Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ceramica industriale'

Questa tesi descrive l’attività scientifica svolta presso l’istituto CNR-ISTEC di Faenza. Lo scopo è stato lo studio e l’ottimizzazione del processo per la realizzazione di una membrana ceramica permselettiva all’idrogeno usufruibile in applicazioni industriali. Grazie alle prove effettuate è stata possibile la realizzazione tramite colaggio su nastro dei due strati ceramici che formano la membrana: un supporto poroso e un film sottile e denso. I nastri, dopo essiccamento, sono stati tagliati con la geometria desiderata, impilati uno sull’altro, termocompressi e sinterizzati. L’attività svolta ha permesso l’ingegnerizzazione di una membrana ad elevato contenuto tecnologico con le proprietà necessarie per poter essere impiegata in un processo di purificazione di idrogeno più semplice, efficiente ed economico rispetto a quelli utilizzati fino ad ora.

La storia della ceramica in Sicilia è strettamente connessa con quella delle sue città e, soprattutto, del territorio che, con le sue risorse materiali, ha, da sempre, favorito lo sviluppo di attività artigianali legate all arte fittile. Nonostante l evidente crisi che il settore sta attraversando, appare importante sottolineare il ruolo fondamentale che, ancora oggi, la ceramica ha nell economia e nel tessuto sociale siciliano: il sistema produttivo ceramico, infatti, è uno dei pochi sistemi produttivi ad essere citato, come punta di eccellenza, nel documento della Regione Sicilia Strategia regionale per l innovazione 2007-2013 . Questa crisi, se da una parte rappresenta, sicuramente, un fattore negativo dall altro lato, se ben sfruttata, potrebbe rappresentare anche un opportunità di rilancio per questo ambito produttivo. In tale contesto si inserisce l idea di questo elaborato che ha come obiettivo quello di proporre, accanto agli usuali marchi di qualità ed eccellenza delle produzione, l utilizzo di uno dei marchi ambientali volontari di III tipo attualmente più diffuso, l EPD, nell ambito di uno dei distretti più rilevanti a livello non solo regionale ma anche italiano e internazionale: quello della ceramica artistica e tradizionale di Caltagirone. L adozione di un sistema di questo, convalidato da una terza parte indipendente, potrebbe contribuire a sottolineare, da una parte, l impegno alla tutela dell ambiente degli artigiani e, dall altra, e costituire un valido strumento di valorizzazione e differenziazione, sul mercato, dei prodotti ceramici calatini e, di conseguenza, anche del territorio dove essi hanno origine; in più, porrebbe rappresentare un ulteriore segno distintivo per proteggere, e tutelare, i prodotti tipici e difenderli dalla concorrenza (es: dalle imitazioni cinesi).

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
FAPESP:96/11957-7

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Nas últimas duas décadas aumentaram as pesquisas sobre as aglomerações de Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs), que apresentavam alto crescimento e competitividade no mercado mundial. Os arranjo produtivo locais (APLs) podem ser designados como aglomerações de agentes econômicos, políticos e sociais, localizados em um mesmo território, com foco em um conjunto específico de atividades do setor produtivo e que apresentam vínculos expressivos de interação, cooperação e aprendizagem. Os APLs geralmente incluem empresas, que são aquelas que produzem os bens e serviços finais, fornecedoras de equipamentos e outros insumos, prestadoras de serviços, vendedoras, clientes, cooperativas, associações e representações. O APL de pisos e revestimentos cerâmicos de Santa Gertrudes (SP) é formado pelos municípios de Santa Gertrudes, Rio Claro, Cordeirópolis, Limeira e Piracicaba. Há 33 indústrias ceramistas localizadas neste APL, além de uma rede de instituições e prestadores de serviços. Os objetivos do presente trabalho são: buscar uma melhor compreensão da dimensão local do aprendizado e da cooperação entre indústrias e instituições no território do APL de Santa Gertrudes e mostrar como os recursos do território foram utilizados na competitividade das indústrias ceramistas locais.
In the last two decades have increase the researchs about the agglomerations of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME), which had high growth and competitiveness in the global trade. The Local Productive Arrangements (LPAs) can be designated as agglomerations of economic, political and social agents, located in the same territory, with a focus on a specific activities branch of the productive sector and that have expressive linkages of interaction, cooperation and learning. The LPAs usually include enterprises, which are those that produce the final goods and services, suppliers of equipments and other inputs, service providers, sellers, customers, cooperatives, associations and representations. The LPA of ceramic floors and tiles of Santa Gertrudes is formed by municipalities Santa Gertrudes, Cordeirópolis, Rio Claro, Limeira and Piracicaba. There are 33 industries located in this LPA, and a network of institutions and service providers. The aims of present dissertation are: seek a better comprehension of the local dimension of learning and cooperation between industries and institutions in the territory of Santa Gertrude’s LPA and show how the resources were used in the competitiveness of the locals ceramists industries.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Recently, the traditional ceramics industry has developed great interest in obtaining pigments which may have firing temperature stable, so that the action of molten glass does not interfere with the final product. In the coating industry, whose selection is strongly influenced by the visual appearance of the decorated surface, the color is an important feature. In order to search for new pigments that replace or optimize the old, new synthetic methods has being studied, as well as new systems and the incorporation of pigments alternative raw materials. Thus, this work studied the possibility of use of industrial byproducts, rich in iron, in the synthesis of pigments encapsulated in glassy matrix. The by product from the surface treatment of sheet metal was evaluated and characterized by chemical composition, crystalline phases and morphology of particles. The residue was added to the glassy matrix, homogenized using conventional milling and calcined at temperatures of 700 ° C to 900 ° C for 15 minutes. The characterization of the pigments obtained were performed using XRD and SEM. The pigments were used in ceramic and enamel porcelain paste and observed by optical microscopy and SEM. The results showed that color development becomes effective when the pigment is incorporated into porcelain paste, because it is a less aggressive. Was concluded that the developed color is influenced by oxide content employed, milling conditions and the processing temperature. The results showed that the use of the pigment developed does not interfere in the microstructural characteristics of pigmented material.
Recentemente, na indústria cerâmica tradicional, tem havido um interesse crescente na obtenção da inclusão de pigmentos na qual a temperatura de queima seja estável de tal forma que ação dos vidros fundidos não interfiram no produto final. No setor de revestimento, cuja seleção é fortemente influenciada pelo aspecto visual da superfície decorada, a cor passa a ser uma importante característica. Com o intuito de buscar novos pigmentos que substituam ou otimizem os já conhecidos, novos métodos de síntese estão sendo pesquisados, bem como novos sistemas pigmentantes e a incorporação de matérias primas alternativas. Desta forma, no presente trabalho, procurou-se estudar a possibilidade de aproveitamento de subprodutos industriais, ricos em ferro, na síntese de pigmentos encapsulados em matriz de vidro. O subproduto que é proveniente, do processo de tratamento superficial de chapas metálicas foi avaliado. O subproduto foi caracterizado quanto a sua composição química, fases cristalinas presentes e morfologia das partículas. O resíduo foi adicionado à matriz vítrea, sendo posteriormente homogeneizados, utilizando moagem convencional e seguidos de calcinação nas temperaturas de 700°C até 900°C por 15 minutos. As caracterizações dos pigmentos obtidos foram realizadas através de difratometria de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os pigmentos foram aplicados em esmalte cerâmico e em massa porcelânica. Posteriormente, foram realizadas análises de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados evidenciaram que o desenvolvimento da cor torna-se efetivo quando o pigmento é incorporado em massa porcelânica, por se tratar de um meio menos agressivo. A coloração desenvolvida é influenciada por variáveis como o teor de óxido empregado, condições de moagem e temperatura de processamento. Os resultados mostraram ainda que a utilização do pigmento desenvolvido não interfere nas características microestruturais do material pigmentado.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In the ceramic industry of wall and floor tiles, whose selection is strongly influenced by the visual aspect of the decorated surface, the color becomes one of the most important characteristics. With the purpose to search for new pigments that replace or optimize the already known, news method to synthesis are being researched, such as new pigments system and the incorporation of new raw materials. In this work was investigated the possibility of use of a waste industrial rich in iron in the synthesis of encapsulated pigments. It was selected five wastes, four from casting surfacing process and one waste from sheet metal treatment process. The wastes was characterized by chemical composition, cristalline phases present and morphology of the particles. The waste that introduced more percentage of hematite were added to the silica matrix, crystalline and amorphous and then homogenized using conventional milling and high energy followed by calcination at temperatures of 1050 to 1300ºC for 2 hours. The characterizations of pigments obtained were made through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The pigments were applied in ceramic enamel and porcelain body. Afterwards, it was carried out by colorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the development of color becomes effective when the pigment is incorporated in ceramic body, because it is less aggressive. The color developed is influenced by variables such as the oxide content employed, conditions of milling and processing temperature. The results have showed that the use of developed don t interfere in microstructural characteristics of pigmented material.
Na indústria da cerâmica de revestimento, cuja seleção é fortemente influenciada pelo aspecto visual da superfície decorada, a cor passa a ser uma importante característica. Com o intuito de buscar novos pigmentos que substituam ou otimizem os já conhecidos, novos métodos de síntese estão sendo pesquisados, bem como novos sistemas pigmentantes e a incorporação de matérias primas alternativas. Desta forma, no presente trabalho, procurou-se estudar a possibilidade de aproveitamento de subprodutos industriais, ricos em ferro, na síntese de pigmentos encapsulados em matriz de sílica. Foram avaliados cinco subprodutos, sendo quatro provenientes do processo de acabamento de peças fundidas e um gerado no processo de tratamento superficial de chapas metálicas. Os subprodutos foram caracterizados quanto a sua composição química, fases cristalinas presentes e morfologia das partículas. O subproduto que apresentou maior percentual de hematita foi adicionado à matriz de sílica, na forma cristalina (quartzo) e amorfa, sendo posteriormente homogeneizados, utilizando moagem convencional e de alta energia seguidos de calcinação nas temperaturas de 1050 a 1300ºC por 2 horas. As caracterizações dos pigmentos obtidos foram realizadas através de difratometria de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os pigmentos foram aplicados em esmalte cerâmico e em massa porcelânica. Posteriormente, foram realizadas análises colorimétrica e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados evidenciaram que o desenvolvimento da cor torna-se efetivo quando o pigmento é incorporado em massa porcelânica, por se tratar de um meio menos agressivo. A coloração desenvolvida é influenciada por variáveis como o teor de óxido empregado, condições de moagem e temperatura de processamento. Os resultados mostraram ainda que a utilização do pigmento desenvolvido não interfere nas características microestruturais do material pigmentado.

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The study analyzed the importance of seeking technologies for sustainable development in the field of red ceramic products. The plasticity characteristics of three types of soils, dystroferric Red Latosol, kaolinite and bentonite were evaluated when tested with water and with condensed gas (biogas effluent). Composites were made, and the Latosol was considered as the matrix and the additions of kaolinite, bentonite and rice husk ash as reinforcements. The methodology used followed the prerogatives of ABNT standards, NBR 6459, to determine the liquidity limit. The main focus of the analysis was the variation in the plasticity range of the composites when the molding fluid changes from water to condensed gas. The results showed that the Red Latosol in natura does not present a high plasticity, suggesting the incorporation of additives, whereas kaolinite and bentonite in natura have high plasticity. The incorporation of the reinforcements increased the plasticity of the matrix, and the kaolinite implied a smaller increase of plasticity and the bentonite in a larger increase. It was also observed that the use of condensed gas in substitution of water resulted in an improvement of the plastic characteristics of the matrix, suggesting its use in the manufacture of ceramic pieces. The contribution of this study is the reduction of the use of natural resources and the substitution of water by an industrial residue, in the production of ceramic materials, as regards to the improvement of plasticity.
O estudo analisou a importância de se buscar tecnologias para o desenvolvimento sustentável, no ramo dos produtos cerâmicos vermelhos. Foram avaliadas as características de plasticidade de três tipos de solos, Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, caulinita e bentonita,quando ensaiados com água e com gás condensado (efluente de biogás). Foram feitos compósitos, sendo o Latossolo considerado a a matriz e as adiçoes de caulinita, bentonita e cinza de casca de arro consideradas como reforços. A metodologia empregada seguiu as prerrogativas das normas da ABNT, NBR 6459 para determinação do limite de liquidez. O principal foco da análise foi a variação na faixa de plasticidade dos compósitos quando o fluido de moldagem muda de água para gás condensado. Os resultados mostraram que o Latossolo Vermelho in natura não apresenta uma elevada plasticidade, sugerindo-se a incorporação de aditivos, enquanto a caulinita e a bentonita in natura apresentam plasticidades altas. A incorporação dos reforços elevou a plasticidade da matriz, sendo que a caulinita implicou em menor incremento de plasticidade e a bentonita em maior incremento. Observou-se também que a utilização do gás condensado em substituição a água resultou em melhora das características plásticas da matriz, sugerindo seu uso na fabricação de peças cerâmicas. A contribuição deste estudo está na redução da utilização de recursos naturais e na substutição da água por um resíduo industrial, na produção de materiais cerâmicos, no que se refere à melhoria da plasticidade.

L'acqua non è solo un bene essenziale, è anche una risorsa molto versatile in grado di procurare un'ampia gamma di benefici ma al tempo stesso è importante avere la consapevolezza che si tratti di una risorsa esauribile. Uno dei suoi maggiori utilizzi è quello industriale nel quale non è di fondamentale importanza solo il quantitativo di risorsa idrica sfruttata ma anche le sue caratteristiche qualitative. Obiettivo della tesi è quello di indagare la gestione della risorsa idrica nel contesto dell'industria ceramica cercando di capire quali sono gli utilizzi principali, i quantitativi e lo standard qualitativo dell'acqua al termine del processo industriale. Un ruolo principale nell'ambito della sostenibilità ambientale è svolto dalle aziende ceramiche del territorio che sempre più acquisiscono know-how ambientale e si adottano di procedure e tecnologie in grado di salvaguardare il territorio in cui operano. A tal fine ho condotto uno studio su una delle maggiori aziende del distretto ceramico di Sassuolo: Florim ceramiche s.p.a. analizzando il processo produttivo, quello depurativo e i quantitativi utilizzati cercando di capire gli ambiti di miglioramento attraverso la definizione di interventi sostenibili.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Inside the context of alternative search for the use of industrial waste as natural raw for the industrial ceramic, this work had the objective to evaluate the possibility of the use of exhauster powder generated in the foundry process. The characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray difratometry and thermal analysis (ATD, TG) noting that it is a powder with a high content of fine and compatible with the composition of ceramic bodies. Formulations were prepared with different exhauster powder content. The sintered materials at 1000, 1100 and 1200oC were characterized according technological properties as water absorption, linear shrinkage, bulk density. Microstructural analysis was carried out by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that it is possible to use the waste. It was observed that the waste increase the density in sintering process, and with high levels of waste occurs an increase of the porosity and intensification in the color of the new material. According to the results obtained in preliminary stage set up the methodology of work for the development of new materialThe second stage were developed new formulations prepared with different exhauster powder content, based on the preliminary stage of research and using as criterion the behavior after sintered. This new material were characterization by thermal analysis (ATD, TG), and some technological properties such as water absorption, linear shrinkage, bulk density. Finally were tests for resistance to bending, resistance to abrasion than the morphological analysis.The results showed the new material can be used as ceramic tiles, for, in general no significant changes it s physical and mechanical studied of ceramic body exhauster powder content in relation to the samples only with the mass, and all the compositions are within the minimum required for the characteristics analyzed.
Dentro do contexto de busca de alternativas para a utilização de subprodutos industriais como matéria-prima para a indústria cerâmica, este trabalho avaliou a possibilidade do emprego de pó de exaustão proveniente do processo de fundição em massa cerâmica atomizada tipo semi-grês. Este material foi caracterizado em uma etapa preliminar por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Análise Térmica Diferencial e Termogravimétrica (ATD e TG) constatando-se que se trata de um pó com alto teor de finos e composição compatível com a de massas cerâmicas. Foram desenvolvidas formulações com diferentes teores de pó de exaustão. Os materiais sinterizados entre 1000 e 1200oC foram caracterizados quanto a propriedades tecnológicas como a absorção de água, retração linear e densidade aparente. A análise microestrutural foi realizada utilizando Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Estes resultados demonstraram a viabilidade da utilização do subproduto. Através dos experimentos observou-se que o subproduto promoveu um incremento no grau de sinterização, e elevados teores do mesmo aumentam a formação de porosidade e intensificam a cor do novo material. De acordo com os resultados obtidos na etapa preliminar definiu-se a metodologia de trabalho para o desenvolvimento do novo material. Na segunda etapa foram desenvolvidas novas formulações com a incorporação do pó de exaustão, baseada na etapa preliminar da pesquisa e utilizando como critério o comportamento após a sinterização. Este novo material foi caracterizado através da análise térmica diferencial, termogravimétrica, e de algumas propriedades tecnológicas como a absorção de água, retração linear e densidade aparente. Por fim foram realizados testes de resistência á flexão, resistência à abrasão além da análise morfológica.Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o novo material pode ser utilizado como placa cerâmica para revestimento, pois, em geral não houve mudanças significativas nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas estudadas da massa cerâmica com a incorporação do subproduto pó de exaustão em relação com as amostras somente com a massa e todas as composições estão dentro dos valores mínimos exigidos para as características analisadas.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The search for ceramic pigments with good properties are the basis of research conducted in this industry, in view of the importance of color for the final finished product. Aiming at seeking new pigments to replace or optimize existing ones, new synthesis methods and the incorporation of alternative raw materials are under study. In this work, we studied the possibility of using industrial waste from the treatment of effluents from the galvanoplasty process to synthetize pigments with spinel structure. The characterization of this type of waste and analysis of its potential to be used as chromophoric source were assessed in terms of chemical and mineralogical composition, thermal behavior, among others. The proportion of the transition elements, nickel and chromium present in the waste, allowed for the formation of important spinel structures. The synthesis method adopted consisted of the following steps: formulation; homogenization; calcination; and washing, when necessary. Firstly, we studied the addition of chromophoric ions Cr, Ni and Co in the structures MAl2O4, M=Zn, Mg, as well as the adoption of different temperatures (1000 to 1400 ºC/3h). The effect caused by solid dissolution of each ion in the structures and its relationship with the synthesis temperature was evaluated. It was possible to develop pigments with interesting color performance and different hues. Afterwards, the selection of a structure to obtain pigments from this selected chromophoric source was evaluated. We chose to work with structures NiCr2O4 and (Ni,Fe)(FeCr)2O4. The calcination temperature adopted was 1200 ºC/3h. The structures allowed for black pigments, however, with low pigmenting performance. In order to improve the performance of pigments with the addition of residue, we chose to further investigate the pigments formed with the 17 three elements nickel, iron and chromium at an equal molar ratio, resulting in the supposed structure (Ni0,5Fe0,5)(Fe0,5Ni0,5Cr1,0)O4, taking into consideration their degree of inversion. For this new step of the study, the synthetizing temperature adopted was 1000 ºC/3h. The aim was to assess the possibility of recovering the CaSO4 derived from the residue composition. For such, a washing stage was added to the pigment synthesis process. This new formulation favored the formation of the desired spinel phase, reducing the presence and intensity of secondary phases. The absence of the characteristic peaks indicating the presence of CaSO4 no DRX indicates the effectiveness of the washing process, which contributes to a reduction of a liquid phase formation and a better granulometric control. The results obtained after application showed that the synthesized pigments presented some instability during the application process. Therefore, studies were conducted to assess the influence of adding different concentrations of cobalt. The pigments synthetized with the addition of 0.3 mol of cobalt presented better pigmenting properties compared to pigments synthetized with the same structure. Adding waste into this composition led to the formation of pigments with improved performance, especially after application testing. The results allowed to associate this effect with the presence of secondary phases such as pyroxene, derived from the presence of SiO2 and CaO in the waste, resulting from the treatment process. The reproducibility of pigments synthesized with different batches of waste for the best composition studied was also evaluated. It was observed that they presented a good performance in face of the industrial conditions.
A busca por pigmentos cerâmicos com boas propriedades são a base das pesquisas realizadas neste setor, tendo em vista, a importância da cor para o produto final acabado. Com o intuito de buscar novos pigmentos que substituam ou otimizem os já conhecidos, novos métodos de síntese estão sendo pesquisados, bem como, a incorporação de matérias primas alternativas. No presente trabalho, estudou-se a possibilidade de aproveitamento de um resíduo industrial, proveniente do tratamento de efluentes do processo de galvanoplastia, na síntese de pigmentos com estrutura espinélio. A caracterização do resíduo e análise de suas potencialidades para uso como fonte cromófora, foram avaliadas em termos de composição química e mineralógica, comportamento térmico, entre outros. Os percentuais dos elementos de transição Níquel e Cromo presentes no resíduo possibilitaram a formação de estruturas de espinélios importantes. O método de síntese adotado englobou as seguintes etapas: formulação; homogeneização; calcinação e lavagem quando necessário. Primeiramente, foi estudada a adição dos íons cromóforos Cr, Ni e Co nas estruturas, MAl2O4, M=Zn, Mg, bem como, de diferentes temperaturas (1000 a 1400 ºC/3h). Avaliou-se o efeito causado pela dissolução sólida de cada íon nas estruturas, e sua relação com a temperatura de síntese. Foi possível desenvolver pigmentos com desempenho cromático interessante e tonalidades distintas. Posteriormente, foi avaliada a seleção de uma estrutura para a obtenção de pigmentos a partir desta fonte cromófora selecionada. Optou-se por trabalhar com as estruturas NiCr2O4 e (Ni,Fe)(FeCr)2O4. A temperatura de calcinação adotada foi de 1200 ºC/3h. As estruturas permitiram obter pigmentos negros, entretanto, com baixo desempenho pigmentante. A fim de aprimorar o desempenho dos pigmentos com adição de resíduo, 15 optou-se por investigar melhor os pigmentos formados com os três elementos Níquel, Ferro e Cromo, em uma igual proporção molar, resultando na suposta estrutura (Ni0,5 Fe0,5)(Fe0,5Ni0,5Cr1,0)O4, tendo em consideração o seu grau de inversão. Para esta nova etapa do trabalho a temperatura de sinterização adotada foi de 1000 ºC/3h. O objetivo foi avaliar a possibilidade de recuperação do CaSO4 proveniente da composição do resíduo. Para tanto, uma etapa de lavagem foi inserida no processo de síntese dos pigmentos. Esta nova formulação favoreceu a formação da fase espinélio desejada, diminuindo a presença e intensidade das fases secundárias. A não observância dos picos característicos da presença de CaSO4 no DRX, indica a eficácia do processo de lavagem, contribuindo para redução da formação de fase líquida e melhor controle granulométrico. Os resultados obtidos após aplicação permitiram concluir que os pigmentos sintetizados apresentaram certa instabilidade durante o processo de aplicação. Portanto, foram realizados estudos para avaliar a influência da adição de diferentes concentrações de Cobalto. Os pigmentos sintetizados com adição de 0,3 mol de Cobalto apresentaram melhores propriedades pigmentante ao serem comparados aos pigmentos sintetizados com a mesma estrutura. A incorporação de resíduo nesta composição propiciou a formação de pigmentos com melhor desempenho, principalmente após os testes de aplicação. A análise dos resultados permitiu associar este efeito a presença de fases secundárias, como o piroxênio, provenientes da presença de SiO2 e CaO no resíduo, resultante do processo de tratamento. A reprodutibilidade dos pigmentos, sintetizados com distintos lotes de resíduo para a melhor composição estudada, também foi avaliada. Pode-se observar que os mesmos apresentaram bom desempenho frente às condições industriais.

Cultivating the spatial relationship in between utility and sculpture generates my process. I deconstruct, reconstruct and assemble objects; bringing to them a new perspective that simplifies the structure while enhancing the surface and the unassuming nature of the forms. Developing vessels for drinking or pouring serves as the foundation for my study of materials, architectural foundations and elements of utilitarian objects. The functional purpose of the objects becomes minimized due to the structure beneath the surface and the constructed role of the base blurring distinctions between function and form.

The goal of my graduate thesis is to design a dinner service set suitable for mass manufacture. The purpose of completing an academic study of dinnerware as an industrial designer is to gain a mastery of a product used everyday in and out of the home. With such a rich history in ceramics, it is challenging to design a new dinner service set that is functional, enhances the aesthetics of a meal and sustains the intimate relationship of everyday use by adapting to lives. My particular design ideals are expressed in the line quality, section, volume, breadth and visual language of the Galaxy Collection. This document is a record of the research and decision making process for the design of the dinner service.
Master of Science

Orientador: Olivio Novaski
Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

This thesis focuses on the ceramic process for the production of optical grade transparent materials to be used as laser hosts. In order to be transparent a ceramic material must exhibit a very low concentration of defects. Defects are mainly represented by secondary or grain boundary phases and by residual pores. The strict control of the stoichiometry is mandatory to avoid the formation of secondary phases, whereas residual pores need to be below 150 ppm. In order to fulfill these requirements specific experimental conditions must be combined together. In addition powders need to be nanometric or at least sub-micrometric and extremely pure. On the other hand, nanometric powders aggregate easily and this leads to a poor, not homogeneous packing during shaping by pressing and to the formation of residual pores during sintering. Very fine powders are also difficult to handle and tend to absorb water on the surface. Finally, the powder manipulation (weighting operations, solvent removal, spray drying, shaping, etc), easily introduces impurities. All these features must be fully controlled in order to avoid the formation of defects that work as scattering sources thus decreasing the transparency of the material. The important role played by the processing on the transparency of ceramic materials is often underestimated. In the literature a high level of transparency has been reported by many authors but the description of the experimental process, in particular of the powder treatment and shaping, is seldom extensively described and important information that are necessary to reproduce the described results are often missing. The main goal of the present study therefore is to give additional information on the way the experimental features affect the microstructural evolution of YAG-based ceramics and thus the final properties, in particular transparency. Commercial powders are used to prepare YAG materials doped with Nd or Yb by reactive sintering under high vacuum. These dopants have been selected as the more appropriate for high energy and high peak power lasers. As far as it concerns the powder treatment, the thesis focuses on the influence of the solvent removal technique (rotavapor versus spray drying of suspensions in ethanol), the ball milling duration and speed, suspension concentration, solvent ratio, type and amount of dispersant. The influence of the powder type and process on the powder packing as well as the pressure conditions during shaping by pressing are also described. Finally calcination, sintering under high vacuum and in clean atmosphere, and post sintering cycles are studied and related to the final microstructure analyzed by SEM-EDS and HR-TEM, and to the optical and laser properties.

This thesis focuses on the ceramic process for the production of optical grade transparent materials to be used as laser hosts. In order to be transparent a ceramic material must exhibit a very low concentration of defects. Defects are mainly represented by secondary or grain boundary phases and by residual pores. The strict control of the stoichiometry is mandatory to avoid the formation of secondary phases, whereas residual pores need to be below 150 ppm. In order to fulfill these requirements specific experimental conditions must be combined together. In addition powders need to be nanometric or at least sub-micrometric and extremely pure. On the other hand, nanometric powders aggregate easily and this leads to a poor, not homogeneous packing during shaping by pressing and to the formation of residual pores during sintering. Very fine powders are also difficult to handle and tend to absorb water on the surface. Finally, the powder manipulation (weighting operations, solvent removal, spray drying, shaping, etc), easily introduces impurities. All these features must be fully controlled in order to avoid the formation of defects that work as scattering sources thus decreasing the transparency of the material. The important role played by the processing on the transparency of ceramic materials is often underestimated. In the literature a high level of transparency has been reported by many authors but the description of the experimental process, in particular of the powder treatment and shaping, is seldom extensively described and important information that are necessary to reproduce the described results are often missing. The main goal of the present study therefore is to give additional information on the way the experimental features affect the microstructural evolution of YAG-based ceramics and thus the final properties, in particular transparency. Commercial powders are used to prepare YAG materials doped with Nd or Yb by reactive sintering under high vacuum. These dopants have been selected as the more appropriate for high energy and high peak power lasers. As far as it concerns the powder treatment, the thesis focuses on the influence of the solvent removal technique (rotavapor versus spray drying of suspensions in ethanol), the ball milling duration and speed, suspension concentration, solvent ratio, type and amount of dispersant. The influence of the powder type and process on the powder packing as well as the pressure conditions during shaping by pressing are also described. Finally calcination, sintering under high vacuum and in clean atmosphere, and post sintering cycles are studied and related to the final microstructure analyzed by SEM-EDS and HR-TEM, and to the optical and laser properties.

Orientador: Rachel Negrão Cavalcanti
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: Este trabalho tem como premissa, a utilização da argila para fabricação de produtos cerâmicos vermelho ou estrutural. Telhas, tubos, tijolos furados, lajes, elementos vazados, e vasos são produtos utilizados pelo homem há tempos por possuírem grande utilidade prática. A análise, busca avaliar a atividade cerâmica no município de Tambaú-SP, através da atividade minerária desenvolvida no município em sua amplitude, desde a extração do bem mineral até a fase industrial e seu processo produtivo. Para tanto, são abordados aspectos relativos a história e geografia do município, além das características do tradicional segmento cerâmica vermelha ou estrutural. Portanto, por intermédio das questões minerária, ambiental e industrial, procura-se caracterizar este espaço criado, que num processo dinâmico, está calcado na utilização de um recurso natural, o bem mineral pela sociedade
Abstract: This paper aims at describing the use of clay to the manufactory of red or structural clay products. Tiles, pipes, air bricks, flagstones , modelled elements and vases are products which have been used by manking for a long time because of their large practical use. The analysis sets out to evaluate the ceramic activity in the town in its amplitude, since the extraction of the mineral until the industrial phase and its productive processo As for that relative aspects of the town's history and geography are mentioned apart from characteriscs of the traditional red or structured segment. Therefore through the mining, environrnental and industrial questions, it is tried to feature this space created, that in a dynamic process, is based on the use of mineral resource by society
Mestrado
Administração e Politica de Recursos Minerais
Mestre em Geociências

Several CFCC (Continuous Fiber Composite Ceramics) production processes were tested, concluding that PIP (Polymer Impregnation, or Infiltration, Pyrolysis) and CBC (Chemically Bonded Ceramics) based procedures have interesting potential applications in the construction and transportation fields, thanks to low costs to get potentially useful thermomechanical performances. Among the different processes considered during the Doctorate (from the synthesis of new preceramic polymers, to the PIP production of SiC / SiC composites) the more promising results came from the PIP process with poly-siloxanes on basalt fabrics preforms. Low processing time and costs, together with fairly good thermomechanical properties were demonstrated, even after only one or two PIP steps in nitrogen flow. In alternative, pyrolysis in vacuum was also tested, a procedure still not discussed in literature, but which could originate an interesting reduction of production costs, with only a moderate detrimental effect on the mechanical properties. The resulting CFCC is a basalt / SiCO composite that can be applied for continuous operation up to 600°C, also in oxidant environment, as TG and XRD demonstrated. The failure upon loading is generally pseudo-plastic, being interlaminar delamination the most probable rupture mechanism. . The strength depends on several different factors (microstructure, polymer curing and subsequent ceramic phase evolution, fiber pull-out, fiber strength, fiber percentage) and can only be optimized empirically. In order to be open minded in selecting the best technology, also CBC (Chemically Bonded Ceramics) matrixes were considered during this Doctorate, making some preliminary investigations on fire-resistant phosphate cements. Our results on a commercial product evidenced some interesting thermomechanical capabilities, even after thermal treatments. However the experiments showed also phase change and possible cracking and deformations even on slow drying (at 130°C) and easy rehydration upon exposure to environmental humidity.

Several CFCC (Continuous Fiber Composite Ceramics) production processes were tested, concluding that PIP (Polymer Impregnation, or Infiltration, Pyrolysis) and CBC (Chemically Bonded Ceramics) based procedures have interesting potential applications in the construction and transportation fields, thanks to low costs to get potentially useful thermomechanical performances. Among the different processes considered during the Doctorate (from the synthesis of new preceramic polymers, to the PIP production of SiC / SiC composites) the more promising results came from the PIP process with poly-siloxanes on basalt fabrics preforms. Low processing time and costs, together with fairly good thermomechanical properties were demonstrated, even after only one or two PIP steps in nitrogen flow. In alternative, pyrolysis in vacuum was also tested, a procedure still not discussed in literature, but which could originate an interesting reduction of production costs, with only a moderate detrimental effect on the mechanical properties. The resulting CFCC is a basalt / SiCO composite that can be applied for continuous operation up to 600°C, also in oxidant environment, as TG and XRD demonstrated. The failure upon loading is generally pseudo-plastic, being interlaminar delamination the most probable rupture mechanism. . The strength depends on several different factors (microstructure, polymer curing and subsequent ceramic phase evolution, fiber pull-out, fiber strength, fiber percentage) and can only be optimized empirically. In order to be open minded in selecting the best technology, also CBC (Chemically Bonded Ceramics) matrixes were considered during this Doctorate, making some preliminary investigations on fire-resistant phosphate cements. Our results on a commercial product evidenced some interesting thermomechanical capabilities, even after thermal treatments. However the experiments showed also phase change and possible cracking and deformations even on slow drying (at 130°C) and easy rehydration upon exposure to environmental humidity.

Orientador: Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: As argilas estão entre as mais importantes matérias primas devido as suas múltiplas funções industriais. No caso especial da indústria de cerâmica, as argilas têm ampla utilidade, sendo o principal produto para a fabricação de louças, porcelanas, revestimentos, entre outros. A caracterização de argilas, do ponto de vista químico, fisico e tecoológico, é um requisito cada vez mais necessário. Entretanto, o planejamento de lavra sucinto, a falta de controle dos padrões requeridos pela indústria e a separação essencialmente subjetiva e empírica das argilas quanto ao uso, fazem com que muitos materiais química e tecnologicamente diferentes sejam classificados como semelliantes, com conseqüências danosas para a extração e industrialização da matéria prima. Considerando as complexidades envolvidas na caracterização de argilas de utilização na indústria cerâmica por métodos convencionais, esta pesquisa objetivou (i) avaliar o potencial da espectroscopia de reftectância como um método aplicável de forma expedita na defmição de tipos e de pureza de argilas; (ii) determinar parâmetros espectrais que possam subsidiar a classificação de argilas quanto ao uso na indústria, com ênfase nos materiais apropriados para a produção de cerâmica de revestimentos e louça sanitária. Dois jazimentos de argila foram estudados: um primeiro, fonte de matéria prima para indústria de revestimentos cerâmicas, explorado pela Mineração Cruzeiro, em Limeira (SP); e outro, fonte de matéria prima para a indústria de porcelana e louça sanitária (incluindo argilas do tipo ball clay), explorado pela Mineração Mateus Leme, em São Simão (SP). A Mina de Cruzeiro compreende rochas ricas em argila das Formações Irati, Serra Alta, Corumbataí e Serra Geral (Bacia do Paraná), tendo o horizonte Corumbataí como principal fonte de matéria prima. Com base em métodos e dados obtidos por espectroscopia de reftectância, foi possível construir uma coluna 'espectro-litológica', onde cada compartimento (Formação) e sub-compartimento (grupos da Formação Corumbataí) possui uma assinatura espectral caracteristica, a qual pode ser diretamente relacionada a uma determinada composição e uso (ou não) do material como matéria-prima na indústria cerâmica de revestimentos. No depósito de São Simão, a caracterização das argilas por espectroscopia de reftectância foi plena. Três tipos de argila, hospedados no aluvião do ribeirão Tamanduá, foram separados. Nas argilas brancas foi possível quantificar e detectar as porcentagens de caulinita e seu grau de criStalinidade, argilo-minerais expansivos e micas, e a lepidocrosita (inédita em depósitos aluvionares brasileiros). Nas argilas cinzas, também cauliníticas, a matéria orgânica tem intima relação com a presença dos argilo-minerais expansivos. As argilas marrons possuem a maior quantidade de caulinita e de variedades bem estruturadas e cristalinas; os argilo-minerais expansivos ocorrem numa proporção ideal em relação a caulinita, conferindo maior plasticidade geral ao material; a siderita, identificada pela primeira vez no aluvião, também é comum nessas argilas. Cada grupo de argilas caracterizadas no depósito de São Simão como distintas do ponto de vista espectral, coincidentemente tem uma aplicação específica na indústria de cerâmica fina. Considerando o caráter exploratório desta pesquisa, que buscou, aparentemente pela primeira vez, utilizar a espectroscopia de reftectância e técnicas relacionadas para caracterização de argihls empregadas como matéria-prima na indústria cerâmica, os resultados foram muito promissores
Abstract: Clays are among the ver)' important primary, raw materiais due to their broad spectrum uses in the industIy. In the specific case of the ceramic industl)', cIays are used in many fields, incIuding the manufacturing of porcelains, pottery, chimney-flue tile, roofing tile, conduit, light-weight aggregate, floor tile, sewer pipe, drain tile and so on. The characterization of cIays from the physical, chemical, and ceramic standpoint in pre- and -within mining stages is a must in modero industry. However, succinct mining planning, lack of industry-oriented standards and the usual bond to empirical discrimination of clays as regards their use, put chemically and technologically different materiais as similar standards, with serious consequences to the mining and manufacturing industry. Considering the intrinsic complexities involved in characterizing ceramic industry-aimed materiais by conventional methods, this works aims: (i) to evaluate the potential of reflectance spectroscopy as a relevant, expedite method to define types and purity of cIays; (ii) to study the possibility to relate cIays' spectral variables and parameters to their specific uses in the ceramic industIy, with emphasis on the materiais employed in the manufacturing of porcelains and floor tiles. T wo cIay deposits were investigated in this study: One, named 'Cruzeiro', is located in Limeira (São Paulo) , and is a source of cIays to the tile industIy; the other, named São Simão, is located in the analogous town, hosts important ball cIay-type deposits and it is an important source of primary materiais to the porcelain industIy. The Cruzeiro deposit comprises cIay-rich sediments of the Irati, Serra Alta and Corumbataí Formations (paraná Basin stratigraphic units), although the Corumbataí strata are the main source of clays. Using reflectance spectroscopy methods and data, it was possible to built a 'spectro-lithological' column, where every compartment (Formation) and sub-divisions of the Corumbataí Formation show an unambiguous spectral signature. This signature can be directly related to cIay composition and possible uses (or not) for these cIays in the tile manufacturing industry. The São Simão days are associated to the Tamanduá river alluvium deposits, where three types of cIays were spectrally distinguished on the basis of reflectance spectroscopy methods and data. The white cIays comprise kaolinite with several degrees of crystallinity, expansive cIay mineraIs, micas and lepidocrosite (an unique fmding in Brazilian alluvium deposits). The gray cIays, also kaolinite-rich, display an intrinsic relation between organic matter and expansive cIay minerais. The brown cIays show the highest content of well-ordered, highly crystalline kaolinites; they contain expansive cIay minerais, which occur in an ideal proportion to kaolinite, conferring more plasticity to the cIays; and they also host some amounts of siderite (first time found in this alluvium). Each ofthese cIay groups characterized in the São Simão deposit coincidentally has a specific application in the fine ceramics industry. In view of the exploratory nature of this research, the results using reflectance spectroscopy to characterize particular industIy-aimed cIays proved very promising.
Mestrado
Metalogenese
Mestre em Geociências

Questa tesi di laurea si occupa di valutare degli interventi di miglioramento dell’efficienza energetica per un’industria ceramica. In coerenza con gli impegni assunti nel pacchetto Clima Energia, il Decreto legislativo n° 102 del 4 luglio 2014, stabilisce l’obiettivo nazionale di risparmio energetico che consiste nella riduzione, entro il 2020, di 20 milioni di tonnellate equivalenti di petrolio dei consumi di energia primaria, conteggiati a partire dal 2010. Inoltre tale decreto stabilisce un regime obbligatorio di efficienza energetica costituito dal meccanismo dei certificati bianchi, il quale dovrebbe contribuire al raggiungimento del 60% dell’obiettivo. Sulla base di queste direttive è stato effettuato presso uno stabilimento ceramico uno studio di fattibilità che si articola nelle seguenti fasi: 1.Analisi energetica del sistema attuale finalizzata all’identificazione delle richieste energetiche in termini di produzione e consumi. 2.Analisi impiantistica finalizzata alla scelta delle macchine e delle soluzioni tecniche di dettaglio. 3.Analisi economica finalizzata alla valutazione del costo di generazione di energia elettrica e termica relativamente ai sistemi oggetto di studio. 4.Valutazione della sostenibilità dell’investimento per ogni opzione considerata, mediante l’applicazione del metodo economico del valore attuale netto (VAN), per ottimizzare il tempo di rientro dall’investimento. Le tipologie di intervento proposte sono: 1)Recupero dell’aria di raffreddamento del forno, che scaldandosi a contatto con la piastrella, ha un contenuto entalpico elevato e quindi può essere utilizzata nel reparto di essiccazione. 2)Sostituzione dei bruciatori esistenti ed obsoleti del forno di cottura bicanale con 192 nuovi kit di bruciatori "autorecuperativi". 3)Implementazione di un impianto di cogenerazione costituito da un motore a combustione interna, recuperando i gas esausti e parte dell’acqua del circuito di raffreddamento ad alta temperatura.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Tecnologico
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No Sul do Estado de Santa Catarina encontram-se concentradas algumas das micro e pequenas empresas dedicadas à produção de elementos cerâmicos estruturais, normalmente de cor vermelha, utilizando as argilas encontradas na região. Com base nos dados colhidos em entrevistas diretas com empresários e em visitas realizadas às indústrias de uma amostra do Vale do Rio Urussanga, são estabelecidos, sempre que possível, de forma quantitativa os parâmetros principais que caracterizam a situação daquela fatia do ramo produtivo da cerâmica. A partir dos parâmetros obtidos e de dados adicionais colhidos junto a outros participantes indiretos do setor, realizam-se as análises do sistema industrial e a estratégia das quais se depreende a fragilidade em que se encontra aquele grupo de unidades produtivas, bem como apontam-se as causas para este fato. Na conclusão do estudo sugere-se a reunião dos empresários, de forma associativa, formando um corpo mais resistente para o enfrentamento das instabilidades a que se encontram submetidos.

The main reasons for the attention focused on ceramics as possible structural materials are their wear resistance and the ability to operate with limited oxidation and ablation at temperatures above 2000°C. Hence, this work is devoted to the study of two classes of materials which can satisfy these requirements: silicon carbide -based ceramics (SiC) for wear applications and borides and carbides of transition metals for ultra-high temperatures applications (UHTCs). SiC-based materials: Silicon carbide is a hard ceramic, which finds applications in many industrial sectors, from heat production, to automotive engineering and metals processing. In view of new fields of uses, SiC-based ceramics were produced with addition of 10-30 vol% of MoSi2, in order to obtain electro conductive ceramics. MoSi2, indeed, is an intermetallic compound which possesses high temperature oxidation resistance, high electrical conductivity (21·10-6 Ω·cm), relatively low density (6.31 g/cm3), high melting point (2030°C) and high stiffness (440 GPa). The SiC-based ceramics were hot pressed at 1900°C with addition of Al2O3-Y2O3 or Y2O3-AlN as sintering additives. The microstructure of the composites and of the reference materials, SiC and MoSi2, were studied by means of conventional analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The composites showed a homogeneous microstructure, with good dispersion of the secondary phases and low residual porosity. The following thermo-mechanical properties of the SiC-based materials were measured: Vickers hardness (HV), Young’s modulus (E), fracture toughness (KIc) and room to high temperature flexural strength (σ). The mechanical properties of the composites were compared to those of two monolithic SiC and MoSi2 materials and resulted in a higher stiffness, fracture toughness and slightly higher flexural resistance. Tribological tests were also performed in two configurations disco-on-pin and slideron cylinder, aiming at studying the wear behaviour of SiC-MoSi2 composites with Al2O3 as counterfacing materials. The tests pointed out that the addition of MoSi2 was detrimental owing to a lower hardness in comparison with the pure SiC matrix. On the contrary, electrical measurements revealed that the addition of 30 vol% of MoSi2, rendered the composite electroconductive, lowering the electrical resistance of three orders of magnitude. Ultra High Temperature Ceramics: Carbides, borides and nitrides of transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb, Mo) possess very high melting points and interesting engineering properties, such as high hardness (20-25 GPa), high stiffness (400-500 GPa), flexural strengths which remain unaltered from room temperature to 1500°C and excellent corrosion resistance in aggressive environment. All these properties place the UHTCs as potential candidates for the development of manoeuvrable hypersonic flight vehicles with sharp leading edges. To this scope Zr- and Hf- carbide and boride materials were produced with addition of 5-20 vol% of MoSi2. This secondary phase enabled the achievement of full dense composites at temperature lower than 2000°C and without the application of pressure. Besides the conventional microstructure analyses XRD and SEM-EDS, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to explore the microstructure on a small length scale to disclose the effective densification mechanisms. A thorough literature analysis revealed that neither detailed TEM work nor reports on densification mechanisms are available for this class of materials, which however are essential to optimize the sintering aids utilized and the processing parameters applied. Microstructural analyses, along with thermodynamics and crystallographic considerations, led to disclose of the effective role of MoSi2 during sintering of Zrand Hf- carbides and borides. Among the investigated mechanical properties (HV, E, KIc, σ from room temperature to 1500°C), the high temperature flexural strength was improved due to the protective and sealing effect of a silica-based glassy phase, especially for the borides. Nanoindentation tests were also performed on HfC-MoSi2 composites in order to extract hardness and elastic modulus of the single phases. Finally, arc jet tests on HfC- and HfB2-based composites confirmed the excellent oxidation behaviour of these materials under temperature exceeding 2000°C; no cracking or spallation occurred and the modified layer was only 80-90 μm thick.

The main reasons for the attention focused on ceramics as possible structural materials are their wear resistance and the ability to operate with limited oxidation and ablation at temperatures above 2000°C. Hence, this work is devoted to the study of two classes of materials which can satisfy these requirements: silicon carbide -based ceramics (SiC) for wear applications and borides and carbides of transition metals for ultra-high temperatures applications (UHTCs). SiC-based materials: Silicon carbide is a hard ceramic, which finds applications in many industrial sectors, from heat production, to automotive engineering and metals processing. In view of new fields of uses, SiC-based ceramics were produced with addition of 10-30 vol% of MoSi2, in order to obtain electro conductive ceramics. MoSi2, indeed, is an intermetallic compound which possesses high temperature oxidation resistance, high electrical conductivity (21·10-6 Ω·cm), relatively low density (6.31 g/cm3), high melting point (2030°C) and high stiffness (440 GPa). The SiC-based ceramics were hot pressed at 1900°C with addition of Al2O3-Y2O3 or Y2O3-AlN as sintering additives. The microstructure of the composites and of the reference materials, SiC and MoSi2, were studied by means of conventional analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The composites showed a homogeneous microstructure, with good dispersion of the secondary phases and low residual porosity. The following thermo-mechanical properties of the SiC-based materials were measured: Vickers hardness (HV), Young’s modulus (E), fracture toughness (KIc) and room to high temperature flexural strength (σ). The mechanical properties of the composites were compared to those of two monolithic SiC and MoSi2 materials and resulted in a higher stiffness, fracture toughness and slightly higher flexural resistance. Tribological tests were also performed in two configurations disco-on-pin and slideron cylinder, aiming at studying the wear behaviour of SiC-MoSi2 composites with Al2O3 as counterfacing materials. The tests pointed out that the addition of MoSi2 was detrimental owing to a lower hardness in comparison with the pure SiC matrix. On the contrary, electrical measurements revealed that the addition of 30 vol% of MoSi2, rendered the composite electroconductive, lowering the electrical resistance of three orders of magnitude. Ultra High Temperature Ceramics: Carbides, borides and nitrides of transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb, Mo) possess very high melting points and interesting engineering properties, such as high hardness (20-25 GPa), high stiffness (400-500 GPa), flexural strengths which remain unaltered from room temperature to 1500°C and excellent corrosion resistance in aggressive environment. All these properties place the UHTCs as potential candidates for the development of manoeuvrable hypersonic flight vehicles with sharp leading edges. To this scope Zr- and Hf- carbide and boride materials were produced with addition of 5-20 vol% of MoSi2. This secondary phase enabled the achievement of full dense composites at temperature lower than 2000°C and without the application of pressure. Besides the conventional microstructure analyses XRD and SEM-EDS, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to explore the microstructure on a small length scale to disclose the effective densification mechanisms. A thorough literature analysis revealed that neither detailed TEM work nor reports on densification mechanisms are available for this class of materials, which however are essential to optimize the sintering aids utilized and the processing parameters applied. Microstructural analyses, along with thermodynamics and crystallographic considerations, led to disclose of the effective role of MoSi2 during sintering of Zrand Hf- carbides and borides. Among the investigated mechanical properties (HV, E, KIc, σ from room temperature to 1500°C), the high temperature flexural strength was improved due to the protective and sealing effect of a silica-based glassy phase, especially for the borides. Nanoindentation tests were also performed on HfC-MoSi2 composites in order to extract hardness and elastic modulus of the single phases. Finally, arc jet tests on HfC- and HfB2-based composites confirmed the excellent oxidation behaviour of these materials under temperature exceeding 2000°C; no cracking or spallation occurred and the modified layer was only 80-90 μm thick.

A procedure for texturing of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics based on sodium potassium niobate (KNN) was investigated with respect to texturing procedure and choice of materials.Material compositions that were considered include KNN with and without addition of 0.5 mol% MnO, and KNN modified with Li and Ta (KNNLT), and Mn substituted into the A or B site of the perovskite structure. The two compositions KNN-Mn and KNNLT-Mn(A) compositions were further investigated as candidate materials for texturing.Textured samples of the two materials were made by tape casting and templated grain growth, using needle-shaped KNN particles as templates, while non-textured reference samples were made by conventional sintering of powders. Both textured and non-textured dense materials were characterized with respect to density, degree of texture and piezoelectric and dielectric properties. The non-textured materials sintered to high relative densities of 93.9 % for KNN-Mn and 96.7 % for KNNLT-Mn(A). A converse piezoelectric coefficient of over 250 pm/V was measured for non-textured KNNLT-Mn(A), and around 200 pm/V for KNN-Mn.Texturing led to a lower relative density of both compositions, 89.1 % for KNN-Mn and 92.1 % for KNNLT-Mn(A). The piezoelectric performance of KNN-Mn was not significantly affected by the texturing procedure, while the piezoelectric performance of KNNLT-Mn(A) became significantly poorer. This is due to the formation of a secondary phase in KNNLT-Mn(A) during sintering, which is probably caused by the compositional mismatch between the templates and the fine-grained matrix powder.Based on the results, and a theoretical consideration of the texturing procedure, a different choice of template particles is suggested for further work on texturing of KNN-based materials.

Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico.
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The most relevant thermo-mechanical properties of SiC or C based CFCCs are high strength, high toughness, low weight, high reliability, thermal shock and fatigue resistance. Thanks to these special characteristics, the CFCCs are the best candidates to substitute metals and monolithic ceramics, traditionally employed to realize components in energy, aeronautic and nuclear fields. Among the commonly techniques for the CFCCs production, CVI still represents the most significant one. Its main advantages are the versatility, the high quality deposits and the fact that it is conducted under mild temperature conditions. On the other hand, this technique is quite complex, therefore the set up of all process parameters needs long development time. The main purpose of the present study was to analyze the parameters controlling the CVD and CVI processes. Specifically, deposition and infiltration of SiC and Py-C tests were conducted on non-porous and porous substrates. The experiments were performed with a pilot size Isothermal/Isobaric CVI plant, designed and developed by ENEA. To guarantee the control of the process parameters, a previously optimization of the plant was needed. Changing temperature, pressure, flow rates and methane/hydrogen ratio, the Py-C deposition rate value, for an optimal fibre/matrix interphase thickness, was determined. It was also underlined the hydrogen inhibiting effect over the Py-C deposition rate. Regarding SiC morphologies, a difference between the inner and outer substrate surfaces was observed, as a consequence of a flow rate non-uniformity. In the case of the Cf/C composites development, the key parameter of the CVI process was the gas residence time. In fact, the hydrogen inhibiting effect was evident only with high value of residence time. Furthermore, lower the residence time more homogeneous the Py-C deposition rate was obtained along the reaction chamber axis. Finally, a CVD and CVI theoretical modelling was performed.

The most relevant thermo-mechanical properties of SiC or C based CFCCs are high strength, high toughness, low weight, high reliability, thermal shock and fatigue resistance. Thanks to these special characteristics, the CFCCs are the best candidates to substitute metals and monolithic ceramics, traditionally employed to realize components in energy, aeronautic and nuclear fields. Among the commonly techniques for the CFCCs production, CVI still represents the most significant one. Its main advantages are the versatility, the high quality deposits and the fact that it is conducted under mild temperature conditions. On the other hand, this technique is quite complex, therefore the set up of all process parameters needs long development time. The main purpose of the present study was to analyze the parameters controlling the CVD and CVI processes. Specifically, deposition and infiltration of SiC and Py-C tests were conducted on non-porous and porous substrates. The experiments were performed with a pilot size Isothermal/Isobaric CVI plant, designed and developed by ENEA. To guarantee the control of the process parameters, a previously optimization of the plant was needed. Changing temperature, pressure, flow rates and methane/hydrogen ratio, the Py-C deposition rate value, for an optimal fibre/matrix interphase thickness, was determined. It was also underlined the hydrogen inhibiting effect over the Py-C deposition rate. Regarding SiC morphologies, a difference between the inner and outer substrate surfaces was observed, as a consequence of a flow rate non-uniformity. In the case of the Cf/C composites development, the key parameter of the CVI process was the gas residence time. In fact, the hydrogen inhibiting effect was evident only with high value of residence time. Furthermore, lower the residence time more homogeneous the Py-C deposition rate was obtained along the reaction chamber axis. Finally, a CVD and CVI theoretical modelling was performed.

The artist discusses her Master of Fine Arts exhibition, This is Not a Pipe, held at the Tipton Gallery in downtown Johnson City. Exhibition dates are from February 20 through February 28, 2020. The author provides insight into concepts and influences relating to the creation of the exhibition while offering a succinct perspective on her intimate connection with process.

The present Thesis is focused on the development of ceramic membranes for the production of O2, as well as their use in several industrial applications (e.g. power generation, chemical industry). Different materials such as perovskites (BSCF and LSCF), fluorites (CGO) and composites, different membrane architectures have been considered. Catalytic activation was considered for the optimization of permeation, and for improving the selectivity/yield of chemical reactions. In the chapter dedicated to BSCF, the influence of thickness and the use of porous supports in the permeation was studied. An improvement in the permeation was observed for the thinner membranes. With respect to the porous supports, it was found that they contribute with an additional resistance within the permeation process, reducing the potential improvement when reducing thickness. The conducted tests also allowed to study more in deep the different processes affecting oxygen membranes, as well as defining a permeation model for monolithic and asymmetric membranes. Aiming to improve the surface reactions involved in the oxygen permeation the use of catalytic layers was considered, by means the addition of porous BSCF backbones. The best results were obtained when coating both sides of membranes with catalytic layers. The concept of BSCF activated membranes was also considered for the production of C2H4 by means of the oxidative de-hydrogenation of C2H6, obtaining high C2H4 yields. BSCF membranes presenting tubular geometry were characterized for application such as production of O2 and production of C2H4 by means of oxidative coupling of CH4. LSCF was considered for conducting studies under CO2-containing atmospheres. For both systems it was conducted a complete permeation study with a focus on permeation performance under CO2 environments. Furthermore a study focused on the different substrates was carried out for determining the structure presenting the lower gas diffusion resistance. Despite very good results were obtained for both membrane types, even under CO2 conditions, freeze casted membranes reached higher oxygen fluxes, being optimized with the catalytic activation of membranes. Materials presenting fluorite structure stand out for their stability under reaction conditions or when exposed to CO2 environments. Nevertheless, delivered oxygen fluxes are typically low. Hence, a thin 40 micron-thick CGO-Co membrane activated with Pd nanoparticles was considered for conducting a study on O2 permeation performance, and its behaviour when exposed to CO2 and CH4-containing atmospheres. A good stability was demonstrated, as well as a significant improvement in oxygen permeation when exposed to CH4 environments. Thus, CGO membranes present promising properties for their application in oxyfuel and for the conduction of chemical reactions. Composite materials based on NFO-CTO was carried out. An evaluation of the CTO content and its relation with permeation was conducted, determining that a higher ionic phase ratio in the membrane results in a higher permeation. A composite consisting of 50NFO-50CTO was considered for performing a permeation study under harsh application conditions, with presence of SO2. Despite the significant loss in permeation, the composite material resulted to be stable after a long exposure to SO2. A broad study about the effect of CO2 and SO2 on the oxygen surface reactions was conducted by means of EIS measurements on 60NFO-40CTO electrodes. It was observed a significant effect of SO2 on the surface exchange reactions by promoting the deactivation of the O2 active sites, due to a SO2 adsorption on them. This effect was minimized by activating 60NFO-40CTO backbones with different catalysts, being characterized by EIS under CO2&SO2 conditions. This improvement was later confirmed when performing permeation tests. Permeation was improved notably by reducing membrane thickness, depositing composite membranes on LSCF porous substrates.
La presente tesis trata sobre el desarrollo de membranas cerámicas para la producción de O2, así como de su uso en distintas aplicaciones industriales (producción de energía, industria química). Se han considerado distintos tipos de materiales tales como perovskitas (BSCF y LSCF), fluoritas (CGO) y materiales composites, así como distintas arquitecturas de membrana. y activación catalítica para optimizar la permeación y la selectividad/rendimiento en reacciones químicas. Para el BSCF se estudió la influencia del espesor y el uso de soportes porosos en la permeación de O2, con una mejora para las membranas más finas, y también el papel de los soportes porosos, contribuyendo con una resistencia adicional en el proceso de permeación. El estudio permitió también conocer más en profundidad los procesos que afectan a los distintos tipos de membranas, y establecer un modelo de permeación para membranas. Se recurrió a la activación catalítica mediante la adición de capas porosas de BSCF, obteniendo así mejores resultados para las membranas con capas en ambos lados. El concepto de membranas de BSCF activadas superficialmente se consideró también para la producción de C2H4 a partir de la deshidrogenación oxidativa de etano (ODHE), obteniendo rendimientos de C2H4 muy elevados. Membranas de BSCF con geometría tubular fueron caracterizadas para aplicaciones de producción de O2 y C2H4 mediante acoplamiento oxidativo de metano (OCM). Se consideró al LSCF para su uso en aplicaciones con atmósferas conteniendo CO2. Se desarrollaron membranas soportadas en soportes porosos de LSCF mediante tape casting y freeze-casting, realizando completos estudios de permeación, además de estudiar el tipo de soporte poroso ofreciendo menos resistencia a la difusión de los gases. Pese que para ambos tipos de membranas se obtuvieron muy buenos flujos de oxígeno, incluso bajo condiciones de CO2, para el caso de membranas con soporte fabricado mediante freeze-casting se consiguieron mayores valores de permeación, optimizándolos incluso con la activación catalítica. Los materiales con estructura fluorita poseen alta estabilidad bajo condiciones de reacción (atmósferas reductoras) o cuando son expuestos a CO2 (aplicaciones de producción de energía). Sin embargo, los valores de permeación suelen ser muy bajos. Se consideró una membrana de CGO-Co de 40 micras de espesor activada con nanopartículas de Pd para llevar a cabo un estudio de sus propiedades para la producción de O2, su comportamiento en contacto con CO2 y con atmósferas conteniendo CH4. La buena estabilidad demostrada y la mejora sustancial de los flujos de O2 bajo ambientes reductores, hacen que este tipo de materiales posean propiedades prometedoras para aplicaciones de oxicombustión y reacciones químicas. Se realizó un estudio con materiales composites formados por NFO-CTO. Una evaluación del contenido en CTO y su relación con la permeación de O2, resultó en mayores valores para composiciones con mayor contenido en CTO. Un composite consistente en 50NFO-50CTO se consideró para la realización de tests bajo condiciones de oxicombustión, con presencia de SO2. Pese al notable descenso en los flujos de O2, el material resultó ser completamente estable tras una exposición continuada al SO2. Un amplio estudio del efecto del CO2 y del SO2 sobre las reacciones superficiales se realizó mediantes medidas de EIS en electrodos de 60NFO-40CTO, demostrando que el SO2 afecta significativamente a las reacciones superficiales mediante procesos de adsorción competitiva en los centros activos. Se minimizó el efecto del SO2 sobre las reacciones de intercambio superficial al activar las membranas con capas catalíticas porosas de 60NFO-40CTO con distintos catalizadores, confirmando posteriormente esta mejora en tests de permeación en las mismas condiciones. Así mismo, se optimizó notablemente la permeación de las membranas de 60NFO-40CTO reduciendo el espes
La present tesi tracta sobre el desenvolupament de membranes ceràmiques per a la producció d'O2, així com del seu ús en diverses aplicacions industrials (producció d'energia, indústria química). S'han considerat diversos materials tals com perovskites (BSCF i LSCF), fluorites (CGO) i materials composites, així com diferents arquitectures de membrana i l'activació catalítica per a millorar la permeació i la sel·lectivitat/rendiment de les reaccions químiques. Per al BSCF s'estudià la influència de l'espessor i l'ús de suports porosos en la permeació d'O2, amb una millora dels fluxos d'O2 per al cas de les membranes més fines, i també el paper dels suports porosos, els quals contribueixen afegint una resistència al procés de permeació. L'estudi també va permetre conèixer més en profunditat els processos que afecten als diferents tipus de membranes, i establir un model de permeació per a membranes. Es va recórrer a l'activació catalítica mitjançant l'adició de capes poroses de BSCF, obtenint així millors resultats per a les membranes activades a ambdós costats. El concepte de membranes de BSCF activades superficialment es va considerar també per a la producció d'etilè a mitjançant la deshidrogenació oxidativa d'età (ODHE), obtenint rendiments de C2H4 molt elevats. Membranes de BSCF amb geometria tubular van ser caracteritzades per a aplicacions de producció d'O2 i C2H4 mitjançant l'acoplament oxidatiu de metà (OCM). Es va considerar al LSCF per al seu ús en aplicacions amb atmosferes contenint CO2. Així doncs, es van desenvolupar membranes suportades sobre suports porosos de LSCF fabricats per tape càsting i freeze càsting. Es van realitzar estudis complets de permeació per a ambdós casos, a més d'estudiar el tipus de suport porós que ofereix una menor resistència a la difusió dels gasos. Malgrat que es van obtindré molts bons fluxos d'O2 per als dos tipus de membranes, inclús sota condicions amb CO2, per al cas de les membranes amb suport fabricat per freeze càsting es van aconseguir majors valors de permeació, sent inclús optimitzats amb l'activació catalítica. Els materials amb estructura fluorita destaquen per l'alta estabilitat sota condicions de reacció (atmosferes reductores) o quan són exposats a CO2 (aplicacions per a la producció d'energia). Malgrat això, els valors de permeació solen ser molt baixos. Es va considerar una membrana de CGO-Co de 40 micras d'espessor activada amb partícules de Pd per a realitzar un estudi sobre les seues propietats en quant a la producció d'O2, el seu comportament amb el contacte amb CO2 i atmosferes reductores contenint CH4. La bona estabilitat demostrada i una millora substancial dels fluxos d'O2 sota ambients reductors fan que aquest tipus de material presente propietats prometedores per a aplicacions d'oxicombustió i reaccions químiques. Es va realitzar un estudi sobre materials composites formats per NFO-CTO. Es va realitzar una avaluació del contingut en CTO i la relació amb la permeació, observant una millora de la permeació amb un major contingut de CTO. Un composite consistent en 50NFO-40CTO es va considerar per a la realització de tests de permeació en condicions d'oxicombustió amb presència de SO2. Malgrat el notable descens en els fluxos d'O2, el material resultà ser estable després d'una exposició continuada al SO2. Es mesurà l'efecte del CO2 i del SO2 sobre les reaccions superficials fent ús de la tècnica d'EIS en elèctrodes de 60NFO-40CTO. Demostrant que el SO2 afecta significativament a les reaccions superficials degut a una adsorció competitiva O2-SO2 als centres actius. Es minimitzà l'efecte del SO2 sobre les reaccions superficials al activar les membranes amb capes poroses de 60NFO-40CTO amb diferents catalitzadors. Aquestes capes van ser caracteritzades per EIS sota condicions de SO2, confirmant posteriorment la millora al realitzar tests de permeació. S'optimitzà notablement la perme
García Fayos, J. (2017). DEVELOPMENT OF CERAMIC MIEC MEMBRANES FOR OXYGEN SEPARATION: APPLICATION IN CATALYTIC INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86189
TESIS
Premiado

The utilization of borate mineral wastes with glass-ceramic technology was first time studied and primarily not investigated combinations of wastes were incorporated into the research. These wastes consist of; soda lime silica glass, meat bone and meal ash and fly ash. In order to investigate possible and relevant application areas in ceramics, kaolin clay, an essential raw material for ceramic industry was also employed in some studied compositions. As a result, three different glass-ceramic articles obtained by using powder sintering method via individual sintering processes. Light weight micro porous glass-ceramic from borate mining waste, meat bone and meal ash and kaolin clay was developed. In some compositions in related study, soda lime silica glass waste was used as an additive providing lightweight structure with a density below 0.45 g/cm3 and a crushing strength of 1.8±0.1 MPa. In another study within the research, compositions respecting the B2O3–P2O5–SiO2 glass-ceramic ternary system were prepared from; borate wastes, meat bone and meal ash and soda lime silica glass waste and sintered up to 950ºC. Low porous, highly crystallized glass-ceramic structures with density ranging between 1.8 ± 0,7 to 2.0 ± 0,3 g/cm3 and tensile strength ranging between 8,0 ± 2 to 15,0 ± 0,5 MPa were achieved. Lastly, diopside - wollastonite (SiO2-Al2O3-CaO )glass-ceramics from borate wastes, fly ash and soda lime silica glass waste were successfully obtained with controlled rapid sintering between 950 and 1050ºC. The wollastonite and diopside crystal sizes were improved by adopting varied combinations of formulations and heating rates. The properties of the obtained materials show; the articles with a uniform pore structure could be useful for thermal and acoustic insulations and can be embedded in lightweight concrete where low porous glass-ceramics can be employed as building blocks or additive in cement and ceramic industries.

The utilization of borate mineral wastes with glass-ceramic technology was first time studied and primarily not investigated combinations of wastes were incorporated into the research. These wastes consist of; soda lime silica glass, meat bone and meal ash and fly ash. In order to investigate possible and relevant application areas in ceramics, kaolin clay, an essential raw material for ceramic industry was also employed in some studied compositions. As a result, three different glass-ceramic articles obtained by using powder sintering method via individual sintering processes. Light weight micro porous glass-ceramic from borate mining waste, meat bone and meal ash and kaolin clay was developed. In some compositions in related study, soda lime silica glass waste was used as an additive providing lightweight structure with a density below 0.45 g/cm3 and a crushing strength of 1.8±0.1 MPa. In another study within the research, compositions respecting the B2O3–P2O5–SiO2 glass-ceramic ternary system were prepared from; borate wastes, meat bone and meal ash and soda lime silica glass waste and sintered up to 950ºC. Low porous, highly crystallized glass-ceramic structures with density ranging between 1.8 ± 0,7 to 2.0 ± 0,3 g/cm3 and tensile strength ranging between 8,0 ± 2 to 15,0 ± 0,5 MPa were achieved. Lastly, diopside - wollastonite (SiO2-Al2O3-CaO )glass-ceramics from borate wastes, fly ash and soda lime silica glass waste were successfully obtained with controlled rapid sintering between 950 and 1050ºC. The wollastonite and diopside crystal sizes were improved by adopting varied combinations of formulations and heating rates. The properties of the obtained materials show; the articles with a uniform pore structure could be useful for thermal and acoustic insulations and can be embedded in lightweight concrete where low porous glass-ceramics can be employed as building blocks or additive in cement and ceramic industries.

Orientador: Maria Margarita Torres Moreno
Banca: Antenor Zanardo
Banca: Antonio José Ranally Nardi
Banca: Ana Paula Margarido Menegazzo
Banca: Samuel Marcio Toffoli
Resumo: O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi demonstrar a possibilidade de incluir aditivos naturais (no caso, o dolomito e o folhelho da Formação Irati) no processo de fabricação de produtos cerâmicos por prensagem pela via seca e por extrusão no Pólo Cerâmico de Santa Gertrudes. O primeiro passo consistiu em caracterizar mineralógica e quimicamente os dolomitos e os folhelhos pirobetuminosos provenientes da Formação Irati e aflorantes dentro da região do Pólo de Santa Gertrudes. Concluída a caracterização destas rochas, o próximo passo consistiu em separar o dolomito do folhelho nos níveis intercalados de rejeito da lavra. Utilizou-se três métodos: a flotação, a separação magnética e um método baseado no intemperismo, denominado separação mecânica com sazonamento prévio, sendo que este último método foi o mais eficiente. Após os experimentos de separação, a etapa seguinte foi adicionar o dolomito a argilas usadas na confecção de pisos cerâmicos e o folhelho a argilas usadas na confecção de tijolos, a fim de caracterizar tecnologicamente as formulações resultantes. Também se adicionou dolomito a argilas da Formação Corumbataí para verificar a possibilidade de utilização destas argilas na confecção de revestimentos de monoporosa. Encerrada a fase de caracterização tecnológica, concluiu-se que o dolomito tem potencial para ser utilizado como aditivo na confecção de pisos cerâmicos, porém, as características mineralógicas das argilas da Formação Corumbataí impedem a utilização das mesmas na confecção de revestimentos de monoporosa. O folhelho pode ser utilizado como aditivo na confecção de tijolos estruturais, porém, com restrições que dependem das características físicas da argila a ser utilizada.
Abstract: The main objective of this work consisted in to demonstrate the possibility of including natural additives (in this case, the dolomite and the shale from Irati Formation) in the fabrication of ceramic tiles by pressing using the dry way process and by extrusion in Santa Gertrudes's Ceramic Cluster. The first step consisted in to characterize mineralogical and chemically the dolomites and the oil black shales from Irati Formation and occurring inside region of the Santa Gertrudes's Cluster. Concluded the characterization of these rocks, the next step consisted in to separate the dolomite and the shale from the intercalated levels that are the waste of the mine. There were used three methods: flotation, magnetic separation and a method based on weathering, and it was called mechanical separation preceded by natural seasoning, and this one was the most efficient. Afterwards, the next step was to add the dolomite to clays used for floor tiles, and the black shale to clays used for bricks, in order to characterize technologically the resulting ceramic masses. It was also added dolomite to clays from Corumbataí Formation, in order to verify the possibility of use of these clays for wall tiles. Concluded the technological characterization, it was concluded that the dolomite has potential as additive for floor tiles, but the mineralogical characteristics of the clays from Corumbataí Formation prevent their use for wall tiles. The black shale can be used as additive for heavy clays products, but in a restrained way, depending on the physical characteristics of the clay that will be used.
Doutor

Orientador: Rachel Negrão Cavalcanti
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: o crescimento econômico e social de Pedreira tem sido favorecido pela indústria cerâmica desde 1914. A ausência de um planejamento ambiental sobre o desenvolvimento da atividade, resultou em impactos ambientais significativos e este fato tem preocupado tanto o poder público quanto privado. Nesse trabalho foram identificados os principais impactos ambientais causados pela indústria cerâmica de Pedreira e propostos programas para a implantação de um gerenciamento ambiental público na cidade. O estudo foi realizado no ambiente produtivo de uma amostra de cerâmicas através da observação dos processos além de entrevistas aplicadas à empresários, celamistas e a colaboração da Prefeitura Municipal de Pedreira. Os dados coletados demonstraram que o desempenho ambiental não é satisfatório, visto que nenhuma das cerâmicas da amostra possui uma política ambiental para gerir seus impactos, portanto, ao criar uma política ambiental, adequada às características sócio-econômica-ambientais do município, o poder público, otimizará as relações entre comunidade e sociedade, o que resultará em verdadeiros benefícios para as futuras gerações
Abstract: The social economic growth of Pedreira town has been benefitted by the ceramics industry since 1914. The lack of an environrnent planning about the development of the working resulted in significant environrnent impacts and this fact has worried private and public admistration. This work identified the main environrnent impacts caused by the ceramics industry in Pedreira an it propose programmes to implant a public environrnent management in the town. The study was carried out in the productive surroundings of a ceramics sample throughout observation of the methods and interviews to managers, workers and the colaboration of the public administration of Pedreira. The elements collected show us that the environrnent performance isn't satisfactory, because the ceramics industry doesn't have a environrnent politics to manage it impact, then, generating a environrnent politics according to environrnent economical social characteristics of the town, the public administration will improve conections between community and society, and the result will be real benefit to the future generations
Mestrado
Administração e Politica de Recursos Minerais
Mestre em Geociências

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Il grès porcellanato è un materiale che si ottiene dalla sinterizzazione a circa 1250°C di miscele di materie prime plastificanti, smagranti e fondenti. Un’azienda di piastrelle ceramiche, durante il ciclo produttivo, produce degli scarti di produzione, che si dividono in: scarti crudi, scarti cotti, fanghi di rettifica. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di formulare, nell’ottica della sostenibilità di processo e di prodotto, un impasto per grès porcellanato recuperando i tre principali tipi di scarti prodotti all'interno dell’azienda ceramica promuovendo così i seguenti aspetti: (i) diminuzione dell’utilizzo di materie prime naturali; (ii) minor smaltimento degli scarti; (iii) diminuzione dell’impatto ambientale dovuto all’approvvigionamento delle materie prime. Nell’ambito di questo lavoro si sono presi in considerazione i dati di aziende produttrici di grès porcellanato a ciclo completo, ovvero quelle aziende in cui viene svolto l’intero processo produttivo, che va dalla preparazione dell’impasto al prodotto finito. Nel progetto di tesi si sono studiati e sviluppati tre impasti sulla base dell’impiego del 50, 100 e 150% degli scarti prodotti (nel caso del 150% si è ipotizzato che l’azienda non solo ricicli i suoi scarti, ma recuperi anche le stesse tipologie di scarti da aziende ceramiche limitrofe che non sono in gradi di riciclarli). Andando a rapportare la produzione annua di piastrelle con la produzione annua di scarti, è stato calcolato che nel primo impasto gli scarti hanno un’incidenza pari al 5% in peso sull’impasto totale, nel secondo impasto hanno un’incidenza del 10%, mentre nel terzo impasto hanno un’incidenza del 15% sull’impasto totale. Su questa base sono stati formulati i mix qui investigati che sono stati poi caratterizzati anche dal punto di vista fisico e meccanico per verificare la loro corrispondenza con i requisiti richiesti dalle piastrelle in grès porcellanato.

The objective of the current work was to establish a viable manufacturing technology for 1-3 piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites, capable of meeting the high volume production requirements. To this end, an extensive development and fabrication programme has been successfully completed, which demonstrates the feasibility of the injection moulding process as a potential fabrication route. The technology will make available to the MOD a new generation of low-cost transducers tailored to perform in the frequency range suitable for underwater applications. The piezoelectric ceramic used throughout this study was PZT-5H. During the course of the investigation two types of feedstock formulation were evaluated. The first employed a binder system developed in-house based on polypropylene, microcrystalline wax and stearic acid. The second formulation employed a commercial binder system designed specifically for ceramic/metal injection moulding. In the case of the 'in-house' binder, two formulations were prepared with approximately 62% by volume PZT-5H but with differing ratios of polypropylene to microcrystalline wax. Three formulations were prepared with the 'commercial' binder system containing approximately 55%, 58% and 60% by volume PZT-5H respectively. Compounding by twin screw extrusion produced a feedstock consisting of discrete particles of PZT-5H, approximately 0.5 ?m in diameter, homogeneously distributed within the organic binder. All formulations displayed shear thinning behaviour when evaluated by capillary rheometry and had shear viscosities below 1000 Pa s at a shear rate of 100 s-1 Further, all formulations displayed tension thinning behaviour-and were characterised as viscoelastic. Attempts to produce an acceptable 1-3 preform moulding from feedstock based on the in-house binder system were unsuccessful. It was necessary to reduce the ceramic loading to 30% by volume before a complete 1-3 preform could be moulded. The failure to mould preforms from the in-house formulation was attributed to its high elongational viscosity. It was therefore concluded that an elongational viscosity of 30 kPa s at a tensile strain rate of 58 S-1 is undesirable for moulding this particular component. Satisfactory conditions were established for the production of 1-3 preform mouldings from the commercial feedstock formulation containing 58% by volume PZT-5H. Optimisation of the injection rate and hold pressure was possible by investigating the variation in pillar-density across the 1-3 preform mouldings. Satisfactory heating schedules for both the binder removal and sintering stages were established. Microstructural characterisation of sintered pillars revealed grain sizes ranging from 2 to 7 ?.m in diameter. Orientation effects in the sintered microstructure were not apparent in samples moulded at different injection rates. The addition of cover plates to poled composites containing epoxy resin was found to increase the hydrophone figure of merit (HFOM) by an order of magnitude. HFOM values measured during the present work for injection moulded 1-3 composites are comparable with similar composites fabricated by the dice-and-fill technique.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Florianópolis, 2009.
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O ramo industrial de revestimentos cerâmicos catarinense tem origem recente, a partir da década de 1950, com poucas exceções. Sua grande expansão ocorreu na década de 70 e início da década de 80, com o surgimento de novas indústrias e a aquisição de outras pelos grupos já existentes. No início dos anos 90 o setor enfrentou sua maior crise com o fim do BNH que contribuiu muito para o fortalecimento do mercado consumidor interno. Pretende-se, neste trabalho, explicar a gênese do ramo industrial cerâmico da região de Criciúma, tendo em vista que muitos autores atribuem ser um desdobramento do ciclo econômico do carvão, não reconhecendo a importância da pequena produção mercantil na gênese desta indústria. Como abordagem teórica usase a perspectiva de formação socioespacial (Milton Santos), a proposta de pequena produção mercantil (Armen Mamigonian) e a idéia de ciclos longos (Ignácio Rangel). Na medida em que se analisam as condições de acumulação do capital, originário da colonização de imigrantes italianos que viviam em pequenas propriedades que comercializavam o excedente de produção, levando à ascensão de uns em detrimento de outros, percebe-se a contribuição da pequena produção mercantil na formação socioespacial da região, possibilitando o surgimento de diversas atividades econômicas como o comércio, a exploração do carvão, a indústria cerâmica entre outras. O parque cerâmico do sul de Santa Catarina conta, não só com grandes unidades produtoras de revestimentos, mas também com outras indústrias inter-relacionadas ao setor, tais como, máquinas e equipamentos, insumos, embalagens, fritas, e corantes, tijolos refratários, além de transportes e outros serviços. Essa aglomeração setorial começa a atrair investimentos de fora da região e a ganhar novos serviços de apoio, que se constituem em importantes economias externas e de aglomeração, proporcionando ao setor renovadas vantagens locacionais. A diversificação econômica possibilitou a inserção de Criciúma no mercado nacional e internacional configurando-se como importante centro no Sul Catarinense.
The ceramic tile industry has Catarina recent origin from the 1950s, with few exceptions. Its boom occurred in the 70s and early 80s, with the emergence of new industries and the acquisition of other existing groups. In the early 90s the industry faced its biggest crisis with the end of the BNH has contributed much to the strengthening of the internal consumer market. Aim of this work, explain the genesis of the ceramic industry in the region of Criciúma, since many authors attribute to be a split of the economic cycle of coal, not recognizing the importance of small-market output in the genesis of this industry. How to approach USA is the prospect of socio training (Milton Santos), the proposed small-market output (Armen Mamigonian) and the idea of long cycles (Ignacio Rangel). To the extent that we analyze the conditions of accumulation of capital, from the settlement of Italian immigrants living in smaller properties that sold the surplus of production, leading to the rise of some over others, we find the contribution of smallmarket output socio training in the region, enabling the emergence of various economic activities such as trade, exploitation of coal, the ceramic industry and others. The ceramic park south of Santa Catarina account, not only with large units producing coatings, but also with other inter-related industries to the sector such as machinery and equipment, materials, packaging, fries, and colors, refractory bricks, as well transport and other services. Conurbation sector begins to attract investment from outside the region and winning new support services, which are in important external and agglomeration economies, providing the industry benefits locacionais renewed. Economic diversification has allowed the insertion of Criciúma in national and international market by setting up as an important center in the South Catarinense.

L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di Tesi è la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di materiali ceramici per la produzione di solar fuels per mezzo della riduzione foto-indotta della CO2 in cella foto-elettrochimica (PEC). La produzione di solar fuels non è solo importante come tecnologia potenzialmente in grado ridurre la quantità di CO2 in atmosfera derivante dall’utilizzo di combustibili fossili, ma anche come possibile mezzo di immagazzinamento di energia. Per questo scopo, è stata studiata la perovskite doppia calcio rame titanato (CCTO), avente formula chimica CaCu3Ti4O12 e sui suoi derivati dopati Fe(III), sia sul sito occupato dal Cu(II), che sul sito occupato dal Ti(IV), per ottenere, rispettivamente CaCu3–xFexTi4O12 e CaCu3Ti4–xFexO12 (x = 0.015, 0.03, 0.06, 0.1). Sono stati confrontati due metodi di sintesi valutando purezza, morfologia e area superficiale delle polveri ottenute, tramite XRD, SEM e BET, e valutandone le proprietà ottiche e fotocatalitiche in termini di degradazione della Rodamina B. Il metodo sol-gel è risultato essere il migliore per tutti i sistemi considerati. I campioni con le proprietà migliori sono stati poi utilizzati per costruire elettrodi tramite due differenti metodi: deposizione manuale e serigrafia. Le proprietà dei differenti elettrodi sono state valutate tramite voltammetria ciclica ed impedenza, tenendo principalmente conto della loro capacità di assorbire la luce. Gli elettrodi migliori preparati tramite serigrafia sono stati poi caratterizzati tramite analisi Mott-Schottky, per determinarne le proprietà elettroniche, ed infine testati in cella PEC, sia in condizioni di buio sia sotto illuminazione, per valutarne le prestazioni sia nell’ossidazione dell’acqua che nella riduzione di CO2.

Resumo: A utilização de resíduos na composição de massa cerâmica já é usual no Brasil, como alternativa de reutilização de alguns resíduos industriais. O presente trabalho visa verificar a potencialidade de uso de alguns resíduos industriais na fabricação de blocos de vedação. A metodologia seguida foi a aplicada em laboratórios de prestação de serviços para a indústria de cerâmica vermelha, considerando o ponto de vista ambiental e suas características físicas. A adição de 10%, 20% e 30% de resíduos em massa foi estudada, sendo os resíduos adicionados separadamente. Os resíduos utilizados foram: pó de pedra do beneficiamento de granito, cinza de caldeira de biomassa e lodo de estação de efluente da fabricação de papel e celulose. As análises foram realizadas considerando a classificação de resíduos segundo a norma NBR 10004/04. Ensaios físicos de retração linear, absorção, perda ao fogo, tensão de ruptura e cor após queima foram realizados. Os resultados foram comparados com a norma de blocos cerâmicos para alvenaria de vedação (NBR 15270-1). Os resultados obtidos indicam que apenas o resíduo de pó de pedra, possui potencial de uso na fabricação de blocos de vedação. Os outros dois resíduos não atenderam ao quesito de absorção e somente o lodo de ETE não atendeu à resistência a tensão exigida pela mesma norma. No quesito ambiental, todas as misturas não apresentaram grau de periculosidade. Os dados apontados a partir do presente estudo apontaram que resíduos industriais podem ser aproveitados na fabricação de blocos de vedação. Entretanto, foram constatadas limitações quanto ao atendimento de norma correspondente a aplicação de blocos cerâmicos de vedação.

The chemical industry is an essential part of modern society and therefore has a responsibility to develop solutions for the problems facing it. A major problem is continuing to match the material demands of a growing global population whilst simultaneously decreasing the consumption of finite natural resources and limiting the emissions of greenhouse gasses. An optimised catalytic system that shortens, or intensifies, the process chain for the production of chemicals can be an effective solution to this challenge. Auto-tandem catalysis is where a single metal-ligand complex facilitates two or more sequential transformations. For example: alkenes are hydroformylated into aldehydes which are then hydrogenated into alcohols. The alcohols have use as plasticisers or surfactants for metal extraction. A previously reported auto-tandem catalysis system was shown to be capable of sequential hydroformylation-hydrogenation of 1-octene to nonanol. It consisted of the neutral rhodium precursor [Rh(acac)(CO)2] and the bidentate ligand xantphos in 10% iPrOH/H2O co-solvent at temperatures of 160°C. Investigations, reported in this thesis, revealed that xantphos type ligands, with their large bite-angle, and high temperatures are required to generate the hydrogenation activity. However, in contrast to the previous system, water is not necessary; with the same results produced in toluene:iPrOH solutions and water:iPrOH solutions. It is proposed that the iPrOH or H2O has a direct influence in the catalytic cycle, either as a hydrogen-shuttle or generates a cationic rhodium species, known to be active in hydrogenation. High temperature NMR studies show the standard resting state of the hydroformylation catalyst is still predominant at high temperatures therefore the proposed catalytic cycle starts from this step. A recurring problem in the industrial process chain is the separation of the catalyst from the final products. Combing a TiO2 ceramic membrane with a POSS (polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) modified tin catalyst and phosphonium iodide co-catalyst, for the coupling of epoxides and CO2 to make cyclic carbonates, was investigated. The catalyst system showed good substrate compatibility for a range of epoxides. In a prototype membrane set-up the system demonstrated a long catalyst life time, however significant leaching was also observed.

Orientador: Sinclair Mallet-Guy Guerra
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Doutorado

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico.
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O quartzo é uma fase mineral da sílica encontrada nas matérias-primas utilizadas na produção de azulejos. A 573°C, uma transformação de inversão ocorre reversivelmente entre o quartzo a (baixa temperatura) e o quartzo b (alta temperatura), acompanhada de uma brusca mudança de volume. No resfriamento de um azulejo após a queima, a aproximadamente 574°C, as partículas de quartzo b no produto invertem para quartzo a, e a variação volumétrica origina um campo de tensões trativas na matriz ao redor, que não acompanha a contração do quartzo. Ocorre um intenso trincamento através e ao redor das partículas de quartzo e na matriz, causando redução na resistência mecânica. Os defeitos induzidos pela inversão do quartzo em azulejos foram o assunto deste trabalho. Utilizando-se uma composição típica de azulejo produzido por monoqueima rápida, foram feitas adições de quartzo em tamanho de partículas e teores definidos. A análise dos defeitos nas peças queimadas envolveu teste de flexão em três pontos para determinação do módulo de ruptura, além da caracterização térmica, mineralógica e microestrutural por Análise Térmica Simultânea, Dilatometria, Difração de raios-X e Microscopias Ótica e Eletrônica de Varredura. As adições de quartzo causaram maior redução na resistência e microtrincamento mais intenso com o aumento tanto do tamanho das partículas quanto do teor adicionado.