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1

Carrette, Odile, Pierre R. Burkhard, Severine Hughes, Denis F. Hochstrasser, and Jean-Charles Sanchez. "Truncated cystatin C in cerebrospiral fluid: Technical artefact or biological process?" PROTEOMICS 5, no. 12 (August 2005): 3060–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200402039.

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2

Carrette, Odile, Pierre R. Burkhard, Severine Hughes, Denis F. Hochstrasser, and Jean-Charles Sanchez. "Truncated cystatin C in cerebrospiral fluid: Technical artefact or biological process? (vol. 5, Issue 12, pp. 3060-3065)." PROTEOMICS 5, no. 14 (September 2005): 3822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200590062.

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3

Kesavan, T. M. Ananda. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination in Meningitis: Diagnostic Dilemmas." Indian Journal of Trauma and Emergency Pediatrics 10, no. 2 (2018): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijtep.2348.9987.10218.4.

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4

Than Aye, Than, Aye Aye Sann, and Hpone Pyae Tun. "Recurrent bacterial meningitis with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea." International Journal of Case Reports and Images 13, no. 2 (November 28, 2022): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5348/101362z01ta2022cr.

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Introduction: Recurrent bacterial meningitis is a rare clinical phenomenon, but a telltale sign of a mysterious foe. It is an occurrence of two or more episodes of bacterial meningitis by different organisms, or with the same organism and the episodes separated by an interval of at least three weeks. Case Report: We present a case of a 29-year-old gentleman who presented with acute pyogenic meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. This is the second episode of confirmed bacterial meningitis in two years with another episode of meningitis ten years ago, which was treated as tuberculous. History of rhinorrhea was elicited on direct questioning and cerebrospinal fluid leak through cribriform plate was confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging. The current episode of meningitis was successfully treated with intravenous high dose cephalosporin and short course dexamethasone. The patient was referred to a neurosurgeon for closure of cerebrospinal fluid leak. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of a thorough clinical history and awareness of a seemingly unimportant symptom which can be an important diagnostic clue.
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5

Galan, A., A. Seisdedos-Benzal, BE Carletti, S. Quiros, EM Martin, D. Menor, and MM Granados. "Cisternal versus lumbar cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration in healthy dogs." Veterinární Medicína 65, No. 7 (July 10, 2020): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/136/2019-vetmed.

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The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers provides a wide range of information about the neurological health of a patient. Lactate is a metabolic precursor necessary for brain gluconeogenesis. When oxidative impairment or mitochondrial damage is present, lactate alteration occurs. The rostro-caudal dynamics of cerebrospinal biomarkers along the craniospinal axis in humans and horses was demonstrated in other studies. To the authors’ knowledge, no clinical study has, so far, investigated the cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration in dogs in association with the puncture site. The purpose of this study was to compare the cerebellomedullary cistern and lumbar cistern cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations in healthy dogs. Cerebellomedullary and lumbar cerebrospinal fluids were collected for the cell count, total protein determination and lactate analysis from ten healthy Beagle dogs. The results revealed a significantly increased lumbar cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration when compared with the cerebellomedullary cistern level. The results included: the total nucleated cell count < 5 cells/µl, the red blood cell count < 500 cell/µl, the total proteins < 0.3 g/l, as well as the cerebellomedullary lactate values (1.44 ± 0.06 mM/l) and the lumbar cistern lactate values (1.58 ± 0.1 mM/l). The results of this study highlight useful data that help to understand the physiological lactate variations depending on the cerebrospinal fluid puncture site.
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6

Lauridsen, Karin Holst, Kristine Boisen Olsen, Eva Løbner Lund, Tomas O. Jensen, Thomas Ingemann Pedersen, Zitta Barrella Harboe, Valeria Antsupova, et al. "Neurological Complications in COVID-19 Patients: Can Analysis of Specific Antibodies and Viral RNA in Paired Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum be Used for Accurate Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Neuroinflammatory Disease? A Case Series." Clinical Pathology 15 (January 2022): 2632010X2211390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2632010x221139096.

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Background: Neurological complications during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection have been frequently described. The detection of either SARS-CoV-2 RNA or specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in cerebrospinal fluid in the context of concomitant neurological manifestations indicates neuroinfection. Methods and Results: This is a retrospective descriptive analysis of cerebrospinal fluids and serum samples from 2 hospitalized patients and autopsy findings from 2 patients who died at home. Samples were analysed by 3 independent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detected in cerebrospinal fluids and paired serum in all 4 cases. Levels of antibodies in cerebrospinal fluids were highest in samples from a deceased man with critical progression of COVID-19 and detectable SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in cerebrospinal fluid, serum, 4 brain biopsies and 15 additional tissue samples, though immunohistochemical staining for SARS-CoV-2 in brain tissue did not detect the virus. Conclusion: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid may support the presence of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinflammatory disease in patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations.
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7

Bhaskar, Amit, Mohammad Shafat Imam Siddiqui, Kumar Bhaskar, and Smitha S. "Adenosine Deaminase Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Different Etiology of Meningitis." Academia Journal of Medicine 2, no. 2 (July 24, 2019): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ajm.2019.2.2.48.

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8

Krishnan, G. Sundhar, V. J. Vikram, and Shruthi Satish. "ENDOSCOPIC TRANSNASAL REPAIR OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA - ANALYSIS OF 400 CASES." ORISSA JOURNAL OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 10, no. II (December 31, 2016): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21176/ojolhns.2016.2.6.

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9

Peate, Ian. "Body fluids: components and disorders of cerebrospinal fluid." British Journal of Healthcare Assistants 2, no. 9 (September 2008): 434–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjha.2008.2.9.31170.

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10

Kumari, Deepa, Shampa Anupurbha, Manish Gupta, Sarita Kumari, and Anup Singh. "Correlation of GeneXpert and cerebrospinal fluid culture in patients of tubercular meningitis." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 5, no. 2 (June 2018): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2018.5.2.28.

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11

Poyraz, Turan, Derya Kaya, Egemen Idiman, Nuri Karabay, Duygu Arslan, and Yasemin Karakaptan. "Co oznacza obecność pojedynczego prążka w płynie mózgowo-rdzeniowym? Doświadczenie nabyte w oparciu o badania materiału zebranego w ośrodku medycznym trzeciego stopnia referencyjności." Aktualności Neurologiczne 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/an.2015.0001.

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12

Ozbey, Nese, Altay Sencer, Sinan Tanyolac, Ramazan Kurt, Serra Sencer, Bilge Bilgic, Inan Turantan, and Senay Molvalilar. "An intrasellar germinoma with normal cerebrospinal fluid ?-HCG concentrations misdiagnosed as hypophysitis." HORMONES 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2006): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.11171.

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13

Mahajan, Rajesh, and Rahul Gupta. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Physiology and Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage." Anesthesiology 100, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200406000-00044.

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14

Lukaszewski, Zenon, and Ewa Gorodkiewicz. "Biosensors for the Determination of Protein Biomarkers." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010112.

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15

Knight, J. A., L. McClellan, and J. K. Staheli. "Cerebrospinal fluid lipoperoxides quantified by liquid chromatography, and determination of reference values." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.1.139.

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Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid lipoperoxides, measured as the malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid (MDA-TBA) adduct, were quantified by adapting the plasma liquid-chromatographic method of Wong et al. (Clin Chem 1987;33:214-20) to cerebrospinal fluid. Reference values for spinal fluid specimens from 91 adults, ages 17 to 95 y, and 37 children, ages 8 d to 8 y, were determined. Their concentrations were not significantly different (P = 0.222), adults having a mean (and SD) of 0.11 (0.06) mumol and children 0.10 (0.04) mumol of MDA per liter. Their ranges were 0.02-0.26 and 0.04-0.21 mumol of MDA per liter, respectively. We found concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid to be increased in several central nervous system disorders, including seizures, cerebral infarction, alcoholic encephalopathy, and, perhaps, prematurity. The presence of other thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in cerebrospinal fluid stresses the importance of using highly specific techniques when lipoperoxides are measured in body fluids.
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16

Hooper, Emily M. "Cerebrospinal fluid." Veterinary Nursing Journal 34, no. 10 (September 17, 2019): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17415349.2019.1646619.

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17

Emery, John L. "CEREBROSPINAL FLUID." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 13, no. 4 (November 12, 2008): 522–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1971.tb03060.x.

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18

Thompson, E. J. "Cerebrospinal fluid." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 59, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.59.4.349.

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19

Jerrard, David A., Jeahan R. Hanna, and Gina L. Schindelheim. "Cerebrospinal fluid." Journal of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 2 (August 2001): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-4679(01)00360-2.

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20

Cook, James R., and Dennis B. DeNicola. "Cerebrospinal Fluid." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 18, no. 3 (May 1988): 475–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(88)50051-7.

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21

Olsson, Tomas. "Cerebrospinal fluid." Annals of Neurology 36, S1 (1994): S100—S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410360723.

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22

J Shah, Shagun. "Abdominal Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Pseudocyst: A Rare Complication of Ventriculo-Peritoneal (VP) Shunt." Indian Journal of Trauma and Emergency Pediatrics 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijtep.2348.9987.12220.4.

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23

Boiko, Yuliia Igorivna, Vasyl Deoniziiovych Moskaliuk, Yurii Olexandrovich Randuk, Iryna Volodymyrivna Balaniuk, Ivanna Vasylivna Rudan, Tetiana Romanivna Kolotylo, and Svitlana Romanivna Melenko. "The capacity of HIV in the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid depending on antiretroviral drugs." Journal of Medicine and Life 15, no. 5 (May 2022): 620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25122/jml-2021-0333.

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This study aimed to determine the capacity of HIV in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients, depending on the reception of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Paired blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were examined in 116 HIV-infected patients to determine the level of viral load in both biological fluids and the number of blood CD4+ lymphocytes. In patients receiving ART, the difference between the load of HIV in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was significantly smaller than in untreated patients. Taking ART reduces the amount of HIV in the blood and CSF, but the dynamics of virus suppression in these biological fluids differ. The analysis revealed a statistically significant inverse relationship between the load of HIV in the blood and the number of CD4+ lymphocytes in untreated patients. There is a clear moderate positive correlation between the level of viremia and the clinical stage of HIV infection, as well as the duration of the disease. The number of CD4+ lymphocytes was expected to be inversely weakly correlated with the clinical stage of HIV infection and its duration. Accordingly, a direct correlation of mean strength was found between the levels of viral load in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. There was a significant increase in the difference between the levels of HIV load in the blood and CSF compared with the average value in 25.6% of patients.
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24

Fleck, Tatiana, and Martin Grabenwoger. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Physiology and Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage: In Reply." Anesthesiology 100, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200406000-00045.

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25

Thanda, Prasad, and P. Radhika. "Study of ADA Activity in the Cerebrospinal Fluid for the Diagnosis of Tuberculoses Meningitis." Indian Journal of Trauma & Emergency Pediatrics 9, no. 3 (2017): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijtep.2348.9987.9317.3.

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26

Buch, Archana. "A Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination using Urine Reagent Strips for Diagnosis of Meningitis." Recent Advances in Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 5, no. 4 (February 6, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.8642.201919.

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27

Al-Araji, Mohammed Kadum. "New Technique uses to Evaluate Cerebrospinal Fluid Lactic Acid as an Aid Differential Diagnosis of Bacterial and Viral Meningitis." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v9i1.273.

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The level of lactic acid in cerebrospinal fluid has been suggested as useful diagnostic. Parameter to differentiate between bacterial and viral meningitis,especially in patients partially treated before admission to hospital. A concentration of> (35 mgm/dl) determined by an enzymatic methods has been considered in several studies to provide definite evidence of meningitis of bacterial origin,whereas lower level indicates no bacterial involvement, over past (20) months we had analyzed by the enzymatic methods, the lactate level in (302) cerebrospinal fluids submitted from adults patients with various conditionsinvolving in central nervous system. Fifty fluids had lactate levels of> (35 mg/dl) of which (162) were cases of infective meningitis of varying etiology.In this adults study the lactate level in the cerebrospinal fluid did provide equivocal evidence of bacterial infection and provide assistance to any greater degree than the standard parameters of leucocytes counts, protein and glucose contents in the differential diagnosis of bacterial meningitis from that of any other etiology.
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28

Whitaker, J. N. "Myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid and other body fluids." Multiple Sclerosis 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/135245898678909123.

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29

Whitaker, John N. "Myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid and other body fluids." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 4, no. 1 (February 1998): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135245859800400105.

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Myelin basic protein (MBP) or a fragment thereof may enter cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other body fluids in an etiologically nonspecific fashion to provide information about the status of central nervous system (CNS) myelin damage. MBP immunochemically detected is referred to as MBP-like material (MBPLM). The clinical utility of the assay for MBPLM in CSF is to document the presence, continuation, or resolution of CNS myelin injury. The analysis of CSF for MBPLM is subject to many variables, among which are the antisera and the form of the assay utilized. The dominant epitope of CSF MBPLM is in the decapeptide of 80-89 from the intact MBP molecule of 170 residues. Normally, CSF has no detected MBPLM. Following an acute relapse of MS, MBPLM rises quickly in the range of ng/ml and rapidly declines and disappears. The presence of MBPLM in CSF in chronic and progressive phases of the disease is unusual, but it may sometimes be detected in low levels, depending on the assay used for detection. The level of CSF MBPLM is related to both the mass of CNS myelin damage and how recently it occurred. The level of CSF MBPLM rarely is elevated in optic neuritis. The level of CSF MBPLM is unrelated to CSF protein level, level of IgG, presence of oligoclonal bands or pleocytosis. CSF MBPLM has the potential of serving as a marker of therapeutic effectiveness in MS and does have predictive value for response to glucocorticoids given for worsening of disease. The detection of MBPLM in body fluids other than CSF would be of great value because of the resulting improved feasibility for objectively monitoring the natural history of MS and response to therapy. Studies on blood have yet to produce a valid assay of MBPLM. Urinary MBPLM, though different in its features from that in CSF, may provide a correlate, not with acute demyelination in MS as is the case for CSF, but with progression of disease.
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30

Grabska-Kobylecka, Izabela, Justyna Kaczmarek-Bak, Malgorzata Figlus, Anna Prymont-Przyminska, Anna Zwolinska, Agata Sarniak, Anna Wlodarczyk, Andrzej Glabinski, and Dariusz Nowak. "The Presence of Caffeic Acid in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Evidence That Dietary Polyphenols Can Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier in Humans." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051531.

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Epidemiological data indicate that a diet rich in plant polyphenols has a positive effect on brain functions, improving memory and cognition in humans. Direct activity of ingested phenolics on brain neurons may be one of plausible mechanisms explaining these data. This also suggests that some phenolics can cross the blood-brain barrier and be present in the brain or cerebrospinal fluid. We measured 12 phenolics (a combination of the solid-phase extraction technique with high-performance liquid chromatography) in cerebrospinal fluid and matched plasma samples from 28 patients undergoing diagnostic lumbar puncture due to neurological disorders. Homovanillic acid, 3-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid and caffeic acid were detectable in cerebrospinal fluid reaching concentrations (median; interquartile range) 0.18; 0.14 µmol/L, 4.35; 7.36 µmol/L and 0.02; 0.01 µmol/L, respectively. Plasma concentrations of caffeic acid (0.03; 0.01 µmol/L) did not correlate with those in cerebrospinal fluid (ρ = −0.109, p = 0.58). Because food (fruits and vegetables) is the only source of caffeic acid in human body fluids, our results indicate that the same dietary phenolics can cross blood-brain barrier in humans, and that transportation of caffeic acid through this barrier is not the result of simple or facilitated diffusion.
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31

Fogg, Christiana N. "Cerebrospinal fluid snapshot." Science 369, no. 6511 (September 24, 2020): 1579.22–1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.369.6511.1579-v.

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32

Malathi, Mala, and Shailaja A. Katti. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Bioprofiling." Indian journal of Medical Biochemistry 22, no. 1 (2018): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10054-0053.

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33

Bateman, Grant A. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Pulsation." Journal of Neurosurgery 106, no. 1 (January 2007): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2007.106.1.197.

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34

Jordan, Kevin Theophilus. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 12, no. 3 (August 1994): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(20)30415-6.

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35

Matsumoto, Hideyuki, and Yoshikazu Ugawa. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 100, no. 4 (2011): 1076–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.100.1076.

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36

Mohanty, Aaron. "Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 07, no. 02 (April 2016): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.178672.

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37

Czosnyka, Marek, Zofia Czosnyka, Shahan Momjian, and John D. Pickard. "Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics." Physiological Measurement 25, no. 5 (August 7, 2004): R51—R76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/25/5/r01.

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38

Diekman, Theo, and Bram Mees. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak." New England Journal of Medicine 361, no. 14 (October 2009): e26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm0708178.

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39

Choi, SooHo. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Collections." Neurosurgery 44, no. 3 (March 1999): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199903000-00148.

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40

Saunders, Norman. "Cerebrospinal fluid secretion." Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 38, no. 3 (April 2010): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02249_1.x.

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41

Thompson, E. "The Cerebrospinal Fluid." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 53, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 538–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.53.6.538-c.

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42

Ransohoff, R. M. "The Cerebrospinal Fluid." Neurology 41, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.41.5.768-b.

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43

POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ.Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), Z. S. "Cerebrospinal fluid analysis." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 65, no. 3 (December 21, 2017): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15537.

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The significance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis has been compared to that of complete blood counts for systemic diseases. CSF changes generally follow specific patterns depending on the etiopathogenesis (inflammatory, metabolic, neoplastic) of neurological diseases, thus indicating which further diagnostic modalities should be applied. CSF collection requires operator skills and knowledge of sampling indications and contraindications. Analysis includes physical examination (colour, clarity, viscosity), cytological and biochemical analysis, microbiological and immunologic testing. Despite its limitations, CSF analysis is a useful diagnostic tool, in particular when results are interpreted in combination with historical information, clinical examination and the findings of clinicopathological and diagnostic imaging testing.
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44

Volk, Holger A. "Cerebrospinal fluid sampling." In Practice 40, no. 3 (April 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inp.k1445.

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45

Killer, Hanspeter E., and Prem S. Subramanian. "Compartmentalized Cerebrospinal Fluid." International Ophthalmology Clinics 54, no. 1 (2014): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iio.0000000000000010.

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46

Smith, WilliamC, M. Veeravahu, and J. C. Clay. "TESTING CEREBROSPINAL FLUID." Lancet 329, no. 8527 (January 1987): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90085-7.

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47

Howell, S. J. L. "TESTING CEREBROSPINAL FLUID." Lancet 329, no. 8533 (March 1987): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90254-6.

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48

Long, Sarah S. "“Normal” cerebrospinal fluid." Journal of Pediatrics 158, no. 1 (January 2011): A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.11.045.

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49

BONADIO, WILLIAM A. "The cerebrospinal fluid." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 11, no. 6 (June 1992): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199206000-00001.

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50

Alobid, Isam, and Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorhinorrhea." New England Journal of Medicine 369, no. 22 (November 28, 2013): e29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm1300806.

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