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1
Perera, Priyan, Rajitha Lakshan Rupasinghe, Devin Weerasekera, Richard Vlosky, and Rangika Bandara. "Revisiting Forest Certification in Sri Lanka: The Forest Management and Export Wood-Based Manufacturing Sector Perspectives." Forests 13, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020179.
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There are discussions and debates surrounding forest certification in developing countries. In this study, we surveyed 50 forest-based companies in Sri Lanka (43 wood-based manufacturers and 7 plantation companies) to ascertain their participation in forest certification, current and future forest certification trends, as well as their satisfaction with the performance of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification in its economic, environmental, and social aspects, using an importance–performance analysis (IPA). Study results indicate that certified companies typically focus on exports and supplying raw materials for value-added exporters. The customer demand/signaling mechanism appears to be the primary driver of FSC certification in Sri Lanka. Forest certification was found to be helpful for companies to access new markets, keep market share, and sell products in existing markets. Results further indicate that price premiums for FSC-certified products exist, though they may not always be significant. However, certification positively influences sales volume and reduces business risks via securing continuous orders from the buyers. The IPA results further indicate that FSC certification has substantially improved company images by positioning certified companies as socially responsible businesses, while helping to create better business stakeholder relationships. FSC certification was found to have weak links in improving on-the-ground environmental performances of certified companies. Study findings have implications for the FSC certification scheme and independent certifiers, enabling them to identify the areas of FSC certification with significant performance gaps.
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Miller, Katie J., and Terry Campbell. "Forest Certification and FSC." Journal of Green Building 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.1.1.39.
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Sansalvador, M. E., and J. M. Brotons. "How environmental certification can affect the value of organizations? The case of Forest Stewardship Council certification." International Forestry Review 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820831255506.
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Forest certification appeared in the 1990's as a way to deal with forest deterioration. Currently, however, public opposition can limit its effectiveness. Business policy makers should analyze how Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification can affect the value of companies. Yet, the relation between financial performance and forest certification systems is a subject which has not been explored to a great extent, and the measures used for evaluating financial performance in published studies are not based on business valuation. In this study, Spanish companies with FSC certification are valuated under the premises of implementation and non-implementation of FSC certification. Given the uncertainty inherent in the second option, the use of fuzzy mathematics has been considered a suitable tool. According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that regardless of size or business sector, FSC certification is effective in increasing the value of companies. The pap er offers economic arguments for managers to become more environmentally responsible.
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Rotherham, Tony. "Forest management certification around the world –Progress and problems." Forestry Chronicle 87, no. 05 (October 2011): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-067.
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Certification to approved forest management standards is a recognized business practice. There are two international forest certification programs: the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). The common objective of both is to improve forest management and provide assurance to the public and customers that forest products come from sustainably managed forests and not from illegal operations. As of June 2011 there were approximately 372 million ha of certified forests around the world. There are 234 million ha of forests in 26 countries that have been certified to standards approved by PEFC. There are143 million ha of forest certified to FSC standards in 81 countries. In 20 of these countries, with101 million ha (70%), the forests have been certified to standards approved by FSC. In the remaining 61 countries, 42 million ha (30%), the forests have been certified to draft or “interim standards” that have not gone through the FSC approval process. Consumers have no way of knowing whether the wood or paper products with an FSC label are from forests certified to FSC-approved standards or to “interim standards” developed by FSC certification bodies.
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MAEZAWA, Eishi. "Forest certification-particularly about FSC." Japanese Journal of Forest Planning 34, no. 2 (2000): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20659/jjfp.34.2_105.
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Kameyama, Shohei, and Katsuaki Sugiura. "Does Differentiation by Certified Raw Wood Change the Average Price at the Tama Roundwood Market Center in Tokyo, Japan?" Forests 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030264.
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It is important to understand price premiums related to certified raw wood to predict the future of forest certifications from the perspective of forestry enterprises. We focused on identifying the trading roundwood market data in the economic center of power in Tokyo. This study aimed to clarify Tama-certified raw wood prices under the local area certification scheme, forest-certified raw wood prices, and the handling volumes at the Tama Roundwood Market Center in Tokyo. Sales details of the Tama Roundwood Market Center were used to identify the handling volumes, Tama-certified raw wood prices, and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) or SGEC (Japan-specific Sustainable Green Ecosystem Council)-certified raw wood prices. The FSC and SGEC have operated from the center since 2016. Data were collected from the 2006–2018 fiscal years. Our results showed that the volume of raw wood handled increased due to the regeneration-cutting project conducted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. On the other hand, there was no price premium for Tama-certified raw wood under the local certification scheme or for FSC- or SGEC-certified raw wood. Price premiums for forest certifications are necessary for ongoing sustainable forest management. There is a need to increase consumer awareness of forest certifications and to differentiate quality certifications further, and these would likely create price premiums.
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Gutierrez Garzon, Alba Rocio, Pete Bettinger, Jacek Siry, Jesse Abrams, Chris Cieszewski, Kevin Boston, Bin Mei, Hayati Zengin, and Ahmet Yeşil. "A Comparative Analysis of Five Forest Certification Programs." Forests 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080863.
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International expansion of forest certification programs has occurred over the last three decades. Both public and private organizations have shown increased interest in becoming certified by one or more forest certification bodies, to assure the public that forest resources are managed adequately in sustaining forest health and socio-economic viability. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) program is globally used as a benchmark to implement forest certification at the national and regional levels. The Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI) and the American Tree Farm System (ATFS) are also used throughout the United States. In Europe, individual countries such as Bulgaria and Turkey have also developed national forest certification programs. The SFI, ATFS and Bulgarian programs are further endorsed by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). The results of a qualitative analysis comparing the FSC forest certification program with the SFI, the ATFS, and the two European national programs (Bulgarian and Turkish) suggest that differences in these programs are not necessarily related to their language, but to the level of detail and prescriptiveness of each program. We find that the FSC is much more detailed and prescriptive in nearly all aspects considered for forest certification. In particular, we find that most of the elements considered in the FSC Principle 6 (Environmental Impact) are either only superficial, or not addressed at all, in the other four programs. Furthermore, the other programs appear to be less comprehensive and detailed in the substance of the FSC monitoring and assessment principles. In a few areas, the Turkish program requires more quantitative indicators for assessing forest management than the other programs. Though a comparison of the legal framework related to forest management in each of the studied countries was briefly introduced, our study focuses on the certification schemes themselves; it may contribute to policy discussions in the future development and implementation of other certification programs.
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Pezdevšek Malovrh, Špela, Dženan Bećirović, Bruno Marić, Jelena Nedeljković, Stjepan Posavec, Nenad Petrović, and Mersudin Avdibegović. "Contribution of Forest Stewardship Council Certification to Sustainable Forest Management of State Forests in Selected Southeast European Countries." Forests 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080648.
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In recent decades, the concept of forest certification under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has been widely adopted in selected Southeast European countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia). As sustainability is traditionally recognised as a leading principle in the forest management doctrine in these countries, the aim of this study was to understand whether, and how, FSC forest certification contributes to the sustainable management of state forests. The research was carried out in two phases. First, in order to assess forest management compliance with FSC standard, non-conformities for the period 2014–2018, identified in audit Public Summary Reports, were analysed in all public companies that managed state-owned forests in selected countries. Further, in-depth, semi-structured interviews with the professionals responsible for forest certification in these companies were conducted (n = 11) to determine the contribution of forest certification to the economic, ecological, and social aspects of sustainable forest management. In total, 185 non-conformities were analysed. The results showed that FSC certification was successful in addressing certain problems in forest management practices and contributed to sustainable forest management, mainly covering social and ecological issues. The most frequently identified non-conformities were those related to FSC Principle 4 Community relations and worker’s rights (32.3% of all non-conformities) and Principle 6 Environmental impact (30.4% of all non-conformities). The contribution of FSC certification to sustainable forest management is mainly reflected in the following aspects: Worker’s rights; health and safety of employees; availability of appropriate personal protective equipment; consultation with local people and interest groups; awareness of environmental impacts of forestry operations; waste disposal and storage of fuel; improving the image of forest companies and maintenance of high-conservation-value forests. The majority of non-conformities were minor and required procedural changes to be closed. Moreover, there are no statistically significant differences between the countries with regard to the number of non-conformities for all principles. It can be concluded that FSC certification, as a market-driven mechanism, plays an important role by influencing forest management practices and business operations of public forest companies in a positive manner.
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Баурина and Svetlana Baurina. "Quality Management at the Russian Timber Enterprises in Compliance with FSC Standards." Economics of the Firm 2, no. 3 (February 4, 2014): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2487.
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Peculiarities of quality management at the timber industry enterprises of this
country based on FSC standards are considered. Practical experience of
implementing FSC voluntary forest certification in Russia is analyzed. Geography
of Russia’s certified forests is presented. Current system of state forest
certification in Russia is briefly characterized and the prospects of its development
are outlined.
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Nukpezah, Daniel, Dieudonne Alemagi, Lalisa Duguma, Peter Minang, Charlie Mbosso, and Zac Tchoundjeu. "An Examination of Forest Certification Status among Logging Companies in Cameroon." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (December 31, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/323014.
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This paper assesses the level of interest, awareness, and adoption of ISO 14001 and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification schemes among logging companies in Cameroon. Eleven logging companies located in Douala in the Littoral Region of Cameroon were assessed through a structured interview using an administered questionnaire which was mostly analyzed qualitatively thereafter. The findings indicated that none of the companies was certified for ISO 14001; however 63.64% of them were already FSC-certified. Four companies (36.36%) were neither FSC- nor ISO 14001 EMS-certified. Among the factors found to influence the adoption rate was the level of awareness about ISO 14001 and FSC certification schemes. The main drivers for pursuing FSC certification were easy penetration into international markets, tax holiday benefits, and enhancement of corporate image of the logging companies through corporate social responsibility fulfillments. Poor domestic market for certified products was found to be the major impediment to get certified. To make logging activities more environmentally friendly and socially acceptable, logging companies should be encouraged to get certified through the ISO 14001 EMS scheme which is almost nonexistent so far. This requires awareness creation about the scheme, encouraging domestic markets for certified products and creating policy incentives.
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Cashore, Benjamin, Elizabeth Egan, Graeme Auld, and Deanna Newsom. "Revising Theories of Nonstate Market-Driven (NSMD) Governance: Lessons from the Finnish Forest Certification Experience." Global Environmental Politics 7, no. 1 (February 2007): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.1.1.
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We assess the ability of Cashore, Auld, and Newsom's theoretical framework on “Nonstate Market-Driven” (NSMD) governance to explain the emergence of and support for forest certification in Finland. In contrast to Sweden's experience, the environmental group-initiated international forest certification program, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), failed to gain significant support. Instead, the commercial forest sector created and adopted the Finnish Forest Certification Program, which domestic and international environmental groups ultimately rejected as inadequate. The NSMD framework must better incorporate two key findings. First, the dependence of international markets on the targeted country's forest products can shape domestic certification choices. We found that the largely non-substitutable qualities of Finnish paper products gave the domestic sector greater leeway in responding to international pressures. Second, whether the FSC is being championed primarily to influence a country's domestic forestry debates or indirectly as a lever with which to improve forest practices elsewhere appears to permeate the forest sector's overall receptiveness to the FSC.
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Halalisan, Aureliu, Ioan Abrudan, and Bogdan Popa. "Forest Management Certification in Romania: Motivations and Perceptions." Forests 9, no. 7 (July 15, 2018): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9070425.
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Forestland privatization and transition to a market economy triggered important changes in the Romanian forest sector, imposing challenges for forest management structures. Voluntary forest management certification has been considered a possible solution; therefore, the certified forest area has increased rapidly regardless of the land owner. The purpose of this study is to provide an insight into the certification process. It presents the result of a survey applied to 417 forest management structures in Romania, which was intended to identify the perception of their managers regarding the reasons to adopt certification, the changes determined by the certification, the problems during the process, and the benefits. The study reveals the difference in perception among different types of forest management structures. Non-state management structures voluntarily adopted FSC certification, mainly aiming to obtain economic advantages. Most of the respondents indicated important changes in the consultation with stakeholders including local communities, transparency and clear records, the use of chemicals, and biodiversity protection. Although the FSC certification was not perceived as solving issues like illegal logging, there is a general perception that it improved forest management. The study concludes that the FSC certification proves the willingness of the Romanian forest management sector to cope with the market and trends and clarify its position in society.
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Masters, Megan, Anna Tikina, and Bruce Larson. "Forest certification audit results as potential changes in forest management in Canada." Forestry Chronicle 86, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc86455-4.
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An analysis of CSA, FSC, and SFI audit conditions was conducted identifying areas requiring operational changes to obtain certification. Audit reports for each standard differed in both number and focus of requirements. The FSC audits required more changes in environmental, social and economic themes, while CSA and SFI audit reports emphasized changes in management systems and aquatic ecosystems management. Although not a guarantee of changes in operations and management, the audit conditions point towards areas where forest certification can potentially have impacts on forest management.Key words: forest certification, standards, audit conditions, forest management
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Gullison, R. E. "Does forest certification conserve biodiversity?" Oryx 37, no. 2 (April 2003): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605303000346.
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Forest certification provides a means by which producers who meet stringent sustainable forestry standards can identify their products in the marketplace, allowing them to potentially receive greater market access and higher prices for their products. An examination of the ways in which certification may contribute to biodiversity conservation leads to the following conclusions: 1) the process of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification generates improvements to management with respect to the value of managed forests for biodiversity. 2) Current incentives are not sufficient to attract the majority of producers to seek certification, particularly in tropical countries where the costs of improving management to meet FSC guidelines are significantly greater than any market benefits they may receive; available incentives are even less capable of convincing forest owners to retain forest cover and produce certified timber on a sustainable basis, rather than deforesting their lands for timber and agriculture. 3) At present, current volumes of certified forest products are insufficient to reduce demand to log high conservation value forests. If FSC certification is to make greater inroads, particularly in tropical countries, significant investments will be needed both to increase the benefits and reduce the costs of certification. Conservation investors will need to carefully consider the biodiversity benefits that will be generated from such investments, versus the benefits generated from investing in more traditional approaches to biodiversity conservation.
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Fagundes, Camila, Dusan Schreiber, Moema Pereira Nunes, and Maria Eduarda Fernandes. "Perception of Brazilian Companies on the Potential and Concrete Benefits Resulting from the FSC Certification." Forests 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121622.
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Concern with the adequate use of natural resources has increased the relevance of products certifications in the wood supply chain, especially in companies established in Brazil, the cradle of one of the largest forest reserves. This study investigates the perception of companies on the potential and concrete benefits resulting from the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification. To achieve this, a multiple case study was carried out with data triangulation through semi-structured interviews, documentary research and non-participant observation. Four FSC certified industries established in Brazil were analyzed. The results showed that of the four companies participating in the study, only one did not achieve the desired economic benefits, whereas all organizations accomplished the advantages of the other areas of sustainability, both the social and environmental.
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Ab Talib, Mohamed Syazwan. "Motivations and benefits of halal food safety certification." Journal of Islamic Marketing 8, no. 4 (November 13, 2017): 605–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-08-2015-0063.
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Purpose This paper aims to review the motivation and benefits of implementing halal food safety certification (HFSC) from the upstream perspectives. Food safety certification (FSC) has long been a prevailing issue in the field of food safety research. However, there remains a general paucity of research in religion-specific form of FSC, such as the HFSC. At present, the limited existing studies on HFSC focus on the demand side, but studies on the supply side are scarce and largely inconclusive. The review is further scrutinised by addressing the internal and external motivations and benefits of HFSC. Design/methodology/approach The explanatory and general review of this paper is based on an extensive literature review in FSC as well as the author’s personal reflections on past research in halal certification. Findings The internal motivations concern a firm’s internal processes, people and the available resources, while the external motivations relate to a firm’s external elements such as government intervention and market pressure. A firm can reap the internal benefits, such as improved product quality, or enjoy the external benefits of better marketing and larger market shares. Originality/value The paper offers unique acumens and advances of a less-researched side of the halal food chain. It also compiles the conclusions of FSC research that could have a significant bearing on the internal and external impetuses and advantages of HFSC.
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Ahlgren, Lennart. "AssiDomän's view of FSC and forestry certification." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73451-4.
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Basso, V. M., L. A. G. Jacovine, A. M. B. Nardelli, R. R. Alves, E. V. Silva, M. L. Silva, and B. G. Andrade. "FSC forest management certification in the Americas." International Forestry Review 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554818822824219.
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Nicorescu, Adelin-Ionuț, Aureliu-Florin Hălălișan, Bogdan Popa, and Nikolay Neykov. "Challenges for FSC Forest Certification: Audits in the Context of Pandemic COVID-19." Forests 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12080997.
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The COVID-19 pandemic caused economic difficulties for companies in forestry as well as significant issues for entities dealing with Chain of Custody (CoC) certification. Global certification schemes, like FSC and PEFC, based on some preventive provisions in their procedural frame, developed new approaches and derogations to maintain quality evaluation and the power of standards. Arising from COVID-19 restrictions, postponed audits (and the extension of the validity of existing certifications) or remote auditing became increasingly common. Based on a survey applied to companies that had CoC FSC audits in 2020, this study aimed at evaluating the perceptions of companies regarding the audits performed under COVID pandemic procedural derogations, along with other research objectives like the continuous investigation of certification drivers or advantages. Companies indicated that the certification bodies explained the characteristics of pandemic-adapted audits and conducted risk assessments before choosing the adapted approach. Almost half of the companies perceived significant differences between the on-site previous audits and the audits performed during the pandemic due to the imposed restrictions and adapted approaches. Additionally, companies found that hybrid or remote audits are not so efficient, and for the future on-site audits are preferred. The study concluded that making the auditing procedures less interactional is not yet a sufficiently mature approach; there is a clear need for better procedures, building online tools usage capacity, to better communicate the specificity of such procedures better, and to better balance the online evaluations with on-site assessments.
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Lukashevich, Victor, Ilya Shegelman, Aleksey Vasilyev, and Mariia Lukashevich. "Forest certification in Russia: development, current state and problems." Forestry Journal 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2016-0006.
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Abstract The article analyzes the development of voluntary forest certification by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) system in Russia. The article is based on the review of diverse information sources, analysis of the reports of timber processing enterprises, personal observations during certification audits, discussions in workgroups, and information collected at training courses. We evaluated the present state of voluntary forest certification in Russia, analyzed non-compliances of the activity of Russian wood processing enterprises with the national standard FSC-STD-RUS-V6-1-2012 and indicated possible reasons for non-fulfillment of the requirements. We also presented problems in the development of forest certification in Russia and possible ways for its further development. By the end of 2015, about 40 million hectares were certified, approximately 160 certificates were issued on forest management and 440 certificates on chain of custody. The 6th principle of the national forest management standard is the most problematic for logging enterprises. The principle concerns the requirements on the evaluation of impact of enterprise’s activity on the environment. About 40% of non-compliances identified by auditors referred to the indicators of the 6th principle. We argue that the main problems of forest certification development in Russia are contradictions between the principles and the criteria of FSC and the requirements of Russian forest legislation, retention of biodiversity and high conservation value forests, lack of economic incentives for introduction and implementation of certification requirements, and high cost of audits. Despite the existing problems, the certification remains one of the most important instruments for achieving sustainable forest management in Russia.
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Brülhart, Stefan, Bernhard Pauli, and Larissa Peter. "Kosten und Nutzen der Waldzertifizierung für die Schweizer Waldeigentümer | Costs and benefits of forest certification for Swiss forest owners." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 162, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2011.0002.
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Sustainability certification has been carried out in Switzerland for forestry and wood processing chains according to the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes (PEFC) for over ten years. However forest owners are unsure whether the resulting benefits justify the costs involved in forest certification. The Forestry Department of the Swiss College of Agriculture (SHL) in Zollikofen has been commissioned by various associations and organisations to analyse the situation. The aim of the study was to take stock of the situation from the point of view of forest owners, and undertake forward-looking strategic considerations with respect to forest certification. Today more than a third of Swiss forests are PEFC/FSC-doubly-certified. In comparison to countries outside of Switzerland, the penetration of forest certification with FSC is considerably greater than in neighbouring countries, in which the PEFC label dominates. There is currently a significant oversupply of certified wood on the Swiss market. At the same time, it must be noted that it is rare that extra earnings can be realised with certified wood. On the basis of this situation, six strategic options for action have been identified with regard to the future positioning of forest owners. These can impact on the costs of certification, possible market access and revenue from sales, or on the ecological image. The results of the study should offer Swiss forest owners and their associations the necessary information to enable them to define their future strategy for forest certification.
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Tricallotis, M., P. Kanowski, and N. Gunningham. "The drivers and evolution of competing forest certification schemes in the Chilean forestry industry." International Forestry Review 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 516–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554819827906870.
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Forest certification was introduced to Chile twenty years ago, to promote sustainable forest management, address the degradation of natural forests, and ameliorate social issues associated with an economically-successful industrial plantation forestry industry. Adoption of certification in Chile offers an informative case study of competition between the two international schemes, FSC and the PEFC-endorsed CERTFOR. This qualitative study explores the reasons why forestry businesses in each of the plantation and native forestry sectors sought, promoted and maintained certification under one or both schemes. Results show that their motivations to adopt and maintain a particular certification scheme depend not only on market access or social licence to operate but also on contextual factors, including the structure of the forest industry and historical land tenure disputes. The current situation reflects the history of certification: notwithstanding that the schemes have converged, the FSC still dominates the SFM discourse, but Chile's forestry industry has maintained CERTFOR for political reasons.
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Ptichnikov, A. V. "Market based forest conservation opportunities." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019697-106.
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Forests of Russia have global ecological significance. They include huge massive of boreal forests, almost a quarter of global area of intact forest landscapes. The global role of Russian forests in inhibition of aridization and land degradation is well known. Development of representative system of forest protection is one of the main tasks of Russian Federation in implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity obligations. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 20112020 and the Aichi Strategic Goals plan protection of no less than 17% of terrestrial ecosystems area to the 2020, especially the sites of high significance for biodiversity and ecosystem services. The main forest protection mechanisms are protected natural areas (PNA), forests with protective functions, and protective sites (PS). PNA contains around 7% of forest covered area. Forests with protective functions make up around 16% of forest covered areas, but the management regimes of many types of such forests are not conforming to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Many of forests with protective functions are under lease for forest management. Since recently the significance of voluntary Forest Stewardship council (FSC) certification for biodiversity conservation is increasing. The standards of FSC certification require from forest companies to implement protection and appropriate use of high conservation value forests (HCVF). Totally there are 46 mln ha of FSC certified forests in Russia, from them around 56 mln ha of HCVF received additional protection from certification. One of the most important categories of HCVF are intact forest landscapes (IFLs). Around 1 mln ha of IFLs are protected as the result of forest certification, providing significant input into Convention on Biological Diversity. For 35 FSC certified companies the share of identified HCVFs with nature conservation regimes in their leased forests is comparable with the average share of PNAs (without certification) on the regional or district level. The main output of the research is that the role of voluntary forest certification for enhancing the system of forest protection in Russia is increasing, which receives worldwide recognition.
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Basso, V. M., B. G. Andrade, L. A. G. Jacovine, E. V. Silva, R. R. Alves, and A. M. B. Nardelli. "Forest management certification in the Americas: difficulties in complying with the requirements of the FSC system." International Forestry Review 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820829403478.
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'Forest management' aims to maintain forests as producers of goods and services, while ensuring their conservation for future generations. Forest certification has become one of the most widely used mechanisms to encourage and recognize this 'forest stewardship', with the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) among the most well-known systems worldwide. FSC is widely used in several Management Units on the American Continent, which is home to large forest areas. Therefore, we evaluated the main difficulties in complying with the principles of the FSC standard in 18 American countries based on verification of non-conformities generated in the process. The data were obtained from information contained in the certification audit reports available on the FSC official website, covering all organizations with valid certificates from 1995 to 2013. We found that the United States presented the lowest mean of non-conformities per audit, which may indicate better capacity of managers to implement practices of its forestry activities. Regarding the deviation type, the United States and Canada presented higher indices in relation to the adequacy of the environmental impacts (P6) of their activities. Meanwhile, the greatest non-conformities in the Central and South America countries occurred in the labor and social area (P4), followed by environmental issues (P6). All organizations presented some type of non-compliance with the criteria set by the FSC and needed to adapt. The major difficulties encountered were related to compliance with environmental requirements. The need to implement corrective actions to maintain the certificate demonstrates a change of management influenced by the forest certification process, thus contributing to minimizing socio-environmental impacts resulting from forest operations.
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Chan, Sander, and Philipp Pattberg. "Private Rule-Making and the Politics of Accountability: Analyzing Global Forest Governance." Global Environmental Politics 8, no. 3 (August 2008): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2008.8.3.103.
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Private rule-making features prominently on the research agenda of International Relations scholars today. The field of forest politics in particular has proven to be a lively arena for experimenting with novel policies (for example, third party certification and labeling) and procedures (for example, power-sharing in stakeholder bodies). This article focuses on the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), one of the earliest and most institutionalized private certification schemes, in order to assess the role and relevance of accountability politics for global forest governance. Specifically, we ask three related questions: first, what role did a deepening accountability crisis and the resulting reconstruction of accountability play in the formation of the FSC? Second, how is accountability organized within the FSC? And finally, what accountability outcomes emerge as a result of the FSC's policies and operations? The article closes with some reflections about the limitations of private-based accountability in global environmental politics.
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Gulbrandsen, Lars H. "Overlapping Public and Private Governance: Can Forest Certification Fill the Gaps in the Global Forest Regime?" Global Environmental Politics 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152638004323074200.
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This article investigates whether forest certification (eco-labeling) is likely to rectify certain omissions in the current global forest regime. Following an examination of the achievements and shortcomings of the forest regime to date, I argue that gaps could be filled by including a broad range of stakeholders in certification standards development; promoting strong environmental and social performance standards in forestry; providing effective control mechanisms; securing producer participation; and penetrating markets. Although the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) was considered initially to have the greatest potential to fill these gaps, the emergence and widespread proliferation of industry-dominated schemes have marginalized the FSC in many countries. The study shows that while forest certification would probably promote more sustainable forestry in the temperate and boreal zones than it would in the tropical zone, the ability of this tool to actually do so remains to be seen.
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HALALISAN, Aureliu Florin, Florin IORAS, Henn KORJUS, Mersudin AVDIBEGOVIC, Bruno MARIC, Spela PEZDVESEK MALOVRH, and Ioan Vasile ABRUDAN. "An Analysis of Forest Management Non-Conformities to FSC Standards in Different European Countries." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 44, no. 2 (December 14, 2016): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha44210263.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the most frequent non-conformities identified in different European countries in the processes of forest management certification according to FSC standards. A total of 31 active certificates from five countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Estonia, Romania, Slovenia and the United Kingdom) were analysed, including all active certificates (as of 1st of June 2014) from three countries along with a sample of 13 FSC certificates issued in the UK and one certificate covering 95% of the certified forest area in Slovenia. 253 non-conformities in relation to FSC standard requirements were identified as formulated by the audit teams and the most frequently identified non-conformities in the certification process were those related to Principle 6 - Environmental impact (34%), Principle 4 - Community relations and worker’s rights (17%) and Principle 8 - Monitoring and Assessment (13%). A slight positive correlation was noticed between the FSC certified area and the total number of non-conformities, with a closer link in the case of Principle 9 - Maintenance of high conservation value forests, and Principle 4. The non-conformities related to Principles 4, 6 and 9 appeared to be significantly influenced in occurrence by country development; less often in the UK compared with the other four countries.
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Debkov, Nikita. "ALLOCATION OF REPRESENTATIVE SITES OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS WITHIN FSC CERTIFICATION." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.1/3.
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Voluntary forest certification is a widespread mechanism of a market economy aimed at balancing economic, environmental and social interests. The article provides a methodology for identifying representative areas of forest ecosystems when forming a network of protected areas that form the ecological framework of the leased area. As an example, we took a logging company that leases two forest plots in Chebulinsky forestry of the Kemerovo region with different characteristics of the forest fund and the history of forest use. Based on the basic requirements of the current FSC forest management standard, a methodology for identifying representative sites has been developed. As a result of its application, it was found that in the area with more intensive forest management, 41% of the forest types present in the entire forestry area are found, despite its smaller area (3837 hectares). It is 21% on a larger, but less transformed and fragmented plot (5224 ha). It was revealed that the share of the frequent forest types (with the occurrence above 1%), which is 18%, is common for both leased plots. The area of representative plots is also approximately the same - 4.16 and 3.79%, respectively. It is noteworthy that frequent types of forests are already present in sufficient quantities in the network of protective forests and especially protective areas in production forests. But rare forest types, as a rule, are slightly represented in them. It enables us to conclude that it is important to form a network of representative sites in forest certification. It has been established that both coniferous and deciduous stands fall into rare forest ecosystems. The average area under allotment in the older cultivated leased plot is 8.8 hectares (with a variation from 0.8 to 55.0 hectares), and in less cultivated - 13.3 hectares (with a variation from 1.8 to 28.7 hectares), which is quite logical. However, in the first leased area, only 9%, and in the second - 6% of representative areas have an area of over 20 ha, which is accepted as a threshold in several countries
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Auld, Graeme, and Lars H. Gulbrandsen. "Transparency in Nonstate Certification: Consequences for Accountability and Legitimacy." Global Environmental Politics 10, no. 3 (August 2010): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00016.
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Nonstate certification programs have formed in the past 20 years to address social and environmental problems associated with production practices in several economic sectors. These programs embody the idea that information disclosure can be a tool for NGOs, investors, governments, and consumers to support high performers and hence, advocates hope, place upward pressure on sector-wide practices. Many unanswered questions remain, however, about information disclosure's practices and outcomes. We compare the use of procedural and outcome transparency in the rule-making and auditing processes of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). We highlight key differences in how transparency relates to accountability and legitimacy of the programs. The MSC uses transparency and stakeholder consultation instrumentally, whereas the FSC treats them as ends unto themselves. This underscores the importance of considering transparency alongside other governance aspects, such as who the eligible stakeholders are and who gets decision-making power.
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Arifianto, Chandra Fitra, and Veritia. "CO-OP’S Roles in Community Economic Development in Kulon Progo, Indonesia." Journal of Business and Economic Analysis 02, no. 01 (January 2019): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2737566821900052.
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The purpose of this research is to analyse the role of Koperasi Wana Lestari Menoreh (KWLM) in implementing certification, the role in Community Economic Development and the role of external parties to develop the KWLM it-self. This research is qualitative with a case study method at KWLM with five subjects as a member of KWLM and five subjects as a non-member of KWLM. Interviews were conducted in-depth using semi-structured questions. Data and information use key informants and reviewed by several experts. This study concludes that, first, KWLM has met FSC certification standards in accordance with the demands of the world market and consumers. Next, regarding community economic development, there are several principles according to Bruce (2001) that need to be improved in KWLM including the need for a comprehensive strategy, building human resources, building local capacity, integrating economic objectives, and empowering communities. Finally, the role of external parties, namely PT. Solusi Bisnis Indonesia (SOBI) is needed for the continuation of KWLM. Especially in bridging the certification process (FSC and SVLK) forest products and marketing KWLM member timber.
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Bowler, Kathryn, Pavel Castka, and Michaela Balzarova. "Understanding Firms’ Approaches to Voluntary Certification: Evidence from Multiple Case Studies in FSC Certification." Journal of Business Ethics 145, no. 2 (October 13, 2015): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2880-1.
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Paluš, Hubert, Ján Parobek, Rastislav Šulek, Ján Lichý, and Jaroslav Šálka. "Understanding Sustainable Forest Management Certification in Slovakia: Forest Owners’ Perception of Expectations, Benefits and Problems." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2018): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072470.
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Forest certification as a voluntary verification tool has been providing an independent assessment of sustainable forestry practices and thus confidence in sustainability benchmarks for over 20 years. Using either the international or national approaches and initiatives, two main forest certification systems, PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), have spread in a number of countries worldwide. The specifics of local conditions in the forestry sector have to be taken into account when implementing the certification context in a given country or a region. Apart from the natural conditions, institutional structure, or legislative framework, it is also the local and national stakeholders and their perception of this issue that provides the background for the implementation of the certification criteria. The main objective of this study is to examine the general understanding of the certification concept as an environmental, economic, and social tool, and to determine the incentives of forest owners in Slovakia for sustainable forest management (SFM) certification. In addition, the benefits and problems arising from participation in certification were identified and differences reflecting the ownership structure of forests, size of forest area, and participation in a particular certification programme were analysed. Results indicate that certified forest owners, unlike non-certified, demonstrated a high level of understanding of the SFM certification concept. Certified entities mainly consider forest certification as their commitment to environmental responsibility and a tool for improving external company image, promoting sustainable utilisation of forest resources, and improving forest management practices. The main benefits are linked to the possibility to demonstrate forest management practices, a better understanding of the forest management concept, and improvement of forest management practices. PEFC users perceive more benefits following from certification; the most important are those associated with non-economic values, while FSC-certified forest owners perceive mainly economic benefits connected to market penetration, increased sales volume, and potential price premiums. The key problems associated with certification relate to duties to ensure compliance with certification criteria by contractors and administrative difficulties. Respondents reported minimum price premiums for the sale of their certified timber. Additionally, the findings of the study pointed out that a nationally developed certification system can better recognise the roles and objectives of forest certification in the context of forest policy.
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Bhattarai, B. P., R. M. Kunwar, and R. Kc. "Forest certification and FSC standard initiatives in collaborative forest management system in Nepal." International Forestry Review 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554819827906852.
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The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) principles and criteria have been implemented in over 80 community forests in Nepal over the last decade. However, the total size of community forests certified under the FSC certification is relatively small (0.1% of the total area of the country), which limits the overall benefits they can provide to the surrounding communities. The national government has instituted the Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) initiative to maintain forest connectivity and give local communities jurisdiction over the nearby forests that they and their ancestor have lived with and managed for many generations. The CFM policies strive to ensure the restoration of large and continuous patches of forest, equitable benefit sharing of forest products and good governance, yet these policies do not certify the forests as sustainably managed, and thus cannot provide increased prices on the international market for products from these forests. Two collaborative forests were assessed in the Tarai region of Nepal to understand how well these community managed forests already follow the FSC principles and where changes must be made for these forests to be certified in the future. Field observations were undertaken, focus group discussions held, and semi-structured interviews carried out in order to understand current management practices in these two collaborative managed forests. Findings showed that the CFM helped improve biodiversity and benefit sharing from the forest amongst the wide range of communities. Collaboratively managed forests and FSC principles were shown to have complementary objectives: to sustain forests, strengthen forest governance and conserve indigenous species and knowledge, and it is argued that these plans can be synchronized for the benefit of both forests and people.
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Debkov, N. M., and A. S. Il’intsev. "Assessment of Sustainable Forestry within the FSC Voluntary Forest Certification Scheme." Bulletin of Higher Educational Institutions. Lesnoi Zhurnal (Forestry journal), no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn0536-1036.2017.6.23.
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Sugiura, K., and Y. Konohira. "Features of Evaluations of FSC Certification Bodies: Analysis of Certification Results of 17 Japanese Forests." Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 87, no. 3 (2005): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.87.241.
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Wilson, Bill, Takuya Takahashi, and Ilan Vertinsky. "The Canadian commercial forestry perspective on certification: National survey results." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77309-2.
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Certification has rather quickly emerged to become an important element within the response amalgam to public concerns about the sustainability of commercial forestry. This paper presents the results of a national survey designed to examine the attitudes of Canadian forest companies toward the various certification vehicles and the underlying basis for those attitudes. Included are the ISO 14001, CSA, FSC and FORESTCARE vehicles. The results, which include responses from 117 companies, confirm a recognized need to achieve forest certification and that the appropriate certification vehicle remains unsettled. It is also clear that the forest industry does not expect a price premium to accrue from any of the vehicles. Instead, the main reason for certification is to secure continued access to public forest lands through improved public acceptance of forest management and reduced pressure from environmental groups. Key words: forest certification, sustainable forest management, criteria and indicators
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Referowska-Chodak, Ewa. "Protection of biodiversity in FSC and PEFC certification systems vs the legal nature protection in Poland." Forest Research Papers 71, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10111-010-0025-y.
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Sulistyowati, Sri, and Sudharto P. Hadi. "The existence of High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF) in Perum Perhutani KPH Kendal to support Implementation of FSC Certification." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 08019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183108019.
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High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF) is the identification of High Conservation Values that are important and need to be protected. Under FSC certification mechanism, HCVF becomes one of Principles and Criteria to attain certification. In this study, we identify the existence of HCVF in Perum Perhutani KPH Kendal to support implementation process of FSC certification. Qualitative method was conducted through observation and secondary data from Perum Perhutani KPH Kendal. Data analysis showed through ecolabel certification, Perum Perhutani KPH Kendal has been identified HCVF area covering 2,715.5 hectares consists of HCV 1 until 6. Secondary Natural Forest (HAS) Subah and Kaliwungu for Ulolanang and Pagerwunung Nature Reserve buffer zone include as HCV 1.1, conservation area of leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Pangolin (Manis javanica).for HCV 1.2, conservation area of lutung (Trachypiyhecus auratus) as endemic species for CITES App I and Critically Endangered species include as HCV 1.3, Goa kiskendo for bats species habitat include as HCV 1.4, regions of interest species for Deer (Cervus timorensis) and Kepodang (Oriolus chinensis) as HCV 2.3, Germplasm Protection Region/ KPPN area with high biodiversity include as HCV 3, river border area and water springs for HCV 4. While, utilization of firewood, grass for cattle fodder include as HCV 5 and 14 cultural sites include as HCV 6. From monitoring and evaluation of HCVF data, showed that in 2011-2015 the level of diversity for flora and fauna were increased.
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Derbin-, Vasiliy, and Mihail Derbin. "Experience of certification on FSC system at the enterprises of a forest complex." Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 2, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4375.
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HAYAMI, Tohru. "Why and how I challenged the first FSC certification in Japan." Japanese Journal of Forest Planning 34, no. 2 (2000): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20659/jjfp.34.2_127.
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Bloomfield, Michael John. "Is Forest Certification a Hegemonic Force? The FSC and its Challengers." Journal of Environment & Development 21, no. 4 (June 17, 2012): 391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496512449822.
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Cochard, Roland, Bien Thanh Vu, and Dung Tri Ngo. "Acacia Plantation Development and the Configuration of Tree Farmers’ Agricultural Assets and Land Management—A Survey in Central Vietnam." Land 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10121304.
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Since 1990 acacia-based tree plantations have fast expanded in Vietnam, now supporting a multi-billion-dollar export-oriented wood industry which is transforming from woodchip production to value-added products. Within this dynamic context, tree farmer associations have started to produce sawlogs under FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) certification. In this paper, we retrace the development of plantation assets, investigating farmers’ current livelihoods and land management, specifically considering various aspects of sustainability. We interviewed 180 tree farmers in three districts (lowland–upland regions) of Thừa Thiên Huế Province, including sawlog producers with and without FSC and smallholder producers of woodchips. Acacia planting in ‘barren lands’ was initiated through state programs in the 1990s (low-/midlands) and 2010s (uplands). Farmers now producing FSC sawlogs were among the first to gain forestland tenure; they now own large plantations (on good terrain), are in tune with policies and maintain resources/capacities to adopt management in line with FSC standards. Yet, most farmers also retain plots for easy-to-manage and low-risk woodchip production. Soil/vegetation conservation depends on farmers’ status/capacities and environmental awareness; FSC membership added economic-political benefits. Findings are discussed within a regional historic context. Plantations contribute to economic development, but issues persist/emerged in terms of land equity and environmental governance, risks (e.g., plant pathogens), and spaces/impetus for farm-based innovation and adaptiveness.
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Referowska-Chodak, Ewa. "The effectiveness of biodiversity protection given by FSC and PEFC certification systems in the context of forest management in Poland." Forest Research Papers 71, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10111-010-0038-6.
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Hălălișan, Aureliu-Florin, Bogdan Popa, Iñaki Heras-Saizarbitoria, Olivier Boiral, Germán Arana-Landín, Adelin-Ionuț Nicorescu, and Ioan Vasile Abrudan. "Procedural Factors Influencing Forest Certification Audits: An Empirical Study in Romania." Forests 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020172.
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In the recent decades, forest certification based on third-party external audits has gained momentum. This type of certification has been developed as a monitoring tool aimed at improving governance in corporate environmental management and differentiating products in the increasing environmentally sensitive markets. Although the scholarly literature has extensively analyzed the adoption and dissemination of forest certification, the findings of the external audits and certification practices remain under researched. On the basis of the analysis of 105 audit reports issued by accredited third-party certification bodies in Romania, this article sheds light on procedural factors that have significant influence on the characteristics of non-conformities (NCs) identified by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) third party audits. Our research offers empirical evidence that certain procedural factors such as the type of assessment, auditing days, number of auditors, or the presence of foreign members in an audit team have a significant influence on the auditing process outcomes: number and grade of non-conformities, standard references, or methods of NC detection. The study opens interesting new lines of research—the influence of procedural or other types of contextual factors on certification outcomes—and provides indications on the effectiveness of the certification procedures and guidelines in certification process quality assurance.
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Wiyono, Wiyono, Silvi Nur Oktalina, and Rochmat Hidayat. "Analisis Rantai Pemasaran Kayu Sertfikasi FSC Di Kabupaten Kulon Progo." Jurnal Nasional Teknologi Terapan (JNTT) 2, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jntt.39167.
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Forest certification is a market-based policy instrument aimed to ensuring that any traded timber is legal and derived from sustainably managed forests. Forest certification is not only applied to large scale forest management but also small scale such as community forest. This study aims: (1) to know the pattern of marketing chain of certified timber; (2) to know the actors involved in the marketing of certified timber; (3) to know the marketing constrains of certified timber faced by farmers. This research was conducted at Wana Lestari Menoreh Cooperative (KWLM) in Kulon Progo Regency. KWLM is a community forest cooperative that has successfully obtained a certificate of sustainable forest management with Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standard since 2011. Data collection is done by: (1) in-depth interviews to actors involved in marketing of certified wood; (2) observation of each stage of certified timber marketing chain; (3) study documents related to marketing chain of certified timber. Data then analyzed descriptive method. The results show that: (1) the pattern of marketing chain of certified wood is simpler than non certified timber; (2) The actors involved in the marketing chain of certified timber are farmers, harvester, cooperation, PT SOBI, wood processing industry; (3) The major constraint faced by farmers in marketing of certified timber is a payment that do not made in cash as done by non-certified timber trader.
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Hălălișan, Aureliu Florin, Bogdan Popa, Stelian Alexandru Borz, and Ioan Vasile Abrudan. "Health and Safety Issues in Romanian Forests: Findings from FSC Certification Audits." Forests 13, no. 5 (May 2, 2022): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050714.
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In a wider context of attempting to minimise forestry related occupational hazards, this paper aimed to evaluate the ability of FSC forest management certification to contribute to identifying, describing, and reducing health and safety issues in forest management in Romania. By extracting and analysing the health and safety related non-conformities from auditing reports issued for Romanian forest management operations between 2013 and 2018, the study reveals that the most important risk factors are organizational factors, followed by equipment-related factors. The correlation of the results with other findings in the forest operations literature indicates that forest management certification is a suitable tool to identify and describe the health and safety aspects of forest management related activities, especially for forest operations. The analysis also indicates some possible causes of the high rate of work accidents in Romanian forestry: obsolete and less mechanised technology, low concern for providing and using specific safety equipment, low wages in forest operations, lack of proper training etc. All these aspects point to the need for improving safe organisational culture.
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Jaung, W., G. Q. Bull, L. Putzel, R. Kozak, and C. Elliott. "Bundling forest ecosystem services for FSC certification: an analysis of stakeholder adaptability." International Forestry Review 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 452–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554816820127569.
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Alves, R. R., E. Fraj-Andrés, A. Rojo-Alboreca, and C. R. Gracioli. "Implementation of Forest Certification in Brazil, Spain And Portugal: An Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Application." International Forestry Review 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554819825863726.
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Forest certification is an important mechanism for the legitimation of environmental practices in the sustainable forest management. Its basis are the forest management standards, which represent the guidelines for defining sustainable forest management through a hierarchical structure (principles, criteria and indicators), which includes social, environmental and economic issues. The main certification systems in the world, FSC and PEFC, have adopted this structure in their forest management standards. This work aims to evaluate the perception of experts in Brazil, Spain and Portugal regarding the level of difficulty to implement forest certification applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The principal results indicated that, in general, the principles related to environmental aspects are considered the most complicated to comply, the social aspects are much more difficult to achieve in the case of Brazil, and the economic aspects are not considered as an important problem in any of the three countries.
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Bieri, Luzia, Claudia Binder, and Michael Stauffacher. "FSC in der Schweiz: Über den Markt zu Nachhaltigkeit oderüber Nachhaltigkeit zum Markt? | FSC in Switzerland: Sustainability via the market,or the market via sustainability? (reviewed paper)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 156, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2005.0378.
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At international level, FSC certification aims at a sustainable management of the forest. However, forest owners in Switzerland do not perceive it in this way, as Swiss forest law already regulates sustainable forestry. Interviews with forest owners and managers of the canton Zurich sho wed that the main reason for certifying the forest in Switzerland seems to be an economic one, namely to prevent future discrimination against own forest products in the market.
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Michal, Březina, Šafařík, Kupčák, Sujová, and Fialová. "Analysis of Socioeconomic Impacts of the FSC and PEFC Certification Systems on Business Entities and Consumers." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (July 30, 2019): 4122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154122.
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The article discusses the issues of effectiveness of the FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) and PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) certification systems in relation to enterprises and the level to which the systems which present sustainability as a part of their ethos are accepted by consumers. The justifiability and topicality of this issue result from the increasingly strong interest in sustainability of the society as a whole as well as from the long-term vision of sector policies with respect to meeting the objectives of sustainable development. The increasing demand for natural resources exerts pressure on our planet. Sustainability is hence essential for our future and has long been in the centre of the European project. Its economic, social and environmental aspects which form the common objective of society have been acknowledged in EU agreements. A principal document of a global nature is the 2030 UN Agenda for Development, a sustainability programme which has the sustainability of forest ecosystems established in its Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. Visions, direction and goals of sustainable development have also been stipulated in the Paris Agreement on climate change (COP21), in the Addis Ababa action programme and in The Future We Want declaration, namely in its Chapter II, which appeals to enterprises and industries for developing strategies which would contribute to sustainable development. This study aims to analyse and assess the justifiability of the existence of certification systems in relation to processing operators and end consumers in the Czech Republic. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that, despite the strong representation of selected certification systems in the Czech Republic, their effectiveness in economic, social and environmental terms is not perceived exclusively positive by businesses and consumers.