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1
Park, Chung Hee, Myoung Hee Shim, and Huen Sup Shim. "Far IR Emission and Thermal Properties of Ceramics Coated Fabrics by IR Thermography." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.849.
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The purpose of this study was to develop the warm-up suit that is comfortable as well as has good thermal performance. The function of warm-up suit is to keep the body warm and thus to lose it’s weight by sweating. Ceramic powders, such as zirconium and magnesium oxide have been incorporated into the textile structures to utilize the far infrared radiation effect of ceramics, which heat substrates homogeneously by activating molecular motion. Thermal manikin tests were conducted to determine the clothing insulation and evaporative resistance of the selected warm-up suits. Also, the far IR emission effects of ceramics containing laminate on the body heat transfer were evaluated with the thermogram data using IR camera. The results showed that the ceramics inside laminate slightly increased the thermal insulation and the evaporative resistance. Thermogram showed that when the fabric was heated with the thermal manikin, surface mean temperatures of fabrics were increased as the ceramic incorporated, and the heat storage performance was confirmed.
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Barauskas, Rimantas, Audrone Sankauskaite, and Ausra Abraitiene. "Investigation of the thermal properties of spacer fabrics with bio-ceramic additives using the finite element model and experiment." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 3 (December 5, 2016): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516677228.
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The heat resistance of fabric enhanced by bio-ceramic additives (BCAs) is investigated theoretically and experimentally in order to determine the influence of modification of the infrared (IR) absorption property of the fabric. The enhanced IR sensitivity of textiles improves the thermoregulatory processes when worn in cold environments. The finite element model has been developed by taking into account the coupled phenomena of heat conduction, surface convection and the interaction of the fabric with IR power flux by employing heat transfer differential equations and the Stefan–Boltzmann law. Evaluations of IR absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity, the temperature transients during the hot plate chamber test and heat retaining properties of the fabric heated by an IR lamp have been obtained experimentally and simulated by means of the developed finite element model. The values of model parameters have been found, which provided a satisfactory match between the computation and the experiment in all considered cases. Simultaneously, the obtained values were reasonably close to rough theoretical estimations. Efforts have been made to distinguish from each other the influence of diffusive and radiative components of heat transfer, which affect the results of thermal resistance tests. The comparative analysis of contributions of different heat exchange mechanisms allows a better understanding of the peculiarities of standard heat resistance measurement procedures applied to BCA-enhanced fabrics and facilitates the validation of the computational models.
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Wang, Moo-Chin, Ming-Hong Lin, and Hok-Shing Liu. "Effect of TiO2 addition on the preparation of β-spodumene powders by sol-gel process." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 1 (January 1999): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0029.
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This study has shown the possibility of achieving two primary considerations for the advanced fabrication of spodumene with a composition of Li2O · Al2O3 · 4SiO2 · nTiO2 (LAST) glass-ceramics by a sol-gel process, namely, an enormous reduction of sintering temperature from 1600 to 1200 °C together with the appearance of simple phases of β-spodumene/rutile as opposed to products via the conventional melting-crystallization process. Fine glass-ceramic powders with a composition of Li2O · Al2O3 · 4SiO2 (LAS) have been synthesized by the sol-gel process using Si(OC2H5)4, Al(OC2H5)3, LiOCH3, and Ti(OC2H5)4 as the starting materials. The process included well-controlled hydrolysis polycondensation of the raw alkoxides. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron diffraction (ED) analysis were utilized to study the effect of TiO2 addition on the preparation of β-spodumene powders by the sol-gel process. The gelation time of the LAST solution increases as the TiO2 content increases. For the low (<3) or high (>11) pH value, the gelation time was shortened. At pH = 5, regardless of the TiO2 content, the gel has the longest time of gelation. When the dried gels of the LAST system are heated from 800 to 1200 °C, the crystallized samples are composed of the major phase of β-spodumene and a minor phase of rutile (TiO2).
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Al Khasawneh, Sahar, Andrew S. Murray, Stephen Bourke, and Dominik Bonatz. "Testing feldspar luminescence dating of young archaeological heated materials using potshards from Pella (Tell Tabqat Fahl) in the Jordan valley." Geochronometria 44, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0056.
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Abstract Recent developments in the use of more stable feldspar signals in the luminescence dating of sediments offer the possibility of obtaining accurate feldspar luminescence ages for ceramic artefacts; this is especially interesting in locations which do not provide suitable quartz extracts. Here we examine the application of the stable infrared stimulated luminescence signal measured at elevated temperature (in this case 290°C; pIRIR290) after stimulation at about room temperature to Levantine pottery samples. A total of 52 potsherds were collected from three superimposed iron-age units at Pella (Jordan); based on 14C dating, typology and seriation these units were deposited between 700 and 900 BCE. Sand-sized quartz extracts were unsuitable, and there was insufficient sand-sized feldspar, and so polymineral fine grains were chosen for dating. Various tests for reliability were undertaken (dose recovery, dependence of De on first stimulation temperature etc.). The pIRIR signals are weak, and 14 potsherds were rejected on this basis. Of the remainder, 3 were confidently identified as outliers. Based on those sherds for which IR signals were sufficiently intense, we use the ratio of the IR50 to pIRIR290 signals to argue that these outliers do not arise from incomplete resetting during manufacture. The ages from each layer are considerably over dispersed (typically by ∼25%) but average ages for each unit are consistent with each other and with the expected age range. The average OSL age for the site is 2840 ± 220 years (n = 35), with the overall uncertainty dominated by systematic uncertainties; this average is consistent with the range of 14C ages from 970–1270 BCE reported from across the destruction horizon. We conclude that the pIRIR290 signal is delivering accurate ages, but that the variability in age from shard to shard is much greater than would be expected from known sources of uncertainty. This demonstrates the need for site ages to be based on multiple samples; individual shard ages are unlikely to be sufficiently accurate.
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Liess, M. "A new low-cost hydrogen sensor build with a thermopile IR detector adapted to measure thermal conductivity." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 4, no. 2 (September 8, 2015): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-281-2015.
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Abstract. It is demonstrated how a commercially available MEMS thermopile infrared radiation sensor can be used as thermal conductivity gas detector (TCD). Since a TCD requires a heater while IR-thermopile sensors have no integrated heater, the thermopile itself is used as heater and temperature sensor at the same time. It is exposed to the measured gas environment in its housing. It is shown that, by using a simple driving circuitry, a mass-produced low-cost IR sensor can be used for hydrogen detection in applications such as hydrogen safety and smart gas metering. The sensor was tested to measure hydrogen in nitrogen with concentration of 0–100 % with a noise equivalent concentration of 3.7 ppm.
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Matsui, Yuko, Terumi Ueda, Yumi Koizumi, Chinatsu Kato, and Yuiko Suzuki. "Crossover trial of the effects of a far-infrared heater that heats the feet with ceramic balls on autonomic nervous activity and mood states." Science Progress 106, no. 1 (January 2023): 003685042311584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504231158452.
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Introduction: The accumulation of fatigue and stress creates problems, including reductions in quality of life and productivity. Objectives: To investigate the effects of a far-infrared heater that heats the feet with ceramic balls on autonomic nervous activity and mood states. Methods: This study was performed as a crossover trial. Participants comprised 20 women. On different days, each participant underwent 15 min of foot warming with the far-infrared heater (far-infrared group) or remained seated for 15 min (control group). Autonomic nervous activity (low-frequency component/high-frequency component, high-frequency) and mood states scales (Profile of Mood States Second Edition and Two-Dimensional Mood Scale for Self-monitoring and Self-regulation of Momentary Mood States) during the study intervention were measured and compared between groups. Results: Low-frequency/high-frequency was significantly higher in the control group 10 min after the start of intervention than at baseline ( P = .033). Low-frequency/high-frequency was significantly lower in the far-infrared group than in the control group at 5 min ( P = .027), 10 min ( P = .011), and 15 min ( P = .015). High-frequency was significantly higher in the far-infrared group at 5 min ( P = .008), 10 min ( P = .004), and 15 min ( P = .015) than at baseline. High-frequency 5 min after the start of intervention was significantly higher in the far-infrared group than in the control group ( P = .033). POMS2 scores improved significantly more in the far-infrared group than in the control group, including in fatigue-inertia ( P = .019), tension-anxiety ( P = .025), and total mood disturbance ( P = .019). Finally, the far-infrared group showed greater improvements in Two-Dimensional Mood Scale-Short Term scores such as stability ( P = .002) and pleasure ( P = .013). Conclusion: Using the far-infrared heater to heat the feet with ceramic balls stabilized and improved mood, reduced Fatigue-Inertia and Tension-Anxiety, and alleviated total mood disturbance. Parasympathetic nervous system activation was observed from 5 min after the start of heating, suggesting that short-duration heat stimulation of the feet is effective.
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Lin, R., and R. L. White. "A Ceramic Sample Heater for Variable Temperature Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy." Instrumentation Science & Technology 24, no. 1 (February 1996): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10739149608000464.
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Kiefer, Johannes, Julia Bartels, Stephen Kroll, and Kurosch Rezwan. "Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Promising Toolbox for Analyzing Functionalized Ceramic Membranes." Applied Spectroscopy 72, no. 6 (April 18, 2018): 947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702818769479.
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Ceramic materials find use in many fields including the life sciences and environmental engineering. For example, ceramic membranes have shown to be promising filters for water treatment and virus retention. The analysis of such materials, however, remains challenging. In the present study, the potential of three vibrational spectroscopic methods for characterizing functionalized ceramic membranes for water treatment is evaluated. For this purpose, Raman scattering, infrared (IR) absorption, and solvent infrared spectroscopy (SIRS) were employed. The data were analyzed with respect to spectral changes as well as using principal component analysis (PCA). The Raman spectra allow an unambiguous discrimination of the sample types. The IR spectra do not change systematically with functionalization state of the material. Solvent infrared spectroscopy allows a systematic distinction and enables studying the molecular interactions between the membrane surface and the solvent.
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Lielāmurs, Edgars, Andrejs Cvetkovs, Rihards Novickis, and Kaspars Ozols. "Infrared Image Pre-Processing and IR/RGB Registration with FPGA Implementation." Electronics 12, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040882.
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Infrared imaging sensors are frequently used in thermal signature detection applications in industrial, automotive, military and many other areas. However, advanced infrared detectors are generally associated with high costs and complexity. Infrared detectors usually necessitate a thermoelectric heater–cooler for temperature stabilization and various computationally complex preprocessing algorithms for fixed pattern noise (FPN) correction. In this paper, we leverage the benefits of uncooled focal plane arrays and describe a complete digital circuit design for Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based infrared image acquisition and pre-processing. The proposed design comprises temperature compensation, non-uniformity correction, defective pixel correction cores, spatial image transformation and registration with RGB images. When implemented on Xilinx Ultrascale+ FPGA, the system achieves a throughput of 30 frames per second using the Fraunhofer IMS Digital 17 μm QVGA-IRFPA with a microbolometer array size of 320 × 240 pixels and an RGB camera with a 1024 × 720 resolution. The maximum ratio of the standard deviation to the mean of 0.35% was achieved after FPN correction.
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Kim, Jeongguk. "Tensile Fracture Behavior and Characterization of Ceramic Matrix Composites." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2019): 2997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182997.
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Tensile fracture behavior of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) was investigated using characterization tools. First, a high-speed infrared camera was used to monitor the surface temperature of the CMC specimen during mechanical testing. An infrared camera is a tool used to detect infrared (IR) radiation emitted from a specimen as a function of temperature, and it was used to analyze the temperature monitoring of specimen surface and fracture behavior during the tensile test. After the test, the microstructural analysis using SEM was performed. SEM analysis was performed to investigate the fracture mode and fracture mechanism of CMC materials. In this paper, it was found that the results of the surface temperature monitoring obtained from IR thermal imaging technology and the failure mode analysis obtained through SEM were in a good agreement. These techniques were useful tools to explain the mechanical behavior of ceramic matrix composites. The detailed experiments and testing results will be provided.
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Grafita, Elizabeth Steffina. "Study of PET Spectral Absorbance in Designing Infrared Heating Control of Vacuum Forming Machine." ACMIT Proceedings 3, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/acmit.v3i1.37.
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Heating process is the first step in vacuum forming that transforms the plastic sheet from its glassy state to rubbery state, pliable enough to be formed to mold’s shape. Infrared ceramic heaters with zoning control are commonly used in thermoforming industry, in which temperature distribution and its consistency throughout processing time become very important in determining the thickness and properties of manufactured parts. Compared to other thermoplastics, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) with its crystallization characteristics is known to have narrower process window. Slight uneven temperature distribution and overheating will degrade PET as well as cause visible defects in final product. In order to obtain proper parameter setting of infrared ceramic heater in PET vacuum forming, a numerical approach that considers PET spectral absorbance was deployed and two methods to control temperature were compared. The experiment resulted in a reliable temperature distribution by means of voltage potentiometer control for pre-heating and implanted thermocouple inside ceramic emitter for main heating in PET vacuum forming machine.
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Zhang, Xiaoxin, Semiramis Friedrich, and Bernd Friedrich. "Characterization and Interpretation of the Aluminum Zone Refining through Infrared Thermographic Analysis." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2018): 2039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102039.
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High purity metals are nowadays increasingly in demand to serve in electronic, photovoltaic, and target materials industries. The zone refining process is the most common way to achieve high purity in the final step of metal purification. Zone length and crystal growth rate are the main parameters that control the zone refining process. To determine these values, information about temperature profiles in the molten zone is necessary due to its direct correlation with these values. As the determination of this profile is not practically achievable in the present, the novel approach of applying an infrared (IR) camera during the zone refining of 2N8 aluminum is the focus of the investigation in this work. The whole temperature profile of the region near the molten zone was recorded by IR camera during the entire running process. The zone length and the crystal growth rate at each thermographic image shooting moment were successfully extracted by thermographic analysis. Results showed that both factors varied significantly, which is in contrast to the assumption in literature about their stability while running under constant input power and heater movement velocity, though noticeable purification took place in all of these experiments. However, the impurity concentration during refinement fluctuated remarkably. This was well-demonstrated by the tendency of variation in crystal growth rate attained in this work. These results provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of zone refining with an inductive heater and contributes to the optimization of the process.
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Lee, Joon Hyun, and Jeong Guk Kim. "Thermographic Damage Detection of Ceramic Matrix Composites During Tension Testing." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.825.
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The fracture behavior of Nicalon fiber reinforced calcium aluminosilicate (CAS) glass-ceramic matrix composites (Nicalon/CAS) was investigated with the aid of a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique. Infrared (IR) thermography was employed for unidirectional Nicalon/CAS composite specimens. During tensile testing, an IR camera was used for in-situ monitoring of progressive damages of Nicalon/CAS samples. The IR camera provided the temperature changes during tensile testing. Microstructural characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to investigate the fracture mechanisms of Nicalon/CAS composites. In this investigation, the thermographic NDE technique was used to facilitate a better understanding of the fracture mechanisms of the Nicalon/CAS composites during tensile testing.
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Kim, Jeong Guk, Jong Duk Chung, Joon Hyun Lee, Yeon Uk Jeong, Yong Ki Hong, Won Kyung Kim, Jang Sik Pyun, and Dae Sung Bae. "Damage Characterization of Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) during Tensile Testing." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2533.
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Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques were used for the tensile damage characterization in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Ultrasonic testing (UT) and infrared (IR) thermography were employed to assess defects and/or damage evolution before and during mechanical testing. Prior to tensile testing, a UT C-scan and a xenon flash method were performed to obtain initial defect information in light of UT C-scans and thermal diffusivity maps, respectively. An IR camera was used for in-situ monitoring of progressive damages. The IR camera measured temperature changes during tensile testing. This paper has presented the feasibility of using NDE techniques to interpret structural performance of CMCs.
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RAKHIMOV, RUSTAM KHAKIMOVICH. "GENERATION AND PROPERTIES OF INFRARED RADIATION." Computational nanotechnology 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 101–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2313-223x-2019-6-2-101-137.
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The article presents the main basic laws of nature and modern theories of the nature of electromagnetic radiation, its generation, characteristics, and laws of reflection, absorption and scattering of light. The principle of transformation of the radiation spectrum of the primary source using the developed ceramic materials are shown, as well as experimental results of the interaction of IR radiation with matter and various mechanisms of influence on various objects and processes are described.
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Nakouzi, S., F. Berthet, D. Delaunay, Y. Le Maoult, Fabrice Schmidt, and Vincent Sobotka. "Optimization of the Incident IR Heat Flux upon a 3D Geometry Composite Part (Carbon/Epoxy)." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 1085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.1085.
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The main purpose of this study is to cure a 3D geometry composite part (carbon fiber reinforced epoxy matrix) using an infrared oven. The work consists of two parts. In the first part, a FE thermal model was developed, for the prediction of the infrared incident heat flux on the top surface of the composite during the curing process. This model was validated using a reference solution based on ray tracing algorithms developed in Matlab®. Through the FE thermal model, an optimization study on the percentage power of each infrared heater is performed in order to optimize the incident IR heat flux uniformity on the composite. This optimization is performed using the Matlab® optimization algorithms based on Sequential Quadratic Programming and dynamically linked with the FE software COMSOL Multiphysics®. In a second part, the optimized parameters set is used in a model developed for the thermo-kinetic simulations of the composite IR curing process and the predictions of the degree of cure and temperature distribution in the composite part during the curing process.
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Gu, Xing Yong, Ting Luo, Shao Ling Wu, and Jun Ming Wu. "Accuracy Research on the Measured Values of the Ceramic Material’s Normal Temperature Infrared Emissivity." Advanced Materials Research 177 (December 2010): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.177.253.
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The IR-2 Dual-Band Emissivity Measuring Instrument is widely used in the domestic normal temperature infrared technology research field at present. However, the problem is that the measured data has a greatly dispersion when using the IR-2 doing multiple measuring for the one same sample and the same group samples. The different flatness and the surface state of the samples might lead to the above phenomenon. The article discussed how the ceramic massive sample’s flatness and surface affect the measured values of the IR-2, and proposed the way to make the testing result more accurate and more stable. The research showed that the great deformation degree of the sample influences the accuracy; the ‘eight-divided equal angles’ test method and the treatment method what refers to take square root for the average value of the sum of the data’s square could realize less disperse among the measured values and more accurate in the case of the same group samples have different flatness state; the samples polished or not affect the value deeply.
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Kim, Jeong Guk, Sung Tae Kwon, and Won Kyung Kim. "NDE Characterization and Mechanical Behavior in Ceramic Matrix Composites." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.946.
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Several nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, including ultrasonic C-scan, X-ray computed tomography (CT), and infrared (IR) thermography, were employed on ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) to illustrate defect information that might effect mechanical behavior and to analyze structural performance of CMCs. Prior to tensile testing, through C-scan and CT analyses results, the qualitative relationship between the relative ultrasonic transmitted amplitude and porosity based on CT was exhibited. An IR camera was used for in-situ monitoring of progressive damages and to determine temperature changes during tensile testing. Moreover, scanning-electron microscopy characterization was used to perform microstructural failure analyses. This paper describes the use of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques to facilitate the understanding of tension behavior of CMCs.
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Nakouzi, Sawsane, Florentin Berthet, Yannick Le Maoult, and Fabrice Schmidt. "Simulations of an Infrared Composite Curing Process." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 1517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1517.
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Epoxy resins have several applications in the aerospace and automobile industry. Because of their good adhesive properties, superior mechanical, chemical and thermal properties, and resistance to fatigue and micro cracking, they produce high performance composites. In the technology presented here, the composite is cured in an IR oven which includes halogen lamps. The liquid resin infusion (LRI) process is used to manufacture the composite, whereby liquid resin is infused through a fiber reinforcement previously laid up in a one-sided mold. These epoxy resins release an exothermic heat flux during the curing process, which can possibly cause an excessive temperature in the thickness. Consequently, for the production of high performance composites, it is necessary to know the thermal behavior of the composite during curing. Therefore, IR interactions with the graphite/epoxy system were modeled as a surface radiation transport. In our work, we have studied IR interactions with the composite, which is placed in an IR oven. Using an IR spectrometer Bruker Vertex 70 (1-27 μm), we measured radiative properties and determined the fraction of IR rays absorbed by the composite. Since it is necessary to optimize the manufacturing time and costs and to determine the performance of these composites, the purpose of this study is to model the IR curing of a composite part (carbon fiber reinforced epoxy matrix) in the infrared oven. The work consists in two parts. In the first part, a FE thermal model based on radiosity method was developed, for the prediction of the infrared incident heat flux on the top surface of the composite during the curing process. This model was validated using a reference solution based on ray tracing algorithms developed in Matlab® (In-lab software called Rayheat based on ray tracing algorithms is used to compute the radiative heat flux that impacts the composite). Through the FE thermal model, an optimization study on the percentage power of each infrared heater is performed in order to optimize the incident IR heat flux uniformity on the composite. This optimization is performed using the Matlab® optimization algorithms based on Sequential Quadratic Programming method. In a second part, the optimized parameters set is used in a three-dimensional numerical model which is developed in the finite element commercial software Comsol Multiphysics ™, where the heat balance equation is coupled with the cure kinetic model of the resin. This numerical model allows calculation of the temperature distribution in the composite during curing, which is a key parameter that affects its mechanical properties. In this model, we can predict also the evolution of the degree of cure as function of time. Experimental measurements were used to validate simulations of the whole infrared composite curing process. Keywords: Curing composite, infrared oven, Radiation, Optimization, Epoxy resin, Carbon fibers.
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Włodarski, Maksymilian, Matti Putkonen, and Małgorzata Norek. "Infrared Absorption Study of Zn–S Hybrid and ZnS Ultrathin Films Deposited on Porous AAO Ceramic Support." Coatings 10, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050459.
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Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique to characterize the chemical structure and dynamics of various types of samples. However, the signal-to-noise-ratio drops rapidly when the sample thickness gets much smaller than penetration depth, which is proportional to wavelength. This poses serious problems in analysis of thin films. In this work, an approach is demonstrated to overcome these problems. It is shown that a standard IR spectroscopy can be successfully employed to study the structure and composition of films as thin as 20 nm, when the layers were grown on porous substrates with a well-developed surface area. In contrast to IR spectra of the films deposited on flat Si substrates, the IR spectra of the same films but deposited on porous ceramic support show distinct bands that enabled reliable chemical analysis. The analysis of Zn-S ultrathin films synthesized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) from diethylzinc (DEZ) and 1,5-pentanedithiol (PDT) as precursors of Zn and S, respectively, served as proof of concept. However, the approach presented in this study can be applied to analysis of any ultrathin film deposited on target substrate and simultaneously on porous support, where the latter sample would be a reference sample dedicated for IR analysis of this film.
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Kim, Jeong Guk. "Tensile Damage Characterization in Nicalon Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Composites." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1237.
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Tensile failure behavior of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) was characterized with nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. Prior to the mechanical testing, infrared (IR) thermography was employed to obtain thermal diffusivity maps for CMC specimens. IR thermography also was used for quantitative analyses of the progressive damage and in-situ monitoring of the damage during tensile tests, while ultrasonic (UT) C-scans were used to present defect distributions of the composites. The thermal diffusivity map showed good consistency with ultrasonic C-scan results of CMC specimens. In this investigation, qualitative relationship between UT signatures and thermal diffusivity has been introduced, and the temperature changes of CMC specimens during tensile test have been measured. Moreover, the correlation between NDE results and fracture behavior of CMCs has been presented to understand tension fracture behavior of CMCs.
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Tong, Dejin, Haipeng Wang, Lei Chen, Lei Wang, and Zhanxiong Li. "A novel carborane-containing ceramic precursor: Synthesis, characterization, and ceramic conversion mechanism." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 6 (July 17, 2018): 694–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318788389.
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Linear carborane-carbosilane-phenylacetylene polymers have been synthesized as precursors for ceramic and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR). Novel linear polymers have the advantage of being extremely easy to process and convert into ceramics, since they are either viscous liquids or low melting solids at room temperature and are soluble in most organic solvents. Ceramic conversion reaction of the polymers was studied, and the conversion mechanism using thermogravimetric analyzer, FT-IR, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was proposed. During the early heating period in the mechanism, the precursor polymer is cured and oligomer is formed. Then the degradation of oligomer takes place at higher temperatures with the weak bond cleaved and cross-linked simultaneously. Ceramic yield of the polymer after heating up to 1000°C in nitrogen (N2) was 77.6%. The derived ceramics exhibit excellent thermal and thermo-oxidative stability, whose 5% mass loss temperature was identified to be 650°C in N2 and 665°C in air, respectively. Boron appears to be the key element to achieve the outstanding thermo-oxidative stability. The relevant kinetic data were obtained by two kinds of model-free-kinetic algorithms, differential Friedman and integral Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose. These two methods were combined to give the energy profile, which has been identified to be a function of the transformation degree ( α), since the energy demand at each degradation stage is different depending on α.
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Kim, Cheol Jin, In Sup Ahn, Kwon Koo Cho, Sung Gap Lee, and Jun Ki Chung. "LiNiO2 Thin Films Fabricated by Diffusion of Li on Ni Tapes." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.505.
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LiNiO2 thin films for the application of cathode of the rechargeable battery were fabricated by Li ion diffusion on the surface oxidized NiO layer. Bi-axially textured Ni-tapes with 50 ~ 80 μm thickness were fabricated using cold rolling and annealing of Ni-rod prepared by cold isostatic pressing of Ni powder. Surface oxidation of Ni-tapes were conducted using tube furnace or line-focused infrared heater at 700 °C for 150 sec in flowing oxygen atmosphere, resulted in NiO layer with thickness of 400 and 800 μm, respectively. After Li was deposited on the NiO layer by thermal evaporation, LiNiO2 was formed by Li diffusion through the NiO layer during subsequent heat treatment using IR heater with various heat treatment conditions. IR-heating resulted in the smoother surface and finer grain size of NiO and LiNiO2 layer compared to the tube-furnace heating. The average grain size of LiNiO2 layer was 0.5~1 μm, which is much smaller than that of sol-gel processed LiNiO2. The reacted LiNiO2 region showed homogeneous composition throughout the thickness and did not show any noticeable defects frequently found in the solid state reacted LiNiO2, but crack and delamination between the reacted LiNiO2 and Ni occurred as the reaction time increased above 4hrs.
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Kim, Jeong Guk. "Analysis of Heat Generation during Fracture in Ceramic Matrix Composites." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.689.
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Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) have evolved as potential candidate materials for high-temperature structural applications due to lightweight, high-temperature strength and excellent corrosion and wear resistance. In this investigation, damage evolution and heat generation of CMCs during monotonic loadings were investigated using different types of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, such as acoustic emission (AE) and infrared (IR) thermography and microstructural characterization. IR camera was used for in-situ monitoring of temperature evolution, and the temperature changes during testing were measured. A significant temperature increase has been observed at the time of failure. Microstructural characterizations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to investigate fracture behavior of CMC samples. In this investigation, the NDE technique and SEM characterization were employed to analyze damage evolution and progress of ceramic matrix composites during monotonic loading.
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Kim, Jeong Guk, and Peter K. Liaw. "Fracture Behavior of Ceramic Matrix Composites during Monotonic and Cyclic Loadings." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.649.
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The fracture behavior of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) was investigated using the infrared (IR) thermography nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique during monotonic and cyclic loadings. The CMCs used for this investigation are continuous Nicalon (silicon carbide fiber) fiber reinforced calsium aluminosilicate (CAS) glass-ceramics matrix composites. During monotonic tension and cyclic fatigue loadings, IR camera was used for in-situ monitoring of temperature evolution, and the temperature changes during testing were measured. Microstructural characterizations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to investigate fracture modes and failure mechanisms of Nicalon/CAS samples. In this investigation, the NDE technique and SEM characterization were employed to facilitate a better understanding of damage evolution and progress of Nicalon/CAS composites during monotonic and cyclic loadings.
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Wu, Botao, Jianrong Qiu, Nan Jiang, Shifeng Zhou, Jinjun Ren, Danping Chen, Xiongwei Jiang, and Congshan Zhu. "Optical properties of transparent alkali gallium silicate glass-ceramics containing Ni2+-doped β-Ga2O3 nanocrystals." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 12 (December 2007): 3410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0429.
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Broadband near-infrared (IR) luminescence in transparent alkali gallium silicate glass-ceramics containing Ni2+-doped β-Ga2O3 nanocrystals was observed. This broadband emission could be attributed to the 3T2g (3F) → 3A2g (3F) transition of octahedral Ni2+ ions in glass-ceramics. The full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the near-IR luminescence and fluorescent lifetime of the glass-ceramic doped with 0.10 mol% NiO were 260 nm and ∼1220 μs, respectively. It is expected that transparent Ni2+-doped β-Ga2O3 glass-ceramics with this broad near-IR emission and long fluorescent lifetime have potential applications as super-broadband optical amplification media.
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Melnichuk, O. V., N. O. Korsunska, I. V. Markevich, V. V. Boyko, Yu O. Polishchuk, Z. F. Tsybrii, L. Yu Melnichuk, Ye F. Venger, V. P. Kladko, and L. Yu Khomenkova. "Peculiarities of specular infrared reflection spectra of ZnO-based ceramics." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 24, no. 04 (November 23, 2021): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo24.04.390.
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Undoped and Mn-doped ZnO ceramics were theoretically and experimentally investigated using specular infrared reflection method. It was shown that infrared reflection spectra can be modeled using the parameters explored for ZnO single crystals. For ceramic samples, it was shown that ZnO grains with orientation of the C-axis along the normal to the electric field ( ) give the main contribution to IR reflection spectra. It has been ascertained that the surface roughness is manifested in these spectra mainly within the range 450…550 cm–1 giving negligible effect for the frequencies above longitudinal phonon frequency. This allowed the electrophysical parameters of ZnO crystallites to be evaluated. In the case of undoped ceramics, the obtained results were found to be consistent with the values of direct current measurements. This finding supports the utility of infrared spectroscopy for determination of the electrophysical parameters of polycrystalline ceramic materials. For Mn-doped ceramic samples, the conductivity value measured using the direct current method was found to be essentially lower than those determined from simulation of infrared reflection spectra. This phenomenon was explained by barrier formation at the grain boundaries in Mn-doped ZnO ceramics.
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Zou, Jiaona, Alex Fauler, Alexander S. Senchenkov, Nikolai N. Kolesnikov, and Michael Fiederle. "Analysis of Te Inclusion Striations in (Cd,Zn)Te Crystals Grown by Traveling Heater Method." Crystals 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060649.
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The growth of (Cd,Zn)Te (CZT) crystals and the improvement of the crystal quality are part of a research project towards experiments under microgravity using the Traveling Heater Method (THM). In order to determine the experimental parameters, we performed a detailed ground-based program. Three CZT crystals with a nominal Zn content of 10% were grown using THM from a Te-rich solution. The size and distribution of the Te inclusions were evaluated by transmission infrared microscopy (IR). From the three-dimensional mapping of the inclusions, we observed striation-like patterns in all of the crystals. The correlation between the growth parameters and the formation of these striations was explored and discussed. We found that the inclusion striations are related to periodic temperature variations.
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Kim, Hye-In, Bong-Geon Chae, Pil-Gyeong Choi, Mun-Shin Jo, Kyoung-Muk Lee, and Hyun-Ung Oh. "Thermal Design of Blackbody for On-Board Calibration of Spaceborne Infrared Imaging Sensor." Aerospace 9, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9050268.
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In this study, we propose a thermal design for an on-board blackbody (BB) for spaceborne infrared (IR) sensor calibration. The main function of the on-board BB is to provide highly uniform and precise radiation temperature reference sources from 0 °C to 40 °C during the calibration of the IR sensor. To meet the functional requirements of BB, a BB thermal design using a heater to heat the BB during sensor calibration and heat pipes to transfer residual heat to the radiator after calibration is proposed and investigated both numerically and experimentally. The main features of the proposed thermal design are a symmetric temperature gradient on the BB surface with less than 1 K temperature uniformity, ease of temperature sensor implementation to estimate the representative surface temperature of the BB, a stable thermal interface between the heat pipes and BB, and a fail-safe function under one heat pipe failure. The thermal control performance of the BB is investigated via in-orbit thermal analysis, and its effectiveness is verified via a heat-up test of the BB under ambient conditions. These results indicate that the temperature gradient on the BB surface was obtained at less than 1 K, and the representative surface temperature could be estimated with an accuracy of 0.005 °C via the temperature sensor.
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Klumdoung, Pattarinee, and Piyapong Pankaew. "Preparation of 2 wt% ZnFe2O4/HAp Ceramic for Future Biomedical Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 804 (October 2015): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.804.167.
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In this study, 2 wt% ZnFe2O4/HAp ceramic was prepared to form a promising composite material for future biomedical applications. Firstly, HAp powder was synthesized by precipitation using Ca(NO3)2 as the Ca source, (NH4)2HPO4 as the P source and ammonia as a pH adjuster. To prepare 2 wt% of ZnFe2O4, ZnO and Fe2O3 powders were mixed in ethanol with sequent dehydration and then calcination (using stoichiometric ratio). Finally, 2 wt% of ZnFe2O4 powder was milled with 98 wt% of HAp powder for 10 minutes before uniaxial pressing and then sintering at 1200 °C for 3 hours to form 2 wt% ZnFe2O4/HAp ceramic. The prepared ceramic was characterized by X- ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD results revealed the ZnFe2O4/HAp ceramic with only HAp and ZnFe2O4 phases obtained, indicating that no impurities phases occurred. The FT-IR results revealed vibration bands of standard HAp and indicated the interaction between ZnFe2O4 and HAp. For the VSM results, the magnetization of composite was 0.05 emu/g and its coercivity was 44 Oe. These results could lead us to the development of a method for ZnFe2O4/HAp ceramic optimized for specific biomedical applications.
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TSUDA, Hiroki, Jun AKEDO, Shingo HIROSE, and Keishi OHASHI. "Infrared Optical and Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Coatings Fabricated by Aerosol Deposition." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-wa411.
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The possibility and mechanical improvement of the infrared ceramic coatings fabricated on fluoride substrates at room temperature by aerosol deposition (AD) were investigated aiming to optical components for infrared applications and devices. The yttria coating possibility fabricated on barium fluoride substrates by the AD process was found by adjusting one of the deposition conditions. The optical and mechanical properties of the fabricated ceramic coatings, which are important in practical applications, were evaluated by transmittance and hardness measurements respectively. The mechanical hardness of the fabricated yttria single coatings was increased to 4 times higher than that of the barium fluoride substrates. Furthermore, by an additional layer on a barium fluoride substrate, the mechanical properties of the fabricated multi-coatings including an upper yttria layer were improved from that of the single yttria coating on the barium fluoride substrate, retaining the IR transmittance of the single yttria coating at the wavelength of 10μm.
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Chung, Jun Ki, Sung Yeal Bae, Sung Gap Lee, Chan Park, Sang Im Yoo, and Cheol Jin Kim. "Development of Cube-Textured Ni and Ni-W Alloy Tapes by Focused Infrared Heating." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.258.
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We fabricated bi-axially textured pure Ni and Ni–5at.%W (Ni-5W) alloy tapes for the application of rechargeable battery cathode and coated superconductor, where the controlled microstructure of the substrate plays a critical role. The sintered Ni or Ni-W rods were cold-rolled into the thin tapes of 80 ~ 100 µm thickness, and the tapes were heat-treated for texture development with a line focused infrared heater. The temperature was maintained at 800 ~ 1050 °C, using a 1kW double ended linear halogen lamp in 96%Ar-4%H2 atmosphere. The (2 0 0) texture of Ni tape was successfully formed through optimization of the recrystallization infrared heating condition for the cold rolled Ni tapes. The full width half maximum of the Ni tapes was less than 10o, and the grain size was 20 ~ 40 µm. Focused IR-heating resulted in a better texture development and smaller grain size compared to the conventional resistive heating because of the steep temperature gradient.
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Marchuk, Igor, Andrey Karchevsky, Anton Surtaev, and Oleg Kabov. "Heat Flux at the Surface of Metal Foil Heater under Evaporating Sessile Droplets." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/391036.
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Evaporating water drops on a horizontal heated substrate were investigated experimentally. The heater was made of a constantan foil with the thickness of 25 μm and size of 42 × 35 mm2. The temperature of the bottom foil surface was measured by the infrared (IR) camera. To determine the heat flux density during evaporation of liquid near the contact line, the Cauchy problem for the heat equation was solved using the temperature data. The maximum heat flux density is obtained in the contact line region and exceeds the average heat flux density from the entire foil surface by the factor of 5–7. The average heat flux density in the region wetted by the drop exceeds the average heat flux density from the entire foil surface by the factor of 3–5. This fact is explained by the heat influx from the foil periphery to the drop due to the relatively high heat conductivity coefficient of the foil material and high evaporation rate in the contact line region. Heat flux density profiles for pairs of sessile droplets are also investigated.
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Shen, Chih-Hsiung, and Jung-Jie Wu. "A New Electro-Optical-Thermal Modelling for Non-Dispersive IR Sensing Technique of Gas Concentration." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 7772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157772.
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In this research, a new electro-optical-thermal modeling is proposed and built by simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE). In particular, it is constructed for use in the non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensing technique of gas concentration. This model, based on the theory of circuitry and the Beer-Lambert law, includes various equivalent elements for the optics, sensor, and circuits. To build and investigate the validity of the proposed model, an NDIR for measurement of CO2 is built with the hybrid combination of a thermopile sensor with a specific wavelength filter, an infrared micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) heater, an optical tube, amplification circuits with a chopper amplifier, advanced RISC machine (ARM)-based micro processing unit and discrete electronic devices. The thermal properties of the light source with periodic modulation have been studied from the output signal of a thermopile within the limit of modulation frequency. Based on the thorough measurements of output signals and transient responses, the thermal and optical parameters of the sensor and optical components for this model are extracted. The comparison of the simulation and experimental data of the NDIR measurement for different CO2 concentrations shows a great agreement with a maximum error of 0.27% at 3500 ppm. This approach allows for the development of a high-level sensor and circuit integrated simulation based on the most fundamental principles and multiple variables.
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Xiao, Bin, Wei Zhong Yang, Da Li Zhou, Guang Fu Yin, and Huai Qing Chen. "Apatite Forming on the Surface of Apatite-Wollastonite/β-Tricalcium Phosphate Bioactive Ceramic." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1692.
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Bioactive composite of apatite-wollastonite(AW)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) was prepared. The nucleation and growth of bio-apatite on the surface of AW/β-TCP ceramic in simulated body fluid (SBF) were investigated. The surface morphological structure, phase compositions and microstructure of the materials were characterized by scan electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR); Results show that the surfaces of the AW/β-TCP composite ceramic are covered with a layer of carbonate hydroxyapatite (HCA) when soaked in SBF, which indicates their bioactivity; Such HCA layer is composed of fine ball-like HA granules. With excellent bioactivity and bio-absorption, AW/β-TCP bioactive composite ceramic is expected to be a good candidate for bone substitutes and bone tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Garcia, González, Renato Foschini, Arana Varela, Elson Longo, Francisco Moura, and Zirpoli Simões. "Structural and functional characterization of barium zirconium titanate/epoxy composites." Processing and Application of Ceramics 5, no. 4 (2011): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1104205g.
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The dielectric behavior of composite materials (barium zirconium titanate / epoxy system) was analyzed as a function of ceramic concentration. Structure and morphologic behavior of the composites was investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. Composites were prepared by mixing the components and pouring them into suitable moulds. It was demonstrated that the amount of inorganic phase affects the morphology of the presented composites. XRD revealed the presence of a single phase while Raman scattering confirmed structural transitions as a function of ceramic concentration. Changes in the ceramic concentration affected Raman modes and the distribution of particles along into epoxy matrix. Dielectric permittivity and dielectric losses were influenced by filler concentration.
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Dudkiewicz, Edyta, Natalia Fidorów-Kaprawy, and Paweł Szałański. "Environmental Benefits and Energy Savings from Gas Radiant Heaters’ Flue-Gas Heat Recovery." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 8013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14138013.
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This paper demonstrates the need and potential for using waste heat recovery (WHR) systems from infrared gas radiant heaters, which are typical heat sources in large halls, due to the increasing energy-saving requirements for buildings in the EU and the powerful and wide-spread development of the e-commerce market. The types of gas radiant heaters are discussed and the classification of WHR systems from these devices is performed. The article also presents for the first time our innovative solution, not yet available on the market, for the recovery of heat from the exhaust gases of ceramic infrared heaters. The energy analysis for an industrial hall shows that this solution allows for environmental benefits at different levels, depending on the gas infrared heater efficiency, by reducing the amount of fuel and emissions for domestic hot water (DHW) preparation (36.8%, 15.4% and 5.4%, respectively, in the case of low-, standard- and high-efficiency infrared heaters). These reductions, considering both DHW preparation and hall heating, are 16.1%, 7.6% and 3.0%, respectively. The key conclusion is that the innovative solution can spectacularly improve the environmental effect and achieve the highest level of fuel savings in existing buildings that are heated with radiant heaters with the lowest radiant efficiency.
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Trout, T. K., J. M. Bellama, F. E. Brinckman, and R. A. Faltynek. "Fourier transform infrared analysis of ceramic powders: Quantitative determination of alpha, beta, and amorphous phases of silicon nitride." Journal of Materials Research 4, no. 2 (April 1989): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1989.0399.
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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) forms the basis for determining the morphological composition of mixtures containing alpha, beta, and amorphous phases of silicon nitride. The analytical technique, involving multiple linear regression treatment of Kubelka-Munk absorbance values from diffuse reflectance measurements, yields specific percent composition data for the amorphous phase as well as the crystalline phases in ternary mixtures of 0–1% by weight Si3N4 in potassium bromide.
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Liu, Liangwen, Mu Zhang, Xing’an Wang, and Xudong Sun. "Preparation of MgO–Y2O3 Composite Ceramic by Aqueous Gel Casting." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.2940.
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MgO–Y2O3 composite ceramics were prepared by gel-casting technology. The surface of MgO powder is passivated with H3PO4 ethanol solution. The treated powder can be dispersed in water with a dispersant. The powder surface modification process was verified by pH, Zeta potentials, Fourier transmission infrared absorption spectroscopy (FT-IR), the absorbance of suspension and rheological properties. The obtained stable suspensions were gel cast, dried, and sintered at 1400 °C for 30 min under 35 MPa. As a comparison, the powder was compressed by die pressing and sintered at the same temperature and pressure. After sintering, the MgO–Y2O3 composite ceramic with a theoretical density of 97.29% can be prepared by aqueous gel casting process. The properties of MgO–Y2O3 composite ceramic fabricated by gel casting are better than die pressing.
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Knezevic, Dragan, Bojana Radojkovic, Slavica Ristic, Suzana Polic, Milovan Janicijevic, Ljubisa Tomic, and Bore Jegdic. "Monitoring of a ceramic surface temperature field induced by pulsed Nd:YAG laser." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2019): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190811425k.
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Temperature distribution induced by laser radiation is a very important parameter for an efficient and safe application of lasers in different ceramic processing techniques. This paper presents the results of an infrared thermography (IRT) application for monitoring temperature distribution on a ceramic surface during Nd: YAG laser irradiation with different fluences and 8ns pulse duration. FLIR, E40 and SC7200 IR cameras were used with the aim of recording the maximum temperature in the irradiated zones. It was expected that IRT could give some information related to the heat affected zone and possible damage to the base material; however, the results have shown that IR cameras, even those with high performance such as SC7200, cannot record the maximum temperature value at the moment of laser operation, but only the average temperature of the bulk sample material after laser pulses. The results of the numerical simulation have confirmed the value of the thermographic measurements. The microstructure and micromorphology of the ceramic surface before and after the laser treatment were analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy as well as by examining the roughness of the irradiated and non- irradiated surfaces, while the micromechanical changes were analysed by comparing the micro-hardness of the irradiated and non-exposed surfaces.
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Kulkarni, Sudhir. "X-ray, IR and SEM studies on some Li-Cd ferrites." YMER Digital 20, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer20.12/30.
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Lithium-Cadmium ferrites with general formula Li0.5-x/2 Fe2.5-x/2 Cdx O4 (with x = 0,0.1,0.2....,0.7) were prepared by standard ceramic method. X-ray diffraction studies confirms single phase formation and lattice parameters were calculated. The crystal structure is cubic and lattice parameter increases with increasing Cd content. The infrared absorption (IR) spectra of all the samples were recorded in the range 200-800 cm-1 at room temperature in the KBr medium. Lithium ferrite shows four principal bands and some shoulders have been observed. The force constants Kt and Ko were calculated using Waldron's analysis. Scanning electron microscopy studies shows increase in grain size up to x = 0.1 and then the grain size decreases with increase in cadmium content.
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Kim, Jeongguk, and Peter K. Liaw. "Characterization of Fatigue Damage Modes in Nicalon/Calcium Aluminosilicate Composites." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1836766.
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High-cycle fatigue behavior of Nicalon™ fiber-reinforced calcium aluminosilicate (CAS) glass–ceramic matrix composites (Nicalon™/CAS) was investigated with the aid of a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique. Infrared (IR) thermography was employed to study two different types of Nicalon™/CAS composites: crossply and unidirectional specimens. During fatigue testing, an IR camera was used for in-situ monitoring of temperature evolution of Nicalon™/CAS samples. Stress versus cycles to failure curves were generated for predicting the lifetime of Nicalon™/CAS composites, and the IR camera measured the temperature changes during high-cycle fatigue testing. Microstructural characterizations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to investigate fracture modes and failure mechanisms of Nicalon™/CAS samples. In this study, the NDE technique and SEM characterization were used to facilitate a better understanding of damage evolution and progress of Nicalon™/CAS composites during high-cycle fatigue.
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Zhang, Ying, and Di Jiang Wen. "Influence of RE/Mn (RE= La, Nd and Gd) Ratios on the Infrared Absorption and Emission Properties of Co-Zn Ferrites." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.311.
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The RE/Mn co-doped Co-Zn ferrites were prepared by the ceramic method. Infrared absorption and emission properties were obtained by investigating those ferrites. The IR spectra in the range from 400 to 1200 cm-1 were observed. Mainly, three bands were investigated. The high-frequency bands and low-frequency bands were assigned to the tetrahedral and octahedral complexes, respectively. The intensity of all the bands is found to increase while a decrease in broadness, which is explained on the cation distribution in the tetrahedral and octahedral sites were modified by RE/Mn addition. The Mn substitutes the Fe3+ and enters into the octahedral sites; while the partial RE3+ ions are apt to diffuse to the grain boundaries and others enter into the spinel lattice .This can be explained on the basis of ionic radii and ratios of the substituted cation. The results indicate that IR emissivity seems to be increasing with RE/Mn ratio within 8-14 μm wavebands. The maximum infrared emissivity is 0.968 when La/Mn ratio of 0.20 within 8-14 μm wavebands.
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Khaksarfard, Yasaman, Hakimeh Ziyadi, and Akbar Heydari. "Preparation of ceramic nanofibers of iron vanadate using electrospinning method." Materials Science-Poland 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2019-0070.
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AbstractBecause of special characteristics of vanadate compound, such as its sustainability, magneticity, high selectivity in reactions and catalytic character, this study aimed to preparation and analyzing novel ceramic iron vanadate (FeVO4) nanofibers. The ceramic nanofibers of iron vanadate were made by the combination of sol-gel and electrospinning methods. First, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), as a matrix polymer, was mixed separately with ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) and iron (III) nitrate (Fe(NO3)3). As a result, the spinnable polymeric gel was obtained from the controlled mixture of these two precursors of ceramic material. Electrospinning of PVA/iron (III) nitrate/ammonium vanadate solution was done using an Electroris setup that enabled preparation of polymeric template nanofiber. Finally, iron vanadate nanofiber was obtained by calcination of polymer nanofiber at controlled temperature. The products were characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis.
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Maeda, Hirotaka, Toshihiro Kasuga, and Masayuki Nogami. "Formation of Hydroxycarbonate Apatite Layer on Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites in Simulated Body Fluid." Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (April 2005): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.489.
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Hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA), which formed on a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite membrane containing vaterite or calcium chloride after soaking in simulated body fluid, was examined to clarify the importance of the ceramic phases in the composites. FT-IR spectra showed that the ratio of CO3/PO4 in the infrared adsorption bands of HCA formed on the PLA composite containing vaterite was much larger than that of HCA formed on the PLA composite containing calcium chloride. Substitution of carbonate ion in hydroxyapatite is believed to be strongly influenced by ceramic phases in the composites. The zeta potentials of HCA formed on the PLA composite containing vaterite or calcium chloride was -6 mV or -17 mV, respectively. The zeta potential may be influenced by the amount of carbonate ion in hydroxyapatite.
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Cacciotti, Ilaria, Giorgia Lehmann, Antonella Camaioni, and Alessandra Bianco. "AP40 Bioactive Glass Ceramic by Sol-Gel Synthesis: In Vitro Dissolution and Cell-Mediated Bioresorption." Key Engineering Materials 541 (February 2013): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.541.41.
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In this work, the sol-gel synthesis of AP40 bioactive glass system was reported. The obtained powder was fully characterised in terms of microstructure, composition and thermal behaviour by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA).In vitrodissolution tests were performed in order to assess the degradation behaviour of sol-gel derived AP40 samples thermally treated at different temperatures. Finally, preliminary results on cytocompatibility are reported, based on bioresorption activity of human peripheral blood monocytes differentiated into osteoclasts on sintered disks.
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Klumdoung, Pattarinee, Salakchit Pukjaroon, and Piyapong Pankaew. "Fabrication of 2 wt% NiFe2O4/HAp Composite Ceramic for Future Heavy Metal Removal Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 804 (October 2015): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.804.291.
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In this study, 2 wt% NiFe2O4/HAp composite ceramic was fabricated by the solid state reaction method to form a composite with the future potentiality to remove heavy metals. HAp powders were synthesized by precipitation using Ca (NO3)2 as Ca source, (NH4)2HPO4 as the P source and ammonia as a pH adjuster. NiFe2O4 powders were prepared by mixing and milling NiO and Fe2O3 powders (using stoichiometry ratio) in ethanol and sequent dehydration and then calcination. 2 wt% of NiFe2O4 powders were milled with 98 wt% of HAp powders for 10 minutes before uniaxial pressing and sintering at 1200 °C for 3 hours to form 2 wt% NiFe2O4/HAp composite ceramic. The prepared ceramic was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). XRD result shown that 2 wt% NiFe2O4/HAp composite ceramic with only HAp and NiFe2O4 phases obtained. FT-IR results revealed vibration bands of standard HAp and indicated the interaction between ZnFe2O4 and HAp. For the SEM result, the morphology of the prepared ceramic revealed nanoand micro sized grains. These results could lead us to the development of a method for a NiFe2O4/HAp composite ceramic optimized for specific heavy metal removal applications.
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Sobczak-Kupiec, A., B. Tyliszczak, K. Krupa-Żuczek, D. Malina, M. Piątkowski, and Z. Wzorek. "Gold Nanoparticles As A Modifying Agent of Ceramic-Polymer Composites." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 1005–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0168.
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Abstract Much effort has been invested in the development of biomaterials for the repair or replacement of hard tissue. The synthesis of composites based on mineral and organic constituents is nowadays extremely important for the development of materials for biomedical applications. In this paper we report the preparation and characterization of ceramic-polymer composites doped with gold nanoparticles. Properties and applications in medicine and dentistry of colloidal gold nanoparticles depends upon their size and shape. The influence of the presence of the metallic nanoparticles on the degradation process was investigated by pH and conductivity analyses of water filtrates. The nanocomposites were characterized with the use of X-ray Diffaction (XRD) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) methods.The results of in vitro tests confirmed that it is possible to produce hydroxyapatite/polymer (HA/polymer) composites doped with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for medical applications. Tests proved that content of gold nanoparticles in composites had influence on degradation behaviour of HA/Polymer/AuNPs in water environment.
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Rüttiger, Christian, Steffen Vowinkel, Nicole Herzog, Kathrin Hofmann, Emanuel Ionescu, and Markus Gallei. "POSS-Containing Polymethacrylates on Cellulose-Based Substrates: Immobilization and Ceramic Formation." Coatings 8, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120446.
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The combination of cellulose-based materials and functional polymers is a promising approach for the preparation of porous, biotemplated ceramic materials. Within this study, cellulose substrates were functionalized with a surface-attached initiator followed by polymerization of (3methacryloxypropyl)heptaisobutyl-T8-silsesquioxane (MAPOSS) by means of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Successful functionalization was proven by infrared (IR) spectroscopy as well as by contact angle (CA) measurements. Thermal analysis of the polymer-modified cellulose substrates in different atmospheres (nitrogen and air) up to 600 °C led to porous carbon materials featuring the pristine fibre-like structure of the cellulose material as shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Interestingly, spherical, silicon-containing domains were present at the surface of the cellulose-templated carbon fibres after further ceramisation at 1600 °C, as investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements.
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Vahidi, Afsaneh, Hamideh Vaghari, Yahya Najian, Mohammad Javad Najian, and Hoda Jafarizadeh-Malmiri. "Evaluation of three different green fabrication methods for the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract." Green Processing and Synthesis 8, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2018-0097.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were green synthesized using Pelargonum zonale leaf extract under three different heating methods, and their characteristics were evaluated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and antibacterial well diffusion method. The FT-IR analysis indicated that the Pelargonium leaf extract contained hydroxyl and amide I groups which were related to the proteins, carbohydrate, tannins and phenolic compounds of the extract and had an essential role in the reduction of the zinc ions and synthesis of the ZnO NPs. The obtained results revealed that the synthesized spherical individual ZnO NPs as well as the number of aggregates using microwave irradiation, autoclave and conventional heating (heater-stirrer) methods had average crystalline size of 51, 60 and 61 nm. Furthermore, antioxidant activities of the fabricated ZnO NPs were 7.8, 4.1 and 5.5% by using conventional heating, autoclave and microwave irradiation, respectively. The obtained results indicated that all the formed ZnO NPs had bactericidal effects against to the both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria strains. However, the synthesized ZnO NPs using conventional heating method had the highest antibacterial activities toward both studied bacteria strains.