Journal articles: 'Century deposit'

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Aldunate, Felipe. "Deposit Insurance, Bank Risk-Taking, and Failures: Evidence from Early Twentieth-Century State Deposit Insurance Systems." Review of Corporate Finance Studies 8, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 260–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rcfs/cfz001.

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Abstract I use the introduction of deposit insurance in eight U.S. states in the early twentieth-century to study the effects of deposit insurance on the banking system. Using a triple difference approach exploiting regulatory differences between national and state banks and between states, I find that insured banks experienced higher deposit growth and decreased funding costs. I also observe a replacement of demand deposits by riskier time deposits. However, I find no aggregate effects on failure rates or risk-taking. Using hand-collected micro-level data, I show that small and large banks reacted differently and that banks facing funding problems especially benefited. Received July 20, 2017; editorial decision November 12, 2018 by Editor Efraim Benmelech.

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MELNIKOV, ANTON VLADIMIROVICH, VITALY ALEKSEEVICH STEPANOV, and DMITRIY VALERYEVICH YUSUPOV. "DISCOVERY AND STUDY HISTORY POKROVSKY GOLD ORE DEPOSIT IN THE AMUR REGION." Messenger AmSU, no. 91 (2020): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/jasu.11.

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A brief history of the discovery and study of the large Pokrovsky gold ore deposit of the Amur Region, from the ores of which about 63 tons of gold were extracted, is given. The role of scientific and production organizations and individual geologists in the discovery of the deposit is shown. According to the results of almost half a century of research, the deposit is classified as a near-surface gold-silver formation with a typical composition of ores, near-ore metasomatites and native gold for deposits of this type. The closest analogue of Pokrovka is the Kubak deposit of the Omolonsky gold-silver province.

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Kern, Z., N. Bočić, and Gy Sipos. "Radiocarbon-Dated Vegetal Remains from the Cave Ice Deposits of Velebit Mountain, Croatia." Radiocarbon 60, no. 5 (October 2018): 1391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.108.

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ABSTRACTOrganic material and a few tree trunks have been recovered from the shrinking ice deposits of Velebit Mountain, Croatia. Ten radiocarbon (14C) dates, seven new measurements and three recalibrated ones, from three cave ice deposits were evaluated. The new data argue for the preservation of a ~1000-yr-old deposit in the Kugina Ice Cave and a <500-yr-old accumulation in the Ledena Pit. A 14C age suggests that the ice in the lower section of Vukušić cave ice deposit is very likely older than 3500 yr. The work is in progress to verify this suggestion. Evaluation of the temporal distribution of the calibrated ages of the 14C-dated vegetal remains allowed constraining the accumulation and ablation history of cave ice in the northern and central Velebit. Periods lacking vegetal remains in these cave ice deposits (before the 11th century and in the 15th century) tend to match with similar patterns from other cave ice deposits from the Eastern Alps and the Swiss Jura Mountains, suggesting large-scale coherence regulating European cave ice mass balance changes over the past ~1200 yr.

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Coldstream, J. N. "Knossos 1951–61: Classical and Hellenistic pottery from the town." Annual of the British School at Athens 94 (November 1999): 321–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400000629.

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The excavation of M. S. F. Hood in the area of the Minoan Royal Road at Knossos produced stratified deposits of Greek pottery ranging in date from Protogeometric to Hellenistic. This article, the last in a series of three, concentrates on the local and imported pottery of the Classical and Hellenistic periods. For the Classical sequence, a late-fourth century house deposit is supplemented by three earlier well fills from the area of the Vcnizeleion Hospital. There follows five stratified groups of Hellenistic pottery, the last two being from second-century floor deposits. Also included here are many pieces from less well stratified contexts, but of intrinsic interest.

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Cadavid, Jhonny Antonio Pabón. "Evolution of legal deposit in New Zealand." IFLA Journal 43, no. 4 (June 12, 2017): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0340035217713763.

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The evolution of legal deposit shows changes and challenges in collecting, access to and use of documentary heritage. Legal deposit emerged in New Zealand at the beginning of the 20th century with the aim of preserving print publications mainly for the use of a privileged part of society. In the 21st century legal deposit has evolved to include the safeguarding of electronic resources and providing access to the documentary heritage for all New Zealanders. The National Library of New Zealand has acquired new functions for a proper stewardship of digital heritage. E-deposit and web harvesting are two new mechanisms for collecting New Zealand publications. The article proposes that legal deposit through human rights and multiculturalism should involve different communities of heritage in web curation.

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VAN de Plassche, O., A. J. Wright, K. VAN der Borg, and F. A. M. de Jong. "On the Erosive Trail of A 14Th and 15Th Century Hurricane in Connecticut (Usa) Salt Marshes." Radiocarbon 46, no. 2 (2004): 775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200035815.

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This paper examines if an erosive hiatus found in the peat stratigraphy and marsh-accumulation record from northwest Hammock River Marsh (HRM), Connecticut (CT) can be attributed to a 14th or a 15th century hurricane, each documented by a radiocarbon-dated overwash fan in Succotash Marsh (SM) (Rhode Island) about 90 km to the east. Given that (i) the best estimate age range for the 15th century overwash deposit in SM (1400–1440 cal AD, 2 σ) overlaps entirely with that for first plant growth after erosion at HRM (1390–1450 cal AD, 2 σ), while the best estimate age range for the 14th century overwash deposit (1290–1410 cal AD, 2 σ) overlaps just 10 yr, and (ii) interpretation of the available stratigraphic and sedimentary evidence from HRM suggests that a high-energy event offers the simplest explanation for the observed marsh erosion, we conclude that a plausible link exists between the 15th century hurricane and the marsh erosion in HRM. The best estimate age range for the 14th century hurricane appears to overlap for 91% with the age range for the first plant growth (1290–1400 cal AD, 2 σ) following marsh erosion in East River Marsh (CT), located about 12 km west of HRM. These results imply that erosive boundaries in salt-marsh peat deposits have potential as markers of past hurricane activity.

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Murphy, Finbarr, Terry Lees, Andrew Tomkins, and Damian O’Donohue. "Century Zn deposit–the world’s largest meteorite impacted orebody." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2019, no. 1 (November 11, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22020586.2019.12072951.

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Morozan, Vladimir V. "Specifics of Service in the Archive of the St. Petersburg Office of the State Bank in the Early 20th Century." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2020): 478–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-2-478-492.

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The article discusses specific features of service in the archive of the deposits department of the St. Petersburg office of the State Bank in the early 20th century. The author reviews labor conditions and wages of archive employees. The documents storage in the deposit department was one of the largest of all such institutions in the extensive network of branches of the St. Petersburg office of the State Bank. Specific operational activities of the deposits department necessitated storing considerable volume of documents in their archive. Servicing a large clientele, who could deposit or withdraw capital at any date, required from archivists much effort no just to safeguard bank documents, but also to issue numerous account statements for various private and state institutions, as well as residents of the capital and its environs, whenever the deposit department employees demanded them. For timely provision of the necessary information on accounts to the bank officials, the archive employees listed information on each client, creating a unique database. Most painstaking was their work on compilation of the so-called “movable alphabet,” index of 1.5 million cards for all clients of the St. Petersburg office (by the end of 1917). Systematization of documents and maintaining of the archive also demanded much effort. Quite often the archive employees lacked time, and thus a significant amount of random unfilled documents accumulated over time. The article discusses ways to overcome these difficult situations, for instance, by outsourcing. The article provides some information on the archive officials, their wages, bank vacation/leave policies. It is noteworthy that in the days of World War I the archive began employing women, most often wives of bookbinders called for military service. The experiment was extremely successful. The State Bank highly appreciated their professional qualities and willingly hired women, when there was a vacancy.

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Ord, A., B. E. Hobbs, Y. Zhang, G. C. Broadbent, M. Brown, G. Willetts, P. Sorjonen-Ward, J. L. Walshe, and C. Zhao. "Geodynamic modelling of the Century deposit, Mt Isa Province, Queensland." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 6 (December 2002): 1011–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2002.00968.x.

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Thomas, G., E. M. Stolz, and A. J. Mutton. "Geophysics of the Century Zinc-Lead-Silver Deposit, Northwest Queensland." Exploration Geophysics 23, no. 1-2 (March 1992): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg992361.

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Feltrin, L., J. G. McLellan, and N. H. S. Oliver. "Modelling the giant, Zn–Pb–Ag Century deposit, Queensland, Australia." Computers & Geosciences 35, no. 1 (January 2009): 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2007.09.002.

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Matringe, Nadia. "The Fair Deposit: Credit Reallocation and Trade Finance in the Early Modern Period." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 72, no. 2 (June 2017): 275–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2019.13.

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Based on the private records of a prominent sixteenth-century merchant bank (Salviati of Lyon), this article focuses on an important instrument of trade finance in the early modern period: the fair deposit. While the financial history of deposit banking has often been separated from that of merchant banking, this study demonstrates that during the sixteenth century a specific type of deposit banking emerged at fairs, intrinsically connected to merchant banking and international trade. As analysis of the Salviati archives reveals, the fair deposit was an instrument of both clearing and credit, sustaining the financing of large-scale European trade. Credit mostly derived from international trade and banking, where it was reinjected almost immediately. Investments were stimulated by the numerous advantages offered by the fairs held at Lyon: licit lending at interest, a choice of investments, and the possibility of making purchases and rapid transfers. Loans to local and foreign businessmen nourished the trade of commodities and, above all, the exchange business, conferring on Lyon a crucial position in the European trade and exchange system. This form of deposit banking was closely related to the development of merchant banks that worked mostly on commission, drawing substantial profits from it without becoming specialists or even deposit banks.

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Bodden, Nancy. "Eine Frage der Branchenkooperation: Der Verband Rheinisch-Westfälischer Brauereien und das Problem eines einheitlichen Flaschenpfands 1915 bis 1975." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 66, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 191–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2020-0019.

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Abstract The taking of deposits on returnable bottles was not an inevitable consequence of the breweries’ increasing bottled beer output since the end of the 19th century. The example of the Association of Rhenish-Westphalian Breweries clarifies the developments that opposed a uniform and functioning cash deposit system over decades. The strong competition on the bottled beer market and the breweries’ preference for their short-term individual advantage prevented the most efficient way of sector cooperation. Accordingly, political support was the significant factor in resolving the conflict in the mid-1970s.

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Mutton, Andrew J. "The application of geophysics during evaluation of the Century zinc deposit." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 6 (November 2000): 1946–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444878.

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During the period 1990 to 1995, experimental programs using high‐resolution geophysics at several Australian operating mines and advanced evaluation projects were undertaken. The primary aim of those programs was to investigate the application of geophysical technology to improving the precision and economics of the ore evaluation and extraction processes. Geophysical methods used for this purpose include: 1) borehole geophysical logging to characterize ore and rock properties more accurately for improved correlations between drill holes, quantification of resource quality, and geotechnical information. 2) imaging techniques between drill holes to map structure directly or to locate geotechnical problems ahead of mining. 3) high‐resolution surface methods to map ore contacts and variations in ore quality, or for geotechnical requirements. In particular, the use of geophysics during evaluation of the Century zinc deposit in northern Australia demonstrated the potential value of these methods to the problems of defining the lateral and vertical extent of ore, quantitative density determination, prediction of structure between drill holes, and geotechnical characterization of the deposit. An analysis of the potential benefit of using a combination of borehole geophysical logging and imaging suggested that a more precise structural evaluation of the deposit could be achieved at a cost of several million dollars less than the conventional evaluation approach based on analysis from diamond drill‐hole logging and interpolation alone. The use of geophysics for the Century evaluation also provided substance to the possibility of using systematic geophysical logging of blast holes as an integral part of the ore extraction process. Preliminary tests indicate that ore boundaries can be determined to a resolution of several centimeters, and ore grade can be estimated directly to a usable accuracy. Applying this approach routinely to production blast holes would yield potential benefits of millions of dollars annually through improved timeliness and accuracy of ore boundary and quality data, decreased dilution, and improved mill performance. Although the indications of substantial benefits resulting from the appropriate and timely use of geophysics at Rio Tinto’s mining operations are positive, some challenges remain. These relate largely to the appropriate integration of the technology with the mining process, and acceptance by the mine operators of the economic value of such work. Until the benefits are demonstrated clearly over time, the use of geophysics as a routine component of evaluation and mining is likely to remain at a low level.

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Kawasaki, K., D. T. A. Symons, and T. Dawborn. "Preliminary paleomagnetic results for the Century Zn–Pb–Ag deposit, Australia." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 101, no. 1 (April 2009): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2008.11.009.

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McKellar, Ryan C., Alexander P. Wolfe, Ralf Tappert, and Karlis Muehlenbachs. "Correlation of Grassy Lake and Cedar Lake ambers using infrared spectroscopy, stable isotopes, and palaeoentomology." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45, no. 9 (September 2008): 1061–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e08-049.

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The Late Cretaceous Grassy Lake and Cedar Lake amber deposits of western Canada are among North America’s most famous amber-producing localities. Although it has been suggested for over a century that Cedar Lake amber from western Manitoba may be a secondary deposit having originated from strata in Alberta, this hypothesis has not been tested explicitly using geochemical fingerprinting coupled to comparative analyses of arthropod faunal content. Although there are many amber-containing horizons associated with Cretaceous coals throughout Alberta, most are thermally mature and brittle, thus lacking the resilience to survive long distance transport while preserving intact biotic inclusions. One of the few exceptions is the amber found in situ at Grassy Lake. We present a suite of new analyses from these and other Late Cretaceous ambers from western Canada, including stable isotopes (H and C), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and an updated faunal compendium for the Grassy and Cedar lakes arthropod assemblages. When combined with amber’s physical properties and stratigraphic constraints, the results of these analyses confirm that Cedar Lake amber is derived directly from the Grassy Lake amber deposit or an immediate correlative equivalent. This enables the palaeoenvironmental context of Grassy Lake amber to be extended to the Cedar Lake deposit, making possible a more inclusive survey of Cretaceous arthropod faunas.

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CALOMIRIS, CHARLES W., and MATTHEW JAREMSKI. "Stealing Deposits: Deposit Insurance, Risk‐Taking, and the Removal of Market Discipline in Early 20 th ‐Century Banks." Journal of Finance 74, no. 2 (February 12, 2019): 711–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12753.

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Reichel, Janko, Sophie F. Heisig, Thomas Schenk, and Thomas Schatz. "Archaeological dating of colluvial and lacustrine deposits in a GIS environment investigating the multi-period site Gortz 1 on Oberer Beetzsee, Brandenburg." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 68, no. 2 (July 18, 2019): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-68-107-2019.

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Abstract. From the mid-14th century CE onwards, extensive soil erosion, caused by intensive agricultural practices, has led to the destruction of landscape structures in Central Europe. In 2016, the University of Applied Sciences in Berlin investigated the colluvial deposits at the site of Gortz in western Brandenburg (Germany), which had accumulated on the lower slopes and were caused by the processes just mentioned. The mapping of each individual archaeological find made it possible to project all finds onto one profile running along the slope. Transformation of the finds' coordinates from profile view to plan view enabled the visualization in a Geographical Information System (GIS). The combination of adjacent strata into larger units using a pedological and sedimentological approach enabled an improved dating of colluvial deposits. In addition, the method facilitated the dating of historical water levels in the Beetzsee chain of lakes, which are part of the Havel river system. As a result, it could be demonstrated that substantial anthropogenic activity, such as clay quarrying and bank straightening, took place during the Late Slavic Period. An interlocking horizon of colluvial and lacustrine deposits indicates that the water level of the lake Oberer Beetzsee rose from a value under 29.4 m above sea level (a.s.l.) in the 11th/12th century CE to approximately 29.8 m a.s.l. in the 13th century CE. However, isolated flooding events during the 13th century CE can be recorded up to a height of 30.5 m a.s.l. A modern colluvial deposit of 1 m in thickness indicates an acute endangerment of the archaeological site by modern agriculture.

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Coldstream, J. N., and Eleni M. Hatzaki. "Knossos: Early Greek occupation under the Roman Villa Dionysos." Annual of the British School at Athens 98 (November 2003): 279–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016889.

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Under the central courtyard of the Villa Dionysos laid out in the second century AD as a Roman garden (Viridarium), a sounding in summer 2000 revealed two layers of PG domestic occupation, with no architectural remains from the intervening periods. This article publishes the two stratified PG deposits and the later fill above them. A forthcoming article will discuss the bioarchaeological evidence and also the LM deposit below, down to the bedrock.The discovery of a PG house, so far to the north of the previously known PG settlement, invites some discussion. A Supplement will set forth other evidence for Early Greek presence in the area of the Roman villa.

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Díaz-Acha, Yael, Marc Campeny, Esperança Tauler, Josep Bosch, Joan Carles Melgarejo, Antoni Camprubí, Cristina Villanova-de-Benavent, et al. "Critical Elements in Supergene Phosphates: The Example of the Weathering Profile at the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Catalonia, Spain." Minerals 10, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10010003.

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The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide.

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Martínez-López, Joao G. "Natural and anthropogenic factors as taphonomic agents in the differential preservation of paleontological remains from the fossil deposit “Las Llanadas”, Central Cuba." Novitates Caribaea, no. 13 (January 23, 2019): 92–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.33800/nc.v0i13.194.

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The results of a taphonomic analysis carried out on the vertebrate fossil deposit “Las Llanadas”, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, are presented. The origin of the deposit is analyzed through features of the accumulated sediments, combined with the geological structure of the study area. The type of fossiliferous deposit represented was determined according to the categorizations proposed for Cuba by several authors. Differential preservation registered, between the recent material and the fossil and subfossil material, was analyzed by considering the mechanisms of taphonomic alteration identified as direct evidence of specific biostratinomic and fossildiagenetic processes to which the extracted remains were subjected. Anthropogenic and natural factors are discussed as responsible for the current accumulation features of the deposit. The historical reconstruction of the paleontological interventions on the site, during the last century, had been an important element to understand the features of the current fossil assemblage.

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Khairlapova, Marina Marksovna. "Organization of salt extraction on Lake Baskunchak of Astrakhan Governorate in f the XIX century." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 5 (May 2020): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.5.33810.

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The object of this research is the Baskunchak industry. The subject of this research is organization of salt extraction on Lake Baskunchak in the late XIX century. The chronological framework covers the period from the second half of the XIX century, i.e. from the beginning of regular state-ran salt extraction in the Baskunchak deposit until the abolishment of excise tax on salt, transfer of salt extraction to private Industrialists. The article provides detailed description of the methods of salt extraction on the lake, social composition of personnel engaged in the industry, transportation of salt on trucks and railways, statistical data on salt prices, salaries, and rent of salt plots by salt producers on Lake Baskunchak is given. The novelty of the research consist in comprehensive examination of the previously researched direction – development of salt industry on Lake Baskunchak in the late XIX century. As one of major salt deposits of Russia, Lake Baskunchak is of special value for the salt trade. In the second half of the XIX century Baskunchak was the large supplier of salt in Russia. The acquires materials can be used in educational process of the universities of Astrakhan Region in teaching general and specialized courses on the History of Russia.

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Kędzierski, Adam, Dorota Malarczyk, and Dariusz Wyczółkowski. "Recent Finds of Islamic Coins from the Old Town and Zawodzie Districts in Kalisz." Notae Numismaticae - TOM XV, no. 15 (May 17, 2021): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52800/ajst.1.a.12.

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A settlement cluster around Kalisz first emerged in the Roman Period on a route leading from the south towards the Baltic coast. In the Early Middle Ages, a settlement centre connected with the Kalisz-Zawodzie stronghold developed at the crossroads of trade routes linking Wielkopolska with Silesia, Mazowsze, and Małopolska, with the earliest traces of early medieval occupation dating back to the 8th century. In the 10th century, oriental silver in the form of silver dirhams started to flow into the discussed region. These coins were part of deposits discovered in the sites of Kalisz-Szałe and Kalisz-Rajsków. Many years of research on artisanal settlement Kalisz-Stare Miasto produced a few fragments of Sāmānid dirhams minted between AH 279–343 (892–954). In 2018, during research at the Church of St. Adalbert located within the Kalisz-Zawodzie settlement accompanying the stronghold, a part of what was probably a larger silver deposit was found. In total, 13 dirham fragments were recovered, among which Sāmānid emissions dated to the first half of the 10th century were identified (8 pcs), as well as five pieces of undetermined dynastic attribution. As demonstrated by the stratigraphic analysis, the early medieval hoard had been discovered and dispersed at some point during the period when the church cemetery was used, between the 17th century and second half of the 18th century.

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Kaczan, Wojciech, Jan Kudełko, and Herbert Wirth. "Szklary nickel deposit — a review and introduction to attempts in hydrometallurgical processing." Mineral Economics 34, no. 2 (May 12, 2021): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13563-021-00269-0.

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AbstractSzklary Massif is situated about 60 km from Wrocław (southwestern Poland) and around 7 km from Ząbkowice Śląskie. The history of raw materials in this region started in the fifteenth century with the discovery of precious minerals like chrysoprase, chalcedony, and opal. The exploitation of nickel ore in this region started in the nineteenth century and was conducted with few stops until 1983. The remaining 17.21 mln mg of ore with 125,000 mg of nickel might be a chance to satisfy rising demand for raw materials used to develop electromobility. One of the crucial aspects regarding possible investment is the processing of ore. The pilot tests show the efficient use of heap leaching. The authors provide the future project in Szklary within the framework of circular economy.

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Sułkowski, Karol. "System gwarantowania depozytów w Polsce — Bankowy Fundusz Gwarancyjny." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 23 (August 3, 2018): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.23.2.

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The deposit guarantee system in Poland — Bank Guarantee FundThe author discusses the deposit guarantee system based on the new act from 10 June 2016 on the Bank Guarantee Fund, the deposit guarantee system and forced restructuring. It focuses on presenting the formation of this system since the nineties of the twentieth century. Next, he describes and discusses the basics of regulation, the status, goals, tasks and authorities of the Bank Guarantee Fund. Then he goes on to discuss the deposit guarantee system, funds and entities and the rules governing payouts. The next part deals with the issue of guarantee amounts and the date of their payment. Attention is also paid to the financial management of the Fund and the assistance function in relation to banks and cooperative savings and credit unions. At the end, the author discusses the practical issues of the aid granted so far and sends a hint "de lege ferenda".

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Pearson, Stephen. "The century of film: bibliographic control and legal deposit of the moving image." Aslib Proceedings 52, no. 7 (September 2000): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000007018.

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Colominas, Lídia, Pere Castanyer, Joan Frigola, and Joaquim Tremoleda. "What Happened in That Pit? An Archaeozoological and GIS Approach to Study an Accumulation of Animal Carcasses at the Roman Villa of Vilauba (Catalonia)." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 2214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082214.

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Some of the deposits of animal remains documented throughout prehistory and history are clearly something other than ordinary waste from meat consumption. For the Roman period and based on their characteristics, these assemblages have been classified as butchery deposits, raw material deposits, deposits created for the hygienic management and disposal of animal carcasses, or ritual deposits. However, some are difficult to classify, and the parameters that define each of them are not clear. Here, we present a unique deposit from the Roman villa of Vilauba (Catalonia). A total of 783 cattle remains were found in an irregular-shaped 187 m2 pit originally dug to extract the clay used in the construction of the villa walls around the third quarter of the 1st century AD. The application of a contextual taphonomy approach, with the integration of archaeozoological variables, stratigraphy and context, and a GIS analysis, allowed us to document the nature and formation of this singular assemblage. It consisted of the carcasses of 14 cattle individuals from which the meat had been removed to take advantage of it by preserving it. Therefore, the parameters that characterise the refuse of this activity are presented here as a baseline for other studies.

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Campos, Fernanda Maria, Rosa Maria Galvão Maria Luísa Cabral, and José Luis Borbinha. "The National Library of Portugal." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 14, no. 2 (August 2002): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574900201400203.

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The National Library if Portugal (BN) dates from 1796. Legal deposit began in the 19th century, at the end of which the first librarianship course was established, operating within the national library. At much the same time a union catalogue was started which, in its current online form, is the national bibliographic database, PORBASE; by 2001 150 libraries were contributing to it. The present library building dates from 1969. The General Collection has about 2.5 million works, mostly Portuguese, from the 16th to the 21th century; one of its features is the collection of 12,000 theses, the deposit of which has been compulsory since 1986. Work on a new legal deposit act is in progress, at present enforcement is poor. A proposal to include electronic material has been put forward. A new preservation and conservation policy was initiated in 1997 with preventive conservation as its main element. A microfilming programme was launched in 1998, since when nearly 2 million frames have been filmed. The BN has acquired an Integrated Library Management System, able to perform online almost all library functions. The library is moving gradually towards a ‘virtual library’, conceiving it as a smooth process in the direction of a future where digital contents and services will coexist with the traditional ones. It is addressing the various associated problems in a set of interesting international and national projects and initiatives.

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Clayden, T. "The date of the foundation deposit in the temple of Ningal at Ur." Iraq 57 (1995): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002990.

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Ellis (1967) identified a discrete group of Mesopotamian foundation deposits, the central identifying feature in each being a clay figurine of Papsukkal = Ninshubur wearing a horned cap and long robe and holding a staff. The earliest example of such an assemblage noted by Ellis (1967, 52 Table I No. 1, 53) was the collection of objects found embedded in an altar in a construction phase of the Temple of Ningal at Ur dated by its excavator to the Kassite period (Woolley: 1939, 53–65, Pl. 73). Ellis (ibid.) accepted a Kassite date for the deposit, but did raise the possibility that a later date was equally acceptable. Similar doubts as to the Kassite date of the deposit were highlighted by Rittig (1977, 20–1, 41). As the earliest example of a ritual activity that saw its floruit in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C., it is important that the date of the Temple of Ningal group be correctly established. In this paper I attempt to demonstrate that the group post-dates the Kassite Period and is more probably eighth or seventh century B.C. in date.The Temple of Ningal (Fig. 1)Introducing his discussion of the results of his excavations on the Temple of Ningal Woolley (1939, 53) noted:It is probable that there had always been a temple of Ningal on the south-east of the Ziggurat terrace though, it must be admitted, the material evidence of an early building is very scanty. Between the time of the Third Dynasty and of the fourteenth century B.C. there had been no rise of ground level; the best foundation offered to a new builder was the solid bedding of mudbrick laid by Ur-Nammu, and it is natural enough that the Kassite architect should have made a clean sweep of any ruins of older work that might have encumbered his site, and the more so as the building he contemplated was, so far as we can judge, of a novel plan.

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TEMIN, PETER, and HANS-JOACHIM VOTH. "Banking as an emerging technology: Hoare's Bank, 1702–1742." Financial History Review 13, no. 2 (October 2006): 149–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565006000229.

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We document the transition from goldsmith to banker in the case of Richard Hoare and his successors and examine the operation of the London loan market during the early eighteenth century. Analysis of the financial revolution in England has focused on changes in public debt management and the interest rates paid by the state. Much less is known about the evolution of the financial system providing credit to individual borrowers. We show how this progress took time because operating a deposit bank was new and different from being a goldsmith. Learning how to use the relatively new technology of deposit banking was crucial for the bank's success and survival.

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Pandey, Pulak M. "On the Rapid Prototyping Technologies and Applications in Product Design and Manufacturing." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.101.

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Material removal, forming, casting and joining are the established manufacturing approaches and processes based on these approaches are being practiced even in modern industries with appropriate automation. Layer by layer material deposition method to produce prototypes from a solid model is relatively new and was developed during last 10-15 years of 20th century. These processes were named as Rapid Prototyping (RP) or Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF). Today there are many commercial RP system and most of these able to deposit liquid or solid/powder polymer based materials. Some systems are also able to deposit blends of polymer and metal or ceramic. Latest trend in this area is to deposit metals or alloys with variable composition and hence to produce functionally graded material. This paper describes in general the details related to RP processes, data preparation, and various commercial RP technologies. The article also discusses applications these processes.

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Warry, Peter. "A Possible Mid-Fourth-Century Altar Platform at Marcham/Frilford, Oxfordshire." Britannia 46 (July 14, 2015): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x14000567.

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AbstractMarcham/Frilford is a large religious site with a temple, an amphitheatre and a central shrine feature. Adjacent to the shrine is a large fourth-century structure containing a significant deposit of coins, hobnails and bones. The absence of diffusion of the tiles from the temple roof to the wider site suggests that it continued to function as a religious complex throughout the Roman period; therefore the large structure is unlikely to have been a building which would have blighted the shrine but was more probably an altar platform where rituals were performed in conjunction with it.

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Wagner, B., A. Francke, R. Sulpizio, G. Zanchetta, K. Lindhorst, S. Krastel, H. Vogel, et al. "Possible earthquake trigger for 6th century mass wasting deposit at Lake Ohrid (Macedonia/Albania)." Climate of the Past 8, no. 6 (December 20, 2012): 2069–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-2069-2012.

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Abstract. Lake Ohrid shared by the Republics of Albania and Macedonia is formed by a tectonically active graben within the south Balkans and suggested to be the oldest lake in Europe. Several studies have shown that the lake provides a valuable record of climatic and environmental changes and a distal tephrostratigraphic record of volcanic eruptions from Italy. Fault structures identified in seismic data demonstrate that sediments have also the potential to record tectonic activity in the region. Here, we provide an example of linking seismic and sedimentological information with tectonic activity and historical documents. Historical documents indicate that a major earthquake destroyed the city of Lychnidus (today: city of Ohrid) in the early 6th century AD. Multichannel seismic profiles, parametric sediment echosounder profiles, and a 10.08 m long sediment record from the western part of the lake indicate a 2 m thick mass wasting deposit, which is tentatively correlated with this earthquake. The mass wasting deposit is chronologically well constrained, as it directly overlays the AD 472/AD 512 tephra. Moreover, radiocarbon dates and cross correlation with other sediment sequences with similar geochemical characteristics of the Holocene indicate that the mass wasting event took place prior to the onset of the Medieval Warm Period, and is attributed it to one of the known earthquakes in the region in the early 6th century AD.

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Bayliss, Alex, Alasdair Whittle, and Michael Wysocki. "Talking About My Generation: the Date of the West Kennet Long Barrow." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17, S1 (January 30, 2007): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774307000182.

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Thirty-one radiocarbon results are now available from the West Kennet long barrow, and are presented within an interpretive Bayesian statistical framework. Two alternative archaeological interpretations of the sequence are given, each with a separate Bayesian model. In our preferred interpretation, the barrow is seen as a unitary construction (given the lack of dating samples from the old ground surface, ditches or constructional features themselves), with a series of deposits of human remains made in the chambers following construction. Primary deposition in the chambers is followed by further secondary deposition of some human remains, including children, and layers of earth and chalk, the latest identifiable finds in which are Beaker sherds. In the Bayesian model for this sequence, the construction of the monument at West Kennet, as dated from the primary mortuary deposits, occurred in 3670–3635 cal. bc, probably in the middle decades of the thirty-seventh century cal. bc. The last interments of this initial use of the chambers probably occurred in 3640–3610 cal. bc. The difference between these two distributions suggests that this primary mortuary activity probably continued for only 10–30 years. After a hiatus probably lasting for rather more than a century, the infilling of the chambers began in 3620–3240 cal. bc and continued into the second half of the third millennium cal. bc. In an alternative interpretation, we do not assume that all the people dated from the primary mortuary deposits were placed in the monument in a fleshed or partially articulated condition; they could therefore have died before the monument was built, although they must have died before the end of the formation of the mortuary deposit. In the Bayesian model for this interpretation, the monument appears to belong either to the thirty-seventh century cal. bc or the mid-thirty-sixth century cal. bc, and deposition again appears short-lived, but the model is unstable. Results are discussed in relation to the setting and sequence of the local region.

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Takashimizu, Yasuhiro, Tsumoru Sagayama, Kenji Nishina, Takao Oka, Yugo Nakamura, and Yuichi Nishimura. "A 17th-century Tsunami Deposit Discovered on the Eastern Iburi Coast, Hokkaido, Northern Japan." Quaternary Research (Daiyonki-Kenkyu) 46, no. 2 (2007): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4116/jaqua.46.119.

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Hawke, P. J., and P. I. Brooker. "Can sphalerite be a polarisable mineral? An example from the Century Zn-Pb deposit." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2001, no. 1 (December 2001): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2001ab056.

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Zhang, Yanhua, Paul A. Roberts, and Barry Murphy. "Understanding regional structural controls on mineralization at the century deposit: A numerical modelling approach." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 106, no. 1-3 (July 2010): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.09.004.

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Mârza, Ioan, Călin Gabriel Tămaș, Romulus Tetean, Alina Andreica, Ioan Denuț, and Réka Kovács. "Epithermal Bicolor Black and White Calcite Spheres from Herja Ore Deposit, Baia Mare Neogene Ore District, Romania-Genetic Considerations." Minerals 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2019): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060352.

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White, black, or white and black calcite spheres were discovered during the 20th century within geodes from several Pb-Zn ± Au-Ag epithermal vein deposits from the Baia Mare ore district, Eastern Carpathians, Romania, with the Herja ore deposit being the maiden occurrence. The black or black and white calcite spheres are systematically accompanied by needle-like sulfosalts which are known by the local miners as “plumosite”. The genesis of epithermal spheres composed partly or entirely of black calcite is considered to be related to the deposition of calcite within voids filled by hydrothermal fluids that contain acicular crystals of sulfosalts, mostly jamesonite in suspension. The proposed genetic model involves gravitational concentration of sulfosalt acicular crystals towards the base of open spaces within paleochannels of epithermal fluid flow and the subsequent formation of calcite spheres by geochemical self organization of amorphous calcium carbonate that crystallized to calcite via vaterite.

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Romano, Dennis. "Aspects of Patronage in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Venice*." Renaissance Quarterly 46, no. 4 (1993): 712–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3039020.

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Michael Baxandall's Study Painting and Experience in Fifteenth-Century Italy opens with the useful reminder that a “painting is the deposit of a social relationship,” that is, a relationship between patron and client. When Baxandall and other historians of Renaissance art use the term patronage, they generally do so in a restricted sense to indicate the relationship that existed when an individual or an institution such as a guild, confraternity, or monastic establishment commissioned a specific work of art from an artist or artisan. Often formalized through a contract, the relationship between patron and client was essentially a legal one in which the artist agreed to render a specific service in return for a preestablished or a negotiable sum of money. With the completion of the commission, the relationship essentially ended, unless succeeded by another commission.

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Tsai, I. K. "Formation of the mandatory copy system in the Republic of Uzbekistan." Proceedings of SPSTL SB RAS, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/2618-7575-2021-2-60-64.

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The role and importance of the obligatory copy system in the life of the society is quite tangible. This system is the most important source of current acquisition of newly published national literature in libraries and bibliographic institutions. No other source of current acquisition can ensure the replenishment of libraries with such completeness and reliability as the legal deposit system. Wherever a work of literature is published (on the national territory), it will be delivered to libraries using the legal deposit system. The most complete collections of national literature will be available to scholars and specialists only in those libraries that enjoy the right to the legal deposit copy. The system of supplying libraries with the legal deposit copy in the Republic of Uzbekistan actively began to take shape in the 30s. XX century and was carried out through the Republican Library Collector established in Tashkent.The acquisition of book collections in scientific and technical libraries was subordinated to the needs of the branches of science and production developing in the republic and was carried out selectively, but mainly based on the legal deposit copy. This situation persisted in the republics of the Soviet Union, including the Republic of Uzbekistan until 1991.The article briefly presents the characteristics of the system of providing the libraries of the Republic of Uzbekistan with the legal copy of printed materials and presents the modern problem of regulation of the legal deposit system, which guarantees the replenishment of the national information and library stock.

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Megaw, A. H. S., and J. W. Hayes. "Hellenistic and Roman pottery deposits from the ‘Saranda Kolones’ castle site at Paphos." Annual of the British School at Athens 98 (November 2003): 447–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016956.

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The Crusader castle (now called ‘Saranda Kolones’) on the ancient site of Paphos was built and occupied c. AD 1192–1222. It overlies and partly truncates a series of ancient features (tombs, cisterns, wells, church remains, etc.). The layers associated with these, excavated at various times between 1957 and 1985, contain rich deposits spanning a period from the 4th century BC to the 8th/9th centuries AD.Some 410 pottery items from the pre-Castle phases are presented here, mostly in a series of 16 selected deposits arranged in chronological order. These range from early tomb-groups to stratified well fills and an important destruction deposit of c. AD 650. The final ancient occupation (8th–9th centuries) is marked by the appearance of some lead-glazed wares and some imports from the Umayyad orbit.Individual items of interest from other layers are appended. Some Hellenistic and Roman imports from Phoenicia and elsewhere are here documented in Cyprus for the first time. The later (Medieval) pottery from the site is reserved for publication in the main report on the castle (forthcoming).

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Alexandridou, Alexandra. "Archaic pottery and terracottas from the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 6 (November 2013): 81–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-06-05.

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The excavation season of 2009 in the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia brought to light a deposit of Archaic pottery and associated metal and other objects in conjunction with a long terrace wall (Wall 49) southeast of the Temple of Poseidon. The deposit in question is the largest accumulation of Archaic material recovered from the entire sanctuary thus far. The fine-decorated, black-glazed and coarse pottery together with the terracotta figurines are discussed in detail in this article. Furthermore, the results of the quantitative analysis of the pottery are presented. The study of the deposit provides an overview of the ceramic vessels and other terracotta objects originally dedicated to the deity or used in the sanctuary during the Archaic period. Moreover, based on the chronology of its deposition, it seems possible to incorporate it into a narrative of the development of the sanctuary over time. The significance of the deposit as a whole will be more fully discussed in the forthcoming final publication of the Kalaureia Research Program. The context and the condition of the deposited pottery and terracottas allows for associating it with a period of important redefinition of the sanctuary’s sacred space, which took place towards the end of the 6th or the early 5th century BC.

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Takashimizu, Yasuhiro, Kenji Nishina, Gentaro Kawakami, Yoshiki Sato, Satoshi Okamura, Ryo Nakanishi, Makoto Tamura, Wataru Hirose, Ryo Takahashi, and Satoshi Ishimaru. "Identification of a 17th-century tsunami deposit on the northern Hidaka coast, Hokkaido, northern Japan." Quaternary Research (Daiyonki-Kenkyu) 56, no. 1 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4116/jaqua.56.1.

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García-Ruiz, José M., David Palacios, Nuria de Andrés, Blas L. Valero-Garcés, Juan I. López-Moreno, and Yasmina Sanjuán. "Holocene and ‘Little Ice Age’ glacial activity in the Marboré Cirque, Monte Perdido Massif, Central Spanish Pyrenees." Holocene 24, no. 11 (August 12, 2014): 1439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683614544053.

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The Marboré Cirque, which is located in the southern Central Pyrenees on the north face of the Monte Perdido Peak (42°40′0″N; 0.5°0″W; 3355 m), contains a wide variety of Holocene glacial and periglacial deposits, and those from the ‘Little Ice Age’ (‘LIA’) are particularly well developed. Based on geomorphological mapping, cosmogenic exposure dating and previous studies of lacustrine sediment cores, the different deposits were dated and a sequence of geomorphological and paleoenvironmental events was established as follows: (1) The Marboré Cirque was at least partially deglaciated before 12.7 kyr BP. (2) Some ice masses are likely to have persisted in the Early Holocene, although their moraines were destroyed by the advance of glaciers during the Mid Holocene and ‘LIA’. (3) A glacial expansion occurred during the Mid Holocene (5.1 ± 0.1 kyr), represented by a large push moraine that enclosed a unique ice mass at the foot of the Monte Perdido Massif. (4) A melting phase occurred at approximately 3.4 ± 0.2 and 2.5 ± 0.1 kyr (Bronze/Iron Ages) after one of the most important glacial advances of the Neoglacial period. (5) Another glacial expansion occurred during the Dark Age Cold Period (1.4–1.2 kyr), followed by a melting period during the Medieval Climate Anomaly. (6) The ‘LIA’ represented a clear stage of glacial expansion within the Marboré Cirque. Two different pulses of glaciation were detected, separated by a short retraction. The first pulse occurred most likely during the late 17th century or early 18th century (Maunder Minimum), whereas the second occurred between 1790 and ad 1830 (Dalton Minimum). A strong deglaciation process has affected the Marboré Cirque glaciers since the middle of the 19th century. (7) A large rock avalanche occurred during the Mid Holocene, leaving a chaotic deposit that was previously considered to be a Late Glacial moraine.

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Choy, Renie. "The Deposit of Monastic Faith: The Carolingians on the Essence of Monasticism." Studies in Church History 49 (2013): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400002035.

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We live in an age wary of admitting that any institution has an essence, and this has posed a dilemma for the study of monasticism. Until relatively recently, historians of monasticism zealously sought out its timeless and immutable inner qualities rather than its many varieties. While acknowledging the changes in external form and circumstances, Adolf von Harnack’s Monasticism: Its Ideals and History (1881), Dom Morin’s L’Idéal monastique (1912), James Hannay’s The Spirit and Origin of Christian Monasticism (1903) and Herbert Workman’s The Evolution of the Monastic Ideal (1913) nevertheless pursued the stable qualities of monasticism which had survived the tides of time. Even in 1957 Jean Leclercq could still presume that monasticism had an ‘essence’, in a classic work translated into English under the title The Love of Learning and the Desire for God: A Study of Monastic Culture. To our twenty-first-century ears, such a monolith of a title, suggestive of the existence of a metahistorical ‘monastic ideal’, seems out of date. This essay approaches the subject of monastic historiography via an examination of Carolingian reflection on the monastic past, arguing that the significance of the ninth-century monastic programme lies in its effort to distil the entire received monastic heritage into a coherent and precise statement about the fundamental purpose of the monastic life. So we ask the question: when Eigil described Boniface and Sturm as spending a day away in a ‘sweet discussion about the life and manners of monks’, what exactly did he think they were talking about?

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Ruggiero, Kristin. "Wives on “Deposit”: Internment and the Preservation of Husbands' Honor in Late Nineteenth-Century Buenos Aires." Journal of Family History 17, no. 3 (June 1992): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909201700302.

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In nineteenth-century Buenos Aires, “institutions of deposit” were often used instead of jails to house women who were in trouble with their husbands and the authorities, and therefore had to be interred while awaiting trial or for other reasons. The public nature of these institutions was seen as crucial for the shaming of women and for the development in them of a sense of repentance and reform. They can thus be interpreted as an important link in a chain of formal institutions and informal pressures that enforced male authority.

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Vojvodić Balaž, Violeta. "Monetary Symbolism: Art as a Deposit of Value." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i20.333.

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MONEY – a unit of account, a deposit of value, and a medium of exchange – formally evolved from grain, precious metal, cheap paper, to state-of-the-art digital accounting records managed by artificial intelligence. Although the economists of the 19th century believed in its neutrality, money is an ambiguous socio-economic phenomenon which serves as a political tool and a measure of value even if its own value is volatile. The stamp of authority marked the symbolization of money as a cultural artifact: the character of a ruler, a symbol, or an inscription on the coin came to be a signifier of value. Accordingly, the financial system raised artistic concerns when money began to be an abstraction, i.e., a symbolic paper which acquires legitimacy via social consensus and constructs its value on the underlying commodity or the performances of the economic system. Starting from the similarities between Artistic and Monetary simulacrum and the fact that artwork functions as a deposit of cultural and financial value, this paper will discuss the artistic use of monetary symbolism from the early examples of satirical prints in The Great Mirror of Folly (1720) triggered by the speculation with one of the first European official paper currencies, to Duchamp’s art experiments with the securities and contemporary art research practice based on financial aesthetics. Article received: April 5, 2019; Article accepted: July 6, 2019; Published online: October 15, 2019; Original scholarly paperHow to cite this article: Vojvodić Balaž, Violeta. "Monetary Symbolism: Art as a Deposit of Value." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 20 (2019): 137-147. doi: 10.25038/am.v0i20.333

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Ioki, Kei, and Yuichiro Tanioka. "Re-estimated fault model of the 17th century great earthquake off Hokkaido using tsunami deposit data." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 433 (January 2016): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.009.

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Feltrin, L., N. H. S. Oliver, I. J. Kelso, and S. King. "Basement metal scavenging during basin evolution:Cambrian and Proterozoic interaction at the Century ZnPbAg Deposit, Northern Australia." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 78-79 (May 2003): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-6742(03)00127-4.

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Sáez Romero, Antonio M., Max Luaces, and Elena Moreno Pulido. "Late Punic or Early Roman? A 2nd Century BC Deposit from Gadir/Gades (Cadiz Bay, Spain)." HEROM 5, no. 1 (May 31, 2016): 27–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/herom.5.1.3.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Century deposit'

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