O estresse oxidativo e a precoce capacitação espermática, gerados na criopreservação do sêmen ovino, reduzem sua viabilidade, principalmente na inseminação cervical. O uso de plasma seminal (PS) e a pressão negativa têm produzido a proteção e reversão desses danos. Dois experimentos avaliaram esses potenciais melhoradores da criotolerância, e um terceiro avaliou dois métodos de IA cervical. No experimento 1 o sêmen ovino foi submetido aos tratamentos: controle (TC), pressão de 200mBar (P200); 500mBar (P500) e 800mBar (P800). No experimento 2 o PS de carneiros, garanhões e touros foi liofilizado (L) e sua proteína dosada. De cada PS, o equivalente a 600μg de proteína por mL, foi adicionado ao diluente de congelamento, compondo os grupos experimentais: controle (TC), PS ovino (PSLO), PS bovino (PSLB) e PS equino (PSLE). O experimento 3 avaliou 2 métodos de IA, a cervical superficial (G1) e a cervical profunda com pinçamento do fundo de saco vaginal (G2). Os dados in vitro foram submetidos a análise de variância e teste T, e a taxa de prenhez ao chi-quadrado, todos com significância de 5%. No experimento 1, maior motilidade progressiva (MP) foi observada no TC (49%) frente aos tratamentos P200 (40,9%), P500 (38,9%) e P800 (38,9%). Na MP durante o teste de termo resistência (TTR), MP após percoll (PP), integridade de acrossoma (IAC), IACPP, integridade de membrana (IM) e IMPP, não houve diferença entre os grupos. Na clivagem P800 (34,5%) foi inferior a P200 (51,2%) e P500 (50,9%), não diferindo do controle (44,3%). Conclui-se que a P500 é a mais adequada para uso com sêmen ovino, não reduzindo a viabilidade após o congelamento e proporcionando elevada taxa de clivagem após FIV heteróloga. O experimento 2 avaliou MP, MPPP e clivagem após FIV heteróloga de todos os grupos, sendo o melhor grupo comparado ao controle através de: sistema CASA, integridade de acrossoma (FITC-PSA), estabilidade de membrana (M540); integridade de cromatina (acridina orange); apoptose (anexina) e potencial de mitocôndria (mitotracker). O PSLE apresentou a maior taxa de clivagem (71,37%), evidenciando sua maior capacidade de penetração nos oócitos. Observou-se superioridade do PSLE nosparâmetros VCL (PC-163,5μm/s, PSLE-186,2μm/s) e ALH (PC-9μm, PSLE- 8,2μm) do CASA, em relação ao controle. Na citometria de fluxo, o teste da anexina revelou maior quantidade de células viáveis não apoptóticas com o PSLE (38,9%) em relação ao TC (32,1%). No experimento 3 não houve diferença na prenhez após IA superficial (33,3%) e profunda (G2 52,2%), possivelmente devido ao número reduzido de animais

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
A partir de 385 IATF realizadas em fêmeas bovinas de carne foram estudados os efeitos de diversos factores: tipo de inseminação artificial (IA), técnico de inseminação, intervalo entre a descongelação da palhinha de sémen e a deposição da dose no aparelho reprodutor da vaca, factores ambientais, número de partos e idade das vacas, intervalo parto-IA e raça na eficiência da técnica, medida objectivamente através da taxa de gestação. Todas as fêmeas foram sujeitas a um protocolo de sincronização de ovulação do tipo CO-Synch modificado, com recurso a um dispositivo intravaginal de libertação controlada de fármaco (CIDR) e gonadotrofina coriónica equina (eCG). A taxa de gestação foi calculada com base no diagnóstico de gestação, realizado através de ecografia cerca de 30 dias após a IA. Verificou-se que o tipo de IA (intracornual profunda, à entrada do corpo do útero ou cervical) não influenciou a taxa de gestação (p≥0,05), tal como o número de partos e idade da fêmea, intervalo parto-IA e a raça (p≥0,05). Os factores ambientais temperatura mínima, média e máxima, humidade relativa, velocidade do vento e precipitação também não exerceram influência na taxa de gestação (p≥0,05), tal como o índice temperatura-humidade (ITH), que relaciona temperatura e humidade relativa. Ao contrário de outros estudos, ITH>74 não foi responsável por quebras nas taxas de gestação (p≥0,05). Não foi possível estabelecer relação entre o técnico de inseminação e a eficiência da IATF em bovinos de carne (p≥0,05). Os factores intervalo descongelação-IA e traumatismo associado à IA influenciaram a taxa de gestação (p˂0,05). Concluiu-se que quanto maior o intervalo descongelação-IA, menor a probabilidade da fêmea bovina ficar gestante. Também a ocorrência de traumatismo diminuiu as hipóteses das vacas ficarem gestantes. Adicionalmente, registou-se evidência de relação entre estes dois factores.
ABSTRACT - THE EFFECT OF SOME FACTORS ON EFFICIENCY OF FIXED-TIME ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (FTAI) IN BEEF CATTLE - From 385 FTAI carried out on beef females some factors were studied like the type of artificial insemination (AI), insemination technician, interval between the thawig and the deposition of the semen on the reproductive tract of the cow (thawig-AI interval), environmental factors, parity and age of cows, calving-AI interval and breed, which may influence the fertility, measured objectively through the pregnancy rate. All bovine femals were synchronized for ovulation through a CO-Synch modified protocol, adding an intravaginal device controlled drug release (CIDR) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). The pregnancy rate was calculated on the basis of the pregnancy diagnosis, carried out through ultrasound approximately 30 days after AI. There was no difference (p≥0,05) between deep cornual inseminantion, conventional insemination (semen deposition into the uterine body) and cervical deposition. The cow age or parity, interval between calving and AI and the breed also did not influence the pregnancy rate (p≥0,05). Environmental factors like average, maximum and minimum daily temperatures, relative humidity, wind speed and precipitation also did not exert influence on the rate of pregnancy (p ≥ 0.05), as the temperature-humidity index (THI), which relates temperature and relative humidity. Unlike other studies, ITH > 74 was not responsible for decrease on the pregnancy rates (p ≥ 0.05). It had not been possible to establish if there was any relationship between the insemination technician and the efficiency of FTAI in beef cattle. The thawig-IA interval and trauma associated to AI influenced the pregnangy rate (p˂0,05). It was concluded that the higher the thawing-IA interval , the lower probability of the cow becoming pregnant. Also the occurrence of traumatic injuries didn’t favor the chances of bovine females becaming pregnant. In addition, we have found evidence of correlation between these two factors.

A inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF), juntamente com a inseminação artificial pós-cervical (IAPC), permite uma redução expressiva da mão de obra e uma melhor utilização dos machos geneticamente superiores. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência do eCG associado agonista de GnRH (buserelina) ou apenas buserelina para indução e sincronização da ovulação em porcas desmamadas e submetidos a apenas uma IATF. Um total de 495 femeas suínas desmamadas foram utilizadas, cuja detecção de estro foi realizada uma vez ao dia (07:30). As fêmeas foram divididas em três tratamentos: Controle (n = 165) - a primeira IA foi realizada no início do estro (0 h) e repetida a cada 24 h, posteriormente, durante o estro; Tratamento 2: eCG + GnRH (n = 165) – femeas receberam uma injeção intramuscular de 600 UI de eCG após o desmame, e uma injeção intramuscular de buserelina (10 μg) 86-89 h após a administração de eCG; Tratamento 3: GnRH - fêmeas receberam uma injeção intramuscular de buserelina (10 μg) 86-89 h após o desmame. Nos três grupos era realizada a exposição ao macho no dia seguinte ao desmame uma vez ao dia, e aquelas fêmeas que demostrassem estro eram retiradas dos protocolos de IATF. Os grupos tratados receberam uma única IA, 118-120 h após o desmame (30-33 h após a buserelina). A IAPC contou com doses homospérmicas (1,5 x 109 células de espermáticas/50 ml) que foram utilizadas nas femeas em todos os três tratamentos. Não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos quanto ao número de femeas em estro até o terceiro dia (P>0,05). O intervalo entre o desmame e a ovulação foi significativamente maior (P< 0,05) no grupo controle (141,5 ± 1,58 h) comparativamente aos tratamentos eCG+GnRH (133,3 ± 1,60 h) e GnRH (135,9 ± 1,57 h). As femeas do tratamento eCG+GnRH ovularam em média antes (P<0,05) em relação ao grupo GnRH (44,5 ± 1,74 vs 48,2 ± 1,73 h). A taxa de parto foi superior (P<0,05) no grupo de controle, comparativamente aos tratamentos eCG + GnRH e GnRH, mas não houve diferença (P>0,05) em leitões nascidos totais entre os tratamentos. O uso do GnRH, com ou sem a administração prévia de eCG, antecipa a ovulação nas fêmeas suínas desmamadas. Nas fêmeas tratadas com eCG+GnRH ou GnRH, há em maior percentual de fêmeas inseminadas fora do momento ideal, em relação à ovulação, o que pode prejudicar o desempenho reprodutivo, sendo necessários ajustes no momento de aplicação dos hormônios ou no momento da inseminação para estudos subsequentes.
Fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) together with post-cervical artificial insemination (PCAI), allows an expressive reduction in labor requirements and a wider use of higher indexing boars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of eCG agonist of GnRH (buserelin) or just buserelin for induction and synchronization of ovulation in weaned sows and submitted to FTAI .A total of 495 weaned sows whose estrus detection was performed once daily (07:30 A.M), starting a day after weaning. The sows were allocated into three treatment groups: Control (n=165) – the first AI was performed at estrus onset (0 h) and repeated every 24 h thereafter during estrus; Treatment 2: eCG + GnRH (n=165) – sows received an intramuscular injection of 600 UI eCG after weaning, and an intramuscular injection of buserelin (10 μg) 86-89 h after eCG administration; Treatment 3: GnRH - sows received an intramuscular injection of buserelina (10 μg) 86-89 h after weaning. . In the three groups it was performed boar exposure in the following day to weaning once a day, and those sows that demonstrated oestrus were removed from FTAI protocols. Treated groups received a single AI, 118-120 h after weaning (30-33 h after buserelin). PCAI with homospermic doses (1.5 x 109 total of sperm cells/50 ml) were respectively performed in sows in all treatment group. There were no differences (P> 0,05) in number of sows that showed oestrus until the third day between treatments. The interval between weaning and ovulation was significantly higher (P< 0,05) in the control group (141,5 ± 1,58 h) comparatively the treatments eCG+GnRH (133,3 ± 1,60 h) and GnRH (135,9 ± 1,57 h). Sows of treatment eCG+GnRH ovulated earlier (P< 0,05) comparing to the GnRH group (44,5 ± 1,74 vs 48,2 ± 1,73 h). Higher (P<0,05) farrowing rate in control group comparatively to treatments eCG+GnRH e GnRH was observed, but there were no differences (P> 0,05) in total piglets born between treatments. Use of GnRH, with or without previous administration of eCG anticipates ovulation in sows weaned, in the sows treated with eCG + GnRH or GnRH, there is a greater percentage of females inseminated outside the ideal time, with respect to ovulation, it can harm the reproductive performance, with necessary adjustments at the time of application hormones or at the time of insemination for subsequent studies.

O melhoramento genético ovino carece de uma maior conexão genética entre os rebanhos, o que pode solucionado pelo uso mais intensivo do sêmen congelado. Entretanto, com os níveis tecnológicos atualmente disponíveis o sêmen congelado apenas pode ser empregado com eficácia diretamente no útero, dependendo de sincronização de estros e mão de obra especializada para as inseminações via laparoscopia. Uma outra alternativa é o uso de sêmen congelado com 200 milhões de espermatozóides por dose com inseminações efetuadas cerca de doze horas após a identificação do estro, preconizado para a inseminação artificial dos ovinos na Noruega pelos próprios produtores. O presente ensaio consta de uma adaptação local deste modelo com o objetivo geral de verificar a viabilidade de uso da inseminação cervical superficial com sêmen ovino congelado numa dose de 0,25 ml contendo 200 x 106 de espermatozóides em palhetas de 0,50 ml após cio natural, empregando baixo uso de insumos e mão de obra semi-qualificada. As observações foram procedidas em duas propriedades no Rio Grande do Sul, incluindo 1419 ovelhas das raças Merino, Ideal e Texel. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as diferenças nas taxas de não retorno entre carneiros poderá ser minimizada através da utilização de outros métodos de análise e seleção de carneiros mais férteis após os procedimentos de congelamento/descongelamento, e, adicionalmente que a constatação de uma taxa de não retorno entre 25-35% nas distintas condições investigadas, permitem inferir que os sistemas investigados podem ser utilizados para interligar geneticamente rebanhos via uso de sêmen congelado.
A sheep improvement program depends on genetic connexion among flocks, which could be done by extensive use of frozen semen. However, nowadays-available technology just recommends the employment of frozen semen directly inside the uterine ambient through laparoscopy. Alternatively, there is a model recommended for Norway producers including frozen semen with 200 millions of sperms used in cervical superficial inseminations up to twelve hours from oestrus detection. The present essay is an local adaption of this system aiming to verify the viability of the employment of frozen semen for sheep reproduction in a volume of 0,25 ml, with 200 x 106 sperms in 0,50 ml straws, after natural oestrus, using low input resource and semi-qualified artificial insemination technicians. The observations were done in the two properties located at Rio Grande do Sul, including 1419 ewes from Merino, Ideal and Texel breeds. The results obtained indicate that the differences in non return rates among rams could be minimized by the employment of other methods of ram selection before the freezing procedures, and additionally the observed 25-35% non return rates in the distinct conditions investigated, permits to infer that the tested system could be useful to connect genetically the flocks using frozen semen.