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Reppling, Simon, and Tobias Tillander. "Optimizing Shopping Centres – A Case Study of Farsta Centrum." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191306.
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The purpose of this essay is to examine the possibilities for Farsta Centrum so they can increase their visitor count to avoid losing customers in favor of online shopping. It is investigated through several hypotheses that were formed. To accomplish this, a case study which consists of two parts has been completed. Firstly, a literature review was the basis for the hypotheses that investigates previous work concerning the subject. Secondly a questionnaire has been designed based on a standard model with attitude statements and a 7- point Likert scale. The questionnaire was then handed out to consumers as well as employees with a managerial role in the stores at Farsta Centrum. After this the answers were reviewed and analyzed based on average values. The results show that multi-channel shopping is not yet fully integrated with online shopping at Farsta Centrum. However other hypotheses were confirmed, for example that customer loyalty is important and that customers will prefer self-scanning. Therefore, two ways are presented to increase the visitor count to the center based on the results of the report. Firstly to pressure the stores to maintain a virtual store and secondly to force them to use self-scanning where appropriate.Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om och i så fall hur Farsta Centrum kan öka besöksfrekvensen för att undvika att kunderna istället handlar online. För att problemet ska kunna diskuteras har en fallstudie av centrumet utförts vilken består av två delar. Först har en litteraturstudie gjorts där tidigare forskningsrapporter och litteratur presenteras. Här ligger också grunden till hypotesformuleringarna. Del två är en enkätundersökning med attitydfrågor som ställts till konsumenter respektive butiksansvariga i Farsta Centrum. Konsumenterna har fått besvara frågor relaterade till bland annat handelsmönster, hur det digitala integreras i handeln eller självscanning. Frågorna är kopplade till hypoteserna och svaren har utvärderats med medelvärden. Skalan som användes var en 7-gradig Likertskala. I resultatet framgår att Farsta Centrum inte är i framkant av den digitala handeln än. Hemsidor och telefoner är inte det viktigaste för konsumenterna och därför behöver inga anpassningar utföras än. Dock framgår till exempel att köptrohet är viktigt såväl som att självscanning är attraktivt. Det finns därför två sätt för Farsta Centrum att förvalta på ett bättre sätt för att öka besöksfrekvensen till centrumet utifrån rapportens resultat. De kan sätta mer press på butikerna att också tillhandahålla en virtuell butik samt forcera butiker att använda sig av självscanning där det är möjligt och passande.
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Le, Thoa Kim Thi. "Identifying town centres : public participation and town centre indicator combinations." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518734.
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Guénolé, Thomas. "Les centres en France : idéologie et incarnations contemporaines du centre." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://spire.sciences-po.fr/hdl:/2441/7o52iohb7k6srk09n8lg2cgrj.
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Dans un premier temps, cette thèse démontre l'existence d'une pensée politique spécifique du centre sur le temps long de l'histoire des idées, d'Aristote à Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Elle établit dans ce but, pour chaque grande époque de l'histoire des idées, un syndoxe (du grec « pensée commune ») des penseurs ayant transposé la vertu de mesure dans la pensée politique. Elle en déduit un paradigme de la pensée politique du centre, et établit que cette pensée politique constitue une idéologie. Dans un deuxième temps, cette thèse démontre que l'électorat contemporain du centre (1999-2012) se reconnaît dans cette idéologie. Elle déduit en outre des préférences partisanes et personnelles de cet électorat l'existence de quatre familles du centre : le centre-droit, le centre-gauche, le centre-vert, et l'extrême centre. Elle identifie par ailleurs les personnalités et partis ayant incarné ces familles du centre de 1999 à 2012. Dans un troisième temps, cette thèse identifie les quatre familles du centre de la Révolution française à nos jours. Elle démontre par ailleurs, en utilisant des instruments de la science économique, que le financement des partis politiques est en concurrence ouverte et que la répartition des sièges à l'Assemblée nationale est en duopole : elle en déduit un modèle explicatif et prédictif des choix tactiques des partis, le modèle GRADD, qui explique l'éclatement du centre en quatre familles par leurs divergences de préférence d'alliances dans le duopole. Des entretiens avec des personnalités politiques emblématiques permettent en outre de valider les conclusions de la thèseFirst, we prove the existence of a specific centrist political thought that goes from Aristotle to French centrist President Valery Giscard d'Estaing. To do so, considering each great age of political thought, we build a syndox (Ancient greek, « common thought ») of thinkers who stood for the virtue of moderation on the field of political thought. Thus we can identify a paradigm of centrist political thought. We then prove this paradigm is an ideology. Secund, we prove contemporary centrist voters (1999-2012) approve this ideology. We also deduct from their preferences among political parties and famous politicians that there are four families embodying Centre: centre-right, centre-left, green-centre, extreme-centre. We also identify parties and politicians that embodied these four families from 1999 to 2012. Third, we identify these four families from French Revolution to nowadays. We also prove, thanks to tools coming from economic science, that financing of political parties is a competitive market, whereas access to seats at National Assembly is a duopoly. We then build a model that allows us to explain and predict tactical choices made by parties: the « GRADD model. » It explains that centre is divided into four families because of divergent tactical preferences when considering both sides of the duopoly. Interviews with major politicians also make it possible to confirm our conclusions
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Madzingaidzo, Tawanda. "Inclusive urban centres." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23039.
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This dissertation is about addressing the need to make township centres a more socially and economically inclusive space for the majority of the inhabitants. It is about transforming the current status of a township from a dormitory or residential zone that simply repels its inhabitants to look for a sense of wellbeing and livelihood elsewhere to a township with an active centre that retains its people through promoting and supporting context specific socio-economic opportunities of the place It has become evident in many South African townships that there is an entrepreneurial activity that supports the livelihood of people within the settlements yet this activity is largely unsupported in legislation and in built infrastructure. The entrepreneurial activity is mainly found in the informal and formal small scale, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) and the neglect of this mainstream township economy, is reflected in its spatial exclusion from central business districts within cities around the country and within the township centres themselves. The Khayelitsha Business District is a township urban centre that finds its SMME economy operating on the centre's periphery while large scale enterprises, coming from outside the township dominate the built half of the business district. It is precisely this lack of representation of the formal and informal small scale, medium and micro enterprises within the Khayelitsha Business District that this dissertation seeks to address and provide a suitable architectural and urban intervention. It seems intuitive that through infrastructural interventions, that promote active social and economic participation of the majority of the population, can one seek to create spaces of socio-economic inclusion. Appropriate urban planning strategies, such as those suggested by professors David Dewar and Fabio Todeschini in their book "Urban Management and Economic Integration", and architectural examples, such as the ancient Greek Agora, will be analysed and used to equip me in imagining an inclusive vision for the further urban development of the remaining half of the business district and in designing a building that celebrates the aspirations and needs of the SMME economy. It is my hope that such an urban scheme and building will contribute positively to the ideal of an inclusive urban centre.
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Ramtohul, Priya. "L'émergence des centres offshore." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON10046.
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Quels sont les facteurs expliquant l'émergence des centres offshore ? Quelles sont les caractéristiques des centres offshore et pourquoi ces centres se développent-ils principalement dans des micro-états ? La création d'un centre offshore contribue-t-elle au développement de ces micro-états ? Notre thèse se propose de répondre à ces interrogations. La première partie explore les facteurs favorables à l'apparition des centres offshore à partir des théories de la localisation industrielle et de la mobilité du capital. Nous présenterons dans une deuxième partie les caractéristiques générales des juridictions offshore et faisons une distinction entre centres offshore internationaux, régionaux et de domiciliation. Dans une troisième partie, nous évaluons l'impact des activités offshore sur l'économie des micro-états à travers une approche en données de panel et analysons l'avenir des centres financiers offshore dans le cadre de la convergence progressive des conditions onshore et offshore.
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Toon, Richard John. "Science centres and legitimacy." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31146.
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This thesis is a theoretically informed critical examination of the dual-legitimating role of science centres in contemporary North America through a case study of the Arizona Science Center (ASC), Phoenix, Arizona. By dual-legitimacy is meant the process by which an institution legitimates both the messages it delivers and its own authority to do so. The science centre is first distinguished from laboratory science practice, its non- science educational role emphasised, and its social role contrasted with that of the public understanding of science movement. The basic concept of legitimacy as an organising principle is argued for based on the thought of Ernest Gellner. The methodological issues of a single case study are considered in terms of generalisation and objectivity. An approach is advocated that is both multi-methodic and reflexive. A history of the science centre movement is provided that sees the science centre as a distinctive museum type, developing from a broad range of influences over the last three hundred years. The emergence of science centres in the late 1960s is related to social and political issues of the Cold War and an examination is given of the social significance of interactivity. This story provides the context for the development of ASC in the 1980s. This leads to the opening of a new science centre in Phoenix in 1997 and the meaning of its new building and the destination experience it offers are considered in terms of local legitimation among a variety of other institutions. An overview of the national science centre movement is provided and ASC is taken as a typical centre. The way ASC legitimates itself to potential visitors is examined in terms of the characteristics of its visitors and the messages it places in the media to attract them. A detailed examination is provided of the nature and meaning of ASC's offerings in art, exhibits, planetarium shows, giant-screen films, and demonstrations. It is argued that ASC offers different models of science and that much of its message is carried through being embodied by its visitors rather than cognitively understood by them. The result is that the science centre experience is a mixture of many elements with many aims, even though it carries what appears to be an ahistorical, asocial, apolitical message about science. An examination of some of the resulting tensions is given together with consideration of whether the embodied science of science centres ultimately achieves its goals.
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Barnes, Nina. "The retention factors of call centre agents at a financial institution in the Western Cape." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4566.
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Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS)The aim of the study was to identify the retention variables highlighted as most important by call centre agents at a financial institution in the Western Cape. In addition, to assess which of the independent variables they place more importance on; and to determine whether differences exist between the retention variables highlighted as most important by the respective age and gender groups.
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Barnes, Alison Kate School of Industrial Relations & Organisational Behaviour UNSW. "'The centre cannot hold': resistance, accommodation and control in three Australian call centres." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Industrial Relations and Organisational Behaviour, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22026.
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Drawing upon case studies of three organisations operating six call centres in Australia, this thesis explores the manifestations and interplay of employee resistance and accommodation in response to five facets of employer control: electronic monitoring; repetitious work; emotional control; the built environment; and workplace flexibility. Accommodation refers to the ways workers protect themselves from and adapt to the pressures that make up their day-to-day experiences of work. Accommodation, unlike resistance, which implies opposition to control, may superficially resemble consent to control. I argue that resistance and accommodation are not polar opposites; rather they are both reflections of the conflict and tensions that lie at the heart of the employment relationship. At the study sites, employees utilised resistance and accommodation both separately and concurrently. An explanation of these seemingly contradictory responses and of the links among accommodation individual resistance and collective resistance lies in the concept of ???self???. In this thesis, ???self??? refers to workers??? perceptions of fairness, dignity and autonomy. I examine how these notions frame worker discontent and promote employee solidarity. ???Everyday resistance???, a concept first developed by Scott (1985) in relation to peasant struggles, is employed to highlight the existence of subterranean struggles in workplaces that otherwise appear to be harmonious. At the study sites, everyday resistance was a multi-faceted, widely employed strategy whose strength lay primarily in its immediate impact. There was, however, no necessary sequential development from accommodation, through everyday resistance to overt, formal forms of conflict. What was evident was that multiple responses to employer control could co-exist and inhibit or promote one another. But it was through organised collective resistance that more formalised gains were made and widely held grievances addressed. I suggest that, although everyday resistance may lay the groundwork for more formal struggles, one should not conclude that traditional collective resistance is ???genuine??? resistance and everyday resistance is simply a second-best prelude to it. Although conflict is always present, its intensity differs. If we are to understand the complexity of worker responses to managerial control, we need to expand the theoretical frameworks within which we analyse and interpret conflict.
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Redjem, Walid. "Spectroscopie optique des centres G dans le silicium : des ensembles au centre unique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS081.
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Le silicium est le semi-conducteur le plus utilisé dans l’industrie de la micro-électronique de puis les années 60. Mais l’utilisation du silicium pour emmètre de la lumière reste limité de part la nature indirect de son gap. Dans ce contexte, le centre G est le plus prometteur… Nous avons effectué des mesures de spectroscopie optique pour caractériser les propriétés de photoluminescence des centres G. Celui ci est crée par irradiation protons d’un échantillon de silicium enrichi carbone. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants : nous avons mesuré la dynamique de recombinaison des centres G (le temps de vie) qui est de 6 ns. On a mesuré la dynamique de l’état métastable des centres G qui a un temps de vie de 6 us. Puis, nous avons pour pu isoler un centre unique dans le silicium ; et nous avons montré que celui-ci émet des photons uniquesSilicon is the most used semiconducteur in the micro-electronic industrises since the 60’s. However the ability for the silicon to emit light is limited, because of its indirect band-gap. In this respect, the G-center is one of the most promizing. We performed optical spectroscopy to characterize the G-center potoluminescence properties. The latter is created from proton irradiation of carbon-enriched silicon sample. The main results are the following : We addressed the carrier dynamics which occuring at a 6 ns time scale. We revealed the metastable state liftetime of the G-center which is 6 us. And finally we isolated a single center that emit single photons
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Liao, Shuang Qing. "Dimensionnement des centres d’appels avec incertitude sur les paramètres d’arrivées." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECAP0027/document.
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Au cours des dernières années, les centres d'appels ont été introduits avec succès par de nombreuses entreprises axées sur les services comme les banques et les compagnies d'assurance. Ils deviennent le principal point de contact avec les clients, et une partie intégrante de la majorité des sociétés. L'émergence à grande échelle des centres d'appels a créé une source féconde de problèmes de gestion des opérations. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur la question de dimensionnement et définition des emplois du temps dans les centres d'appels. L'objectif de notre travail consiste à développer des analyses qualitatives ainsi que quantitatives, afin de déduire des recommandations utiles aux managers.Nous analysons quatre problèmes qui tiennent compte de l'incertitude sur les paramètres d'arrivée des appels. Le processus d'arrivée des appels est supposé suivre un processus non stationnaire et doublement stochastique avec un taux moyen d'arrivée aléatoire.Dans le premier modèle, nous considérons un centre d’appels avec une seule vacation possible. Les agents traitent en même temps des appels entrants et des tâches de back-office. Ceci permet d’avoir une certaine souplesse pour modifier en temps réel la capacité instantanée de traitement des appels entrants. Nous analysons l'impact de la flexibilité offerte par les charges de travail de back-office.Dans le deuxième modèle, nous considérons un centre d'appels avec plusieurs vacations possibles. Les agents traitent seulement des appels entrants. Dans ce modèle, le dimensionnement initialement établi peut être corrigé au cours de la journée de travail. Nous proposons une approche de programmation stochastique en deux étapes et une approche de programmation réglable robuste pour résoudre le problème d’optimisation. En particulier, nous analysons et montrons l'avantage supplémentaire d'utiliser le réglage dynamique sur les coûts de dimensionnement du centre d’appels. Dans le troisième modèle, nous considérons un autre type d'incertitude supplémentaire, qui est l'incertitude sur la distribution de probabilité d'un paramètre aléatoire. Nous proposons une approche combinant la programmation stochastique et la programmation distributionnellement robuste, et nous évaluons son rendement. Le dernier problème de dimensionnement d’un centre d'appels pour lequel le manager se propose de satisfaire un niveau de service global pour toute la journée au lieu d’un niveau de service objectif par période. Nous permettons également la mise à jour du dimensionnement au cours de la journée. Dans notre analyse, nous montrons en particulier les avantages de l'ajout de la flexibilité de mise à jour, et soulignons l'impact d'avoir une contrainte de service niveau globale sur les performancesIn the past few years, call centers have been introduced with great success by many service-oriented companies such as banks and insurance companies. They become the main point of contact with the customers, and an integral part of the majority of corporations. The large-scale emergence of call centers has created a fertile source of management issues. In this thesis, we focus on the issue of staffing and scheduling of call centers. The objective of our work is to derive both qualitative and quantitative results for practical management.We specifically address the analysis of four problems that take into account the important feature of uncertainty in the call arrival parameters. The call arrival process is assumed to follow a doubly non-stationary stochastic process with a random mean arrival rate.In the first model, we consider a single-shift call center blending inbound calls and back-office jobs. By allowing the possibility of real-time changes in the capacity dealing with inbound calls, we analyze the impact of the flexibility offered by back-office jobs.In the second model, we consider a multi-shift call center with single type of inbound calls, in which the scheduling update is allowed. We propose a two-stage stochastic programming approach and an adjustable robust programming approach to efficiently solve the problem. We also analyze the benefits of using dynamic adjustment on scheduling.In the third model, we consider an additional type of uncertainty, namely the uncertainty on the probability distribution of a random parameter. We propose an approach combining stochastic programming and distributionally robust programming, and evaluate its performance.The last model deals with a call center optimization under a global service level constraint instead of period by period constraints. We again allow scheduling decisions to be updated during the middle of the day. We show the advantages of adding the update flexibility, and point out the impact of having a global service level constraint on performance
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Johansen, Grace, and w. johansen@cqu edu au. "WOMEN IN CENTRAL QUEENSLAND: A STUDY OF THREE COASTAL CENTRES 1940-1965." Central Queensland University. Communications, 2002. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20060921.120038.
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While in agreement with the perceived wisdom that events during World War
Two were responsible for many social changes for women in Australia, the thesis
disagrees with the implication in existent Queensland womens historiography that
these changes affected women equally in all parts of the State. Research
undertaken in Central Queensland provides evidence that, although some
similarities existed, the conservative forces in this region restricted the liberating
effect of such changes. It also addresses the subject of Queensland difference, and
argues that the rural patriarchal economy sustained the notion of rigid gender and
class differences in Central Queensland. It maintains that this affected women in
regional Queensland to a far greater extent than those in the Brisbane
metropolitan area because of the lack of secondary wartime industry and the
masculine nature of rural industry. Additionally , in opposition to the widely held
belief there was universal post-war financial security the thesis argues that poverty
did exist. In particular it addresses the subjects of rising inflation and what has
been termed the Social Security Poverty Group, basing conclusions on statistical
evidence, oral evidence, and secondary and documentary sources.
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Scott, Sophie Kerttu. "Perceptual centers in speech-acoustic determinants." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342728.
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Perceptual centres, or P-centres, represent the perceptual moments of occurrence of acoustic signals - the 'beat' of a sound. P-centres underlie the perception and production of rhythm in perceptually regular speech sequences. P-centres have been model ed both in speech and non speech (music) domains. The three aims of this thesis were tost out current P-centre models to determine which best accounted for the experimental data b)to identify a candidate parameter to map P-centres onto (a local approach) as opposed to the previous global models which rely upon the whole signal to determine the P-centrethe final aim was to develop a model of P-centre location which could be applied to speech and non speech signals. The first aim was investigated by a series of experiments in whicha)speech from different speakers was nvestigated to determine whether different models could account for variation between speakersb)whether rendenng the amplitude time plot of a speech signal affects the P-centre of the signa whether increasing the amplitude at the offset of a speech signal alters P-centres in the production and perception of speech. The second aim was carried out by manipulating the rise time of different speech signals to determine whether the P-centre was affected, and whether the type of speech sound ramped affected the P-centre shift1 manipulating the rise time and decay time of a synthetic vowel to determine whether the onset alteration was had more affect on P-centre than the offset manipulationnd whether the duration of a vowel affected the P-centre, if other attributes (amplitude, spectral contents) were held constant. The third aim - modelling P-centres - was based on these results. The Frequency dependent Amplitude Increase Model of P-centre location (FAIM) was developed using a modelling protocol, the APU GammaTone Flterbank and the speech from different speakers. The P-centres of the stimuli corpus were highly predicted by attributes of the increase in amplitude within one output channel of the filterbank. When this was used to make predictions of the P-centres for all the stimuli used in the thesis, 85°c of the observed variance was accounted for. The FAIM approach combines aspects of previous speech and non speech models (Gordon 1987, Marcus 1981, Vos and Rasch 1981). P-centre were thus modelled n a non speech specific, local manner.
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Meyer, Christine. "Kulturpaläste und Stadthallen der DDR : Anspruch und Realität einer Bauaufgabe /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40920376h.
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Tse, Pui-man, and 謝沛文. "Asset enhancement of shopping centres." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48343407.
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“It must be kept in mind that architects do not design malls for architects; they design them for developers and retailers that are interested in creating malls and other shopping centres to attract consumers and keep them coming back.”(Richards, 1990)
Concept of shopping centre (SC) originally emerged in nineteenth-century and the concept changes over time due to the ever-changing needs and perception from the customers. Shopping centre originated from an isolated and scattered of shops and developed into nowadays large commercial retail properties. They do not only provide leisure and entertainment for the public, but also a place of where provide business opportunity for investment and profit-making for the retailers and developers. However, any single property will be decayed and deteriorated over time. In order to upkeep the standard of the shopping centres, rehabilitation or renovation work has to be carried out in order to upgrade the appearance, facilities and equipment of shopping centres so as to maintain their attractiveness and competitive and keep customers coming back.
The research topic concentrates on the renovation projects carried out by The Link Real Estate Investment Trust (The Link REIT) inside public housing estates commercial properties after the privatization in 25 November 2005. After the privatization, renovation work of shopping centres becomes one of the main tasks of The Link REIT. Despite series of political pressure and criticism towards the management of The Link regarding their renovation work and rental policies, The Link REIT continues to expand their renovation projects to various public housing estates shopping centre. It provides a useful and interesting case to study the purpose of renovation on shopping centre.
The privatization is a divestment exercise of the Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA), over 180 retails and car park properties were sold to The Link. After seven years of operation, 25 shopping centres are completed with different scope of renovation work, while others are in various planning stages. Base on the shopping centre hierarchy definite by The Link REIT, 3 details case studies will be carried out. The studies compare the data and changes before and after the renovation work, analysis will be made to compare the operating result during HKHA era so as to examine whether The Link could achieve the purpose of their renovation projects.published_or_final_version
Housing Management
Master
Master of Housing Management
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Brown, M. H. "Organizational aspects of women's centres." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373111.
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Mercer, R. J. "Organic Transformations at metal centres." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381446.
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Chassioti, Efthimia. "Queueing models for call centres." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2005. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/53535/.
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This research develops and evaluates queueing models that can be used to model characteristics of basic call centres, i.e. multi-server systems with time-dependent arrival rates, general service time distribution and state-dependent abandonments on arrival (balking). The discrete-time modelling approach which has previously been used for modelling the time-dependent behaviour of multi-server queues is extended to incorporate state-dependent balking. Pure birth state-dependent arrival processes are studied for different arrival rates and are extended for the case of a recurrent arrival rate. Two approximations are introduced to model time-dependent systems with state-dependent balking. These approximations are proved to bound the actual solution for M(t,n)/D/s systems. A simulation model for systems with state-dependent balking is developed. Empirical tests versus this model show that the two approximations provide bounds of controllable accuracy. The performance of systems with balking is studied. Results show insensitivity to the service time distribution. The pointwise stationary approximation (PSA) generally performs well for these systems. A simple formula to estimate the mean number in the system is derived for busy systems with balking. Insights potentially useful to call centre management are reported.
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Elatafy, Sherif. "La responsabilité des centres d'arbitrage." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3013/document.
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Les litigants sollicitent les centres d’arbitrage pour diriger l’arbitrage dans toutes ses phases afin de donner une garantie supplémentaire qui assure la validité de la sentence arbitrale. Compte tenu du rôle important que les centres d’arbitrage jouent pendant l’instance arbitrale, les litigants mécontents de la sentence arbitrale ou du jugement annulant la sentence tentent d’engager la responsabilité du centre d’arbitrage dès lors qu’il a surveillé, dirigé et participé au rendu de la sentence.De plus en plus la responsabilité des centres d’arbitrage est mise en cause devant les juridictions étatiques différentes, les fonctions et les pouvoirs exercés par les centres d’arbitrage ainsi que le régime de responsabilité leur est applicable font l’objet d’une attention critique de la part de la doctrine dans plusieurs systèmes juridiques. On s’interroge sur l’origine des rapports qui lient les centres d’arbitrage aux autres acteurs de l’arbitrage, sur les obligations et les pouvoirs conférés aux centres d’arbitrage, et sur les fonctions exercées par les centres d’arbitrage pour établir enfin un régime de responsabilité homogène et pertinent à l’égard des fonctions exercées par les centres d’arbitrage qui a une vocation à s’appliquer dans la majorité des systèmes juridiquesParties to arbitration seek arbitral institutions to administrate their arbitration in order to have an extra guarantee that ensures the validity of the arbitral award. Given the role that arbitral institutions play during the arbitral procedure, parties unsatisfied either by the arbitral award or the annulment of the award tend to claim the liability of arbitral institution for the awards it had supervised, administered and participated in.The more the allegations of liability raise against the arbitral institutions before courts, the more the issue of arbitral institutions’ functions, powers and liability becomes controversial in different jurisdictions. Therefore, the present study tends to clarify the origin of the relationship existing between arbitral institutions and other parties involved in the arbitration at issue, the duties and powers assigned to the arbitral institutions and the functions performed by the arbitral intuitions, which helps eventually in establishing a kind of liability that complies with the functions performed by the arbitral institutions and can be applied in many jurisdictions
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Segura, Torres Joan. "Implicacions per a la inspecció educativa a Catalunya del desenvolupament de l’autonomia de centres." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665177.
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Catalunya és un referent en autonomia de centres a partir de l'aprovació de la Llei educativa (LEC) de 16 de juliol de 2009. Aquesta va suposar la concreció de dos principis fonamentals sobre organització i gestió educativa: el Decret d'autonomia de centres educatius i el Decret de Direccions de centres públics.
Analitzant aquesta situació educativa i social, és d'interès tot el treball i la influència que desenvolupa la Inspecció en el procés de l'autonomia de centres per a la millora de la qualitat educativa. S'entén que la Inspecció és un dels majors responsables en la recerca d'aquesta qualitat i de l'obtenció de la millora de resultats educatius.
En aquest nou escenari el present estudi vol conèixer i analitzar els canvis que s’estan produint en les funcions de la Inspecció educativa en la seva relació i implicació amb els centres educatius i la Direcció escolar a partir del desplegament del Decret d’autonomia de Centres. La realització d'aquest Tesi s’ha desenvolupat a partir d’una revisió bibliogràfica de diferents autors experts en la matèria, de la normativa educativa actual que competeix a Catalunya i l'aplicació d'un marc metodològic a partir de l’estudi col·lectiu de casos. L'interès es centra en indagar en la Inspecció educativa a partir de l'estudi intensiu de diversos casos.
La metodologia ha combinat aproximacions quantitatives i qualitatives i ha considerat la regió com a cas d'estudi. L'estudi de camp ha inclòs l'aplicació d'un qüestionari amb una mostra final de 88 inspectors / es dels 243 existents, 12 entrevistes en profunditat i 2 grups de discussió de 5 inspectors/es d'educació i de 6 directors/es de centres educatius. L'estudi quantitatiu realitza un anàlisi descriptiu i el qualitatiu aprofundeix en algunes dades i busca processos interpretatius per part dels implicats en la temàtica.
En una primera fase descriptiva de la nostra investigació, el qüestionari ajuda a oferir una visió general i dins d'aquesta mateixa fase, es treballa l'entrevista en profunditat per aportar una visió més específica. Per tant, en aquesta fase inicial es combina la metodologia qualitativa i quantitativa.
El tractament estadístic del qüestionari es realitza amb la intenció de cobrir diverses finalitats, en funció dels propis objectius de la investigació. Així, es realitzen dos tipus d'anàlisis estadístiques: un descriptiu de les respostes recollides en el qüestionari, i un segon inferencial de les variables implicades característics de la mostra: 1) Situació professional i 2) Càrrec en la Inspecció. L'aplicació que s'utilitza és Google Drive i l'explotació de la informació es realitza a través de l'aplicació estadística IBM-SPSS-22.
Les entrevistes busquen la identificació i tractament a través de categories, combinant processos de revisió reiterada i de saturació de la documentació amb l'eina computacional ATLAS-TI (versió 7).
Per identificar, validar i contrastar informació, es va voler crear diferents grups de discussió amb els agents educatius (Inspecció, Direcció escolar). El propòsit era contrastar les opinions dels participants i conèixer l'experiència dels participants sobre els temes tractats en les entrevistes i el qüestionari.
Les fases descriptiva i interpretativa es completen amb una tercera fase propositiva que és sotmesa a validació per 6 experts del món educatiu i la Inspecció. Aquest grup d'experts (Secretaris generals d'ensenyament, subdirecció general de la inspecció, subdirecció general de les direccions, caps d'inspecció, ...) ajuden a contrastar els resultats obtinguts en la mostra seleccionada i acabar de definir les propostes de millora sorgides de les conclusions.
Entre les conclusions de l’estudi s’afirma que la Inspecció ha d'evolucionar cap a una realitat més pràctica i presencial i menys burocràtica, definint i seleccionant les seves tasques i funcions.Catalonia is a benchmark in the autonomy of centers from the approval of the Educational Law (LEC) of July 16, 2009. This resulted in the concretion of two fundamental principles on educational organization and management: the Decree of autonomy of centers educational and the Decree of Directions of public centers. Analyzing this educational and social situation, all the work and the influence that the Inspection develops in the process of the autonomy of centers for the improvement of the educational quality is of interest. It is understood that the Inspection is one of the most responsible group in the search for this quality and for the improvement of educational results. In this new scenario, the present study wants to know and analyze the changes that are taking place in the functions of the Educational Inspection in its relation and involvement with the educational centers and the School Direction from the development of the Decree of Autonomy of Centers. The realization of this Thesis has been developed based on a bibliographic review of different authors who are experts in the subject, the current educational regulations that compete in Catalonia and the application of a methodological framework from the study col School of cases. Interest is focused on investigating in the educational Inspection from the intensive study of several cases. The methodology has combined quantitative and qualitative approaches and considered the region as a case study. The field study included the application of a questionnaire with a final sample of 88 inspectors from the existing 243, 12 in-depth interviews and 2 discussion groups from 5 education inspectors and 6 directors of educational centers. The quantitative study performs a descriptive analysis and the qualitative delves into some data and looks for interpretative processes on the part of those involved in the subject. In a first descriptive phase of our research, the questionnaire helps to offer a general overview and within this same phase, the interview works in depth to provide a more specific vision. Therefore, in this initial phase, the qualitative and quantitative methodology is combined. The statistical treatment of the questionnaire is carried out with the intention of covering various purposes, based on the research objectives. Thus, there are two types of statistical analysis: a description of the answers collected in the questionnaire, and a second inferential of the variables involved characteristic of the sample: 1) Professional situation and 2) Position in the Inspection. The application that is used is Google Drive and the exploitation of the information is carried out through the IBM-SPSS-22 statistical application. The interviews look for the identification and treatment through categories, combining processes of repeated revision and saturation of the documentation with the computing tool ATLAS-TI (version 7). To identify, validate and contrast information, we wanted to create different discussion groups with the educational agents (Inspection, School Management). The purpose was to contrast the opinions of the participants and to know the experience of the participants on the topics covered in the interviews and the questionnaire. The descriptive and interpretative phases are completed with a third phase of proposal that is subject to validation by 6 experts from the educational world and the Inspection. This group of experts (general secretaries of education, general subdivision of the inspection, general directorate of the directorates, heads of inspection,) help to contrast the results obtained in the selected sample and to finish defining the proposals of improvement arisen from the conclusions. Among the conclusions of the study, it is affirmed that the Inspection must evolve towards a more practical and face-to-face and less bureaucratic reality, defining and selecting its tasks and functions.
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Hamon, Jean-Marc. "L'assistant technique : son rôle dans l'évolution commerciale et urbaine des centres-villes français : contribution à l'étude des acteurs du commerce et de leur stratégie spatiale." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST1105.
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En 1995, le CNRS, groupe de recherche sur les activités commerciales ainsi que la commission de géographie des activités commerciales de l'Union Géographique Internationale "UGI" rédigeaient pour le compte de l'Université de Bretagne les actes d'un colloque européen intitulé les nouveaux acteurs du commerce et leur stratégie spatiale. Ce travail, synthèse d'experts fait état dans ses conclusions de cinq faits majeurs formulés par les acteurs eux-mêmes. Nous les reprenons ici quinze ans après sous forme d'interrogation ils éclaireront et enrichiront la problématique développée dans cette introduction : 1. le développement et le maintien de la plupart des espaces commerçants est il de plus en plus dépendant de la stratégie des acteurs ? 2. Parmi eux, les professionnels de l'immobilier et les grands groupes de commerce ont-ils de plus en plus d'influence ? 3. L'arbitrage des Pouvoirs Publics s'avère dès lors davantage fondamental mais le rôle de ces derniers est il de plus en plus difficile ? 4. Les consommateurs peuvent ils aussi intervenir par des choix conscients et cohérents ? 5. Les évolutions récentes dualisent t'elles de plus en plus des espcaces commerçants en produisant des pôles gagnants et des pôles perdants ? Le titre de cette thèse trouve ainsi son sens dans la continuité de travaux commencés dès les années 1970 face à l'émergence de la grande distribution révolution commerciale pour le monde commerçant. En 2010 face à cette nouvelle révolution que constitue les Technologies de l'information et de la communication pour le monde du commerce y a-t'il une certaine permanence dans les stratégies spatiales autant que sociale de nos acteurs ? Bien entendu la recherche en géographie commerciale s'est déjà largement interrogée sur le "rôle des acteurs" mais nous nous interrogeons aujourd'hui à un maillon particulier (nous verrons s'il est essentiel) de l'espace centre-ville : L'Assistant Technique au Commerce ! Bien plus qu'un homme du marketing qui fonde son travail sur la recherche de cohérence entre l'offre et la demande, l'Assistant Technique avant tout acteur de terrain, travaille au spatial : souhaitons que le géographe trouve quelque intérêt à la lecture de ces travauxIn 1995, the CNRS research group on commercial activities and the geographic commission on commercial activities drafted a European conference report entitled “Who the are the new stakeholders in commerce and what is their spatial strategy?” This report, written by experts, poin ts out five major aspects which the stakeholders themselves had expressed. We are taking up these conclusions in this study and questioning their relevance 15 years later. They will help clarify the issues we are going to develop in this thesis. 1. Is keeping and developing commercial sites more and more dependent on the stakeholders' strategy? 2. Are real estate agents and big commercial groups the ones with the most influence? 3. Is the role of government institutions becoming more difficult as they arbitrate more? 4. Do consumers also intervene by making conscious and cogent choices? 5. Have recent developments polarised the commercial sites into winners and losers? The title of this thesis therefore reflects a continuity with studies that were started back in the 1970s when big retailing groups emerged and brought about a commercial revolution for all retailers. In 2010, following the revolution in information and communication technologies, are we witnessing a certain permanence in the stakeholders' spatial and social strategies? Research in commercial geography has already looked into the stakeholders' role but we are focusing today on a particular feature of the town centre and will see how essential it is : the Technical Assistant for Commerce
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Malinovskis, Arūnas. "Suaugusiųjų mokymosi centrų mokinių motyvacija kaip karjeros prielaida." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060629_094335-95869.
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The object of research: Vilnius and Kaunas Education centres for adults and its students attitude towards career. The question of research: What are the possibilities for such students to be promoted? The aim of research – to disclose the Adult Education Centres students’ attitude towards the career and its motivation impact. The objectives of research 4. to research adult education centre students’ understanding of the career. 5. to define students‘ learning motives and links with their career. 6. to find out the students’ need for support and its impact on learning. The hypothesis of research • Learning in the formal adult education system satisfies the inner needs connected to the personality development, self- esteem and communication. �� The learner satisfies the need of the professional career planning. Research object - the attitude of students that study at Vilnius and Kaunas Education Centres for Adults.
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Lou, Kong-sang. "User empowerment in the users' councils of Caritas neighbourhood elderly centres and district elderly community centres /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36784254.
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Lou, Kong-sang, and 劉港生. "User empowerment in the users' councils of Caritas neighbourhood elderly centres and district elderly community centres." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014553.
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Toftesund, Hans Christian, and Emil Johan Oliver. "Collaboration in research centres : How firms benefit from collaborating in Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26090.
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This thesis aims answer how knowledge intensive firms benefit from collaborating in research centres, which is based on our desire to study Norwegian Centres for Environmentally Friendly Energy Research (CEER) where several research institutions and firms are involved. The study is applies the field of knowledge management, and the most central theories covered in this thesis are related to knowledge management, knowledge integration, proximity and information and communication technologies (ICTs). We have employed a qualitative research strategy and designed a single-case study of the CEER Solar United. A total of 20 interviews were conducted, where the interviewees were representatives from 12 current and previous industry partners, in addition to 4 out of 5 research partners in Solar United, using thematic analysis. Our theoretical foundation is framework which was based on a literature review conducted in the fall of 2013. From this theoretical framework, we created four sub-research questions that have been applied in the discussion in order to answer our main research question. We presented empirical data for further discussion, explaining how Solar United operates as an organization as well as challenges in having partners which are geographically spread.The insight we gained through answering our sub-research questions were used to answer the main research question. Our conclusions are that large firms with funds for R&D have the research partners develop firm-specific competence which is later applied in binary research projects. Smaller firms with lower R&D capacity conduct research that advances their technological development within the research centre. Supporting industry partners primarily benefit by gaining insight into the state-of-the-art as well as customer insight. Thus, all industry partners benefit from different kinds of knowledge creation.These findings are constituted in a model which we suggest should be validated through further research on other research centres. The thesis is ended by pointing out theoretical and practical implications, as well as proposals for further research.
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Müller, Tina. "Novel colour centres in diamond : silicon-vacancy and chromium centres as candidates for quantum information applications." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608164.
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Miller, Laurent. "Etude des centres d'information sur le médicament en France (hors centres de pharmacovigilance et laboratoires pharmaceutiques)." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P169.
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Almgren, Anders, and Viktor Haggren. "Market shares of regional shopping centres with proximity to an IKEA warehouse : IKEA Centres Case Study." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211206.
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This master thesis focuses on regional shopping centre’s market shares. It is written in cooperation with IKEA Centres that provided data regarding their shopping centres and funds for the gathering of statistics. The research question for the study is: What level of market share is valid for regional shopping centres in close proximity to an IKEA warehouse? In order to answer this question as accurate as possible the study is designed as a case study. The case is implemented on three different shopping centres, owned by IKEA Centres, with similar locations and market areas. The three shopping centres that are selected as subject centres in the study are Birsta City in Sundsvall, I-Huset in Linköping and Erikslund Shopping Center in Västerås. The case is focused on the regional shopping centres isolated and do not include the IKEA furniture store. The first part of the study concerns the delineation of the subject centres’ primary- and secondary market area. This is done using Reilly’s Law based on the prerequisites of the specific shopping centre. By using this method breaking points or borders of the market areas can be defined and located based on the calculated driving time. To be able to calculate the potential market shares for the centres, the buying power segmentation method is used. The statistics are bought from Statistics Sweden and concerns mainly the number of households in the market areas and their disposable income. The market share is calculated by comparing the potential buying power of the households and the actual sales in the shopping centres. The results of the conducted study regarding the market share in the total market area is that Birsta City has a significant larger market share (60%) than the two other centres that the study concerns. I-Huset (17% market share) and Erikslund Shopping (25% market share) are located in regions with a higher population and more competition, the authors see this as the main factor to the difference in the market share. Results regarding market shares in different categories of goods are also presented. The three subjects’ centres offer several different collections of items. All centres have a large market share in the fashion segments that are offered, a wide tenant mix in combination with the target groups is seen to be an effecting factor.Denna masteruppsats fokuserar på ämnet regionala shoppingcenters och dess marknadsandel. Uppsatsen är skriven i samarbete med IKEA Centres vilka har bidragit med data angående köpcentren samt medel för inköp av statistik. Studiens frågeställning är: Vilken marknadsandel har regionala köpcenter där ett Ikeavaruhus finns i närheten? För att besvara denna frågeställning på bästa sätt är studien utformad som en fallstudie. Fallstudierna är implementerade på tre olika shopping center i liknande läge och med likvärdiga marknadsområden. De tre köpcentrumen vilket är utvalda som ämnescenter i studien är Birsta City i Sundsvall, I-Huset i Linköping och Erikslund Shopping Center i Västerås. Forskningen är baserad på shopping centret och berör inte IKEAs möbelvaruhus. Den första delen av studien behandlar avgränsningen av köpcentrumens primära och sekundära marknadsområden. Avgränsningen är utförd med Reilly’s Law baserad på de specifika köpcentrets förutsättningar. Genom att använda den här metoden definieras brytpunkter och gränser för marknadsområdet kan avgränsas med hjälp av den beräknade körtiden. För att sedan beräkna köpcentrets marknadsandel används metoden ”Buying power segmentation method”. Statistiken som används är köpt från SCB och berör huvudsakligen antalet hushåll i marknadsområdena samt dess disponibla inkomst. Marknadsandelen är beräknad genom att jämföra den potentiella köpkraften hos hushållen med den faktiska försäljningen i köpcentren. Resultatet av den utförda studien rörande marknadsandelar av den totala marknaden är dels att Birsta City har en betydligt större marknadsandel (60%) än de två andra undersökta köpcentren. I-Huset (17% marknadsandel) samt Erikslund Shopping (25% marknadsandel) är belägna i regioner med högre invånarantal och större konkurrens. Författarna ser detta som en avgörande faktor till skillnaden i marknadsandel jämfört med Birsta City. Resultat angående marknadsandelar i olika kategorier av varor är också presenterade. De tre studerade köpcentren erbjuder ett brett utbud av produkter. Samtliga center har en stor marknadsandel i kategorier rörande kläder & mode. Den breda hyresgästmixen samt målgruppen för köpcentren antas vara påverkande faktorer till detta.
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Thebault, Ludovic Pierre Julien. "Offshore financial centres and bank efficiency." Thesis, Bangor University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432781.
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Le, Brun Nicolas Edward. "Studies of iron centres in bacterioferritin." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482780.
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Maelen, Kjell Magne. "Arts centres as audience relationship managers." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2345/.
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This thesis examines the extent to which such cultural policy instruments as arts centres in Britain and Norway are recognising and accommodating the cultural policy goal of widening audience access and developing new audiences. After establishing what the cultural policy is that arts centres in Britain and Norway are supposed to deliver against (Chapter 1). 1 continue to sketch out the history of the arts centres concept in the two countries, and to form an idea of what an arts centre is that aims to transcend national borders and work as a basis for determining how cultural policies in Britain and Norway have impacted on the role arts centres have as cultural policy instruments (Chapter 2). Before taking a closer look at two specific arts centres in Britain and Norway. I examine how audience relationships are managed in the arts in general by first mapping how the arts marketing concept has evolved and then how an engagement with marketing in the arts has led to the development of the concept of audience development which seems to be specific to this industry especially in Anglo-American cultural policy debate (Chapter 3). Scrutinising the audience development concept I discover that in Britain there seems to be very little agreement over what it really means; and with respect to Norway, the concept has hardly yet started to influence discussion over audience relations. I discuss some key concepts - commodification, managerialism or governance in the form of new public management - and their impacts on how arts organisations are expected to relate to their audiences under current public management ideas and conclude that audience development simply is arts marketing upgraded; and a term concocted to serve political objectives - i. e. a term that encompasses both the instrumentality of recent public policies and the ideas of cultural policies of the post World War II era of democratisation of cultural policies and cultural democracy. To investigate whether arts centres are accommodating such cultural policy objectives I conduct case studies of two arts centres in Britain (Colchester Arts Centre. Essex) and Norway (Ibsenhuset, Telemark). I conclude from my findings that the influences of " the relevance to their communities; and " their own objectives in supporting the realisation of their mission as arts organisations seem to carry more weight than the expressed performance propositions of governmental cultural policy agencies(Chapter 4). However, I also conclude that the management style employed internally and in relations with community partners influence an arts centre's ability to address the needs of its audiences. Hence I close this thesis by conceptualising a broad audience relationship management model which has the capacity to maximise the contribution to artistic value which arts centres are so well positioned to make (Chapter 5).
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Hardenberg, Benedict Ralph. "City centres of the apostle Paul." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52732.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2002On title page: Master of Philosophy (Bible Skills)
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The apostle Paul was called and commissioned to the city centres of the eastern Mediterranean world. These city centres were places of power, trade, wealth and travel. They were the nerve centres of civilisation in the East. People from various parts of the Roman Empire were found in these major cities. The city was therefore a highly significant institution in the Roman Empire. The governing authorities wanted hellenization and romanization to spread from these cities. The Christian leaders also decided that Christianity had to spread in the Roman Empire from its city centres. The apostle Paul's Christian mission was therefore to the various cities in the Roman Empire. The sociohistorical realities in these cities therefore formed the context of Paul's life and apostolic work and determined his relation to a city. The political, social, cultural and religious factors in a city could therefore impinge on his life and work. The apostle Paul was usually drawn to these large cities where he could find Jewish communities. As Christianity was resting on a Jewish foundation, his initial strategy was his work in the synagogues amongst the Jews. Paul also needed an alternative venue for his Christian work in the city. These alternate venues were usually the private homes of individuals who had become Christians. In these homes Paul established his church in a city. The hosts in these homes would usually become the benefactors and leaders in the church. Paul's apostolic work in a city was also done in the city streets. His church therefore became thoroughly mixed in terms of social status, however, the church gave all equal rights and privileges. When Paul left a city, he also placed on them the responsibility to reach their surrounding regions and provinces with the Christian message. These cities therefore had to be strategically located. The apostle Paul chose five specific cities that had an advantageous geographical position in the Roman provinces to complete his apostolic work in the eastern Mediterranean world.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die apostel Paulus was geroep en opgedrag vir die stedelike sentrums van die ooste Middellandse wereld. Hierdie stedelike sentrums was plekke van invloedryke mag, ekonomiese handel, rykdom en reis aktiwitiete. Hulle was ook die kern van menslike beskawing in die Ooste. Bevolkings groepe vanuit verskeie dele van die Romeinse ryk was in hierdie groot stede te vinde. Stede was 'n hoogs betekensvolle instelling in die Romeinse ryk. Die politieke owerhede wou he dat hellenization en romanization moes sprei van hierdie stede. Die Christelike leiers het ook besluit dat Christendom moes in die stede van die Romeinse ryk sprei. Die apostel Paulus se Christelike sending was dus tot die verskillende stede in die Romeinse ryk. Die sosio-historiese realiteite in hierdie stede was die samehang van Paulus se apostoliese werk en het ook sy verhouding met die betrokke stede bepaal. Die politieke, maatskaplike, kulturele en godsdienstige faktore in 'n stad kon dus 'n invloed uitoefen op sy lewe en werk. Paulus was gewoonlik aangetrokke tot hierdie groot stede waar Joodse gemeenskappe te vinde was. Aangesien Christendom in die Joodse geloof gegrondves was, was sy aanvanklike strategie om sy werk te loots in sinagoge waar Joode te vinde was. Paulus het ook 'n alternatiewe ontmoetings plek vir sy Christelike werk in die stede nodig gehad. Hierdie alternatiewe ontmoetingsplekke was gewoonlik in die huise van indiwidue wat Christene geword het. Die eienaar van hierdie huishouding het gedien as gasheer, weldoener en leier in die kerk. Paulus het ook sy apostoliese werk voortgesit in die stedelike strate. Sy kerke het as gevolg hiervan 'n gemende samelewing status gehad, nogtans het hy gepoog om alle Christene gelykwaardig te stel. Wanneer Paulus 'n stad verlaat het, het hy het ook aan hulle die verantwoordelikheid gegee om uit te reik na hulomliggende streke en provinsies met die Christen boodskap. Hierdie stede moes dus strategies gelee wees. Paulus het vyf spesifieke stede wat 'n voordelig geologiese posisie in die Romeinse provinsies uitgeken om sy apostoliese werk te voltooi in die ooste Middellandse wereld.
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Raby, P. S. "Optimisation of multi-purpose switch centres." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377588.
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Basmaji, Pierre. "Centres DX dans l'alliage AlxGa1-xAs." Grenoble : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37593805q.
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Ouanaim, Abbès. "Les Centres hospitaliers universitaires au Maroc." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37600166k.
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Ellway, Benjamin Piers William. "Call centres : work, service, & technologies." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609748.
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Ouanaim, Abbès. "Les centres hospitaliers universitaires au Maroc." Montpellier 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON10048.
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La notion de centre hospitalier universitaire est complexe. Trois traits notamment la caracterisent. Tout d'abord, une dualite d'etablissements publics: la faculte de medecine et l'hopital. Ensuite, une dualite de fonction: hospitalieres et universitaires. Enfin, une double appartenance d'un personnel commun. L'etude est realisee selon une approche qui s'articule autour de deux axes: les statuts des c. H. U. D'une part et leurs fonctions d'autre part. De vocation nationale et d'attributions multidisciplinaires, les chu sont charges d'assumer une mission de service public qui consiste notamment a assurer, a leurs usagers, les soins medicaux curatifs et preventifs; a dispenser l'enseignement medical; et a effectuer les travaux de recherche medicale. L'autonomie octroyee aux chu marocains est insuffisante. Elle ne leur permet pas d'aller de pair avec l'ampleur de leurs missions. Ils jouent, certes, un role capital dans les prestations sanitaires, puisqu'ils representent pres de 25% de la capacite hospitaliere du pays. Mais demeure le probleme de leur organisation qui souffre d'une deficience de coordination et d'un defaut de politique hospitalo-universitaire. Les efforts d'adaptation deployes sont enormes. Trois principales reformes les consacrent: celle de 1982 portant nouveau statut du personnel medical; celle du 15 janvier 1983 erigeant les centres hospitaliers en etablissements publics; et celle, enfin, du 31 janvier 1983 instituant le regime des etudes medicales. Les voies du progres sont donc tracees, mais leur aboutissement depend necessairement d'une volonte politique d'agirThe notion of university hospital center (u. H. C) is complex. It is especially characterized by three features. First of all is a duality of public establishments : the faculty of medecine and the hospital. The second is a duality of functions: hospitables and universitaries. Last feature is a double use of a common staff. The study is realized according to an approach which is articulated around two axes: the u. H. C status on one hand their functions on the other hand. By their national vocation and their multidisciplinary competences, the u. H. C are in charge of assuming a public service mission which consists mainly in assuring to their users the following tasks: curative and preventive medical care; and medical teaching and medical research works. The autonomy granted to morocan u. H. C is insufficient. It does not permit them to be in harmony with their ample missions. They act most certainly a main task in sanitary allowances as they represent about 25% of the hospital capacity of the country. But it remains the problem of their organization which suffers from a deficiency of coordination and a lack of universitary hospital policy. The expanded adaptation efforts are enormous. Three main reforms establish them: that of 1982 bringing new status of medical staff; the january 15 th 1983 reform erecting hospital centers in public establishments; and that of january 31 th 1983 instituting medical studies regime. So progres ways are drawn, but their outcome depends necessarily on political will to act
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Almoli, Ali Mubarak. "Air flow management in data centres." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4567/.
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A data centre can be defined as an infrastructure facility that houses file servers, processors and other computer equipment, along with a standby power supply. These servers are kept inside cabinets and those cabinets are called racks. These racks are located close to each other inside a data centre to form rows. These rows are located front to front and back to back to form the aisles. These aisles could be used to supply the chilled air and also to provide room for operational purposes. Data centres are now widespread due to the high demand of infrastructure requirements, such as the network to operate Internet services. In this thesis, research is focused on the air cooling method, a popular method of cooling that is used to cool many data centres. The aim of this thesis is to understand the capabilities and limitations of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of cooling air flow in data centres. The data centre components, which are the server blade and rack, have been simulated in order to study the environmental conditions (temperature, pressure and velocity fields) inside the data centre; as such, CFD analysis has been carried out at server, rack and room levels. The proposed method of a porous media model has been implemented to simulate servers and racks and has been tested and validated through corresponding experiments. It is shown from the results that the porous media model provides good agreement with experimental data of an actual case at the server level. The server racks have been simulated as a porous media with different permeability values in each direction (x ,y, z). In addition, a 3-dimensional CFD model has been used to explore the performance of three different room level cooling strategies based on the aisle containment (cold and hot aisle containments) and back door cooler. It is shown that using either cold or hot aisle containment within a data centre provides significant improvement inside the data centre with respect to temperature distribution and the avoidance of hot spots. Finally, the power input to the computer room air conditioning (CRAC) unit has been analysed for different cooling configurations when assuming the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of either direct expansion CRAC unit or a chiller system. Furthermore, the comparison between active and passive back door coolers has been done to evaluate the power consumption in the CRAC unit. It is shown that the supply temperature inside the data centre has a significant effect on the CRAC power input (compressor work) of the DX CRAC unit. With respect to comparison between the active and passive back door coolers, it has been found that the reduction of the CRAC unit load is higher when using the active back door cooler compared to the passive back door cooler, so the active back door cooler is better than passive back door cooler with respect to reduction of load on CRAC unit.
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Dale, Matthew W. "Colour centres on demand in diamond." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/80044/.
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This thesis reports research on point defects in single crystal synthetic diamond. A number of techniques have been used including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), infrared (IR) absorption, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. The effect of perturbations by uniaxial stress on defect formation and migration have been investigated. Photo- and thermo-chromic effects have been investigated in irradiated and annealed type-IaA diamond. Charge transfer between nitrogen and di-nitrogen vacancy defects together with quantification in their negative charge states has allowed their calibration constants to be determined. Improvements have been made in the 13C hyperfine parameters for N2V− and its observation in diamond of natural isotopic abundance has allowed its 14N quadrupole parameters to be determined. Defects in neutron irradiated diamond have been studied by annealing isochronally up to 1600 XC. The majority of nitrogen could be accounted for through all annealing stages in a variety of defects including a maximum of 72(7) ppm of NV−. The annealing behaviour strongly supports the involvement of interstitials in interstitial mediated nitrogen aggregation in addition to vacancy assisted nitrogen aggregation. A model of the mechanisms has been proposed and simulated with chemical kinetics, the result of which agrees well with experiment. The effect of applying up to 3.0 GPa (0 0 1) uniaxial stresses to type-IIa samples during electron irradiation has been investigated. The treatment caused very little preferential orientation of the single interstitial and nearest neighbour di-interstitial, however it caused significant preferential orientation of 3H, believed to be the next nearest neighbour di-interstitial. The production rate of both di-interstitials was also increased by stress. Irradiated samples have been annealed under [0 0 1] uniaxial stresses. The annealing successfully created preferentially oriented populations of the (0 0 1)-split self interstitial with up to 93(1)% efficiency. Preferentially oriented interstitials have been annealed in situ in an EPR spectrometer allowing the site populations to be determined throughout the anneal.
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Butterfield, Angela. "Resilient places? : the healthcare gardens and the Maggie's Centres." Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2014. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/7494/.
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This thesis takes as its focus the Maggie’s Cancer Centres exploring for the first time the impact of their designed gardens. This research is situated within the immediate context of Maggie’s ambitions as an organisation and looks closely at their design process. It is also set within the wider debates about the effects of green space on health and the historical context of the restorative garden. By exploring both historical and contemporary examples, it argues that a healthcare garden may be a space for transformation. Using four different Maggie’s gardens as case studies, the research seeks to investigate the role of these outdoor spaces and their impact on users. Through ethnographic and sensory methods, each garden is considered and mapped. It looks at the design brief and the intentions of the designers’, but the core work is an exploration of the experiences of staff and visitors. The focus is on the everyday use of these gardens as well as the design historiography. The experiences of gardens within healthcare are examined in order to expose the ways in which gardens, people, health and care are entwined. Through the qualitative research process this thesis develops a new hypothesis as to how healthcare gardens may operate – offering a new definition for them as “resilient places”. Careful analysis of the data reveals the specific networks and affordances presented by these gardens. The thesis argues, based on the evidence of users, that healthcare gardens can uniquely embrace certain “essences” where essence is defined as conveying a quality or attribute. These garden essences are identified as thresholds, sensory richness, the density of time and homeliness. The thesis also argues that a healthcare garden can provide specific and unique opportunities for care and this, in turn, can enhance the healing ethos of an organisation such as Maggie’s.
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Laporte, Luc. "Parures et centres de production dans le Centre-Ouest de la France au néolithique final." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010599.
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Le sujet de ce mémoire porte, à travers l'exemple de la parure néolithique, sur l'émergence de formes de production spécialisées. La première partie permet de tester la représentativité des éléments étudiés, tout en les resituant dans leur contexte géographique et archéologique le plus proche : l'ile d'Oléron. La deuxième partie étudie un centre de production de perles discoïdes en coquillage et tente d'approcher sous toutes ses facettes (techniques, spatiales, économiques voire sociale) le degré de spécialisation lié à cette activité. La troisième partie s'attache aux débouchés de la production, ce qui amène notamment à traiter de l'ensemble de la parure néolithique du centre-ouest, à dresser un bref panorama des réseaux d'échanges en vigueur en France à cette période et à aborder les principales entités culturelles impliquées, avec en particulier une vision critique de l'art ancien. La conclusion tente d'approcher le système économique qui transparait au travers des activités de production ou d'échange apportant ainsi sa contribution au débat sur l'importance des transformations socio-économiques qui ont affecté les sociétés néolithiques au cours des ive et IIIe millénaire av. J. -CThe subject of this work is to study, through the exemple of neolithic ornaments, the development of certain forms of specialized activities. The first chapter tests the representativeness of the studied objects, also localising them in their nearest archaeological and geographical context : oleron island. The second chapter presents a study of a production place of shell beads and tries to approach through all its aspects (technical, spatial, economical and even social aspects) the degree of specialisation linked to this activity. The third chapter deals with the distribution of the production. This leads us to study the neolithic ornaments of west central france, and to give a brief overview of exchange networks and cultural groups involved, especially for the artenacien group. The conclusion is an attempt to understand the economic system which can be detected through production and exchange networks, and thus contributes to discussions related to the importance of social and economic changes in atlantic europe for the late neolithic period
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Collin-Jacques, Caroline. "Professional labour in call centres : a comparative study of nurse call centres in England and Quebec (Canada)." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407187.
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CAILLON, PATRICK. "Problematique du depistage du vih dans les centres d'orthogenie : a partir d'une enquete dans deux centres lyonnais." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO1M132.
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James, Yvonne. "Understanding the Role and Experiences of Birth Centre Aides at the Ottawa Birth and Wellness Centre: Work, Leadership, and Reproductive Justice." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42697.
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Free-standing birth centres (FSBCs) were formed in Ontario in 2014 and operate with the support of birth centre aides (BCAs), a novel birth worker role. As a recent introduction to the Ontario maternity care system, there have been no academic inquiries into BCAs and only a hand full of investigations on birth centres (Mattison, 2015; Mattison et al., 2020; Murray-Davis et al., 2014; Sprague et al., 2018). From a feminist perspective, an analysis of the BCA role offers a unique opportunity to conduct a feminist analysis of work in healthcare between largely women care providers (i.e., midwives and BCAs), leadership, and reproductive justice activism.
My dissertation consists of three standalone papers based on empirical data gathered through in-depth semi-structured interviews and document analysis at the Ottawa Birth and Wellness Centre (OBWC). For my first paper, “Mapping the Development of Birth Centre Aides at the Ottawa Birth and Wellness Centre”, I applied a feminist sociology of professions framework (Davies, 1996; Witz, 1992) and employed an institutional ethnographic methodology (Smith, 1990) to understand how the BCA role was developed and operationalized in the OBWC. I mapped the development of the BCA role at the OBWC descriptively and visually using the documentary and interview data with key stakeholders from the OBWC (n=16), including BCAs, administrators, and midwives.
In the second paper, “Feminist Leadership in Healthcare: The Case of Birth Centre Aides and the Ottawa Birth and Wellness Centre,” I integrated Tronto’s (1993) ethic of care with Dickson and Tholl’s (2014) LEADS in a Caring Environment leadership framework in an instrumental case study (Stake, 2005) to understand how BCAs lead from their position within the OBWC and how they experience feminist leadership practices in the OBWC. Finally, in my third paper, “Birth Work as Reproductive Activism: The Case of Birth Centre Aides at the Ottawa Birth and Wellness Centre,” I applied a reproductive justice theoretical framework (Ross, 2017; SisterSong, 2015) through an instrumental case study (Stake, 2005) to understand how BCAs undertake quiet reproductive activism at the OBWC. Taken together, my dissertation offers new knowledge on the role and development of BCAs in the OBWC and contributes to advancing feminist scholarship on healthcare leadership and reproductive justice activism.
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Serrero, Monique. "Les centres d'action médico-sociale précoce : généralités et expérience d'un centre au sein de l'hôpital d'Agen." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25235.
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Rajjal, Yasser Ibrahim. "The visual evaluation of historic city centres : with particular reference to Salt City centre in Jordan." Thesis, Glasgow School of Art, 1998. http://radar.gsa.ac.uk/4015/.
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Larsson, Gunnar. "Localisations of Logistics Centres in Greater Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101221.
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This study examines how and on what basis logistics centres are located in Greater Stockholm. Its purpose is to formulate a possible future scenario regarding localisations of logistics centres in Greater Stockholm in 10-15 years. Goods transports, distribution, property characteristics, market trends, investment decisions, localisation factors, potential challenges, public plans, transport infrastructure and logistics locations have been investigated in order to form a conclusion. There is a wide range of previous research on most fields mentioned above. Yet there is a gap regarding a picture of them from a market perspective applied to Stockholm’s future. The research method is qualitative, involving 31 interviews (34 respondents) representing logistics companies, goods holders, property developers, investors, consultants and municipalities; as they are making the decisions of tomorrow, i.e. "choose" the locations. The qualitative approach has been complemented with descriptions of infrastructure, regional plans and reports in order to consolidate and complement facts and opinions from the interviews. Together they provide the basis for a final analysis and discussion followed by a possible future scenario of Greater Stockholm’s major logistics locations. Stockholm’s population and purchase power is increasing; there is a housing shortage which is forecasted to worsen, environmental regulations get stricter, financing for logistics developments is getting harder, competition increases among logistics companies and the transport infrastructure in Stockholm is facing major changes. The strongest effects these parameters have had on logistics property market is that space consuming businesses move to the outskirts as they cannot find economy in being centrally located. The trend of space consuming activities leaving the city centres in favour of e.g. residential, office and retail use seem to continue. There is an increased interest from investors and operators for logistics in Greater Stockholm. Many central locations are left in order to find modern (more efficient) outskirt located (cheaper) premises. The major logistics centres in 10-15 years seem to be "Stockholm Nord" (Rosersberg/Arlanda) in the north "Stockholm Syd" (Södertälje/Nykvarn) in the south. Upplands-Bro and Jordbro will be important. Lunda/Järfälla, Västberga/Årsta together with minor areas in Botkyrka and Huddinge will mainly be options for smaller terminals or cross-docking units, as the land will be too expensive for businesses requiring large spaces.
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Nishtala, Rajiv. "Energy optimising methodologies on heterogeneous data centres." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458118.
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In 2013, U.S. data centres accounted for 2.2% of the country's total electricity consumption, a figure that is projected to increase rapidly over the next decade. A significant proportion of power consumed within a data centre is attributed to the servers, and a large percentage of that is wasted as workloads compete for shared resources. Many data centres host interactive workloads (e.g., web search or e-commerce), for which it is critical to meet user expectations and user experience, called Quality of Service (QoS). There is also a wish to run both interactive and batch workloads on the same infrastructure to increase cluster utilisation and reduce operational costs and total energy consumption. Although much work has focused on the impacts of shared resource contention, it still remains a major problem to maintain QoS for both interactive and batch workloads. The goal of this thesis is twofold. First, to investigate how, and to what extent, resource contention has an effect on throughput and power of batch workloads via modelling. Second, we introduce a scheduling approach to determine on-the-fly the best configuration to satisfy the QoS for latency-critical jobs on any architecture.
To achieve the above goals, we first propose a modelling technique to estimate server performance and power at runtime called Runtime Estimation of Performance and Power (REPP). REPP's goal is to allow administrators' control on power and performance of processors. REPP achieves this goal by estimating performance and power at multiple hardware settings (dynamic frequency and voltage states (DVFS), core consolidation and idle states) and dynamically sets these settings based on user-defined constraints. The hardware counters required to build the models are available across architectures, making it architecture agnostic.
We also argue that traditional modelling and scheduling strategies are ineffective for interactive workloads. To manage such workloads, we propose Hipster that combines both a heuristic, and a reinforcement learning algorithm to manage interactive workloads. Hipster's goal is to improve resource efficiency while respecting the QoS of interactive workloads. Hipster achieves its goal by exploring the multicore system and DVFS. To improve utilisation and make the best usage of the available resources, Hipster can dynamically assign remaining cores to batch workloads without violating the QoS constraints for the interactive workloads.
We implemented REPP and Hipster in real-life platforms, namely 64-bit commercial (Intel SandyBridge and AMD Phenom II X4 B97) and experimental hardware (ARM big.LITTLE Juno R1). After obtaining extensive experimental results, we have shown that REPP successfully estimates power and performance of several single-threaded and multiprogrammed workloads. The average errors on Intel, AMD and ARM architectures are, respectively, 7.1%, 9.0%, 7.1% when predicting performance, and 8.1%, 6.5%, 6.0% when predicting power. Similarly, we show that when compared to prior work, Hipster improves the QoS guarantee for Web-Search from 80% to 96%, and for Memcached from 92% to 99%, while reducing the energy consumption by up to 18% on the ARM architecture.En el año 2013, los centros de cálculo de los EEUU consumieron el 2,2% del consumo total de electricidad en ese país. Las proyecciones futuras indican que esta cantidad se incrementará rápidamente durante la próxima década. Una cantidad significativa del consumo de un centro de cálculo corresponde al funcionamiento de los servidores, y un alto porcentaje de este consumo se desperdicia mientras los trabajos compiten en el uso de recursos compartidos. Una gran cantidad de los centros de cálculo se utilizan para ejecutar trabajos interactivos, para los cuales es muy importante cumplir con las expectativas de los usuarios y proporcionar una alta calidad de servicio (CDS). En estos centros, se intentan ejecutar aplicaciones interactivas i en batch en la misma infraestructura para incrementar su utilización, y reducir los costes de mantenimiento y la energía total consumida. Aunque se dedican muchos esfuerzos al impacto de la compartición de recursos en el rendimiento de las aplicaciones, todavía se mantiene el problema de garantizar un determinado nivel de CDS para los dos tipos de trabajos, interactivos y en batch. Los objetivos de esta tesis doctoral son, enprimerlugar, investigar mediante técnicas de modelado, cómo y hasta que punto la contención debida a la compartición de recursos tiene un efecto en la ejecución y el consumo en trabajos batch. Ensegundolugar, la tesis presenta una técnica de planificación para determinar dinámicamente la mejor configuración para satisfacer una CDS en trabajos interactivos con un límite de latencia preestablecido, en cualquier arquitectura Para conseguir los objetivos propuestos, primero proponemos una técnica de modelización para estimar dinámicamente el rendimiento y el consumo de los servidores, que recibe por nombre Runtime Estimation of Performance and Power (REPP). El objetivo que perseguimos con la política de planificación REPP es permitir a los administradores obtener el control del consumo y el rendimiento de los procesadores. REPP consigue este objetivo a través de la estimación del rendimiento de las aplicaciones y su consumo al variar los niveles de energía del procesador, y dinámicamente cambia la configuración del sistema respetando las condiciones dadas por el usuario. Este modelado se realiza en base a un conjunto de contadores de eventos del procesador, que se han seleccionado de forma que están disponibles en las arquitecturas más comunes, haciendo que REPP sea independiente de la arquitectura En este trabajo de tesis doctoral, también defendemos que los métodos tradicionales de modelado y las estrategias de planificación usadas en estos entornos, no son efectivas para trabajos interactivos. Para tratar correctamente a estos trabajos, proponemos Hipster, una política de planificación que combina una heurística y un algoritmo basado en aprendizaje por refuerzo. El objetivo que fijamos con Hipster es mejorar la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos, al mismo tiempo que se respeta la calidad de servicio data a los trabajos interactivos. Hipster consigue sus objetivos con la exploración del funcionamiento del sistema y la variación de la frecuencia y el voltaje de los procesadores Hemos implementado REPP y Hipster en plataformas comerciales de 64bit (Intel y AMD) y experimentales (ARM big.LITTLE). Hemos obtenido resultados experimentales en estas plataformas y hemos demostrado que REPP realiza estimaciones de consumo y rendimiento de aplicaciones secuenciales y de trabajos formados por varias aplicaciones. El error medio en las arquitecturas Intel, AMD y ARM son, respectivamente, del 7,1%,9,0% y 7,1% en la predicción del rendimiento, y del 8,1%,6,5% y 6,0% en la predicción del consumo. De forma similar, demostramos que al comparar Hipster con los trabajos previos, nuestro algoritmo mejora la calidad de servicio para el servicio de búsqueda en la web, entre el 80% y el 96%, y para la aplicación Memcached del 92% al 99%, al tiempo que reduce el consumo de energia hasta el 18% en ARM
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Brocklesby, W. S. "Laser spectroscopy of defect centres in solids." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376886.
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Vonderheide, Robert H. "Formation of germinal centres in the rat." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2a533d75-468a-44b0-a07c-60c6d8f6b17a.
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Mitchell, A. "Asymmetric synthesis of quaternary centres using organocatalysis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.657854.
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The task of creating an all carbon quaternary centre, bearing an alkyl moiety with differentiated functionalities and substituents is a desired key step in organic synthesis. A variety of endeavours by research groups have lead to the construction of stereogenic quaternary centres, albeit with narrow scope of substrate. Despite the repertoire of transition metals/ligand, chiral auxiliaries and reagents available at hand, efficient enantioselective and organocatalytic methodologies for the construction of all carbon quaternary centres still remains a daunting challenge for synthetic chemists. One of the most popular methods to install a quaternary centre is via a conjugate addition, the addition of a chiral tertiary enolate to an electron deficient alkene or carbonyl compound has led to high levels of synthetic accomplishment over generations. Our strategy to assemble such quaternary centres focused on an organocatalytic tandem. Michael-aldol reaction, as an efficient one-pot strategy to install vicinal quaternary centres with good levels of enantioselective induction. Initial 1, 4-conjugate addition of the nucleophile with a-acrolein type Michael acceptors generates the enolate, which is now set up to undergo an intramolecular aldol reaction providing the desired molecules. Molecular complexes of this class are also amenable to further catalytic transformations and synthetic elaborations. This thesis presents our investigations towards organocatalytic enantioselective strategies for the assembly of fully substituted quaternary centres.