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1
MATKOVSKA, Ivanna. "Zenoviy Flinta’s artistic ceramics of 1960-80s: Stages of development of the author’s creative manner and influence of artist’s painting on his artistic ceramicsand Ukrainization." Contemporary Art, no. 17 (November 30, 2021): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31500/2309-8813.17.2021.248429.
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The works of Zenovia Flint, an outstanding artist, teacher and nonconformist ceramist, who embodied in his ceramic works of the 1960s and 1980s his own picturesque informal searches and philosophical images-allegories in the author’s manner, are analyzed. For the first time, the systematization of directions and stages of formation of Z. Flint’s authorial style in the field of artistic ceramics was performed, as well as an art analysis of the influence of the artist’s painting on his ceramics.
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Cheng, Zhao Gang, Xin Hua Ni, and Xie Quan Liu. "The Mechanical-Stress-Field of Matrix in Eutectic Ceramic Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 3607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.3607.
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Based on the interaction between nano-fiber and eutectic interphase, forth-phase mode is used to get the mechanical stress field of matrix in eutectic composite ceramics. The effective flexibility increment tensor of eutectic ceramic composite is obtained by the volumetric average strain. The remote stress boundary condition of the eutectic composite ceramis is accounted for getting the mechanical stress field in matrix. The results show the mechanical stress field of the matrix is associated with the stiffness and the volume fractions of each component in eutectic composite ceramic , the shape of interphase and nano-fiber. The stresses in matrix will decrease due to the strong constraining effects of the eutectic interphase. The eutectic interphase make the eutectic composite ceramics strengthen.
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Uchasova, E. G., O. V. Gruzdeva, and Yu A. Dyleva. "CERAMIDS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (REVIEW OF LITERATURE)." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 65, no. 6 (May 15, 2020): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-6-341-346.
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Almost all known stress stimuli, including inflammatory agonists, chemotherapeutic agents and saturated fatty acids, cause the synthesis of ceramide and its metabolites. In recent studies, it has been shown that excessive synthesis of ceramides causes the development of various metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, the role of ceramids in the development of obesity and diabetes has been studied quite well. At the same time, studies devoted to the study of lipid data in the development of cardiovascular disease are not large. In this review, we generalize the data on this new class of bioactive lipids for understanding their role in the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Almohammed, Saleh N., Belal Alshorman, and Layla A. Abu-Naba’a. "Optical Properties of Five Esthetic Ceramic Materials Used for Monolithic Restorations: A Comparative In Vitro Study." Ceramics 5, no. 4 (November 10, 2022): 961–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics5040069.
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Zirconia has generated tremendous interest in the esthetic materials used for dental restorations. However, using conventional zirconia has some limitations especially in highly esthetically demanding situations, as it lacks the translucency that other ceramic materials possess. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the optical properties (shade, translucency, and opalescence) of three CAD-CAM monolithic multilayer zirconia ceramics (GNX; Ceramill Zolid® Gen-X, ZCP; IPS e.max® ZirCAD, and UPC; Upcera® Esthetic Explore Prime) and one CAD-CAM monolithic multilayer polymer-infiltrated hybrid ceramic (ENM; Vita® Enamic) with a CAD-CAM monolithic lithium disilicate ceramic as control (EMX; IPS e.max® CAD). 200 discs (GNX = 40, ZCP = 40, UPC = 40, ENM = 40, and EMX = 40) were cut, polished, and fully crystallized. Half of the samples for each group were subjected to hydrothermal aging. Descriptive analysis and ANOVA tests were used to compare the groups. Zirconia GNX, ZCP, and UPC groups showed significantly lower optical properties than ENM and EMX groups for both the non-aged and aged samples (p < 0.05). UPC and ENM groups showed a significant decrease in translucency and opalescence after aging (p < 0.05). The optical properties of monolithic multilayer zirconia ceramics were lower than monolithic multilayer polymer-infiltrated hybrid ceramic and lithium disilicate ceramic. Polymer-infiltrated hybrid ceramic was significantly affected by aging.
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Kawana, Momoko, Masatoshi Miyamoto, Yusuke Ohno, and Akio Kihara. "Comparative profiling and comprehensive quantification of stratum corneum ceramides in humans and mice by LC/MS/MS." Journal of Lipid Research 61, no. 6 (April 7, 2020): 884–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.ra120000671.
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Ceramides are the predominant lipids in the stratum corneum (SC) and are crucial components for normal skin barrier function. Although the composition of various ceramide classes in the human SC has been reported, that in mice is still unknown, despite mice being widely used as animal models of skin barrier function. Here, we performed LC/MS/MS analyses using recently available ceramide class standards to measure 25 classes of free ceramides and 5 classes of protein-bound ceramides from human and mouse SC. Phytosphingosine- and 6-hydroxy sphingosine-type ceramides, which both contain an additional hydroxyl group, were abundant in the human SC (35% and 45% of total ceramides, respectively). In contrast, in mice, phytosphingosine- and 6-hydroxy sphingosine-type ceramides were present at ∼1% and undetectable levels, respectively, and sphingosine-type ceramides accounted for ∼90%. In humans, ceramides containing α-hydroxy FA were abundant, whereas ceramides containing β-hydroxy or ω-hydroxy FA were abundant in mice. The hydroxylated β-carbon in β-hydroxy ceramides was in the (R) configuration. Genetic knockout of β-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydratases in HAP1 cells increased β-hydroxy ceramide levels, suggesting that β-hydroxy acyl-CoA, an FA-elongation cycle intermediate in the ER, is a substrate for β-hydroxy ceramide synthesis. We anticipate that our methods and findings will help to elucidate the role of each ceramide class in skin barrier formation and in the pathogenesis of skin disorders.
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Liu, Li-Ka, Vineet Choudhary, Alexandre Toulmay, and William A. Prinz. "An inducible ER–Golgi tether facilitates ceramide transport to alleviate lipotoxicity." Journal of Cell Biology 216, no. 1 (December 23, 2016): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201606059.
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Ceramides are key intermediates in sphingolipid biosynthesis and potent signaling molecules. However, excess ceramide is toxic, causing growth arrest and apoptosis. In this study, we identify a novel mechanism by which cells prevent the toxic accumulation of ceramides; they facilitate nonvesicular ceramide transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex, where ceramides are converted to complex sphingolipids. We find that the yeast protein Nvj2p promotes the nonvesicular transfer of ceramides from the ER to the Golgi complex. The protein is a tether that generates close contacts between these compartments and may directly transport ceramide. Nvj2p normally resides at contacts between the ER and other organelles, but during ER stress, it relocalizes to and increases ER–Golgi contacts. ER–Golgi contacts fail to form during ER stress in cells lacking Nvj2p. Our findings demonstrate that cells regulate ER–Golgi contacts in response to stress and reveal that nonvesicular ceramide transfer out of the ER prevents the buildup of toxic amounts of ceramides.
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Suchard, Suzanne J., Vania Hinkovska-Galcheva, Pamela J. Mansfield, Laurence A. Boxer, and James A. Shayman. "Ceramide Inhibits IgG-Dependent Phagocytosis in Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes." Blood 89, no. 6 (March 15, 1997): 2139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v89.6.2139.
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Abstract Ceramide is a product of agonist-induced sphingolipid metabolism in several cell types, including polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). In adherent PMNs, the kinetics of ceramide production correspond with the termination of fMLP-stimulated H2O2 release. Furthermore, short chain ceramides inhibit fMLP-mediated H2O2 release in adherent PMNs. In the present study, we investigated the effects of short chain ceramides and sphingoid bases on phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized erythrocytes (EIgG) by suspended PMNs activated with fMLP. N-Acetylsphingosine, N-acetylphytosphingosine, phytosphingosine, sphingosine, and dihydrosphingosine, but not N-acetyldihydrosphingosine, inhibited phagocytosis of EIgG. In contrast, these same lipids did not inhibit fMLP-mediated chemotaxis. Endogenous ceramide levels increased within the first few minutes of phagocytosis, with a significant (P < .05) accumulation by 30 minutes, the time by which phagocytosis was terminated. Neutral sphingomyelinase activity paralleled the increase in ceramide, consistent with the generation of ceramide by the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin. The N-acetyl-conjugated sphingols (C2 ceramides) blocked phosphatidylethanol formation indicating that phospholipase D (PLD) is an intracellular target of ceramide action. These data suggest that ceramides, generated through activation of the sphingomyelin cycle, act as negative regulators of FcγR-mediated phagocytosis.
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Kalhorn, Thomas, and Richard A. Zager. "Renal cortical ceramide patterns during ischemic and toxic injury: assessments by HPLC-mass spectrometry." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 277, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): F723—F733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1999.277.5.f723.
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Ceramides are a class of signaling molecules that can acutely accumulate in tissues as part of a “stress response.” They are classically measured by the diacylglycerol kinase assay, which, in general, measures total ceramide rather than individual moieties within the diverse ceramide family. The present study was undertaken to 1) adapt current HPLC-mass spectrometry technology for measuring individual renal ceramides, and 2) use this technique to more fully characterize the nature of the renal ceramide “stress” reaction. Renal cortical tissues were obtained from CD-1 mice under control conditions and 2 or 18 h after renal injury (ischemia-reperfusion and glycerol-mediated myohemoglobinuria). C24, C22, and C16 ceramides were identified in normal renal cortex, constituting 70, 10, and 20% of the total ceramide pool, respectively. Within each of these families, heterogeneity was apparent because of differing degrees of unsaturation (0–3 double bonds) in the constituent fatty acid of ceramide. Renal injury dramatically changed ceramide profiles: 1) total ceramide increased by ∼300%; 2) although all ceramides participated in this reaction, they did so to differing degrees; 3) this caused pronounced changes in ceramide distribution patterns; 4) injury induced a striking shift toward unsaturated (vs. saturated) fatty acids within the C22 and C24 (but not the C16) ceramide pools; and 5) the extent of these qualitative changes differed according to the etiology of the initiating renal damage. Thus we conclude that ceramide stress response involves major qualitative (and not simply quantitative) changes in ceramide expression that are partially disease dependent. These findings underscore the fact that simply measuring total renal ceramide content (e.g., by diacylglycerol kinase assay) substantially oversimplifies the nature and, hence, the potential implications of the ceramide stress reaction.
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Drazba, Margaret A., Ida Holásková, Nadine R. Sahyoun, and Melissa Ventura Marra. "Associations of Adiposity and Diet Quality with Serum Ceramides in Middle-Aged Adults with Cardiovascular Risk Factors." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8040527.
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Rates of adverse cardiovascular events have increased among middle-aged adults. Elevated ceramides have been proposed as a risk factor for cardiovascular events. Diet quality and weight status are inversely associated with several traditional risk factors; however, the relationship to ceramides is less clear. This study aimed to determine associations of adiposity and diet quality with circulating ceramides in middle-aged adults (n = 96). Diet quality was estimated using the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015). Serum ceramide concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A ceramide risk score was determined based on ceramides C16:0, C18:0, and C24:1 and their ratios to C24:0. Participants who were classified as at ‘moderate risk’ compared to ‘lower-risk’ based on a ceramide risk score had significantly higher body mass index (BMI) values, as well as higher rates of elevated fibrinogen levels, metabolic syndrome, and former smoking status. BMI was positively associated with the ceramide C18:0 (R2 = 0.31, p < 0.0001), the ratio between C18:0/C24:0 ceramides (R2 = 0.30, p < 0.0001), and the ceramide risk score (R2 = 0.11, p < 0.009). Total HEI-2015 scores (R2 = 0.42, p = 0.02), higher intakes of vegetables (R2 = 0.44, p = 0.02) and whole grains (R2 = 0.43, p = 0.03), and lower intakes of saturated fats (R2 = 0.43, p = 0.04) and added sugar (R2 = 0.44, p = 0.01) were associated with lower C22:0 values. These findings suggest that circulating ceramides are more strongly related to adiposity than overall diet quality. Studies are needed to determine if improvements in weight status result in lower ceramides and ceramide risk scores.
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Spassieva, Stefka D., Thomas D. Mullen, Danyelle M. Townsend, and Lina M. Obeid. "Disruption of ceramide synthesis by CerS2 down-regulation leads to autophagy and the unfolded protein response." Biochemical Journal 424, no. 2 (November 11, 2009): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20090699.
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Ceramide metabolism has come under recent scrutiny because of its role in cellular stress responses. CerS2 (ceramide synthase 2) is one of the six mammalian isoforms of ceramide synthase and is responsible for the synthesis of VLC (very-long-chain) ceramides, e.g. C24, C24:1. To study the role of CerS2 in ceramide metabolism and cellular homoeostasis, we down-regulated CerS2 using siRNA (small interfering RNA) and examined several aspects of sphingolipid metabolism and cell stress responses. CerS2 down-regulation had a broad effect on ceramide homoeostasis, not just on VLC ceramides. Surprisingly, CerS2 down-regulation resulted in significantly increased LC (long-chain) ceramides, e.g. C14, C16, and our results suggested that the increase was due to a ceramide synthase-independent mechanism. CerS2-down-regulation-induced LC ceramide accumulation resulted in growth arrest which was not accompanied by apoptotic cell death. Instead, cells remained viable, showing induction of autophagy and activation of PERK [PKR (double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase] and IRE1 (inositol-requiring 1) pathways [the latter indicating activation of the UPR (unfolded protein response)].
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Lee, Sanghoo, Seol-A. Kim, Yejin Kim, Juhoon Kim, Gayeon Hong, Jeonghoon Hong, Kyeonghwan Choi, et al. "Genetic Variants Associated with Elevated Plasma Ceramides in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome." Genes 13, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13081497.
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Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex condition of metabolic disorders and shows a steady onset globally. Ceramides are known as intracellular signaling molecules that influence key metabolism through various pathways such as MetS and insulin resistance. Therefore, it is important to identify novel genetic factors related to increased plasma ceramides in subjects with MetS. Here we first measured plasma ceramides levels in 37 subjects with MetS and in 38 healthy subjects by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Specifically, levels of C16 ceramide (Cer-16), C18 ceramide (Cer-18), C20 ceramide (Cer-20), C18 dihydroceramide (DhCer-18), C24 dihydroceramide (DhCer-24), and C24:1 dihydroceramide (DhCer-24:1) were significantly increased in MetS group (p < 5.0 × 10−2). We then performed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping to identify variants associated with elevated plasma ceramides in MetS group using Axiom® Korea Biobank Array v1.1 chip. We also performed linear regression analysis on genetic variants involved in ceramide synthesis and significantly elevated plasma ceramides and dihydroceramides. Ten variants (rs75397325, rs4246316, rs80165332, rs62106618, rs12358192, rs11006229, rs10826014, rs149162405, rs6109681, and rs3906631) across six genes (ACER1, CERS3, CERS6, SGMS1, SPTLC2, and SPTLC3) functionally involved in ceramide biosynthesis showed significant associations with the elevated levels of at least one of the ceramide species in MetS group at a statistically significant threshold of false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted p < 5.0 × 10−2. Our findings suggest that the variants may be genetic determinants associated with increased plasma ceramides in individuals with MetS.
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Unanyan, K. G., I. P. Balmasova, V. N. Tsarev, A. M. Mkrtumyan, K. S. Elbekyan, K. G. Karakov, and S. D. Arutyunov. "Ceramids as biomarkers of chronic periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes." RUDN Journal of Medicine 24, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0245-2020-24-4-325-337.
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Relevance . The association of chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most frequent manifestations of systemic effects that are etiologically associated with periodontopathogenic bacteria in the biofilm of the gingival sulcus. In this regard, the study of the metabolic mechanisms leading to such systemic effects and serving their markers is an urgent problem. Aim . Study of the features of sphingolipid/ceramide metabolism, both produced by etiologically significant microflora, and present in periodontal tissues of patients on the example of the association of chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods . The observation groups included 58 patients with chronic periodontitis in association with type 2 diabetes, 39 patients with chronic periodontitis without concomitant systemic pathology, and 27 conditionally healthy people. All the examined patients underwent molecular genetic studies of the taxonomic and metabolic profiles of the dental sulcus/ periodontal pockets microbiota using 16S sequencing and evaluation of phosphorylated ceramides in saliva by the activity of the ceramid kinase enzyme. Results . It was found that in the Association of chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus, there are features of the taxonomic composition of the dental sulcus/periodontal pockets microbiota, which are combined with a decrease in sphingolipid metabolism. In addition, in these patients, depending on the duration of diabetes mellitus, there was an increasing drop in the saliva of ceramide kinase, which determines the phosphorylation of sphingolipids/ceramides. Conclusion . In the Association of chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the systemic effects of the dental sulcus/ periodontal pockets microbiota are manifested by a decrease in sphingolipid metabolism, including a decrease in ceramide kinase in periodontal tissues, which can serve as a marker of the combined pathological process.
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Minamino, Miki, Ikuyo Sakaguchi, Takashi Naka, Norikazu Ikeda, Yoshiko Kato, Ikuko Tomiyasu, Ikuya Yano, and Kazuo Kobayashi. "Bacterial ceramides and sphingophospholipids induce apoptosis of human leukaemic cells." Microbiology 149, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 2071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.25922-0.
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The genus Sphingobacterium, whose members are Gram-negative non-fermentative rods, possesses ceramides and related sphingophospholipids (SPLs) with isoheptadecasphinganine and 2-hydroxy or non-hydroxy isopentadecanoic acid. This paper reports evidence that ceramides isolated from Sphingobacterium spiritivorum ATCC 33861 induce endonucleolytic DNA cleavage in human myeloid leukaemia HL-60 cells in vitro, which is the primary characteristic biochemical marker for apoptosis or programmed cell death. Ceramides and SPLs also induced DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation, followed by changes in morphology, such as alterations in the size of nuclei and cells, and cell cycle shortening. Apoptotic activity correlated with the ceramide structure. Ceramide with a 2-hydroxy fatty acid showed stronger apoptotic activity than ceramide with a non-hydroxy fatty acid. Furthermore, the major five SPLs (ceramide phosphorylethanolamine-1 and -2, ceramide phosphorylinositol-1 and -2, and ceramide phosphorylmannose-1) showed apoptosis-inducing activity in HL-60 cells, indicating that the ceramide moiety of the SPLs plays a crucial role as the intracellular second messenger but that their hydrophilicity is less important in this regard. The hydrophilic part of SPLs may play a role in other cellular response systems. The involvement of Fas antigen was implicated in the apoptotic event since Fas antigen expression was observed after 3 or 4 h stimulation of HL-60 cells with bacterial ceramides. However, a time-course study for caspase-3 activation indicated maximal activity at 1 h after stimulation with bacterial ceramides, suggesting that two (or possibly more) mechanisms of signal transduction, Fas-dependent and Fas-independent, may be involved. Fas antigen expression and caspase-3 activation by five kinds of SPLs were observed after 3 or 4 h. These results indicate that there is a difference in the response of HL-60 cells to bacterial ceramides and SPLs.
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Véret, Julien, Nicolas Coant, Evgeny V. Berdyshev, Anastasia Skobeleva, Nicole Therville, Danielle Bailbé, Irina Gorshkova, Viswanathan Natarajan, Bernard Portha, and Hervé Le Stunff. "Ceramide synthase 4 and de novo production of ceramides with specific N-acyl chain lengths are involved in glucolipotoxicity-induced apoptosis of INS-1 β-cells." Biochemical Journal 438, no. 1 (July 27, 2011): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20101386.
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Pancreatic β-cell apoptosis induced by palmitate requires high glucose concentrations. Ceramides have been suggested to be important mediators of glucolipotoxicity-induced β-cell apoptosis. In INS-1 β-cells, 0.4 mM palmitate with 5 mM glucose increased the levels of dihydrosphingosine and dihydroceramides, two lipid intermediates in the de novo biosynthesis of ceramides, without inducing apoptosis. Increasing glucose concentrations to 30 mM amplified palmitate-induced accumulation of dihydrosphingosine and the formation of (dihydro)ceramides. Of note, glucolipotoxicity specifically induced the formation of C18:0, C22:0 and C24:1 (dihydro)ceramide molecular species, which was associated with the up-regulation of CerS4 (ceramide synthase 4) levels. Fumonisin-B1, a ceramide synthase inhibitor, partially blocked apoptosis induced by glucolipotoxicity. In contrast, apoptosis was potentiated in the presence of D,L-threo-1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholinopropan-1-ol, an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase. Moreover, overexpression of CerS4 amplified ceramide production and apoptosis induced by palmitate with 30 mM glucose, whereas down-regulation of CerS4 by siRNA (short interfering RNA) reduced apoptosis. CerS4 also potentiates ceramide accumulation and apoptosis induced by another saturated fatty acid: stearate. Collectively, our results suggest that glucolipotoxicity induces β-cell apoptosis through a dual mechanism involving de novo ceramide biosynthesis and the formation of ceramides with specific N-acyl chain lengths rather than an overall increase in ceramide content.
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Shin, Kyong-Oh, Sungeun Kim, Byeong Deog Park, Yoshikazu Uchida, and Kyungho Park. "N-Palmitoyl Serinol Stimulates Ceramide Production through a CB1-Dependent Mechanism in In Vitro Model of Skin Inflammation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 8302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158302.
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Ceramides, a class of sphingolipids containing a backbone of sphingoid base, are the most important and effective structural component for the formation of the epidermal permeability barrier. While ceramides comprise approximately 50% of the epidermal lipid content by mass, the content is substantially decreased in certain inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), causing improper barrier function. It is widely accepted that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) can modulate a number of biological responses in the central nerve system, prior studies revealed that activation of endocannabinoid receptor CB1, a key component of ECS, triggers the generation of ceramides that mediate neuronal cell fate. However, as the impact of ECS on the production of epidermal ceramide has not been studied, we here investigated whether the ECS stimulates the generation of epidermal ceramides in an IL-4-treated in vitro model of skin inflammation using N-palmitoyl serinol (PS), an analog of the endocannabinoid N-palmitoyl ethanolamine. Accordingly, an IL-4-mediated decrease in cellular ceramide levels was significantly stimulated in human epidermal keratinocytes (KC) following PS treatment through both de novo ceramide synthesis- and sphingomyelin hydrolysis-pathways. Importantly, PS selectively increases ceramides with long-chain fatty acids (FAs) (C22–C24), which mainly account for the formation of the epidermal barrier, through activation of ceramide synthase (CerS) 2 and Cer3 in IL-4-mediated inflamed KC. Furthermore, blockade of cannabinoid receptor CB1 activation by AM-251 failed to stimulate the production of total ceramide as well as long-chain ceramides in response to PS. These studies demonstrate that an analog of endocannabinoid, PS, stimulates the generation of specific ceramide species as well as the total amount of ceramides via the endocannabinoid receptor CB1-dependent mechanism, thereby resulting in the enhancement of epidermal permeability barrier function.
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Ho, Qing Wei Calvin, Xiaofeng Zheng, and Yusuf Ali. "Ceramide Acyl Chain Length and Its Relevance to Intracellular Lipid Regulation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 9697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179697.
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Ceramides are a class of sphingolipids which are implicated in skin disorders, obesity, and other metabolic diseases. As a class with pleiotropic effects, recent efforts have centred on discerning specific ceramide species and their effects on atopic dermatitis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. This delineation has allowed the identification of disease biomarkers, with long acyl chain ceramides such as C16- and C18-ceramides linked to metabolic dysfunction and cardiac function decline, while ultra-long acyl chain ceramides (>25 carbon acyl chain) were reported to be essential for maintaining a functional skin barrier. Given the intricate link between free fatty acids with ceramides, especially the de novo synthetic pathway, intracellular lipid droplet formation is increasingly viewed as an important mechanism for preventing accumulation of toxic ceramide species. Here, we review recent reports of various ceramide species involved in skin abnormalities and metabolic diseases, and we propose that promotion of lipid droplet biogenesis can be seen as a potential protective mechanism against deleterious ceramides.
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Tessema, E. N., R. H. H. Neubert, and J. Wohlrab. "Pflanzliche Ceramide zur kosmetischen Anwendung." Aktuelle Dermatologie 45, no. 07 (July 2019): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0881-6924.
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ZusammenfassungDie Bedeutung von Ceramiden als aktive Inhaltstoffe in kosmetischen Präparaten hat in den letzten Jahren erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen. Im dermatologischen Kontext werden Ceramide meist in Kombination mit anderen Lipiden sowie weiteren kosmetischen Wirkstoffen in Präparaten zur Barriereprotektion und -regeneration bei chronisch-entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen bzw. bei Diabetes mellitus oder Altershaut eingesetzt. Da die Herstellung von synthetischen Ceramiden sehr kostenintensiv ist, kann die Verwendung von pflanzlichen Ceramiden mit vergleichbaren physikochemischen Eigenschaften eine Alternative darstellen. Neuere Verfahren ermöglichen die Glykosylierung dieser aus Pflanzenextrakten isolierten Ceramide und deren Einsatz in kosmetischen Zubereitungen. Weitere Untersuchungen müssen klären, ob sich glykosylierte pflanzliche Ceramide in die natürlichen Lipidmembranen im Stratum corneum integrieren und welche funktionellen Auswirkungen sie auf die Barrierefunktion haben. Die bisherigen Daten begründen ein großes Potenzial pflanzlicher Ceramide für die Barriere-protektive Anwendung in kosmetischen Präparaten.
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Ighodaro, Eseosa T., Jonathan Graff-Radford, Jeremy A. Syrjanen, Hai H. Bui, Ronald C. Petersen, David S. Knopman, Clifford R. Jack, Samantha M. Zuk, Prashanthi Vemuri, and Michelle M. Mielke. "Associations Between Plasma Ceramides and Cerebral Microbleeds or Lacunes." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 40, no. 11 (November 2020): 2785–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.120.314796.
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Objective: High plasma ceramide levels and ratios are associated with poor outcomes in individuals with cardiovascular disease; less is known about their relation to cerebral small vessel disease. We examined whether high plasma ceramide levels or ratios were associated with cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and lacunes and whether associations differ by sex. Approach and Results: We included 548 participants enrolled in the MCSA (Mayo Clinic Study of Aging) with concurrent plasma ceramide assays and magnetic resonance imaging. CMBs were quantified on T2* magnetic resonance imaging and lacunes on T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging. Fasting plasma ceramides were assayed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. We used logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus to examine the relationship between ceramides and presence of a lacune; hurdle models were used for presence and number of CMBs. Each SD increase in the log ceramide C16:0/24:0 ratio was associated with greater odds of a CMB (odds ratio, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.01–1.64]). There was an interaction between sex and the ceramide C16:0/24:0 ratio ( P =0.049). The association between this ratio and presence of a CMB was stronger for women (odds ratio, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.20–3.00]) than men (odds ratio, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.80–1.46]). Several ceramides and all ceramide ratios were associated with number of CMBs. We did not find associations between plasma ceramides and lacunes. Conclusions: In a population-based sample, the plasma ceramide C16:0/24:0 ratio was associated with CMBs and was stronger for women. Plasma ceramides are differentially associated with cerebral small vessel pathologies.
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Al Moaleem, Mohammed M., Hafiz A. Adawi, Khalaf F. Alsharif, Hassan A. Alhazmi, Faris A. Alshahrani, Ramzi M. Abu Hadi, Recep Kara, et al. "Impact of Smokeless Tobacco on the Color Stability of Zirconia, Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate and Feldspathic CAD/CAM Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study." Coatings 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2022): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020207.
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WHO estimates that the global number of tobacco users exceeds 1.3 billion people. Few studies have examined the effect of locally made smokeless tobacco (ST) products on the color changes of material used in dental prosthetics. Bearing the recent advances in CAD/CAM ceramic restorations material in mind, this study aimed to assess ST influence on mean color change (∆E*) values among selected CAD/CAM ceramic types: multilayer zirconia (Ceramill Zolid PS), zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic (Vita Suprinity), and feldspathic (Vita TriLuxe) restorative materials. The color changes of the ceramics were compared to VITA classical and VITA 3D-MASTER shade guides. Sixty CAD/CAM ceramic specimens (20 samples each) were fabricated from Ceramill Zolid PS, Vita TriLuxe Forte, and VITA Suprinity. Specimens were prepared and divided into two groups according to the ST type and immersed for two weeks. Basic VITA classical and VITA 3D-MASTER colors were recorded at a baseline of one week and two weeks. The highest ∆E* values were recorded in the black ST for Vita Suprinity (4.77) in the first week, followed by Vita TriLuxe (4.07) in the second week. For white ST, Vita TriLuxe (4.87), and Vita Suprinity (4.42) showed extensive color change after two weeks and one week, respectively. The color change was least in zirconia for black and white ST after one week. CAD/CAM ceramic materials showed no significant difference after 1 and 2 weeks for the tested ST types. The effects of ST on CAD/CAM ceramic material (∆E* values) were high but did not reach clinically unacceptable values. Zirconia showed the least amount of color change among all the tested materials.
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Safronova, Elena Mikhailovna. "Saint Petersburg period of creativity of P. K. Vaulin (1906-1914)." Человек и культура, no. 2 (February 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2021.2.35221.
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The subject of this research is the stylistic peculiarities and means of artistic expression of the architectural majolica by Peter Kuzmich Vaulin. The object of this research is the architectural ceramics of Vaulin in facades of the buildings of St. Petersburg in the early XX century. The application of inclusive approach allows tracing correlations between the historical facts and the cultural characteristics of this period. The compositional-artistic analysis, comparative-descriptive method, and imagery-stylistic analysis were used for consideration of the means of artistic expression of architectural ceramics, compositional interaction of the materials and space, and examination of the style and formative peculiarities of ceramics. Detailed analysis is conducted on the Saint Petersburg period of the ceramist P. K. Vaulin, opening of his own ceramic workshop, and active participation in the development of decorative image of St. Petersburg in the early XX century. Special attention is given to the most remarkable works of the master for architectural decoration of the city. Emphasis is placed on his works for the Insurance Company Building “Russia”, which is brilliant example of the harmonious synthesis of majolica and architecture. The conclusion is made that the architectural ceramics of the master made in many ways determined the majolica decoration of St. Petersburg – compositional, textured, color, imagery-stylistic, and plastic peculiarities of the ceramic works of P. K. Vaulin contributed to aesthetic transformation of the environment. The scientific novelty of consists in the thesis that the ceramic workshop of P. K. Vaulin was one of the leading manufacturers of artistic majolica of the indicated period. It is also proven that the Heldwein-Vaulin workshop was able to organically synthesize the heritage of the best traditions of the past with the courage and ambiguity of the Art Nouveau.
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Allan-Yorke, Justine, Michel Record, Claude de Préval, Christian Davrinche, and Jean-Luc Davignon. "Distinct Pathways for Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Ceramides in Human Cytomegalovirus Infection." Journal of Virology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 2316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.3.2316-2322.1998.
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ABSTRACT Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can be fatal to immunocompromised individuals. We have previously reported that gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) synergistically inhibit HCMV replication in vitro. Ceramides have been described as second messengers induced by TNF-α. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of HCMV by TNF-α, in the present study we have analyzed ceramide production by U373 MG astrocytoma cells and the effects of TNF-α versus ceramides on HCMV replication. Our results show that U373 MG cells did not produce ceramides upon incubation with TNF-α. Moreover, long-chain ceramides induced by treatment with exogenous bacterial sphingomyelinase inhibited HCMV replication in synergy with TNF-α. Surprisingly, short-chain permeant C6-ceramide increased viral replication. Our results show that the anti-HCMV activity of TNF-α is independent of ceramides. In addition, our results suggest that TNF-α and endogenous long-chain ceramides use separate pathways of cell signalling to inhibit HCMV replication, while permeant C6-ceramide appears to activate a third pathway leading to an opposite effect.
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Maldonado-Hernández, Jorge, Gabriela E. Saldaña-Dávila, Mónica I. Piña-Aguero, Benjamín A. Núñez-García, and Mardia G. López-Alarcón. "Association between Plasmatic Ceramides Profile and AST/ALT Ratio: C14:0 Ceramide as Predictor of Hepatic Steatosis in Adolescents Independently of Obesity." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3689375.
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Objective. To assess the association between plasma ceramides and hepatic steatosis (HS) in adolescents, independently of obesity. Materials and Methods. Ninety-four adolescents from two previous studies conducted and published by our crew were included. Study subjects were stratified in three groups: normal weight (n=18), obesity (n=34), and obesity + HS (n=42). The presence of HS was defined when ALT/AST ratio was <1. Ceramides subspecies (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C24:0, and C24:1) were determined by LC/MS. Results. All ceramides correlated directly with ALT levels and inversely with ALT/AST ratio; the strongest correlation was observed among C14:0 ceramide (r=0.41 and r=-0.54, resp.; P<0.001). Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between cholesterol and all ceramides except for C24:1 ceramide. Interestingly ceramides C14:0, C18:0, and C24:1 correlated directly with both fasting insulin and HOMA-IR index. For assessing HS, a cut-off point of 10.3 nmol/L for C14:0 ceramide reported a sensitivity of 92.7% and a specificity of 73.5% when normal weight and obesity groups (n=52) were compared against obesity + HS group (n=42). Positive and negative predictive values were 77.5% and 90.2%, respectively. Conclusions. Plasma ceramides are closely associated with hepatic steatosis in adolescents. C14:0 ceramide could be a novel biomarker of HS independently of obesity.
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Yura, Yoshiaki, Atsushi Masui, and Masakazu Hamada. "Inhibitors of Ceramide- and Sphingosine-Metabolizing Enzymes as Sensitizers in Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma." Cancers 12, no. 8 (July 26, 2020): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12082062.
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In the treatment of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), including oral SCC, radiotherapy is a commonly performed therapeutic modality. The combined use of radiotherapy with chemotherapy improves therapeutic effects, but it also increases adverse events. Ceramide, a central molecule in sphingolipid metabolism and signaling pathways, mediates antiproliferative responses, and its level increases in response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, when ceramide is metabolized, prosurvival factors, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), and glucosylceramide, are produced, reducing the antitumor effects of ceramide. The activities of ceramide- and sphingosine-metabolizing enzymes are also associated with radio- and chemo-resistance. Ceramide analogs and low molecular-weight compounds targeting these enzymes exert anticancer effects. Synthetic ceramides and a therapeutic approach using ultrasound have also been developed. Inhibitors of ceramide- and sphingosine-metabolizing enzymes and synthetic ceramides can function as sensitizers of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for HNSCC.
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Petrache, Irina, Terry R. Medler, Amy T. Richter, Krzysztof Kamocki, Ugonma Chukwueke, Lijie Zhen, Yuan Gu, et al. "Superoxide dismutase protects against apoptosis and alveolar enlargement induced by ceramide." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 295, no. 1 (July 2008): L44—L53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00448.2007.
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The molecular events leading to emphysema development include generation of oxidative stress and alveolar cell apoptosis. Oxidative stress upregulates ceramides, proapoptotic signaling sphingolipids that trigger further oxidative stress and alveolar space enlargement, as shown in an experimental model of emphysema due to VEGF blockade. As alveolar cell apoptosis and oxidative stress mutually interact to mediate alveolar destruction, we hypothesized that the oxidative stress generated by ceramide is required for its pathogenic effect on lung alveoli. To model the direct lung effects of ceramide, mice received ceramide intratracheally (Cer12:0 or Cer8:0; 1 mg/kg) or vehicle. Apoptosis was inhibited with a general caspase inhibitor. Ceramide augmentation shown to mimic levels found in human emphysema lungs increased oxidative stress, and decreased, independently of caspase activation, the lung superoxide dismutase activity at 48 h. In contrast to their wild-type littermates, transgenic mice overexpressing human Cu/Zn SOD were significantly protected from ceramide-induced superoxide production, apoptosis, and air space enlargement. Activation of lung acid sphingomyelinase in response to ceramide treatment was abolished in the Cu/Zn SOD transgenic mice. Since cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice is similarly ameliorated by the Cu/Zn SOD overexpression, we hypothesized that cigarette smoke may induce ceramides in the mouse lung. Utilizing tandem mass spectrometry, we documented increased lung ceramides in adult mice exposed to cigarette smoke for 4 wk. In conclusion, ceramide-induced superoxide accumulation in the lung may be a critical step in ceramide's proapoptotic effect in the lung. This work implicates excessive lung ceramides as amplifiers of lung injury through redox-dependent mechanisms.
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Shi, Hao Yu, Runxuan Pang, Jing Yang, Di Fan, HongXin Cai, Heng Bo Jiang, Jianmin Han, Eui-Seok Lee, and Yunhan Sun. "Overview of Several Typical Ceramic Materials for Restorative Dentistry." BioMed Research International 2022 (July 18, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8451445.
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With the development of ceramic technology, prosthodontic ceramics are becoming a useful option for improving esthetic outcomes in dentistry. In this paper, various ceramic materials were reviewed and evaluated, and their advantages and disadvantages and indications in oral prosthodontics were analyzed objectively. The properties of resin-based ceramics, polycrystalline ceramics, and silicate ceramics were compared and analyzed. Resin-based ceramics may replace other ceramic materials in the CAD/CAM field.
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Kagotani, Kazuhiro, Hiroko Nakayama, Liqing Zang, Yuki Fujimoto, Akihito Hayashi, Ryoji Sono, Norihiro Nishimura, and Yasuhito Shimada. "Lecithin-Based Dermal Drug Delivery for Anti-Pigmentation Maize Ceramide." Molecules 25, no. 7 (March 31, 2020): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071595.
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Ceramides have several well-known biological properties, including anti-pigmentation and anti-melanogenesis, which make them applicable for use in skincare products in cosmetics. However, the efficacy of ceramides is still limited. Dermal or transdermal drug delivery systems can enhance the anti-pigmentation properties of ceramides, although there is currently no systemic evaluation method for the efficacy of these systems. Here we prepared several types of lecithin-based emulsion of maize-derived glucosylceramide, determining PC70-ceramide (phosphatidylcholine-base) to be the safest and most effective anti-pigmentation agent using zebrafish larvae. We also demonstrated the efficacy of PC70 as a drug delivery system by showing that PC70-Nile Red (red fluorescence) promoted Nile Red accumulation in the larval bodies. In addition, PC70-ceramide suppressed melanin in mouse B16 melanoma cells compared to ceramide alone. In conclusion, we developed a lecithin-based dermal delivery method for ceramide using zebrafish larvae with implications for human clinical use.
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Höring, Marcus, Georg Peschel, Jonathan Grimm, Sabrina Krautbauer, Martina Müller, Kilian Weigand, Gerhard Liebisch, and Christa Buechler. "Serum Ceramide Species Are Associated with Liver Cirrhosis and Viral Genotype in Patients with Hepatitis C Infection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 9806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179806.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects ceramide metabolism, and, here, we have evaluated associations of eight serum ceramide species with viral load, viral genotype, and disease markers in 178 patients with chronic HCV. In this cohort, ceramide d18:1;O2/16:0 was higher in the serum of the 20 diabetic patients compared to the patients without this complication. Moreover, ceramide d18:1;O2/24:0 was negatively correlated with age. Of note, all but ceramide d18:1;O2/16:0 and 26:0 were diminished in the serum of patients with liver cirrhosis and, with the exception of ceramide d18:1;O2/16:0, were negatively correlated with the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. Most of the serum ceramides are carried in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which rises following effective direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. Ceramide d18:1;O2/24:0 recovered in parallel with LDL, whereas ceramide d18:1;O2/18:0 declined. Genotype-3-infected patients had the lowest ceramide levels, which were comparable to other genotypes after DAA treatment. Notably, ceramide d18:1;O2/23:0 and 24:0 were negatively correlated with the MELD score in patients with liver cirrhosis at the end of DAA therapy. Long-chain (LC) ceramides show adverse effects, whereas very-long-chain (VL) species have protective functions in the liver. The ratio of VL/LC ceramides was higher in non-cirrhosis patients than cirrhosis patients and further increased at the end of therapy in this subgroup. In summary, our study shows that serum ceramide levels are related to liver cirrhosis and viral genotype. Whether the more favorable serum ceramide profile in non-cirrhosis patients, before and after DAA therapy, is of pathophysiological importance needs further investigation.
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Reidy, Paul T., Ziad S. Mahmassani, Alec I. McKenzie, Jonathan J. Petrocelli, Scott A. Summers, and Micah J. Drummond. "Influence of Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Aging: Spotlight on Muscle Ceramides." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 22, 2020): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041514.
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Intramuscular lipid accumulation has been associated with insulin resistance (IR), aging, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. A substantial body of evidence has implicated ceramides, a sphingolipid intermediate, as potent antagonists of insulin action that drive insulin resistance. Indeed, genetic mouse studies that lower ceramides are potently insulin sensitizing. Surprisingly less is known about how physical activity (skeletal muscle contraction) regulates ceramides, especially in light that muscle contraction regulates insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate studies (rodent and human) concerning the relationship between skeletal muscle ceramides and IR in response to increased physical activity. Our review of the literature indicates that chronic exercise reduces ceramide levels in individuals with obesity, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia. However, metabolically healthy individuals engaged in increased physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity independent of changes in skeletal muscle ceramide content. Herein we discuss these studies and provide context regarding the technical limitations (e.g., difficulty assessing the myriad ceramide species, the challenge of obtaining information on subcellular compartmentalization, and the paucity of flux measurements) and a lack of mechanistic studies that prevent a more sophisticated assessment of the ceramide pathway during increased contractile activity that lead to divergences in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity.
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Ding, Liang. "Analysis of Creative Teaching of Ceramics and Student Creativity in Colleges and Universities in China." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 18, no. 2 (May 10, 2022): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2022-18-2-80-86.
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Ceramic art has been an important part of human culture for thousands of years and it has had a significant influence all over the world. China is the home country of ceramics and the progression of ceramic culture has contributed much to the development of human history and civilisation. Education has played a key role in this progression of ceramic art and through ceramics education, the ceramic culture, ceramic arts and the crafts of ceramics, ceramic skills have been passed down from one generation to the next. Ceramics education is an important part of art education. Faced with the globalisation of culture and economics, Chinese ceramic art education and global ceramic art education have a mutual influence on each other and are closely linked together. Therefore, achieving perfection and development in the ceramics education in Chinese universities, specifically in ceramics teaching, is important. In the long term, training students that have creative abilities will influence the current status and the future of ceramics education in China. Today, in China, ceramics are classified as either ‘handwork’ or ‘industrial arts’, focusing on production-oriented requirements like practicality, aesthetic appearance and economy. Ceramics teaching has been restricted by this traditional thinking as it conforms to existing stereotypes. Lacking an interactive paradigm that is open to change, the ceramics teaching in China attaches great importance to the mere training of skills. By analysing the current situation of ceramics education in colleges and universities in China, this paper discusses how to use creative teaching methods to guide students' learning consciousness, improve learning motivation and develop students' creativity from the perspectives of creative teaching and teaching creativity. This is to provide enlightening reflections on the cultivation of students' creativity in ceramics education in colleges and universities.
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Kretzschmar, Tom, Mohamed M. Bekhite, Jasmine M. F. Wu, Daniela Haase, Martin Förster, Tina Müller, Sandor Nietzsche, et al. "Long-Chain and Very Long-Chain Ceramides Mediate Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity and Fibrosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 11852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111852.
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Doxorubicin (Dox) is a chemotherapeutic agent with cardiotoxicity associated with profibrotic effects. Dox increases ceramide levels with pro-inflammatory effects, cell death, and fibrosis. The purpose of our study was to identify the underlying ceramide signaling pathways. We aimed to characterize the downstream effects on cell survival, metabolism, and fibrosis. Human fibroblasts (hFSF) were treated with 0.7 µM of Dox or transgenically overexpressed ceramide synthase 2 (FLAG-CerS2). Furthermore, cells were pre-treated with MitoTempo (MT) (2 h, 20 µM) or Fumonisin B1 (FuB) (4 h, 100 µM). Protein expression was measured by Western blot or immunofluorescence (IF). Ceramide levels were determined with mass spectroscopy (MS). Visualizations were conducted using laser scanning microscopy (LSM) or electron microscopy. Mitochondrial activity was measured using seahorse analysis. Dox and CerS2 overexpression increased CerS2 protein expression. Coherently, ceramides were elevated with the highest peak for C24:0. Ceramide- induced mitochondrial ROS production was reduced with MT or FuB preincubation. Mitochondrial homeostasis was reduced and accompanied by reduced ATP production. Our data show that the increase in pro-inflammatory ceramides is an essential contributor to Dox side-effects. The accumulation of ceramides resulted in a lipotoxic shift and subsequently mitochondrial structural and functional damage, which was partially reversible following inhibition of ceramide synthesis.
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Novgorodov, Sergei A., Zdzislaw M. Szulc, Chiara Luberto, Jeffrey A. Jones, Jacek Bielawski, Alicja Bielawska, Yusuf A. Hannun, and Lina M. Obeid. "Positively Charged Ceramide Is a Potent Inducer of Mitochondrial Permeabilization." Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, no. 16 (February 18, 2005): 16096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m411707200.
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Ceramide-induced cell death is thought to be mediated by change in mitochondrial function, although the precise mechanism is unclear. Proposed models suggest that ceramide induces cell death through interaction with latent binding sites on the outer or inner mitochondrial membranes, followed by an increase in membrane permeability, as an intermediate step in ceramide signal propagation. To investigate these models, we developed a new generation of positively charged ceramides that readily accumulate in isolated andin situmitochondria. Accumulated, positively charged ceramides increased inner membrane permeability and triggered release of mitochondrial cytochromec. Furthermore, the positively charged ceramide-induced permeability increase was suppressed by cyclosporin A (60%) and 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (90%). These observations suggest that the inner membrane permeability increase is due to activation of specific ion transporters, not the generalized loss of lipid bilayer barrier functions. The difference in sensitivity of ceramide-induced ion fluxes to inhibitors of mitochondrial transporters suggests activation of at least two transport systems: the permeability transition pore and the electrogenic H+channel. Our results indicate the presence of specific ceramide targets in the mitochondrial matrix, the occupation of which triggers permeability alterations of the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. These findings also suggest a novel therapeutic role for positively charged ceramides.
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Walker, Maura E., Vanessa Xanthakis, Lynn L. Moore, Ramachandran S. Vasan, and Paul F. Jacques. "Cumulative sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is associated with higher concentrations of circulating ceramides in the Framingham Offspring Cohort." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 111, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz257.
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ABSTRACT Background Ceramides have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Limited data exist on how habitual dietary intake of foods that can alter hepatic lipid metabolism may influence circulating ceramide concentrations. Objectives We investigated the cross-sectional association of cumulative sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption with concentrations of 3 circulating ceramides and ceramide ratios. Methods We examined participants from the Framingham Heart Study's Offspring Cohort who had 3 ceramides measured (n = 1561, mean age 66 y, 59% women). SSB consumption was measured 4 times over ∼14 y. Participants were categorized by cumulative SSB intake as nonconsumers (0 to <1 SSB serving/mo) and occasional (1 SSB serving/mo to <1 serving/wk), frequent (1 SSB serving/wk to <1 serving/d), and daily (≥1 SSB serving/d) consumers. Multivariable linear regression models were used to relate cumulative SSB consumption (independent variable) to blood concentrations of ceramides (C16:0, C22:0, and C24:0) and ceramide ratios (C22:0/C16:0 and C24:0/C16:0). Results In adjusted models, more frequent cumulative SSB consumption was positively associated with concentrations of the C16:0 and C22:0 ceramides (Ptrend < 0.05). Compared with nonconsumers, daily consumers had 0.01 μg/mL (95% CI: 0.002, 0.017 µg/mL) and 0.06 µg/mL (95% CI: 0.018, 0.092 µg/mL) higher mean concentrations of the C16:0 and C22:0 ceramides, respectively. Results were consistent when modeling continuous cumulative SSB consumption per 1 serving/d. We observed effect modification by diabetes status in the relation between cumulative SSB consumption and concentrations of the C24:0 ceramide (Pinteraction = 0.014). In a stratified analysis, more frequent cumulative SSB consumption was positively associated with concentrations of the C24:0 ceramide only in individuals with prediabetes or diabetes (Ptrend = 0.001). Conclusions Our study raises the possibility that higher concentrations of distinct ceramide species, previously associated with adverse metabolic health, may be one mechanism by which SSB consumption contributes to higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Wojewodka, Gabriella, Juan B. De Sanctis, and Danuta Radzioch. "Ceramide in Cystic Fibrosis: A Potential New Target for Therapeutic Intervention." Journal of Lipids 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/674968.
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Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are afflicted with many symptoms but the greatest challenge is the fight against chronic bacterial infections, leading to decreased lung function and ultimately death. Our group has recently found reduced levels of ceramides in CF patients and mice. Ceramides are sphingolipids involved in the structure of cell membranes but also participate in the inflammatory response, in cell signalling through membrane microdomains (lipid rafts), and in apoptosis. These characteristics of ceramides make them strong candidates for therapeutic intervention in CF. As more studies have come to evaluate the role of ceramide in CF, conflicting results have been described. This paper discusses various views regarding the potential role of ceramide in CF, summarizes methods of ceramide detection and their role in the regulation of cellular and molecular processes.
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Perera, Meenu N., Shang H. Lin, Yuri K. Peterson, Alicja Bielawska, Zdzislaw M. Szulc, Robert Bittman, and Marco Colombini. "Bax and Bcl-xL exert their regulation on different sites of the ceramide channel." Biochemical Journal 445, no. 1 (June 15, 2012): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20112103.
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The present study demonstrates the important structural features of ceramide required for proper regulation, binding and identification by both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. The C-4=C-5 trans-double bond has little influence on the ability of Bax and Bcl-xL to identify and bind to these channels. The stereochemistry of the headgroup and access to the amide group of ceramide is indispensible for Bax binding, indicating that Bax may interact with the polar portion of the ceramide channel facing the bulk phase. In contrast, Bcl-xL binding to ceramide channels is tolerant of stereochemical changes in the headgroup. The present study also revealed that Bcl-xL has an optimal interaction with long-chain ceramides that are elevated early in apoptosis, whereas short-chain ceramides are not well regulated. Inhibitors specific for the hydrophobic groove of Bcl-xL, including 2-methoxyantimycin A3, ABT-737 and ABT-263 provide insights into the region of Bcl-xL involved in binding to ceramide channels. Molecular docking simulations of the lowest-energy binding poses of ceramides and Bcl-xL inhibitors to Bcl-xL were consistent with the results of our functional studies and propose potential binding modes.
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Colomban, Ph. "Gel technology in ceramics, glass-ceramics and ceramic-ceramic composites." Ceramics International 15, no. 1 (January 1989): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-8842(89)90005-9.
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Carrard, Justin, Hector Gallart-Ayala, Nadia Weber, Flora Colledge, Lukas Streese, Henner Hanssen, Christian Schmied, Julijana Ivanisevic, and Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss. "How Ceramides Orchestrate Cardiometabolic Health—An Ode to Physically Active Living." Metabolites 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100675.
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Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) represent a growing socioeconomic burden and concern for healthcare systems worldwide. Improving patients’ metabolic phenotyping in clinical practice will enable clinicians to better tailor prevention and treatment strategy to individual needs. Recently, elevated levels of specific lipid species, known as ceramides, were shown to predict cardiometabolic outcomes beyond traditional biomarkers such as cholesterol. Preliminary data showed that physical activity, a potent, low-cost, and patient-empowering means to reduce CMD-related burden, influences ceramide levels. While a single bout of physical exercise increases circulating and muscular ceramide levels, regular exercise reduces ceramide content. Additionally, several ceramide species have been reported to be negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, which is a potent health marker reflecting training level. Thus, regular exercise could optimize cardiometabolic health, partly by reversing altered ceramide profiles. This short review provides an overview of ceramide metabolism and its role in cardiometabolic health and diseases, before presenting the effects of exercise on ceramides in humans.
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Jiang, Hong. "Research on Applied-Information Technology in Online Compact System Based on Serial Communication." Advanced Materials Research 1046 (October 2014): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1046.431.
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The ceramic industry fall into two main categories: daily used ceramics and craft ceramic. With the demand for daily used ceramics is increasing in my country, ceramics enterprises are faced with intense market competition. Based on the investigation of ceramic industrial production, the traditional method for Ceramic production has some disadvantages, such as long periods of dies production, complicated production process, wasting human resource, high cost, short life, poor quality, easy to damage. According to the characteristics of daily used ceramics, this paper presents a rapid prototyping system based on RS-232C compacts. This system can cancel the long and complex development process of the dies, and can achieve rapid prototyping of ceramic body, thereby greatly reducing the cost of production of ceramic manufacturers.
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Søgaard, Ditte, Marcin Baranowski, Steen Larsen, Michael Taulo Lund, Cathrine Munk Scheuer, Carina Vestergaard Abildskov, Sofie Greve Dideriksen, Flemming Dela, and Jørn Wulff Helge. "Muscle-Saturated Bioactive Lipids Are Increased with Aging and Influenced by High-Intensity Interval Training." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051240.
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Ceramide and diacylglycerol are linked to insulin resistance in rodents, but in humans the data are inconsistent. Insulin resistance is frequently observed with aging, but the role of ceramide and diacylglycerol is not clarified. Training improves metabolic health and, therefore, we aimed to elucidate the influence of age and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on ceramide and diacylglycerol content in muscle. Fourteen young (33 ± 1) and 22 older (63 ± 1) overweight to obese subjects performed 6 weeks HIIT three times a week. Maximal oxygen uptake and body composition were measured and muscle biopsies and fasting blood samples were obtained. Muscle ceramide and diacylglycerol were measured by gas-liquid chromatography and proteins in insulin signaling, lipid and glucose metabolism were measured by Western blotting. Content of ceramide and diacylglycerol total, saturated, C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids and C18:1 ceramide were higher in older compared to young. HIIT reduced saturated and C18:0 ceramides, while the content of the proteins involved in glucose (GLUT4, glycogen synthase, hexokinase II, AKT) and lipid metabolism (adipose triglyceride lipase, fatty acid binding protein) were increased after HIIT. We demonstrate a higher content of saturated ceramide and diacylglycerol fatty acids in the muscle of older subjects compared to young. Moreover, the content of saturated ceramides was reduced and muscle glucose metabolism improved at protein level after HIIT. This study highlights an increased content of saturated ceramides in aging which could be speculated to influence insulin sensitivity.
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Li, Bei, X. B. Liu, M. Chen, and X. A. Mei. "Ferroelectric Properties of Bismuth Titanate Ceramics by Tm2O3/V2O5 Substitution." Key Engineering Materials 633 (November 2014): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.633.374.
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The ferroelectricity of Bi3.25Tm0.75Ti2.97V0.03O12 (BTTV) ceramic prepared at 1200°C by a conventional ceramic technique was investigated. The ceramic possess random-oriented polycrystalline structure. The remanent polarization (Pr) and coercive field (Ec) of the BTTV ceramics are 25 μC/cm2 and 70kV/cm, respectively. The Pr value of the BTTV ceramics up to 25 μC/cm2 is larger than that of the BTT ceramics. Therefore, co-sustitution of Tm and V in Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) ceramics is effective for the improvement of the ferroelectricity of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics.
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Yoon, Joonsik, Minjoo Noh, Jun Bae Lee, and Jun Hyup Lee. "Highly Sustainable and Completely Amorphous Hierarchical Ceramide Microcapsules for Potential Epidermal Barrier." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092166.
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As a main component of the stratum corneum, ceramides can construct protective lamellae to provide an epidermal barrier against dehydration or external microorganisms. However, as ceramide molecules can easily form the isolated crystalline phase through self-assembly due to the amphipathic nature of bioactive lipids, the effective incorporation of ceramides into liquid media is the remaining issue for controlled release. Here, we report an unprecedented effective strategy to fabricate a completely amorphous and highly sustainable hierarchical ceramide polymer microcapsule for promising epidermal barrier by using the interpenetrating and cooperative self-construction of conical amphiphiles with a different critical packing parameter. The self-constructed amorphous architecture of ceramides in polymer microcapsule is achieved by the facile doping of conical amphiphiles and subsequent in situ polymerization of shell polymer in the core-shell geometry. It is experimentally revealed that an irregular cooperative packing structure formed by adaptive hydrophobic–hydrophilic interactions of cylindrical ceramides and conical amphiphiles in the confined microcapsule geometry enables a completely amorphous morphology of ceramides to be realized during the spontaneous encapsulation process. Furthermore, this elegant approach affords a highly dispersible and uniform hierarchical amorphous ceramide microcapsule with a greatly enhanced long-term stability compared to conventional crystalline ceramides.
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La Corte, Emanuele, Michele Dei Cas, Alberto Raggi, Monica Patanè, Morgan Broggi, Silvia Schiavolin, Chiara Calatozzolo, et al. "Long and Very-Long-Chain Ceramides Correlate with A More Aggressive Behavior in Skull Base Chordoma Patients." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 18 (September 11, 2019): 4480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184480.
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Background: Skull base chordomas are rare tumors arising from notochord. Sphingolipids analysis is a promising approach in molecular oncology, and it has never been applied in chordomas. Our aim is to investigate chordoma behavior and the role of ceramides. Methods: Ceramides were extracted and evaluated by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in a cohort of patients with a skull base chordoma. Clinical data were also collected and correlated with ceramide levels. Linear regression and correlation analyses were conducted. Results: Analyzing the association between ceramides level and MIB-1, total ceramides and dihydroceramides showed a strong association (r = 0.7257 and r = 0.6733, respectively) with MIB-1 staining (p = 0.0033 and p = 0.0083, respectively). Among the single ceramide species, Cer C24:1 (r = 0.8814, p ≤ 0.0001), DHCer C24:1 (r = 0.8429, p = 0.0002) and DHCer C18:0 (r = 0.9426, p ≤ 0.0001) showed a significant correlation with MIB-1. Conclusion: Our lipid analysis showed ceramides to be promising tumoral biomarkers in skull base chordomas. Long- and very-long-chain ceramides, such as Cer C24:1 and DHCer C24:1, may be related to a prolonged tumor survival and aggressiveness, and the understanding of their effective biological role will hopefully shed light on the mechanisms of chordoma radio-resistance, tendency to recur, and use of agents targeting ceramide metabolism.
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TSERNG, Kou-Yi, and Ronda L. GRIFFIN. "Ceramide metabolite, not intact ceramide molecule, may be responsible for cellular toxicity." Biochemical Journal 380, no. 3 (June 15, 2004): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20031733.
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Ceramides, which are produced from the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin or synthesized from serine and palmitate in a de novo pathway, are regarded as important cellular signals for inducing apoptosis. However, controversy over this proposed role of ceramides exists. Using stable isotope labelling coupled with GC (gas chromatography)-MS and mass isotopomer distribution analysis, we have studied the metabolism of exogenous long-chain ceramides in HL60 cells. Our results do not support the concept of enhanced ceramide transport into cells induced by solvent mixtures of ethanol and hydrocarbons. In addition, cell toxicity does not correlate with the amount of intact ceramide in the cells. Our results are more consistent with a disturbance of sphingomyelin metabolism induced by the solvent mixture. The characteristics of this disturbed sphingolipid disposition are the inhibition of dihydroceramide desaturation and an enhanced degradation of sphingomyelin. As a consequence, dihydroceramides accumulate and the cellular sphingomyelin content decreases. Inhibition of these pathways is most likely to be induced by the increased production of novel ceramide metabolites instead of by intact ceramides. Octadecane-1,2-diol is identified as a possible mediator. Treatments that divert ceramide degradation to the novel pathway are potential strategies in cancer therapy for inducing cell toxicity.
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Yan, Yan Yan, Bo Zhao, and Jun Li Liu. "Research on the Fracture Phenomenon of Zirconia-Toughened Alumina Ceramics under Ultrasonic Vibration." Key Engineering Materials 455 (December 2010): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.455.156.
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A study of the fracture phenomenon of zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramics was carried. It analyzes the mechanisms of crack propagation of ZTA ceramics, and constructs fracture experiments of ZTA ceramics, so the propagation behavior on fracture in ZTA ceramics was investigated according to the experiment. By contrast, intercrystalline fracture happed in V-shaped groove of ceramic specimen under normal load without ultrasonic vibration during ceramic fracture, and transcrystalline fracture happed in V-shaped groove of ceramic specimen under normal load with ultrasonic vibration during ceramic fracture. Furthermore, the loading force of ceramic specimen under normal load with ultrasonic vibration is smaller than that under normal load without ultrasonic vibration all other conditions being equal. The results of fracture experiment prove that ultrasonic vibration assisted is good for the fracture of ceramic specimen, and it also proves that ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding may raise the working efficiency and improve surface integrity of ceramics from the standpoint of the fracture.
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Fujii, Masanori. "The Pathogenic and Therapeutic Implications of Ceramide Abnormalities in Atopic Dermatitis." Cells 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 2386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092386.
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Ceramides play an essential role in forming a permeability barrier in the skin. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin disease associated with skin barrier dysfunction and immunological abnormalities. In patients with AD, the amount and composition of ceramides in the stratum corneum are altered. This suggests that ceramide abnormalities are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. The mechanism underlying lipid abnormalities in AD has not yet been fully elucidated, but the involvement of Th2 and Th1 cytokines is implicated. Ceramide-dominant emollients have beneficial effects on skin barrier function; thus, they have been approved as an adjunctive barrier repair agent for AD. This review summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms of ceramide abnormalities in AD. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic approaches for correcting ceramide abnormalities in AD are discussed.
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Richter, Christoph, and Pedram Ghafourifar. "Ceramide induces cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria." Biochemical Society Symposia 66 (September 1, 1999): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bss0660027.
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This chapter addresses the role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Emphasis is put on the recently observed influence of ceramides on mitochondrial functions. We report here that N-acetylsphingosine (C2-ceramide), N-hexanoylsphingosine (C6-ceramide) and, to a much lesser extent, C2-dihydroceramide, induce cytochrome c (cyt c) release from isolated rat liver mitochondria. Ceramide-induced cyt c release is prevented by a low concentration of Bcl-2. The release takes place when cyt c is oxidized, but not when it is reduced. Upon cyt c release mitochondrial oxygen consumption, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and Ca2+ retention are diminished. Bcl-2 prevents, and addition of cyt c reverses, the alteration of these mitochondrial functions. In ATP-energized mitochondria ceramides do not alter ΔΨm, neither when cyt c is oxidized nor when it is reduced. This rules out a non-specific disturbance by ceramides of mitochondrial-membrane integrity. It is concluded that some of the apoptogenic properties of ceramides are mediated via their interaction with mitochondrial cyt c followed by its release.
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Hansen, M. E., T. S. Tippetts, M. C. Anderson, Z. E. Holub, E. R. Moulton, A. C. Swensen, J. T. Prince, and B. T. Bikman. "Insulin Increases Ceramide Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle." Journal of Diabetes Research 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/765784.
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Aims. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of insulin on ceramide metabolism in skeletal muscle.Methods. Skeletal muscle cells were treated with insulin with or without palmitate for various time periods. Lipids (ceramides and TAG) were isolated and gene expression of multiple biosynthetic enzymes were quantified. Additionally, adult male mice received daily insulin injections for 14 days, followed by muscle ceramide analysis.Results. In muscle cells, insulin elicited an increase in ceramides comparable to palmitate alone. This is likely partly due to an insulin-induced increase in expression of multiple enzymes, particularly SPT2, which, when knocked down, prevented the increase in ceramides. In mice, 14 days of insulin injection resulted in increased soleus ceramides, but not TAG. However, insulin injections did significantly increase hepatic TAG compared with vehicle-injected animals.Conclusions. This study suggests that insulin elicits an anabolic effect on sphingolipid metabolism in skeletal muscle, resulting in increased ceramide accumulation. These findings reveal a potential mechanism of the deleterious consequences of the hyperinsulinemia that accompanies insulin resistance and suggest a possible novel therapeutic target to mitigate its effects.
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Gruzdeva, O. V., Yu A. Dyleva, E. V. Belik, E. G. Uchasova, A. V. Ponasenko, E. E. Gorbatovskaya, E. A. Fanaskova, et al. "Comparative evaluation of the expression of enzymes of the ceramide <i>de novo</i> synthesis pathway in cardiac adipose tissue and blood vessels of cardiovascular patients." Russian Journal of Cardiology 27, no. 12 (January 4, 2022): 5281. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/15604071-2022-5281.
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Aim. To compare the expression of enzymes of the ceramide de novo synthesis pathway in cardiac adipose tissue (AT) and blood vessels of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and acquired heart defects.Material and methods. The study included 20 patients with CAD and 18 patients with aortic stenosis/regurgitation. Biopsies of subcutaneous, epicardial, perivascular AT (SCAT, EAT, PVAT, respectively) were obtained during surgery. Quantitative PCR test was used to evaluate the gene expression of de novo ceramide synthesis enzymes (serine palmitoyltransferase C1 and C2: SPTLC1, SPTLC2; ceramide synthase 1-6: CERS1-6; dihydroceramide desaturase: DEGS1). Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software).Results. Patients with CAD were characterized by a higher level of mRNA SPTLC1 in SCAT and EAT, SPTLC2, CERS1, producing C18 ceramides, CERS5 and CERS6, generating C14-C16 ceramides in EAT, CERS2 — in SCAT, producing long-chain ceramides C20-C24, CERS4, synthesizing very long-chain ceamides C18-C20. In PVAT, a high expression of CERS4 and CERS3, which synthesizes very long-chain ceramides C26 and higher, was revealed. DEGS1 expression was highest in SCAT and EAT. In patients with heart defects, there was a high expression of CERS3 in PVAT, CERS4 in EAT and PVAT, DEGS1 in EAT. The mRNA level of SPTLC1 in SCAT and EAT, SPTLC2 in EAT, CERS2 in all studied AT, CERS4 and 5 in EAT, DEGS1 in SCAT and EAT among patients with CAD was higher than in the comparison group.Conclusion. Regional fat depots of the heart differed in the level of expression of enzymes of the ceramide de novo synthesis pathway. The results obtained indicate the activation of ceramide synthesis along this pathway in predominantly epicardial adipocytes in coronary pathology, which may contribute to the accumulation of long-chain ceramides in the AT of this localization.
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Gruzdeva, O. V., Yu A. Dyleva, E. V. Belik, E. G. Uchasova, A. V. Ponasenko, E. E. Gorbatovskaya, E. A. Fanaskova, et al. "Comparative evaluation of the expression of enzymes of the ceramide <i>de novo</i> synthesis pathway in cardiac adipose tissue and blood vessels of cardiovascular patients." Russian Journal of Cardiology 27, no. 12 (January 4, 2022): 5281. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2022-5281.
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Aim. To compare the expression of enzymes of the ceramide de novo synthesis pathway in cardiac adipose tissue (AT) and blood vessels of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and acquired heart defects.Material and methods. The study included 20 patients with CAD and 18 patients with aortic stenosis/regurgitation. Biopsies of subcutaneous, epicardial, perivascular AT (SCAT, EAT, PVAT, respectively) were obtained during surgery. Quantitative PCR test was used to evaluate the gene expression of de novo ceramide synthesis enzymes (serine palmitoyltransferase C1 and C2: SPTLC1, SPTLC2; ceramide synthase 1-6: CERS1-6; dihydroceramide desaturase: DEGS1). Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software).Results. Patients with CAD were characterized by a higher level of mRNA SPTLC1 in SCAT and EAT, SPTLC2, CERS1, producing C18 ceramides, CERS5 and CERS6, generating C14-C16 ceramides in EAT, CERS2 — in SCAT, producing long-chain ceramides C20-C24, CERS4, synthesizing very long-chain ceamides C18-C20. In PVAT, a high expression of CERS4 and CERS3, which synthesizes very long-chain ceramides C26 and higher, was revealed. DEGS1 expression was highest in SCAT and EAT. In patients with heart defects, there was a high expression of CERS3 in PVAT, CERS4 in EAT and PVAT, DEGS1 in EAT. The mRNA level of SPTLC1 in SCAT and EAT, SPTLC2 in EAT, CERS2 in all studied AT, CERS4 and 5 in EAT, DEGS1 in SCAT and EAT among patients with CAD was higher than in the comparison group.Conclusion. Regional fat depots of the heart differed in the level of expression of enzymes of the ceramide de novo synthesis pathway. The results obtained indicate the activation of ceramide synthesis along this pathway in predominantly epicardial adipocytes in coronary pathology, which may contribute to the accumulation of long-chain ceramides in the AT of this localization.
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Seitz, Aaron P., Heike Grassmé, Michael J. Edwards, Yael Pewzner-Jung, and Erich Gulbins. "Ceramide and sphingosine in pulmonary infections." Biological Chemistry 396, no. 6-7 (June 1, 2015): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2014-0285.
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Abstract Acid sphingomyelinase and ceramide have previously been shown to play a central role in infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium avium. Recent studies have extended the role of sphingolipids in bacterial infections and have demonstrated that ceramide and sphingosine are central to the defense of lungs against bacterial pathogens. Ceramide accumulates in the airway epithelium of cystic fibrosis and ceramide synthase 2 (CerS2)-deficient mice, which respond to the lack of very long chain (C22-C24-) ceramides with a profound compensatory increase of long chain (mainly C16-) ceramides. In contrast, sphingosine is present in healthy airways and is almost completely absent from diseased or deficient epithelial cells. Both sphingolipids are crucially involved in the high susceptibility to infection of cystic fibrosis and CerS2-deficient mice, as indicated by findings showing that the normalization of ceramide and sphingosine levels rescue these mice from acute infection with P. aeruginosa.
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Vacaru, Ana M., Fikadu G. Tafesse, Philipp Ternes, Vangelis Kondylis, Martin Hermansson, Jos F. H. M. Brouwers, Pentti Somerharju, Catherine Rabouille, and Joost C. M. Holthuis. "Sphingomyelin synthase-related protein SMSr controls ceramide homeostasis in the ER." Journal of Cell Biology 185, no. 6 (June 8, 2009): 1013–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200903152.
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Ceramides are central intermediates of sphingolipid metabolism with critical functions in cell organization and survival. They are synthesized on the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported by ceramide transfer protein to the Golgi for conversion to sphingomyelin (SM) by SM synthase SMS1. In this study, we report the identification of an SMS1-related (SMSr) enzyme, which catalyses the synthesis of the SM analogue ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) in the ER lumen. Strikingly, SMSr produces only trace amounts of CPE, i.e., 300-fold less than SMS1-derived SM. Nevertheless, blocking its catalytic activity causes a substantial rise in ER ceramide levels and a structural collapse of the early secretory pathway. We find that the latter phenotype is not caused by depletion of CPE but rather a consequence of ceramide accumulation in the ER. Our results establish SMSr as a key regulator of ceramide homeostasis that seems to operate as a sensor rather than a converter of ceramides in the ER.