Journal articles on the topic 'Certification and authenticity'
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1
Torigoe, Kazuyoshi. "FTA Origin Preference Claims: The Shift to Self-Certification." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 6 (June 1, 2016): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016035.
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Certificates of origin issued by a competent authority have been used to prove that goods originate under many Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). This system, however, has limitations as trade volume grows under FTAs, so countries have been shifting toward self-certification origin systems. Self-certification systems are less costly and less time-consuming, but system depends on following the rules. This article discusses the examination of certification documents under these systems from viewpoints of authenticity, identity, and originating status. Being aware of the difference between these systems, measures are considered to achieve a smooth transition from the conventional certification system to one of self-certification.
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Suwantara, I. Putu, and Putu Angga Pratama Sukma. "Konsep Cyber Notary Dalam Menjamin Keautentikan Terhadap Transaksi Elektronik." Acta Comitas 6, no. 01 (April 19, 2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ac.2021.v06.i01.p15.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the application form of the concept of cyber notary in guaranteeing the authenticity of electronic transactions and to examine notary arrangements in guaranteeing the authenticity of electronic transactions. This is a departure from the vagueness of norms in Article 15 paragraph (3) of the Law on Notary Position, regarding the need for legal norms on the function and role of notaries in electronic business transactions. This paper uses a normative legal research method because the focus of the study departs from the obscurity of norms. The form of application of the concept of cyber notary in guaranteeing the authenticity of electronic transactions is that the parties keep coming and dealing with the notaries. However, the parties immediately read the draft deed on their respective computers, after agreeing, the parties immediately signed the deed electronically at the notary's office. Notary arrangements in guaranteeing the authenticity of electronic transactions play a role in the issuance of electronic certificates through Electronic Certification Providers. The role of a notary for Certification Authority and in issuing Electronic Certificates through Electronic Certification Providers.
Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk menganalisa bentuk penerapan dari konsep cyber notary dalam menjamin keautentikan terhadap transaksi elektronik dan mengkaji pengaturan notaris dalam menjamin keautentikan terhadap transaksi elektronik. Hal tersebut beranjak dari adanya kekaburan norma dalam Pasal 15 ayat (3) Undang Undang Jabatan Notaris, akan kebutuhan norma hukum terhadap fungsi dan peran notaris dalam transaksi bisnis elektronik. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif karena fokus kajian beranjak dari kekaburan norma. Bentuk penerapan dari konsep cyber notary dalam menjamin keautentikan terhadap transaksi elektronik adalah para pihak tetap datang dan berhadapan dengan para notarisnya. Hanya saja, para pihak langsung membaca draft aktanya di masing-masing komputer, setelah sepakat, para pihak segera menandatangani akta tersebut secara elektronik di kantor Notaris. Pengaturan notaris dalam menjamin keautentikan terhadap transaksi elektronik berperan dalam penerbitan sertifikat elektronik melalui lembaga Penyelenggara Sertifikasi Elektronik. Peran notaris untuk Certification Authority maupun dalam penerbitan Sertifikat Elektronik melalui Penyelenggara Sertifikasi Elektronik.
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Burzyńska-Kamieniecka, Anna. "The problem of the authenticity of texts in testing reading comprehension skills during certification exams in Polish as a foreign language." Oblicza Komunikacji 12 (June 24, 2021): 285–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.12.20.
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The presented article discusses the issue of authenticity in testing Polish as a foreign language through a certificate exam. The pursuit of authenticity can manifest both in the general concept of the exam sheet (in its layout and structure), as well as in tasks testing individual skills. When testing reading comprehension, the authenticity requirement can be met by appropriate use of texts from different sources in the examination tasks. These can be both original texts that were created for purposes other than examination, and prepared texts (written specifically for the certification test by the authors of the tasks).
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Bate, Roger, Ginger Zhe Jin, and Aparna Mathur. "In Whom We Trust: The Role of Certification Agencies in Online Drug Markets." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 14, no. 1 (December 25, 2013): 111–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0085.
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Abstract This article uses an audit sample and a consumer survey to study the intriguing market of online prescription drugs facing US customers and assesses the role that certification agencies play in online drug markets. On the supply side, we acquire samples of five popular brand-name prescription drugs from three types of online pharmacies: tier 1 are US-based and certified by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) or LegitScript.com, tier 2 are certified by PharmacyChecker.com or the Canadian International Pharmacy Association but not by NABP or LegitScript, and tier 3 are not certified by any of the four agencies. Most tier-2 and tier-3 websites are foreign. We find that 37 of the 365 delivered samples are different from the products we ordered and, therefore, non-testable. Conditional on testable samples, Raman spectrometry test finds no failure of authenticity except for eight Viagra samples from tier-3 websites. After controlling for testability and authenticity, tier-2 websites are 49.2% cheaper (p<0.01) and tier-3 websites are 54.8% cheaper (p < 0.01) than tier-1 sites. These differences are driven by non-Viagra drugs. For Viagra, failing samples are cheaper, but there is no significant price difference across tiers once we condition on testability and authenticity. To study the demand side, we designed a survey that was distributed by RxRights. Among the 2,522 respondents who have purchased prescription medication and are concerned about the price of US pharmaceuticals, results show that 61.54% purchase drugs online and mostly from foreign websites, citing cost saving as the leading reason. Conditional on shopping online, 41.11% check with a credentialing agency. Both samples convey a consistent message that certification agencies deliver useful information for foreign websites and online consumers. Further, while these findings confirm the Food and Drug Administration warning against rogue websites, they do suggest that a blanket ban against all foreign websites may deny consumers substantial savings from certified tier-2 websites.
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Iannucci, Gianluca, and Giovanna Sacchi. "The evolution of organic market between third-party certification and participatory guarantee systems." Bio-based and Applied Economics 10, no. 3 (January 11, 2022): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/bae-10470.
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Quality assurance is a dominant feature of organic production and, currently, third-party certification is recognized as the official authenticity assurance strategy by the majority of worldwide organic regulations. This model, however, is less accessible to smallholders because it is costly and its application time-consuming. Furthermore, this certification system has been accused on several fronts to be responsible for the standardization of the organic production process leading to a “conventionalization” of organic productions. Contextually, in several countries, groups of small producers have started to implement alternative quality assurance systems for their organic products, better known as Participatory Guarantee Systems. Research to date has not yet determined how these models can survive within a highly competitive market such as that of certification. In this framework, the paper aims to theoretically unveil and explain the alternative certification phenomenon and its coexistence with third-party certification by applying an evolutionary game (rationally bounded agents that adopt the more rewarding strategy). The results of simulations suggest that symbolic attributes such as localness, healthiness, quality, producers and consumers embeddedness can differentiate products guaranteed by alternative schemes, meeting consumers’ preference. The discussion of findings provides an assessment of the performance of both quality assurance systems, explain their coexistence within the organic market, identify critical aspects, and suggest some policy implications.
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Jeong, G., and N. Freitas. "[Blockchain] Accuracy Certification System for a Kpop Dance Application." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 4 (August 7, 2020): 1515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20apr975.
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These days, with the popularity of music, video, performance arts and creative contents among the younger generations, a raise on the number of people who want to start a self-made online career on the above industries could be seen. Among them there are those who are becoming a self-made artist, dancers, coaches. Not having a certified institution to verify the authenticity their skills, eventually, an online automatized method of self-certification, recognized by but not necessarily made by institutions, will be essential, due to the boom of creator professionalization, their large influence and the health and safety risks implied. There is still lots of improvements to be done in this field. This paper explores the blockchain certification system and its opportunity to be applied as skill classification and selective stage on the dance audition system. The findings here will be applied on a dance and fitness application.
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van der Merwe, Melissa, Johann F. Kirsten, and Jacques H. Trienekens. "Enforcement mechanisms and governance structures to protect a region of origin lamb product." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 24, no. 5 (August 19, 2019): 561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-01-2019-0026.
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Purpose This paper aims to make an empirical contribution by investigating the enforcement mechanisms and governance structures required to protect and govern a regional food product when public certification fails. As one of the recent additions to South Africa’s repertoire of products with a designated origin, Karoo Lamb made for an interesting case study. Design/methodology/approach A conjoint analysis was conducted to elicit the farmers’ preferred enforcement mechanisms to protect the authenticity of the Karoo Lamb product. The investigation, furthermore, draws on survey data collected among 73 farmers, five abattoirs, two processors/packers and five retail outlets to evaluate the governance structures of the Karoo Lamb supply chain. Findings The results indicate that due to failed public certification that is governed by market-like structures, Karoo Lamb is better off being governed by hierarchical structures. These structures are expected to allow for a stronger focus on stricter enforcement mechanisms. Practical implications At the farm level, the Karoo Lamb supply chain requires better enforcement mechanisms to protect the unique attributes of origin and taste to ensure the authenticity of Karoo Lamb. This change towards stricter enforcement requires more hierarchical structures to allow for private or mutual enforcement mechanisms. Originality/value This paper contributes empirically to the governance structure knowledge base by analysing the enforcement mechanisms and governance structures needed to enforce and protect, the quality and origin standards of a region of origin product, Karoo Lamb, in South Africa.
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Gulyaeva, A. Yu, I. V. Kis, S. V. Kolyachkina, and A. Y. Khrushchev. "Certified reference materials of antibacterial substances: principle of development." Measurement Standards. Reference Materials 16, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20915/2687-0886-2020-16-4-27-38.
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The authors of the publication have described the basic principles of the procedure of defining metrological characteristics of certified reference materials (hereinafter referred to as CRMs) of antibacterial substances that are being developed. CRMs of antibacterial substances are intended for certification of measurement procedures and accuracy control of measurement results. CRMs can be used for graduation, calibration of measuring instruments if their metrological and technical characteristics comply with the procedures of graduation and calibration of measuring instruments, as well as determination of antibiotic sensitivity of pathogenic microorganisms and authenticity of active substances in pharmaceutical drugs.
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Liu, Feng, Zhefu Feng, and Jiayin Qi. "A Blockchain-Based Digital Asset Platform with Multi-Party Certification." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 5342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115342.
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Assets such as warehouse receipts are important for enterprises, which can be used to pledge in supply chain finance (SCF). However, traditional pledges are performed manually, which inevitably encounters inefficiency and security problems such as multiple pledges. To improve asset security, we propose a blockchain-based digital asset platform (BDAP) with multi-party certification. BDAP not only has a security protocol based on the threshold ECDSA algorithm to make related participants confirm the authenticity of assets but also embeds a Verifiable Byzantine Fault Tolerant (VBFT) mechanism, randomly selecting the consensus nodes and improving the safety of the nodes. Moreover, data stored on the blockchain makes traceability possible. Through a set of experiments, we have verified the functionality and performance of BDAP. When the pressure test reaches 100 concurrent user volume, BDAP’s average response time is 1.441 s, showing a high ability to process transactions. However, now just a few open-minded banks are willing to access BDAP, it might take a long time to change the traditional perception of the participants in supply chain finance.
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Gao, Xiao, Wenyin Zhang, Bin Zhao, Jiqun Zhang, Jiuru Wang, and Yilong Gao. "Product Authentication Technology Integrating Blockchain and Traceability Structure." Electronics 11, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 3314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203314.
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To tackle the problems of questioning the authenticity of products faced in e-commerce live streaming and the low data integrity in the process of product transactions, the concept of traceability and a product authentication scheme that integrates blockchain technology and traceability are proposed. The proposed scheme deploys the product authentication strategy on the Ethereum blockchain in the form of a smart contract and calls the product authentication method on the traceability body by executing the smart contract to realize the authentication of product quality. A combination of on-chain and off-chain is used to store private information to guarantee information integrity. Security analysis results show that the proposed scheme can make the risk of information leakage lower and data security higher under the premise of achieving product certification. A system simulation experiment shows that the solution can meet product certification requirements and have a favorable impact on the live commerce industry.
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Luzzani, Gloria, Erica Grandis, Marco Frey, and Ettore Capri. "Blockchain Technology in Wine Chain for Collecting and Addressing Sustainable Performance: An Exploratory Study." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 12898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212898.
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Sustainability standards have not yet been commonly adopted by the whole wine chain, and indicator assessments are not widely spread. A deep understanding of how embedding sustainability into business while controlling costs related to the adoption of sustainability certification standards such as data collection and management practices could allow one to overcome most barriers relevant to sustainability compliance. Blockchain technology (BCT) may answer these needs. In order to verify BCT potential to be used as a sustainability management tool in the wine industry, with a qualitative triple bottom line research approach, this article explores the connections among BCT adoption in agri-food, issues posed by wine sustainability certification, and whether wine companies that already own a wine sustainability certification are prepared to adopt it. Results show that (1) the blockchain allows collecting data and information that are relevant for monitoring and improving sustainability: Soil and water features, climate conditions, treatment with pesticides and fertilizers, production process, traceability, transparency, labor and human rights, quality and safety, waste reduction, authenticity, relationship with stakeholders; (2) wine companies that already own a sustainability certification have little familiarity with blockchain applications (57.1%, n.21) and only 14% of the respondents support their intention to invest in BCT in the coming years; (3) the case study shows improvements in traceability and transparency along the supply chain and an increase in consumers’ trust that was reflected in sales growth, and the main costs are linked to complexity in data management.
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Samala, Agariadne Dwinggo, and Bayu Ramadhani Fajri. "RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI E-SERTIFIKAT BERBASIS WEB MENGGUNAKAN METODE PENGEMBANGAN WATERFALL." JURNAL TEKNIK INFORMATIKA 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jti.v13i2.16470.
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Certification is a determination given by a professional organization to someone to show that the person has competence, is able to do a specific job or task. Quality Assurance and Learning Development Institute Universitas Negeri Padang (LP3M UNP) currently still issues paper-based certificates manually for each training activity. Issuance of certificates manually turned out to be quite time consuming and inefficient. Then the absence of a verification system that can check the authenticity and ownership of certificates can provide opportunities for certificate forgery. So, it is very important to design and build a web-based electronic certificate application (e-certificate) that is able to generate certificates online and be able to verify the authenticity and ownership of the electronic certificates. This study uses a Research and Development (R&D) approach. This type of development method uses the waterfall approach. At the system design stage using the Unified Modeling Language (UML), and for the database using MySQL. The results of this study are web-based e-certificate applications that are designed successfully to support the process of generating and verifying the authenticity and ownership of electronic certificates online. Based on the results of testing the system with the black box method also shows that all the functionality of the e-certificate application that is designed to run very well and in accordance with user needs.
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S., Grushin. "MINIATURE COLUMNS OF BMAC IN EUROPEAN ONLINE AUCTIONS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR USE IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 27 (2021): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2021.27.27.
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The paper is devoted to the consideration of the possibilities of using artifacts from private collections that are sold at European online auctions in scientific research. As an example, the data from the website of the world’s largest auction house Sotheby’s are analyzed. The description of 18 artifacts (miniature columns from Bactria) is given. Such artifacts are cylindrical or biconical shaped stone products with gutters on the bases and sides. The main difficulties when referring to this type of sources in scientific research are such aspects as lack of certification, the problem of authenticity and verification of information, the region of origin, incomplete information. Nevertheless, the analyzed objects fit into the cultural stereotypes of the BMAC and find complete analogies in the well-documented and stratified sits of this cultural area, which is a certain basis for their authenticity. Therefore, despite the noted nuances, it is concluded that it is necessary to take into account such artifacts in scientific research. Keywords: artifacts, BMAC, miniature columns, private collections, online auctions
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Tieman, Marco. "Measuring corporate halal reputation." Journal of Islamic Marketing 11, no. 3 (July 18, 2019): 591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-05-2018-0095.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new framework to measure corporate halal reputation. In this conceptual paper, the “Corporate Halal Reputation Index” is proposed, which acts as predictor for corporate halal reputation and sales in Muslim markets. Design/methodology/approach This paper builds further on previous work published in the Journal of Islamic Marketing on Islamic Branding. Research propositions are constructed on the drivers and moderating variables of corporate halal reputation. Findings Halal authenticity, trustworthiness of halal certification body, messages by company and supply chain partners, messages by external stakeholders and the moderating variables category of Islamic brand and sensitivity of product are expected to determine the corporate halal reputation. Alignment between the corporate halal reputation drivers and halal market requirements will be critical for brands to earn and protect their license to operate in Muslim markets. Research limitations/implications This conceptual paper proposes that halal authenticity, trustworthiness of halal certification body, messages by company and supply chain partners, and messages by external stakeholders, as well as two moderating variables, are essentially determining the corporate halal reputation. However, empirical research is needed through a case study and survey research to validate the proposed “Corporate Halal Reputation Index” and test these research propositions. Practical implications This study shows that corporate halal reputation management is different from conventional corporate reputation management. The corporate halal reputation index should be measured and included in balanced scorecards at top management level. Originality/value The “Corporate Halal Reputation Index” is envisioned to be the new key performance indicator for both the top management and halal committee (halal management team) operating in Muslim markets. As there is an evident lack of academic research in the field of corporate halal reputation management, it provides an important reference for corporate communication and Islamic branding and marketing.
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Zheng, Nong. "The Application of Matrix Compression Algorithm in Network Education Platform for the User Security Authentication." Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (February 2014): 1730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.1730.
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Using the matrix compression algorithm in the network education platform for the user information security certification is a good way. The sensitive user information is transfer in an open channel and it can be authentication for using the matrix compression/decompression, matrix decomposition/reduction algorithm. The client conduct random capture and compression by the user information been divided into a number of rectangular block size, corresponding to generate a key and cipher text. The server take out the corresponding data from the data queue of receiving and to extract In accordance with the key rules, then to reduce of information in corresponding positions. Thus the user identity information can be authenticity and integrity verification.
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Calò, Francesca, Chiara Roberta Girelli, Selina C. Wang, and Francesco Paolo Fanizzi. "Geographical Origin Assessment of Extra Virgin Olive Oil via NMR and MS Combined with Chemometrics as Analytical Approaches." Foods 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11010113.
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Geographical origin assessment of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is recognised worldwide as raising consumers’ awareness of product authenticity and the need to protect top-quality products. The need for geographical origin assessment is also related to mandatory legislation and/or the obligations of true labelling in some countries. Nevertheless, official methods for such specific authentication of EVOOs are still missing. Among the analytical techniques useful for certification of geographical origin, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS), combined with chemometrics, have been widely used. This review considers published works describing the use of these analytical methods, supported by statistical protocols such as multivariate analysis (MVA), for EVOO origin assessment. The research has shown that some specific countries, generally corresponding to the main worldwide producers, are more interested than others in origin assessment and certification. Some specific producers such as Italian EVOO producers may have been focused on this area because of consumers’ interest and/or intrinsic economical value, as testified also by the national concern on the topic. Both NMR- and MS-based approaches represent a mature field where a general validation method for EVOOs geographic origin assessment could be established as a reference recognised procedure.
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Martuscelli, Maria, Annalisa Serio, Oriana Capezio, and Dino Mastrocola. "Safety, Quality and Analytical Authentication of ḥalāl Meat Products, with Particular Emphasis on Salami: A Review." Foods 9, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9081111.
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Only some animal species could be transformed into ḥalāl salami and the raw meat must be obtained from ritually slaughtered animals. Several scientific studies have been conducted on ritual slaughtering practices and manufacturing of meat products for Jewish and Muslim religious communities; furthermore, many projects have been funded by the European Community on this topic. The authenticity and traceability of meat is one of the priorities of ḥalāl food certification systems. The pig matrix (meat and/or lard) may be fraudulently present in ḥalāl processed meat, as well as salami, for both economic and technological purposes; in fact, the use of these raw materials reflects the easier availability and their lower cost; furthermore, it allows manufacturers to obtain final products with better quality (sensory properties) and stability (especially with respect to oxidative reactions). The aim of this review is to discuss the qualitative and technological aspects of ḥalāl raw meat for dry fermented sausages (salami); moreover, this study focuses on the most recent studies carried out on the certification system and on the analytical methods performed in order to solve problems such as fraud and adulteration of ḥalāl salami and other halal meat foods.
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Vos, Pauline. "“How Real People Really Need Mathematics in the Real World”—Authenticity in Mathematics Education." Education Sciences 8, no. 4 (November 7, 2018): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci8040195.
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This paper discusses authenticity from the perspective of mathematics education. Often, school mathematics offers students inauthentic word problems, which don’t show the authentic usefulness of mathematics in real life. In some tasks, authentic aspects are combined with inauthentic ones (e.g., an authentic context, but the question is artificial and different from what people within that context would ask). Several studies show that students are more motivated by authentic questions than by authentic contexts. Embedding these findings, I discuss issues associated with defining authenticity in education. A first issue is that philosophers use the term to characterize a person’s existential expressions (e.g., being true to oneself), whereas in education, we use the term for learning environments, artefacts, etc. Second, some researchers define authentic learning environments according to criteria (being open to different approaches, simulate a real-life activity, etc.), but I will illustrate that inauthentic activities can comply with such criteria as well. Alternatively, I suggest using the term for separate aspects in a learning environment (contexts, questions, etc.), and define authenticity as a social construct rather than as a subjective perception. In this way, a community (teachers, students, out-of-school experts) can reach agreement on the nature of this characteristic. For an aspect to be authentic, it needs to have: (1) an out-of-school origin and (2) a certification of originality (e.g., by bringing artifacts physically into a classroom or by testimony of an expert). This approach is illustrated by a study on students’ project work during an excursion to a mathematics research workplace.
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Bralić, Vladimir, Hrvoje Stančić, and Mats Stengård. "A blockchain approach to digital archiving: digital signature certification chain preservation." Records Management Journal 30, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rmj-08-2019-0043.
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Purpose The short lifespan of digital signatures presents a challenge to the long-term preservation of digitally signed records. It can undermine attempts to presume, verify or assess their authenticity. This paper aims to investigate the challenges of the expiration of digital signatures in the context of digital archiving. Design/methodology/approach The paper identifies requirements for the long-term preservation of digitally signed records and compares them with the existing approaches. The characteristics, operational procedures and requirements of the technologies used for digital signatures are combined with the archival requirements to design a new model. Findings The paper proposes a new model of a blockchain-based system, which can be combined with any digital archive to assist the process of long-term preservation of digitally signed records. Practical implications The proposed model offers a new alternative to the current practice in the long-term preservation of digitally signed records, such as periodic resigning procedures or periodic wrapping of digitally signed records with archival timestamps. Originality/value The proposed TrustChain 2.0 model is based on previous research conducted as part of the InterPARES Trust project. It builds on TrustChain 1.0 by including digital signature certificate chain validity information in a blockchain thus avoiding the issues concerning records confidentiality and privacy information disclosure. The paper contributes not only to the development of archival science but also shows archival institutions on how to approach long-term preservation of digitally signed records.
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Weiss, Brad. "Eating Ursula." Gastronomica 14, no. 4 (2014): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2014.14.4.17.
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This paper examines issues surrounding the values of farmers, consumers, chefs, and other food activists who are working to expand the production and consumption of pastured pork in central North Carolina (a region known as the Piedmont). What I try to demonstrate in this paper are the ways that an “ethics of care” (Heath and Meneley 2010) is often articulated in terms of the cultural categories of “connection” and “authenticity.” These consciously expressed categories are shown to undergird a range of commitments, from concerns about animal welfare, to support for “local” economies, to parental care for children. My discussion considers the relationships among the lives of animals and the meat they yield, as well as the craft that brings about that transformation, and shows how the ethical questions embedded in these relationships and processes depend upon a wider set of cultural practices and values that are pressing concerns in our larger economy and society. I further consider how examining everyday understandings of “connection” and “authenticity,” as revealed in ethnographic work with farmers, consumers, restaurateurs, and other food activists in the Piedmont, can highlight certain tensions within this “ethics of care”—such as tensions about food taboos and certification processes—that speak to the politics of food activism in the region and elsewhere.
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Dahiyat, Emad Abdel Rahim. "The Legal Recognition of Electronic Signatures in Jordan: Some Remarks on the Electronic Transactions Law." Arab Law Quarterly 25, no. 3 (2011): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302511x568538.
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There is no doubt that electronic signatures play a major role in providing online parties with an effective mechanism for ascertaining one another’s identity and ensuring authenticity and integrity of the electronic message. However, such signatures will not alone be the magical joystick that will solve all security problems in the online environment. It should be noted here that the success of e-commerce also depends on the predictability and suitability of the legal framework and whether such framework offers the necessary guarantee for a secure online commerce. As such, this article will evaluate the legal reality of e-signatures in Jordan and discuss the legislative approach toward the authentication of such signatures according to the Electronic Transactions Law No. 85 of 2001. This article will further shine a spotlight on the legal recognition of certification authorities under the same law in order to examine whether this law is sufficient to regulate the manner in which e-signatures may be used and certification authorities may operate. This article, however, is not intended to provide the final answer to all questions and challenges in this regard but rather to identify the main components and provide some perspectives on how to deal with such issue.
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Stoyanova, Magdelena, Desislava Paneva-Marinova, Lilia Pavlova, and Radoslav Pavlov. "The IFIDA Project: Intelligent Fast Interconnected Devices and Tools for Applications in Archaeometry and Conservation Practice." Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 4 (September 30, 2014): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2014.4.31.
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The correct documentation and scientific attribution of ancient works of art requires the processing of relevant amounts of images and interdisciplinary data usually kept in non-compatible formats and objects of different property. The main goal of the IFIDA project Intelligent Fast Interconnected Devices and Tools for Applications in Archaeometry and Conservation Practice is to collect and integrate the dispersed models, tools, case studies, imaging and analytical resources resulting from previous investigations of works of art in repositories that facilitate extraction and sharing of new knowledge for cultural heritage research. This information will be further assessed applying sophisticated analytical and computer technologies in order to develop or adapt interconnected software tools for very fast authenticity certification and applications in archaeometry and conservation practice; to benefit development of new scholarship and technologies.
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Goggin, Kirstie A., and Denis J. Murphy. "Monitoring the traceability, safety and authenticity of imported palm oils in Europe." OCL 25, no. 6 (November 2018): A603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2018059.
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This article describes the challenges of regulating and monitoring traceability and certification systems, and of ensuring the safety and authenticity of foodstuffs imported into Europe, particularly focusing on palm oils. Several measures have been implemented within palm oil supply chains to ensure that traceability can be monitored. However, these supply chains can be highly complex and, more often than not, full traceability is not achievable for stakeholders who only have access to existing systems. In Europe, measures for authenticity of palm oils are not presently as robust as those for other vegetable oils, which means that sometimes unsafe and inauthentic palm oils, often already incorporated into other products, can make their way onto supermarket shelves for unsuspecting consumers. Such instances are usually rare and are normally detected before products are purchased by consumers. Nevertheless, it is still the case that the addition of illegal and potentially harmful additives to palm oils destined for export to Europe is a regular occurrence, alerts for which can be found on the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) portal. As the European Union has committed to only accept authenticated “sustainably sourced” palm oils, it is even more important to ensure that such imported oils are really from the declared source, preferably via proven analytical methods. This makes it more important that accurate and robust techniques are developed and implemented for verifying the provenance and authenticity of palm oils and their downstream products. Here, we review the underlying regulatory framework relating to traceability and authentication and assess some new and emerging chemically-based technologies that should contribute to improving the monitoring of palm oil and other vegetable oil supply chains in Europe and elsewhere.
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Araújo, Wagner Junqueira de, and Yasmin Brito de Lemos Vieira. "Comparação entre produtos e serviços oferecidos pelas Autoridades Certificadoras." RDBCI: Revista Digital de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação 13, no. 2 (May 31, 2015): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rdbci.v13i2.2120.
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Com a utilização dos documentos em formato digital, foi necessário desenvolver tecnologias que garantissem a autenticação e o sigilo destes. Uma das tecnologias que habilitam tais características nos documentos digitais é a certificação digital que, por sua vez, é oferecida pelas autoridades certificadoras (ACs). Esta comunicação descreve resultado de pesquisa que teve como objetivo identificar e comparar os produtos e serviços oferecidos por diferentes autoridades certificadoras distribuídas pelo mundo. Descreve as estruturas das Autoridades Certificadoras (ACs) e seu papel no processo de certificação digital, como a responsável pela emissão dos certificados e as Autoridades de Registro que verificam a autenticidade das informações contidas no certificado. Apresenta os tipos de ACs e quais as principais Autoridades Certificadoras do Brasil, credenciadas pela Infraestrutura de Chaves Públicas Brasileira (ICP-Brasil). Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, que utilizou a análise documental como método para coleta e análise de conteúdo para tabulação e análise. A amostra foi composta por quarenta e quatro ACs, distribuídas em doze países. Como resultado, são apresentados dois quadros, que indicam os produtos de certificação digital prestados pelas ACs no Brasil e pelas internacionais. Faz uma descrição dos produtos e serviços por elas oferecidos, e o detalhamento e a aplicação de cada um. Verificou-se que os produtos e serviços oferecidos são similares entre as ACs mundo a fora e no Brasil, as diferenças estão nos certificados emitidos para finalidades específicas, como os que foram criados para atender serviços como o e-CPF, e-CNPJ, Conectividade Social, etc.Abstract With the use of digital documents, it was necessary to develop technologies that would guarantee the authentication and the confidentiality of these. One technology that enables such features in digital documents are the digital certification that, in turn, offered by certification authorities (CAs). This paper describes results of research that aimed to identify and compare the products and services offered by different certificate authorities distributed around the world. Describes the structures of Certification Authorities (CAs) and its role in digital certification process, as responsible for the issuance of licenses and registration authorities that verify the authenticity of the information contained in the certificate. Presents the types of CAs and what are the mains Certification Authorities in Brazil, accredited by the Brazilian Public Key Infrastructure (PKI-Brazil). A qualitative study used the document analysis as a method for collection and content analysis for tabulation and analysis. The sample consisted of forty-four ACs, distributed in twelve countries. As a result, there are two tables, which show the digital certification of products provided by CAs in Brazil and international. Makes a description of products and services offered by them, and the detailing and the application of each. Was verified that the products and services offered are similar among CAs outside and inside, the differences are the certificates issued for specific purposes, such as those created in Brazil to attend services with e-CPF, e-CNPJ, Social Connectivity, etc.KeywordsSecurity Information Management. Certification Authority. Digital certificate. Digital certification services.
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Raman, K., P. D. Jothikumar, C. S. Machia, and M. C. Muthanna. "The Organic Cultivation Practices in Tea and Coffee." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 807A—807. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.807a.
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Traditionally, the tropical plantation crops such as tea and coffee are intensively cultivated. The increasing concern about the environment, ecology, and the realization that the continued use of chemical inputs is causing the starvation of soils are forcing us to look into alternatives such as sustainable farming. Being perennial crops, there are no examples to follow in the case of plantation crops. By trial and error, we have switched over to organic cultivation of 340 ha of tea and 34.5 ha of coffee. The produce from these, i.e., black teas and arabica and robusta coffees, are being cultivated, processed, and packed conforming to most-stringent organic standards and world-renowned certification authorities, such as IMO, IFOAM, MOA, et. al. have vouchsafed their authenticity. The strategies adopted, methodologies of farming, economics, and the benefits accruing from such farming will be discussed.
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Kougemitrou, I., G. Economou, J. Giovanopoulos, I. Baziotis, G. Leontakianakos, and V. Stathopoulos. "A mineralogical study of pigments used in two Iakovidis paintings: Verification of artwork authenticity using Raman micro-spectroscopy method." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 1 (September 5, 2013): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11014.
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For the purpose of the current study, we examined two paintings, an original and a fake one, entitled “Still life with grapes”, and claimed both to be created from the Greek Painter G. Iakovidis. The current Research Project has been carried out at the Centre Nikias, an innovative Research Centre specialised on certification, maintenance and restoration of art works. Raman spectroscopic analysis has been carried to verify the authenticity of the used pigments and also the originality of the two paintings. The Raman spectra acquired confirmed four different colours in both painting`s pigments: red, blue, white and yellow. For the first painting Cinnabar for the red pigment, Ultramarine for the blue pigment, White earths for the white pigment and Yellow ochre for the yellow pigment. In the second painting the colours used verified as synthetic pigments. We identified the presence of Cadmium red for the red colour, Cobalt blue for the blue pigment, Zinc white for the white and Cadmium yellow for the yellow one.
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Blythe, Stephen. "Computer Law of Tunisia: Promoting Secure E-Commerce Transactions with Electronic Signatures." Arab Law Quarterly 20, no. 3 (2006): 240–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/026805506778388854.
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AbstractTunisia's Electronic Exchanges and Electronic Commerce Law ("ECL") was enacted for the purpose of achieving more security in E-commerce transactions. The ECL provides that: (1) electronic documents may be used to satisfy a statutory requirement for paper documents to be stored for a given period of time; and (2) an electronic signature affixed to an electronic document may be used to satisfy a statutory requirement for an ink signature to be executed on a paper document. The National Agency for Electronic Certification ("NAEC") licenses Certification Authorities ("CA") and regulates their business operations. The purpose of a CA is to verify the authenticity and integrity of an electronic signature that was created by its client—the "subscriber"—and the electronic document it is attached to. The CA issues a certificate to a subscriber containing evidence that her electronic signature was created with a private key that was issued to her by the CA. Tunisia recognizes certificates issued by a foreign CA that has met licensing requirements which are comparable to that of Tunisia. The CA carries potential liability for: the veracity of the information stated in the certificate; ensuring the cryptographic relationship between the private key and the public key (which is used by relying third parties to ascertain the electronic signature's authenticity); and for maintenance of security of the subscriber's private information. The subscriber has potential liability based on her duty to maintain security over the private key and to promptly inform the CA if the private key's security has been compromised. The ECL contains rules governing E-commerce contracts. Furthermore, it has some of the best consumer protections to be found anywhere. For example, Tunisian consumers have a 10-day window of opportunity to back out of the deal after an E-contract has been consummated. This is progressive and commendable; many consumers in Western Europe and North America do not enjoy such a protection. The ECL also contains a list of computer crimes and punishments:fines (up to 10,000 dinars) may be assessed for these infractions, and imprisonment may be imposed against a cyber-seller who uses coercion or trickery against a consumer.
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De Silva, Devarahandhi Achini Melda, Renda Kankanamge Chaturika Jeewanthi, Rajapakshage Heshani Navoda Rajapaksha, Weddagala Mudiyanselage Tharaka Bilindu Weddagala, Naoki Hirotsu, Bun-ichi Shimizu, and Munasinghe Arachchige Jagath Priyantha Munasinghe. "Clean vs dirty labels: Transparency and authenticity of the labels of Ceylon cinnamon." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 23, 2021): e0260474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260474.
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Ceylon cinnamon, which was regarded as a luxury spice during ancient times, has been consumed for its medicinal properties and health benefits for thousands of years. For centuries, Arabian traders controlled the European cinnamon trade through limited supplies from a country which they did not reveal. Content marketing analysis and chemical profiling of value-added products of Ceylon cinnamon in the global marketplace are proposed to investigate the clean status of the product labels. In the present study, a mixed-method approach was employed to investigate the labels of 6 types of value-added forms of cinnamon; i.e. quills, powder, tea, breakfast cereals, confectionery and bakery and nutraceuticals which are used in USA, UK, Mexico, Japan and products of Sri Lankan cinnamon exporters. Two hundred and seventy-six labels were analyzed to find out the aspects of clean status, transparency and authenticity. Key label claims of the cinnamon products lie within the bounds of cleaner, healthy, nutritional and sustainable attributes. Consumer perception lies within ingredients, nutritional value, country of origin and claim on safety and quality standards and certification. The value chain transparency, ethical rules (species mislabeling), and chemical profile of the pharmaceutical, confectionery and fragrance industry inputs were ignored. The best claim and competitive advantage of the Ceylon cinnamon; an ultra-low level (<0.01 mg/g Dry Weight) of Coumarin, were rarely indicated in labels. Lack of clean labels and traceability lagged Ceylon cinnamon in the 40 international markets while Cassia cinnamon (Coumarin content 2.23 mg/g DW), a major competitor of Ceylon cinnamon appears in the market with dirty labels. Millennials and upper-middle-class female consumers in their active ages, place a high demand on Ceylon cinnamon. Today’s tech-savvy global consumers of Ceylon cinnamon use market intelligence frequently for identifying product authenticity. Well equipped clean labels were found to be demanded by the modern cinnamon consumers.
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Jurica, Karlo, Irena Brčić Karačonji, Dario Lasić, Danijela Bursać Kovačević, and Predrag Putnik. "Unauthorized Food Manipulation as a Criminal Offense: Food Authenticity, Legal Frameworks, Analytical Tools and Cases." Foods 10, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 2570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112570.
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Food fraud is a criminal intent motivated by economic gain to adulterate or misrepresent food ingredients and packaging. The development of a reliable food supply system is at great risk under globalization, but Food Business Operators (FBOs) have a legal obligation to implement and maintain food traceability and quality at all stages of food production, processing, and distribution. Incidents of food fraud have a strong negative impact on consumer confidence in the food industry. Therefore, local and international regulatory mechanisms are established to prevent or mitigate food fraud. This review brings new perspectives linking EU and US legislation, as well as new definitions and descriptions of the criminal aspect of food fraud incidents. It also describes certain new insights into the application of state-of-the-art methods and techniques that provide valuable tools for geographic, botanical, or other chemical markers of food authenticity. The review also provides an overview of the most common cases of food fraud worldwide from 2010 to 2020. Further research is needed to support the development of predictive models for innovative approaches to adulteration, especially when some valuable nutrients are replaced by toxic ingredients. A possible solution to minimize food fraud incidents is to increase the level of risk-based inspections, establish more productive monitoring and implementation of food protection systems in the supply chain, and implement better ingredient control and certification. National and international (e.g., regional) police offices for food fraud should be introduced, possessing knowledge and skills in food, food safety, food processing, and food products, as initial positive results have emerged in some countries.
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Pezoa, Ignacio, Javier Villacreses, Miguel Rubilar, Carolina Pizarro, María Jesús Galleguillos, Troy Ejsmentewicz, Beatriz Fonseca, Jaime Espejo, Víctor Polanco, and Carolina Sánchez. "Generation of Chloroplast Molecular Markers to Differentiate Sophora toromiro and Its Hybrids as a First Approach to Its Reintroduction in Rapa Nui (Easter Island)." Plants 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020342.
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Sophora toromiro is an endemic tree of Rapa Nui with religious and cultural relevance that despite being extinct in the wild, still persists in botanical gardens and private collections around the world. The authenticity of some toromiro trees has been questioned because the similarities among hybrid lines leads to misclassification of the species. The conservation program of toromiro has the objective of its reinsertion into Rapa Nui, but it requires the exact genotyping and certification of the selected plants in order to efficiently reintroduce the species. In this study, we present for the first time the complete chloroplast genome of S. toromiro and four other Sophora specimens, which were sequenced de-novo and assembled after mapping the raw reads to a chloroplast database. The length of the chloroplast genomes ranges from 154,239 to 154,473 bp. A total of 130–143 simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci and 577 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified.
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DMITRIY N., PETROV, and LUTSKO ANDREY N. "AUTOMATION OF ELECTRONIC-PRINTING OFFICE WORK WITH THE DOCUMENTS IDENTIFICATION AND VERIFICATION." CASPIAN JOURNAL: Control and High Technologies 54, no. 2 (2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/2074-1707.2021.53.1.081-089.
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In the article the problem of electronic-printing office work, the documents identification and verification has been reviewed and analyzed. The technical feasibility of using algorithms for handwriting recognition, artificial intelligence and cryptography in electronic-printing office work has been substantiated. Authors are suggest an automated processing method of a paper document verification of its electronic counterpart authenticity. The algorithm of the alternative four-stage life cycle of the document and the method of its verification with the manual operations reduction and machine input are presented in detail. The structure of the integrated subsystem of machine input and documents verification used in the Edinaja informacionnaja sistema «Elektronniy Universitet» of an educational institution is presented. The results of the document automated processing and protection with training a multilayer convolutional neural network using the example of intermediate certification sheets were obtained. The possibility of applying the described methodology to strict reporting of a fixed structure documents with handwritten filling has been proved.
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Rokpelnis, Karlis, Peter Ho, Gong Cheng, and Heng Zhao. "Consumer Perceptions of the Commodification and Related Conservation of Traditional Indigenous Naxi Forest Products as Credence Goods (China)." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 3801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103801.
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Commodification of Traditional Knowledge (TK) has been posited as a possible, although contested, alternative for the conservation of indigenous resources. Here we examine the case of the Chinese Naxi minority, with particular reference to the practice of sacred “Dongba” papermaking. The commodification of TK is a complex process with many pitfalls and trade-offs between the environment, economy, and social empowerment. In the process of commodification, consumers have arisen as an important force in environmental politics. To date, little is known about the way domestic tourists, the main consumer base of indigenous products, perceive Dongba paper. In this context, we examined their knowledge of Naxi culture, their willingness to pay for sustainably produced paper, and their perceptions of the product’s authenticity. This socio-economic study is based on a survey (n = 415) in rural Southwest China. We found a significant potential to market Dongba paper as a sustainable indigenous product. Although knowledge about Naxi culture was circumscribed (3% could identify the plant used for papermaking), the majority of respondents (55%) was willing to pay for TK protection. Respondents also preferred third-party labelling. We posit that TK products could be seen as credence goods, necessitating certification to ensure product authenticity and establish consumer trust. Markedly, the survey also found that attitudes as to who should provide third-party assurance are contradictory. The Chinese government was preferred as the strongest assurance of genuineness, but paradoxically, commanded the least trust in its ability to manage and fund the conservation of TK.
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Kasatkin, P. I., and E. A. Antyukhova. "Tradition and Innovation Dialectics in Russian Dissertation Culture." MGIMO Review of International Relations 65, no. 2 (May 25, 2019): 176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-2-65-176-195.
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Today in Russia the system of the state scientific certification undergoes significant changes: the powers of federal executive authorities are delegated to the educational and scientific organizations. As a result, independence in the choice of mechanisms, orders and procedures of formation of dissertation committees and criteria of awarding academic degrees is allowed. At the same time reinterpretation of axiological bases of dissertation culture through overcoming the problems connected with authenticity and quality of dissertation researches, by increase in reputation responsibility of the organizations and scientists takes place. On May 31, 2019 it will be a year to the moment of transition of the MGIMO University to a new model of the state scientific certification. According to the model developed by the MGIMO University, awarding an academic degree comes by the results of the defense of a thesis at a meeting of the dissertation committee of 5 doctors of science, three of which are employees of the MGIMO University, and two are invited scientists from other organizations. Two of five are experts with publications in the scope of the research combining the role of a member of the dissertation committee and an official opponent. The result of the defense is politically variable: alongside with the possibility of taking the negative decision awarding an academic degree without completions of the text and also under the condition of insignificant and considerable completions of the text of a research is allowed. The lack of such opportunities in the practice of awarding academic degrees existing in the domestic dissertation culture excluding modification of the manuscript submitted to defence after holding a meeting of dissertation committees, as well as other defects of the historically developed model of awarding academic degrees, defined the fastest transition of the MGIMO University to a new model of certification. «MGIMO Review of International Relations» discussed the main milestones of formation and key problems of development of the domestic dissertation culture with P. Kasatkin and E. Antyukhova.
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Mendoza Bautista, Betsi Fiorela, Luis Fernando Izquierdo Lozano, and Alberto Carlos Mendoza de los Santos. "NFTs in the electronic market and its impact on digital art." SCIÉNDO 25, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sciendo.2022.026.
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This article aims to clearly conceptualize NFTs in electronic commerce and identify what their impacts are on digital art. Therefore, it was posed as a research question: What are NFTs in e-commerce and what are their impacts on digital art? This purpose was achieved with the review of technological publications in databases such as Google Scholar and Redalyc. According to the analysis carried out, it is concluded that the NFTs are a cryptographic certification that gives a digital work the ability to be unique and unrepeatable and therefore its monetization and commercialization. As a financial impact, NFTs allow the sale of digital assets for large sums of money through decentralized finance (DeFi); As an impact on authenticity, the NFTs guarantee the attribution of the work as its uniqueness and origin from those who can legitimately dispose of it; and finally, as an impact on security, the NFTs make a work traceable and whose property can be transferred in a private and secure way thanks to the records based on Blockchain.
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Rahardja, Untung, Achmad Nizar Hidayanto, Panca Oktavia Hadi Putra, and Marviola Hardini. "Immutable Ubiquitous Digital Certificate Authentication Using Blockchain Protocol." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 19, no. 4 (August 24, 2021): 308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2021.19.4.1046.
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A new paradigm regarding a significant technological development has been introduced, each individual gets full trust in controlling an asset and can see the level of authenticity of a particular asset. Through qualitative methods, it is possible to have structured results as the first step to the perfection of the digitalisation era, in which the current revolutionary technology called blockchain has come into play. One of the main innovations found through this research is the role of blockchain in enhancing e-certificate data security, it is proven that administration can be well distributed and reduce operational costs for every field in the world. It is clear that blockchain, especially in the world of education certification, has a big impact, because it can create a global trust network, immutable, authenticated ubiquitous, and can shape a better world for Indonesia as a superpower. With good execution using the SHA-256 hash, e-certificate blockchain technology can be of high value and have an impact on the quality of potential human resources in educational institutions.
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Katunská, Jana, Dušan Katunský, and Veronika Labovská. "Selected problems of thermal insulation of historical buildings." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2019-0007.
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Abstract There are problems with historical buildings when changing the thermal insulation properties of buildings. The Energy Efficiency Act exempted historic buildings from certification. Not all old, historic buildings have monument protection. It is necessary to take into account the above mentioned facts in case of renovation and reconstruction of an old building. Otherwise, a normal building is approached and a building of historical value is treated differently. Methods hidden insulation, which preserves the authenticity of cultural monuments and real estate in the heritage areas, is a current challenge of heritage practice. The sustainability of the operation of historic buildings ultimately means the preservation and appropriate use of the heritage fund. Fortunately, the list of such interventions that do not jeopardize the monumental values or the use of the building is gradually increasing. This is mainly due to modern, increasingly sophisticated materials and technologies. In this paper we offer a basic overview of the most frequently used and practice-tested interventions in historical buildings, but we focus on details.
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von Lewinski, Silke. "Intellectual property protection of folklore." Focaal 2004, no. 44 (December 1, 2004): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/092012904782311272.
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The possible protection of indigenous cultural expressions has reemerged as a topic in international debates in recent years. This article provides a legal perspective on the topic. Existing copyright and neighboring right laws do not apply to such cultural expressions per se, since they do not fulfill the relevant criteria of protection. However, indirect protection is granted to those who record indigenous expressions onto phonograms, films, and photographs, and for those who collect or perform indigenous cultural expressions. Protection concerning authenticity is possible by way of trademarks (in particular collective marks and certification marks) and geographical indications. Particular rules about unfair competition may protect against the disclosure of confidential information. Works based on traditional cultural expressions are regularly protected by copyright. Following early (unsuccessful) attempts for international protection of traditional cultural expressions per se, new ways are currently being developed including sui generis protection regimes which integrate customary laws and practices. Any successful solution will have to be based on better mutual interest and understanding between indigenous peoples and Western users.
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Castro, Renato Q., and Manuel Au-Yong-Oliveira. "Blockchain and Higher Education Diplomas." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010013.
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Due to added mobility and the increase in international students worldwide, as well as the current problem regarding the counterfeiting of diplomas and the selling of fraudulent certificates, we propose a technological solution. Namely, to ally blockchain technology to higher education certificates and diplomas, to make the process of checking for academic qualifications more facilitated and transparent. Employers of graduates, as well as higher education institutions which evaluate course applicants, would benefit. Perhaps equally as important, students applying for international degree programs would have their lives simplified. There is an increased pressure to ensure the legitimacy and authenticity of certifications and diplomas—and preferably without the current “hassle” of getting diplomas recognized by official entities. New technological advances, with the development of blockchain and smart contracts, with their characteristics of immutability, decentralization, security, traceability, and consensus, may be considered an excellent match to implement a robust and reliable anti-fraud solution to issue digital diplomas. Radical innovations, such as linking blockchain and higher education diplomas, involve significant change and novelty. Linking blockchain and higher education diplomas could potentially positively impact and benefit millions of people worldwide, especially the younger generations. This study involved a literature review and the searching of the Scopus database (refereed publications) for the following concepts: blockchain and diploma. Existing literature is recent, with most articles (25) published between 2019 and 2020, with 4 in 2018 and only 1 in 2017. This was aligned with our expectations since the development of blockchain utilization outside financial and crypto-assets industries is recent, and it is known as “Blockchain 3.0”. We can additionally affirm that the topic is attracting attention and efforts from researchers worldwide and that some higher education institutions have already implemented ad hoc solutions. As it is, the sector lacks a unified response to the problem of automatic and reliable higher education diploma certification.
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M, Vigi George, and Hari N. "Authentication of Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. - a traditional medicinal plant from India using microscopic techniques." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, no. 2 (June 18, 2022): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i2.3456.
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Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk., Sapindaceae, known as “black doll’s eyes” or “tulip tree” is a rainforest tree distributed in the tropical forests of peninsular India. Out of the 26 species of the genus, H. arborea is therapeutically more studied and widely used in folk and ayurvedic medicine. In this work, anatomical study of the leaves and stem of H. arborea was performed to provide a microscopical diagnosis for its characterization due to its increasing use in folk and ayurvedic medicine and its differentiation from other species with the same popular name. Standard light and scanning electron microscopy procedures were carried out using paradermal sections of leaf surfaces and transverse sections of lamina, midrib, and petiole. Stem preparations include longitudinal, radial and transverse sections of tertiary branches. The leaf epidermis with stellate non-glandular trichomes, cyclocytic stomata, mucilaginous cells and mesophyll without secretory sclereids, and the stem with confluent axial parenchyma, biseriate xylem rays, and the presence of rhomboidal prismatic crystals in the axial cells are the diagnostic microscopic features of the species. This structural characterization of the stem and leaf allows the identification of H.arborea, allowing certification of the authenticity of raw material.
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Becuţ, Anda. "Apples, Quality Signs and Trademarks for Local Products." International Review of Social Research 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2011-0011.
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Abstract The interest for food quality is one result of the changes in consumption practices and of the food crisis that generated customers’ distrust. The latter became more and more interested not only in the food’s properties, but also in the conditions of its production (hygienic security, fairly paid labor and proper work conditions) and distribution (product’s origin, traceability control). In this context, the attention has moved to food production and distribution and to economic practices, focusing on the economic and social dimension of the food system. In this article, I have analyzed how food quality is built, both culturally (through signs such as authenticity, hygiene and ecology) and politically (through official labels such as protected designation of origin - PDO, protected geographical indication - PGI). I also analyze how Voineşti apples achieved commercial notoriety as an example of the food products known in the Francophone literature as ‘terroir’ products, in order to highlight specific practices of quality performing and different types of quality discourses related to them. I touch upon the economy of quality, the quality standards, signs and marks, the European and Romanian legislation regarding local products, the process of quality certification and the local products as quality products.
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Шереметьев, Александр Викторович. "ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНОГО МЕТОДА УСТАНОВЛЕНИЯ РЕСУРСОВ АВИАЦИОННЫХ ГТД." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 7 (August 31, 2019): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.7.14.
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There was done experimental confirmation of competent using the retrospective method of GTE service life establish. The data of the twenty-two years of the exploitation of the GTE with the high stage of the two contours and comparison of the obtained results with the exploitation of the foreign engines in the same class shows the good agreement. It testifies reliable retrospective method establishing the service life which was developed in the SE “Ivchenko-Progress” and expediency of using this method in the future. At present there is the goal before the engineers of the aviation companies: “…the goal is to make in a year the same work for the creation of aero-engines which was done earlier in five years and expense 1 billion dollars for the work where we expensed in the past 6 or 7 billion dollars”. To achieve such goals we must change the methodology of the creation of the GTE. For the reducing the time and expenses in creation, working out and certification it is necessary to create new methods for providing strength reliability to achieve a high level of the reliable of the results with the combination of acceptable expenses of time and money. The improvement of the methods of providing strength reliability on the base of strength analysis and experimental research works which were done earlier, experience of working out and service of the constructive – similarity parts of the engine – prototypes make it possible to minimize the time and expenditures at the developing, working out and certification of the new aviation GTE. The using of the constructive – similarity conception with the combination of the experience of the creation, working out and certification aviation GTE at the availability of the contemporary powerful calculation technique and software for the determine thermo-mechanical stress-straining condition of the parts makes it possible to successfully solving the task of providing strength reliability parts in the condition of the complex poly factory loading. In this case, it may achieve an essential saving of the expenditures and time, including also the period of the establishing of the service life. The success service of the engines with the high stage of two contours at the limits of the establishing cycle life of the main parts with the using the retrospective method confirms its authenticity and advantages with others methods of service life establish.
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Bressan, Maria C., Erika C. Rodrigues, Lizandra V. Rossato, Isabel Neto-Fonseca, Susana P. Alves, Rui J. B. Bessa, and Luis T. Gama. "Discrimination of Meat Produced by Bos taurus and Bos indicus Finished under an Intensive or Extensive System." Animals 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101737.
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Meat obtained under commercial conditions shows considerable variability, mostly due to genetic background and production system. In this study, meat physicochemical properties and fatty acid profiles were analysed to investigate the feasibility of using them as tools to discriminate between meats produced by different genetic groups and finishing systems. Samples of the Longissimus thoracis were collected from 160 commercial bulls of the B. taurus (n = 75) and B. indicus (n = 85) groups, finished either on pasture (n = 46) or with grain supplementation (n = 114) and analysed by standard procedures. Data were analysed by discriminant analysis using a stepwise procedure, to select the meat characteristics that better contribute to discriminate the various groups. Our results indicate that fatty acid profiles of meat had better discriminating ability than physicochemical properties, especially to identify meat from animals finished on grain or pasture. The overall discrimination of meat from different genetic groups was achieved with a slightly lower reliability. Nonetheless, our results show that reliability of allocation to genetic group can be improved if prior information on finishing system is considered. These results are of high importance because they can be incorporated as tools to assess the authenticity of beef, particularly in meat certification programs.
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BORA, Florin Dumitru, Anamaria CĂLUGĂR, Claudiu Ioan BUNEA, Vasile Răzvan FILIMON, Gabriel TABARANU, and Floricel DIMA. "Measurements Isotopic Ratios Signature and Level Concentration of Pb and Sr from Several Romanian Wines." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 78, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2021.0012.
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Authenticity, certification, and especially the origin of food has become an increasing priority among consumers and producers, in the case of wines, this is very important especially if commercial values are associated with the region of production. In the last decades, isotopic ratios of geological interest, such as Pb, and Sr, have gained interest in the tracking regional provenance of foods and especially of wine. The correlation of the Pb and Sr isotope ratios between soil and plant makes it an interesting tool for tracing the provenance of agricultural products such as grapes and wine. The purpose of this research was to assessment the Pb and Sr isotopic ratio to highlight geographical markers with a high degree of credibility in several Romanian wine-growing areas. The values of the 206Pb/207Pb, for the vine from Dealu Bujorului and Valea Călugărească vineyard show traces of lead atmospheric pollution, in Nicorești, Panciu, and Ștefăneți-Argeș vineyard the values of the isotopic ratio show traces of fly ashes, coals, or natural Pb and Greaca vineyard show traces of petrol, gasoline, combustion. Due to Pb, and Sr a separation on the vineyards and wine-growing centers, and also a separation of the wine samples was possible.
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Junejo, Aisha Kanwal, and Nikos Komninos. "A Lightweight Attribute-Based Security Scheme for Fog-Enabled Cyber Physical Systems." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (September 21, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2145829.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, a lightweight attribute-based security scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is proposed for fog-enabled cyber physical systems (Fog-CPS). A novel aspect of the proposed scheme is that the communication between Fog-CPS entities is secure even when the certification authority (CA) is compromised. This is achieved by dividing the attributes into two sets, namely, secret and shared, and subsequently generating two key pairs, referred to as the partial and final key pairs, for each entity of the Fog-CPS system. Unlike existing attribute-based encryption (ABE) and identity-based encryption schemes, in the proposed scheme, each entity calculates the final public key of the communicating CPS devices without the need of generating and transmitting digital certificates. Moreover, the proposed security scheme considers an efficient and secure key pair update approach in which the calculation overhead is limited to one group element. To show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, we have calculated and compared the memory and processing complexity with other bilinear and elliptic curve schemes. We have also implemented our scheme in a Raspberry Pi (3B+ model) for CPS simulations. The proposed scheme guarantees the confidentiality, integrity, privacy, and authenticity in Fog-CPS systems.
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Fawzy, Samer, Ahmed I. Osman, Haiping Yang, John Doran, and David W. Rooney. "Industrial biochar systems for atmospheric carbon removal: a review." Environmental Chemistry Letters 19, no. 4 (March 11, 2021): 3023–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01210-1.
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AbstractIn the context of climate change, there is an urgent need for rapid and efficient methods to capture and sequester carbon from the atmosphere. For instance, production, use and storage of biochar are highly carbon negative, resulting in an estimated sequestration of 0.3–2 Gt CO2 year−1 by 2050. Yet, biochar production requires more knowledge on feedstocks, thermochemical conversion and end applications. Herein, we review the design and development of biochar systems, and we investigate the carbon removal industry. Carbon removal efforts are currently promoted via the voluntary market. The major commercialized technologies for offering atmospheric carbon removal are forestation, direct air carbon capture utilization and storage, soil carbon sequestration, wooden building elements and biochar, with corresponding fees ranging from 10 to 895 GBP (British pounds) per ton CO2. Biochar fees range from 52 to 131 GBP per ton CO2, which indicates that biochar production is a realistic strategy that can be deployed at large scale. Carbon removal services via biochar are currently offered through robust marketplaces that require extensive certification, verification and monitoring, which adds an element of credibility and authenticity. Biochar eligibility is highly dependent on the type of feedstock utilized and processing conditions employed. Process optimization is imperative to produce an end product that meets application-specific requirements, environmental regulations and achieve ultimate stability for carbon sequestration purposes.
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Ahmed, Adel A. "Lightweight Digital Certificate Management and Efficacious Symmetric Cryptographic Mechanism over Industrial Internet of Things." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 2810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082810.
Full textAbstract:
The certificate authority, a trusted entity, issues digital certificates which contain identity credentials to help Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices to represent their authenticity in a secure means. The crucial challenge of a digital certificate is to how design a secure certification authority management system that can counteract cyberattacks on the IIoT network. Moreover, current IIoT systems are not capable of implementing complex mathematical operations due to their constrained power capacity and processing capability. This paper proposes an effective, secure symmetric cryptographic mechanism (ESSC) based on the certificate authority management and Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman (ECDH) to share a digital certificate among IIoT devices. The proposed certificate authority is used to securely exchange the shared secret key and to resolve the problem of spoofing attacks that may be used to impersonate the identity of the certificate authority. Also, ESSC uses the shared secret key to encrypt the sensitive data during transmission through the insecure communication channel. This research studies the adversary model for ESSC on IIoT and analyzes the cybersecurity of ESSC in the random oracle model. The findings that result from the experiments show that ESSC outperforms the baseline in terms of communication, computation, and storage costs. ESSC thus provides an adequate lightweight digital certificate management and cryptographic scheme which can help in the detection and prevention of several cyberattacks that can harm IIoT networks.
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Nestor, Nataliia. "THE CONCEPT OF STANDARDIZATION OF FORENSIC AND EXPERT ACTIVITIES." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 64 (May 7, 2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2019.64.04.
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The article distinguishes three concepts: «standardization», «accreditation» and «certification». All three aspects are tools for ensuring control over the quality, reliability and scientific authenticity of expert studies. Standards of forensic activities are fixed in the methods of conducting expert research; it has been considered the possibility of unifying the methodological support of expert research and related activities. Foremost, the standards of forensic activities are fixed in the methods of conducting expert research, which are, relatively, programs for solving expert problems and a list of sequential operations. It is the methodological aspect of the quality of forensic examinations that is the focus of this article. Standardization of individual areas of expert research is often considered as the next step after accreditation of forensic institutions to implement international standards in expert justice. Most expert institutions both in Ukraine and internationally are accredited. However, the accreditation procedure is reduced to the issues of documentation and management and to a large extent leaves aside the scientific and methodological aspects of the implementation of expert activities. Standardization of forensic activity should be understood as an activity to achieve optimal orderliness of forensic expert activity by unifying the methodological support of expert research and related activities. It is important to understand that standardization is a continuous process, and involves the development of new standard techniques with the advent of new types of examinations. Key words: forensic expert activity, standardization, unification, accreditation, attestation, judicial practice, methodology.
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Zhang, Jun. "Internet of Things Supervision System and Supply Chain Financial Supervision Methods Based on Blockchain Technology." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (December 24, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2411424.
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With the continuous progress of blockchain technology, how to use it for commodity traceability has become a concern. This study mainly discusses the Internet of Things supervision system and supply chain financial supervision method based on blockchain technology. The whole blockchain network is a decentralized system, which consists of six layers: data layer, network layer, and consensus layer. These three layers are the foundation layer; the other three layers are incentive layer, contract layer, and application layer. The interface of the platform needs to be conceived in combination with the business of building materials. According to the functional differentiation, the required interfaces mainly include information generation interface, information verification, information retrieval, and other information interfaces. Smart contracts can process data, operate asset transactions, manage smart assets, and expand the ability of blockchain to use data. In this way, the blockchain technology can trace the source of the data, so as to ensure the authenticity and security of the data. Blockchain technology can be used in data tracking. Specifically, in the building materials industry, with the help of blockchain technology, building material mixing enterprises can see the raw materials such as sand and gravel purchased under the order, the region where they are produced, the time point of transportation, the carrier, etc. In the process of supply chain financial supervision experiment, when the pledge rate of building materials is within the range of [0.4206,1], the bank income under the block chain mode is higher. The system designed in this study realizes the certification and traceability of building materials and has good use value.
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Fong, Neale. "Message from the College President – Dr Neale Fong." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 16, no. 2 (June 27, 2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v16i2.881.
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Leadership and management spawn numerous catchphrases to assert what is important “right now”. Resilience. Leaning in, or out. Authenticity. Balance. Agility. As a College for health managers and leaders, our clear challenge is to look past the “right now” and create the best platform to support our members through what we hope will be their lengthy career and positive contribution to the health of their communities.
In the past year the College has introduced a credentialling approach for health leaders which is inclusive of any and all of the latest leadership theories whilst acknowledging that real and substantial contributions to the health of the community is an iterative process requiring the commitment of individual leaders over long careers spanning decades. Our vision is “Better Leadership. Healthier Communities.” Our body of services is directed at supporting our members to achieve this vision.
Why Certification?
At the very foundation of the notion of what constitutes a profession is a body of knowledge and skills that requires attainment and continuous improvement. The individual leader is supported by an external body (the College) that describes that body of knowledge and skills and creates a framework for the individual to point to how they personally are committing to lifelong learning and development.
In the health sector certification in a profession is an employment currency that has traditionally excluded the leaders and managers. Through the introduction of these credentials, the College supports members and future members to have their body of knowledge and skills recognised and provides the platform for continuing development.
The role of consumer expectation plays a role in the need for the College credentialling system. Consumers expect a professional and independent recognition of the capability of the senior people who develop, lead, manage and have responsibility for their health facilities and services.
Our Challenge to our CHM’s and CHE’s
Implicit in this Certification system is that it is very important that the College’s Certified Health Manager and Certified Health Executives use their postnominals in communications within the health sector, talk about the College’s work in supporting the profession and “live” the vision of committing to lifelong learning as part of a community of leaders.
Over the past difficult 18 months the College itself has leaned into this attribute of community which goes beyond the triteness of “we are all in this together”. I have been proud and delighted to see how many of our members stepped up to support each other during this time and have been glad to harness that collegiate good will in developing both free and more importantly more opportunities for members to come together in small and large groups to listen and learn.
This journal continues to be an excellent and informative part of health leaders’ journeys. We are thankful for the partnership with SHAPE and commend members’ contributions to this publication; another way to continue the life-long learning that is so necessary in meeting the challenges of the health and community care sectors.
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Antonova, O. Yu, N. S. Klimenko, D. A. Rybakov, N. A. Fomina, V. V. Zheltova, L. Yu Novikova, and T. A. Gavrilenko. "SSR analysis of modern Russian potato varieties using DNA samples of nomenclatural standards." Plant Biotechnology and Breeding 3, no. 4 (September 2, 2021): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2658-6266-2020-4-o2.
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The N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) is developing new approaches to documentation of national cultivars, taking into account recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants in parallel with methods of genetic certification. The nomenclatural standard of a particular cultivar represented by a herbarium specimen can be used as a reference for verifying authenticity and uniformity of cultivar specimens obtained from various sources. The verification requires fast and reliable methods for cultivar genotyping. This paper presents protocols for modified methods of DNA extraction, PCR-analysis and SSR-genotyping, which allow potato cultivars identification without the use of expensive reagent kits. A set of ten chromosome-specific microsatellite markers was used to study polymorphisms in 66 modern Russian potato cultivars, as well as in 11 pre-cultivars and breeding clones, represented by nomenclatural standards and voucher specimens, respectively. This subset of 77 specimens has demonstrated a high level of polymorphism in ten studied microsatellite loci. The SSR analysis identified 73 alleles; 7.3 alleles per locus were observed on average, the number of which varied from 3 (STG0025 locus) to 11 (locus StI046). The PIC values varied from 0.544 (STG0025 locus) to 0.836 (StI046 locus). The alleles, unique for this subset, were found at six studied loci. The high level of polymorphism at the SSR loci made it possible to unambiguously identify almost every cultivar, with the exception of the expected coincidence of microsatellite profiles of two cultivars, which are somaclonal variants. Using an optimized set of eight microsatellite markers, the genetic relationships of modern Russian potato cultivars were studied.