Journal articles on the topic 'Centralized heating system'
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1
Stepanov, Oleg, and Polina Tretyakova. "Centralized Heating System with Heat Pumps." MATEC Web of Conferences 73 (2016): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20167302016.
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Bedych, T. V. "MOBILE PREMISES HEATING SYSTEM." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 18, no. 3 (37) (September 24, 2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021no3/60-64.
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In production and in everyday life, various heating systems are used. Alternative heating methods have also been used in recent years. One of the sources for the heating system is the Sun. The use of solar energy is of great importance for objects cut off from centralized heat and power supply systems: small villages and auls, farm formations, distant pasture breeding, mobile houses. Heating from the sun, created on the basis of solar panels, is carried out by installing an electric heater. Currently, more and more attention of consumers is drawn to the electrically conductive carbon-based fuel material (carbon). The aim of the study was to study the use of an alternative energy source in the form of solar radiation and carbon thermal flexible material as a heater for heating mobile living quarters of farmers. To carry out the research, a solar station and a heater with a carbon fiber heat-emitting flexible material were installed on the farmer's mobile house. Studies have shown that the proposed system is efficient and in comparison with other systems, such as solar collectors, the system has a number of advantages.
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Liu, Yanfeng, Deze Hu, Xi Luo, and Ting Mu. "Design Optimization of Centralized–Decentralized Hybrid Solar Heating System Based on Building Clustering." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031019.
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Clean heating has not been widely applied in rural Chinese areas. Considering the abundance of solar energy resources, harvesting solar energy for heating can be an effective solution to the problem of space heating in most rural areas. As the disperse building distribution in rural areas makes it difficult to implement centralized heating on a large scale, deploying centralized–decentralized hybrid solar heating system can achieve the best result from both the technical and economic perspectives. Taking a virtual village in Tibet as an example, this paper explores how to obtain optimal design of centralized–decentralized hybrid solar heating system based on building clustering. The results show that: (1) Compared with the fully centralized system and fully decentralized system, the centralized–decentralized hybrid solar heating system in the studied case could achieve a life cycle cost (LCC) saving of 4.8% and 2.3%, respectively; (2) The LCC of centralized–decentralized hybrid solar heating system basically decreases when the cost of the heating pipelines in the whole region decreases, but the emergence of single-household solar heating system may greatly increase the operating cost; (3) The necessity of designing a centralized–decentralized hybrid solar heating system can be determined by the pipeline price and building density, but the threshold values of pipeline price and building density are highly case-specific.
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Jiang, Xiangting, Yaojun Lv, and Haoran Yan. "Design of Centralized Heating Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Sensors 2022 (March 2, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1308615.
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Current centralized heating monitoring system has realized the collection and control of working condition data in heating power stations, but there are still some shortcomings, such as the inability to collect data on the working conditions of user sides, and the inability to meet the further demand of heating enterprises for the refinement of heating network monitoring data. A wireless sensor network is a fully distributed sensor system with no central node, which can intensively deploy many sensor nodes to monitoring area through random placement, and integrates sensors, data processing and communication modules to form a self-organized network system. Therefore, in order to realize the intelligence of heating system and improve the flexibility of node data collection, the monitoring system can use wireless sensor network technology to realize wireless collection of node data, and display the collected data on a man-machine interface in real time. On the basis of research results from previous scholars, this paper expounds the research status and significance of centralized heating monitoring system design, elaborates the development background, current status and future challenges of wireless sensor network technology, introduces the methods and principles of wireless network communication protocol and heating and heat balance flow analysis, proposes a structural model of a centralized heating monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks, carries out the design of perception and convergence nodes, analyzes the layout of wireless sensor networks, explores the design scheme of centralized heating monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks, conducts the hardware and software design of the monitoring system, implements the software testing and hardware debugging of the centralized heating monitoring system, and finally discusses the relationship between data transfer related tasks and task scheduling. The study results show that the application of the centralized heating monitoring system based on the wireless sensor networks can not only more conveniently monitor, control and manage the entire heating networks, but also make full use of the centralized monitoring and quantitative management functions of the wireless sensor networks. This achieves dynamic tracking and monitoring of heating operation, real-time diagnosis of hidden dangers in heating operation, and safe, normal and energy-saving operation of the centralized heating system. The study results of this paper provide a reference for further researches on the design of centralized heating monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks.
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Kyzym, M. O., Y. I. Kotliarov, and V. Y. Khaustova. "Analyzing the Centralized Heat Provision of Large Localities in Ukraine and Countries of the World." Business Inform 9, no. 524 (2021): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-9-96-107.
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The presented research is aimed at defining the features of organizing the centralized heat provision of large localities in Ukraine and countries of the world. Within the terms of the set aim, the article considers the characteristics of the main heat supply organizations of large cities of Ukraine, the major regional and municipal programs that are effective in them, and the characteristic features of heat supply; the main problems of centralized heat supply in these localities. It is noted that Ukraine displays one of the world’s highest saturation of cities with heat networks: the total length of heat pipelines is approximately 47 thousand km in terms of two-pipe calculation. The share of centralized heating in the total structure of heat supply in Ukraine comprises about 42%. The centralized heat supply system is provided for approximately 60% of the total area, hot water supply – more than 40% of the total area of the country’s housing stock. On the basis of consideration of heat supply systems in several large cities of Ukraine, the general features of their district heating systems are identified. The experience of building a heat supply system in separated countries of the world (Russia, China, Denmark, Finland, USA, Canada, etc.) is analyzed. The scale of district heating systems in the researched world countries is considered. Modern trends in the development of district heating systems in Europe are studied and differences between Ukrainian district heating systems, including in terms of powers of local authorities in the field of heat supply, are determined. It is specified that local authorities in Ukraine are practically deprived of powers to regulate the development of CHP plants and capacities operating on renewable energy sources, which in developed countries is a priority for the development of centralized heat supply.
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Shelimanova, O., and A. Kolienko. "Improving the efficiency of heat release regulation in centralized heat supply systems." Energy and automation, no. 5(51) (October 28, 2020): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2020.05.081.
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Ensuring optimal hydraulic and thermal regimes in district heating systems (DHS) in the regulation of heat supply is an important factor in improving the energy and economic efficiency of DHS. In addition, high efficiency of the HS system is a factor that can ensure the preservation of its vital functions. Solving the problem of increasing the energy efficiency of the heat supply system is a complex problem that requires changes at all stages of heat transformation: in the energy source, heating networks and subscriber heating systems of heat consumers. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of heat dissipation control processes in district heating systems on their energy and economic efficiency, provide recommendations for improving control processes taking into account modern challenges and regulatory requirements, analyze heat dissipation temperature schedules and select the optimal temperature schedule. It is shown that the optimal is the combined quantitative and qualitative regulation of heat release, which should be carried out both at the energy source and at consumers. The paper considers the possibility of using combined control systems in the existing district heating systems of Ukrainian cities. It is shown that the achievement of high energy efficiency is possible only with the introduction of automatic individual heating points with weather control and pressure drop regulators at the inlet to the buildings in the subscriber heating systems. Calculations of the amount of heat consumption reduction of centralized heat supply systems with the introduction of optimal control systems are performed.
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Rehman, Hassam ur, Janne Hirvonen, Juha Jokisalo, Risto Kosonen, and Kai Sirén. "EU Emission Targets of 2050: Costs and CO2 Emissions Comparison of Three Different Solar and Heat Pump-Based Community-Level District Heating Systems in Nordic Conditions." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 4167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164167.
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In Finland, old apartments (1980s) contribute toward emissions. The objective is to reduce CO2 emissions to reach Europe’s targets of 2050. Three different centralized solar-based district heating systems integrated either with non-renovated or renovated old buildings in the community were simulated and compared against the reference city-level district heating system. The three proposed centralized systems were: Case 1: photovoltaic (PV) with a ground source heat pump (GSHP); Case 2: PV with an air-water heat pump (A2WHP); and Case 3: PV with A2WHPs, seasonal storage, and GSHPs. TRNSYS simulation software was used for dynamic simulation of the systems. Life cycle cost (LCC), CO2 emissions and purchased electricity were calculated and compared. The results show that the community-level district heating system (Case 3) outperformed Case 1, Case 2, and the city-level district heating. With non-renovated buildings, the relative emissions reduction was 83% when the reference energy system was replaced with Case 3 and the emissions reduction cost was 3.74 €/kg.CO2/yr. The relative emissions reduction was 91% when the buildings were deep renovated and integrated with Case 3 when compared to the reference system with non-renovated buildings and the emission reduction cost was 11.9 €/kg.CO2/yr. Such district heating systems could help in meeting Europe’s emissions target for 2050.
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Delle, Marta, Iveta Civcisa, Valdis Vitolins, Dace Lauka, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Integration of Sun PV Electricity in Centralized Heating Systems." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0093.
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Abstract During the experimental research, an algorithm was developed as a guide for the introduction of solar panels (PV) in centralized heat supply (CHS) companies and a SWOT analysis of the developed algorithm action blocks was performed. SWOT analysis was carried out for a project implemented in practise and, as a result of which the centralized heat supply system uses solar power with a total capacity of 30 kW. We found that in Latvia, the areas that are suitable for solar panels are several times higher than those required by the systems. Main tasks of the work: to analyse and study available literature and information on solar PV integration into CHS; analyse available solar PV power generation equipment and technologies; develop a roadmap for easy and understandable deployment of solar panels in the company.
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Xu, De Cheng. "Research on the Technology of Intelligent Control Terminal Personalized Heating Heating System." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.720.
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This design develop the equipment of centralized heat supply system heating according to need, energy-saving emission reduction technology in the end of indoor.The intelligent control, remote control technology that applied to the indoor heating system, developed with the realization of wireless remote control by mobile phone short message; along with the change of environment temperature and sunshine environment and intelligent control of heat supply; intelligent temperature control, real-time temperature storage, query and other functions of the controller.By controlling the switch on the intelligent control valve, which can be heating, reducing waste according to the actual situation of different users, to achieve the purpose of energy saving.
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OSANU, Aura, Liviu ENACACHE, and Marius BODOR. "The Evolution of CO2 Emissions from the Heating Systems of a Large City." Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 45, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2022.2.01.
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Different current reasons, like global warming due to greenhouse gases and high energy prices, creates the necessity to make the heating systems in large cities more efficient. The present paper presents a real situation for an urban agglomeration, regarding the transition from a centralized heating system to a decentralized one. Two types of decentralized possibilities are discussed and analyzed taking into account especially the CO2 emissions, during several recent years. In this respect, a calculus of CO2 emissions from the former heating system, compared to the present heating systems is also presented and discussed.
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CHICHERIN, Stanislav V., and Sergey V. GLUKHOV. "CENTRALIZED HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEM AND TECHNIQUES OF PLANNING ITS LOADS." Urban construction and architecture 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2017.03.22.
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The paper analyses heat-supply systems of four major Russian cities and heat-supply regulatory documents. The authors investigated company documents providing information on construction objects prospective connection and on unconnected consumers for each heating season. The information contained in the documents was summarized and made anonymous to preserve confi dentiality of consumers. The researchers also studies data from the offi cial site of the Municipal Service Department of Omsk Administration. The data showed housing stock structure and its coverage with centralized heating services. The following percentage rating for reasons causing the thermal load removal is detected: thus, 31 of 47 construction objects with a total load of 80.8% (of the total load removed during the period under review) were switched off the system because of "The resett lement program for citizens from the emergency housing stock" in 2016. Typical problems of a large sett lement centralized heating system operation are also described in the paper. It is shown that there is a tendency towards a signifi cant increase in the amount of annual heat consumption decline underway. This increase in decline may be 32-multiple in some regions, and it may go slow in the others. Making recommendations based on the results of the design calculation will clarify diameters of trunk and intra networks, which the authors see a task for the future. In general, this methodology should help to adjust industrial strategies for consumer needs.
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Kolienko, Anatolii, Rasul Ahmednabiev, Vitalii Turchenko, Liudmyla Bondar, and Oksana Demchenko. "Efficiency of mine water use in the centralized heat supply system of city district." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 970, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/970/1/012007.
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Abstract Technological solutions for the use of mine waters energy potential in district heating system of settlements in the coal-mining regions using heat pumps have been substantiated. Using the example of mines in the Central Donbas, an analysis of composition and quantity of mine waters has been carried out, an assessment of the energy potential of mine waters and an assessment of the sufficiency of such a potential to meet the needs of buildings of cities for heating and hot water supply have been carried out. A schematic diagram has been developed for the implementation of a project for the use of mine water in district heating systems in cities while maintaining the function of existing boiler heating systems as peak sources of heat. Thermodynamic calculations of the heat pump cycle in real conditions of using mine water have been carried out. A quantitative assessment of the main technical, economic and environmental indices of the project is presented. The selection of equipment has been carried out and the efficiency assessment of its work has been made. It is recommended to use heat pumps using the thermal potential of mine water in district heating systems for both operating and closed mines.
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Geng, Guojing, and Xianzhe Li. "Technical economic model of energy utilization and energy saving for central heating system." Thermal Science 25, no. 4 Part B (2021): 3113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2104113g.
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Chinese heating method has gradually shifted from small fragments to centralized regional heating. This heating method has achieved obvious energy-saving benefits. The article establishes an economic model of the energy utilization rate of the central heating system and installs the system exergy balance equation at the same time. The simulation found that the energy utilization coefficient of the heating system is high and has a high energy-saving potential. The effect of energy utilization is poor, and it has great potential for energy saving.
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Kotlyarov, V. V., and B. A. Unaspekov. "ADVANTAGES OF USING THE SYSTEM OF OPERATIONAL REMOTE CONTROL OF HEATING NETWORKS IN URBAN CONDITIONS." Bulletin of Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Construction 84, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51488/1680-080x/2022.2-39.
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The purpose of this article is to show the result of a study of the use of an operational remote control system (ODS) in heating networks. The analysis of the efficiency of centralized heat supply systems shows the deterioration of their operational functioning in Almaty over the past few seasons of heat supply. Based on this, this article analyzes the use of an operational remote control system in order to optimize heating networks.
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Toropov, Alexey L. "Hydraulic and thermal stability of independent systems of apartment heating." Vestnik MGSU, no. 7 (July 2022): 944–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2022.7.944-953.
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Introduction. Individual apartment heating has been used in the Russian Federation since 1998. More than two million wall-mounted gas boilers were installed in the apartments of apartment buildings, 99 percent of which are wall-mounted double-circuit convection boilers with atmospheric burners. Their hydraulic and thermal stability is a requirement of the current standards for the design of heating systems. The heat generator of independent heating systems is part of a single circulation circuit; it has its own hydraulic resistance. The circulation of coolant and transfer of thermal energy through the pipelines to heating appliances is performed by the circulation pump. Stability of an independent heating system, in contrast to the centralized one, depends on the regulatory parameters of energy supply (pressure, calorific value of gas, voltage of the electric network).
Materials and methods. The authors studied the thermal capacity parameters of the gas burner and the circulation pump within the framework of current standards of variable supply of energy resources and their influence on the hydraulic and thermal stability of systems.
Results. Quantitative results of the studied parameters were obtained. The authors identified the coefficient of heat power generation depending on gas pressure, range of pressure change and flow characteristics of circulation pumps, wall boiler hydraulic resistance, influence of thermostatic valves of heating appliances and the use of antifreezes.
Conclusion. An independent heating system differs from a centralized one in that a heat generator and a circulation pump are its integral parts. The operating parameters of independent heating systems depend on standard parameters of energy resources supply. Hydraulic resistance does not determine thermal stability. When calculating the hydraulic resistance of the heating circuit, it is necessary to take into account the hydraulic resistance of the gas boiler. Thermal heads on heating appliances and antifreezes in the system of independent apartment heating contradict the concept of hydraulic stability of the heating circuit. Thermal stability of an apartment heating system should be checked taking into account the algorithms of the heat generator performance.
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Sun, Yu, Yadan Liu, Hui Su, and Xiaoxia Tao. "Energy Saving Control of District Heating System Based on MATLAB." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (August 22, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7476729.
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In order to offset the lag and delay in the heating process and solve the problem of excessive heating in the heating season, an energy-saving control method of district heating system based on MATLAB is proposed. Based on MATLAB/SIMULINK software, the simulation model of district heating system is established to study its dynamic characteristics. The short-term load forecasting method is introduced to guide the system to conduct centralized regulation and observe the dynamic response of indoor temperature and operating energy consumption. Compared with the constant water supply temperature and the outdoor temperature compensation method, the results show that the proposed method can reduce the indoor temperature fluctuation range to 20 ± 1°C, and the energy saving rate of the whole heating season can reach 14.5% compared with the conventional regulation method.
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Brumana, G., G. Franchini, E. Ghirardi, and S. Ravelli. "Optimization of Solar District Heating & Cooling Systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012113.
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Abstract The present work proposes a comparison between three solar-powered district heating and cooling systems, namely: 1) centralized district heating & cooling (DHC) system; 2) 5th-generation district heating & cooling (5GDHC) system and 3) individual AC plants (HHC, Home Heating and Cooling), in different climate conditions. Thermal loads are evaluated by transient simulations of a residential compound featuring 56 detached houses for three different Italian climates: (1) a Mediterranean region on the seaside (Palermo, I), (2) a temperate climate in Central Italy (Roma, I), and (3) a cold-temperate climate in Northern Italy (Bolzano, I). The DHC system shows the highest efficiency in terms of energy-savings, whatever the location. The 5GDHC system reaches a compromise between installation and operational costs.
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Gao, Yannan, and San Sampattavanija. "China's Huai River Policy and South-North Distinctions in Population Migration." 14th GCBSS Proceeding 2022 14, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2022.2(25).
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Central heating, also called district heating, is a heating system run by a central cogeneration plant through a system of insulated pipes stretching into heating users. The word "central" stands for "centralized" instead of "scattered" or "decentralized." Central heating in China is closely related to the nation's policy as a huge amount of energy exhaustion leads to high costs and air pollution. Therefore, the country has set its winter heating boundary since establishing the central heating systems in the 1950s. The boundary formed a fixed border to classify areas with heating systems and regions without them. The areas with cold winters could have state-planned central heating systems, while the areas with warmer winters did not have those systems. The boundary was set according to the winter temperature level and hasn't changed since the 1950s. The borderline coincides with two critical geographical locations in China: the Huai River and Qinling Mountains. The policy of classifying the heating and non-heating regions is called the Huai River policy. Keywords: Central Winter Heating, Heating Boundary, Population Migration, Huai River Policy
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Zhong, Wei, Jiaying Chen, Yi Zhou, Zhongbo Li, and Xiaojie Lin. "Network flexibility study of urban centralized heating system: Concept, modeling and evaluation." Energy 177 (June 2019): 334–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.081.
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Zhang, Zi-ping, and Fang-hui Du. "Optimization and Thermoeconomics Research of a Large Reclaimed Water Source Heat Pump System." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/893020.
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This work describes a large reclaimed water source heat pump system (RWSHPS) and elaborates on the composition of the system and its design principles. According to the characteristics of the reclaimed water and taking into account the initial investment, the project is divided into two stages: the first stage adopts distributed heat pump heating system and the second adopts the combination of centralized and decentralized systems. We analyze the heating capacity of the RWSHPS, when the phase II project is completed, the system can provide hydronic heating water with the supply and return water temperature of 55°C/15°C and meet the hydronic heating demand of 8 million square meters of residential buildings. We make a thermal economics analysis by using Thermal Economics theory on RWSHPS and gas boiler system, it is known that the RWSHPS has more advantages, compared with the gas boiler heating system; both its thermal efficiency and economic efficiency are relatively high. It provides a reference for future applications of the RWSHPS.
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Lin, Xiaojie, Sibin Liu, Shuowei Lu, Zhongbo Li, Yi Zhou, Zitao Yu, and Wei Zhong. "A study on operation control of urban centralized heating system based on cyber-physical systems." Energy 191 (January 2020): 116569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116569.
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Martínez Garrido, M. I., R. Fort, and M. J. Varas Muriel. "Sensor-based monitoring of heating system effectiveness and efficiency in Spanish churches." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 8 (August 8, 2016): 1102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16663612.
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The installation of heating systems in buildings and monuments not designed to accommodate such facilities poses technical difficulties, particularly where occupancy and hence system use is sporadic, such as in churches, cathedrals, synagogues, mosques and other places of worship. Furthermore, building materials and architecture may detract from system efficiency. An additional difficulty is the source of energy: when monuments are in remote areas, fuels such as natural gas may not be available, although on occasion they may not be used even when they are available. The present study explores the thermal comfort provided by heating systems generally used in Spanish churches: decentralized gas burner system (propane) and centralized air heating systems (natural gas, fuel oil) based on a new monitoring methodology using temperature, relative humidity and airflow sensors. The church at Talamanca de Jarama (fuel oil) delivered the highest thermal comfort based on environmental conditions, whereas the system installed at Algete (natural gas) was the most energy efficient. The requirements of each heating system were assessed relative to the conservation of the desired indoor conditions, considering energy, comfort and aesthetic factors.
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Vorobeva, Yu A., D. V. Lobanov, O. V. Kuripta, N. A. Drapaluk, and A. A. Merchiev. "Analysis of reliability indicators in the supply of thermal energy using geographic information systems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 990, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/990/1/012032.
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Abstract The analysis of existing heating systems in Russian cities was carried out. The predominant systems in most cities are centralized from CHPPs, industrial and district boiler houses. The functional structure of the city of Voronezh is analyzed - the system of centralized heat supply of the city is divided between different legal entities transfer of heat energy to consumers. The main problems of the city heat supply are considered. Proposed a set of measures to improve the efficiency of the heat supply of Voronezh, such as the introduction of an electronic model of heat supply of the city and the use of technical means to improve energy efficient mode of heating networks. Comparison of the existing available capacity of heat supply sources and perspective heat load in each of the allocated zones of sources was carried out.
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Schuchardt, Georg K. "Integration of Decentralized Thermal Storages Within District Heating (DH) Networks." Environmental and Climate Technologies 18, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2016-0009.
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Abstract Thermal Storages and Thermal Accumulators are an important component within District Heating (DH) systems, adding flexibility and offering additional business opportunities for these systems. Furthermore, these components have a major impact on the energy and exergy efficiency as well as the heat losses of the heat distribution system. Especially the integration of Thermal Storages within ill-conditioned parts of the overall DH system enhances the efficiency of the heat distribution. Regarding an illustrative and simplified example for a DH system, the interactions of different heat storage concepts (centralized and decentralized) and the heat losses, energy and exergy efficiencies will be examined by considering the thermal state of the heat distribution network.
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Weng, Min, and Chengxuan Geng. "Research on computer centralized management system based on thermal energy data acquisition and display." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191204121w.
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The thesis discusses the thermal energy related theories and designs a thermal energy measurement and control system based on the AT89S52 microcontroller. Through the DS18B20 temperature sensor and DN20 flow sensor, the temperature and flow data are directly transmitted to the microcontroller. Calculate the value of heat energy consumed according to the formula, and display related information such as consumption, balance, temperature, time through the LCD display, and the system is provided with a voice warning prompt. The output signal of the one-chip computer passes the D/A, V/I circuit, and transmits the output signal to the electric regulating valve to control the opening degree of the valve to adjust the indoor temperature. Through CAN bus and non-contact IC card module to realize remote meter reading and user?s prepayment function. System data is stored in the storage chip AT24C04A to prevent data loss. The prepaid heat meter cannot only solve the problem of heat consumption measurement in the heating system, but also greatly improve the accuracy and timeliness of heating billing, eliminate errors, omissions, and other issues, and provide a scientific, timely, accurate, and reasonable civilian heating system. Thermal energy billing, charging, and control provide effective tools.
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Nikitin, A. A., O. E. Konicheva, S. S. Muraveinikov, E. V. Nezhurin, and N. O. Rachkovsky. "Analysis of heat losses during heat supply of an urban-type settlement using a heat pump." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 866, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/866/1/012019.
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Abstract Centralized heat supply systems include a network of pipelines connecting buildings and structures in such a way that entire districts and quarters are supplied with a heat carrier from a single boiler plant. District heating is a well-studied part of the energy system. Despite this, low temperature district heating is still underdeveloped, although it is one of the key technologies for energy efficient urban heating. Low-temperature heat supply systems are the basis of 4th generation district heating systems, since they can significantly reduce heat losses during transportation of the heat carrier to the heat energy consumer and allow the use of heat from renewable sources, for example, heat pumps. The study focuses on analyzing the heat loss of a district heating system by comparing simulation results at a standard flow temperature and at a temperature typical of the 4th generation heat supply schedule. On the basis of the created model, the calculation of heat and hydraulic losses of the low-temperature district heating system was carried out, as well as a comparative analysis in comparison with the standard heat supply system.
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Lu, Shilei, Yunfang Qi, Zhe Cai, and Yiran Li. "Optimization model analysis of centralized groundwater source heat pump system in heating season." Frontiers in Energy 9, no. 3 (September 2015): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11708-015-0372-8.
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Zhong, Wei, Jiaying Chen, Yi Zhou, Zhongbo Li, Zitao Yu, and Xiaojie Lin. "Investigation of optimized network splitting of large-scale urban centralized heating system operation." Energy Reports 6 (November 2020): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.02.012.
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Stennikov, Valery, Ekaterina Mednikova, and Ivan Postnikov. "Optimization of the district heating zones." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821202005.
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A method for determining the optimal action zones of the centralized sources of thermal energy is developed using the calculation of the effective heat supply radius of consumers. The methodology allows to take into account the features of heat supply systems’ functioning, their technical and economic indicators, the uneven distribution of heat loads throughout the city, and limitations on the reliability of the system. Practical implementation of the proposed methodology on the scheme of operating a heat supply system is presented, the results of calculating the effective heat supply radius with their subsequent correction for reliability requirements are obtained. The application of this technique in the development of heat supply schemes for cities will allow to determine the boundaries of effective heat supply radii in all directions of the mains of heat networks, taking into account the optimal flow distribution of the coolant in them and the sections’ technical characteristics.
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Wang, Rui, and Wei Gang Zheng. "The Design of Household Automatic Control Water Supply System Based on PLC." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1099.
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This paper design a solar heating water supply system which can use solar energy , the system is better than the traditional water supply system in the past .The PLC centralized control and intelligent control system can use more full solar energy to save resources and protect environment for the purpose of saving energy .
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Tomas, Federico, and Alberto Dal Cason. "Energy and economic sustainability in the renewal of centralized heating systems using hybrid heat pump systems." E3S Web of Conferences 343 (2022): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234301005.
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In the context of the energy transition policies desired by the EU, the objectives set by 2030 include the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the achievement of greater energy savings and the increase in the use of renewable energy. This study, after an analysis concerning the Italian building stock, aims to highlight a possible first step towards achieving these objectives: the renewal of centralized heating systems in multi-dwelling buildings. In fact, on the national scenario there are about 430,000 condominiums with centralized heating system built before 1990 and, therefore, possibly liable to energy efficiency. In this research a case study building was simulated using the software EnergyPlus in which a renovation of the existing heating system was modelled in the Matlab/Simulink environment with an innovative hybrid generator consisting of an air/water heat pump and a condensing boiler. The analysis of this solution, carried out for three different Italian climatic zones, highlights how significant reductions in CO2 emissions can be achieved, high energy savings in terms of primary energy use and savings regarding usage costs, thus achieving greater comfort and sustainability. In addition, an economic analysis was carried out comparing different combinations of systems with the aim of identifying the best solution for each application.
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Sun, Jian, Jing Hua, Lin Fu, and Shigang Zhang. "Experimental study of a large temperature difference thermal energy storage tank for centralized heating systems." Thermal Science 22, no. 1 Part B (2018): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160720173s.
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Decreasing the backwater temperature of the primary pipe in a centralized heating system is one successful way to increase the heating capacity and recover different kinds of industrial low-grade heat from the system. A new system combining an energy storage tank and a heat pump is introduced in this study as the key device in this system, so the temperature difference of this thermal storage tank could be over 25?C. To improve the thermal energy storage tank design, a mathematical model considering disturbance factor is given, an experimental system is built, and good agreement is found when the experimental results are compared with simulation results.
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Steingrube, Annette, Keyu Bao, Stefan Wieland, Andrés Lalama, Pithon M. Kabiro, Volker Coors, and Bastian Schröter. "A Method for Optimizing and Spatially Distributing Heating Systems by Coupling an Urban Energy Simulation Platform and an Energy System Model." Resources 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10050052.
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District heating is seen as an important concept to decarbonize heating systems and meet climate mitigation goals. However, the decision related to where central heating is most viable is dependent on many different aspects, like heating densities or current heating structures. An urban energy simulation platform based on 3D building objects can improve the accuracy of energy demand calculation on building level, but lacks a system perspective. Energy system models help to find economically optimal solutions for entire energy systems, including the optimal amount of centrally supplied heat, but do not usually provide information on building level. Coupling both methods through a novel heating grid disaggregation algorithm, we propose a framework that does three things simultaneously: optimize energy systems that can comprise all demand sectors as well as sector coupling, assess the role of centralized heating in such optimized energy systems, and determine the layouts of supplying district heating grids with a spatial resolution on the street level. The algorithm is tested on two case studies; one, an urban city quarter, and the other, a rural town. In the urban city quarter, district heating is economically feasible in all scenarios. Using heat pumps in addition to CHPs increases the optimal amount of centrally supplied heat. In the rural quarter, central heat pumps guarantee the feasibility of district heating, while standalone CHPs are more expensive than decentral heating technologies.
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Rezaei, Abolfazl, Bahador Samadzadegan, Hadise Rasoulian, Saeed Ranjbar, Soroush Samareh Abolhassani, Azin Sanei, and Ursula Eicker. "A New Modeling Approach for Low-Carbon District Energy System Planning." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051383.
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Designing district-scale energy systems with renewable energy sources is still a challenge, as it involves modeling of multiple loads and many options to combine energy system components. In the current study, two different energy system scenarios for a district in Montreal/Canada are compared to choose the most cost-effective and energy-efficient energy system scenario for the studied area. In the first scenario, a decentral energy system comprised of ground-source heat pumps provides heating and cooling for each building, while, in the second scenario, a district heating and cooling system with a central heat pump is designed. Firstly, heating and cooling demand are calculated in a completely automated process using an Automatic Urban Building Energy Modeling System approach (AUBEM). Then, the Integrated Simulation Environment Language (INSEL) is used to prepare a model for the energy system. The proposed model provides heat pump capacity and the number of required heat pumps (HP), the number of photovoltaic (PV) panels, and AC electricity generation potential using PV. After designing the energy systems, the piping system, heat losses, and temperature distribution of the centralized scenario are calculated using a MATLAB code. Finally, two scenarios are assessed economically using the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) method. The results show that the central scenario’s total HP electricity consumption is 17% lower than that of the decentral systems and requires less heat pump capacity than the decentral scenario. The LCOE of both scenarios varies from 0.04 to 0.07 CAD/kWh, which is cheaper than the electricity cost in Quebec (0.08 CAD/kWh). A comparison between both scenarios shows that the centralized energy system is cost-beneficial for all buildings and, after applying the discounts, the LCOE of this scenario decreases to 0.04 CAD/kWh.
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Shkarovskiy, Alexander, Anatolii Kolienko, and Vitalii Turchenko. "INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF HEAT LOAD CONTROL IN CENTALIZED HEATING NETWORKS." Architecture and Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-3-29-41.
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The paper presents the results of studies aimed to increase the efficiency of centralized heating networks by improving heat supply control at the plant and at the local level. With this in view, we considered issues of choosing the optimal heat supply schedule and its influence on the efficiency of heat generation, transportation and use, as well as the influence of the heat carrier temperature on heat losses at the corner of the temperature curve. We also studied the influence of the heat carrier temperature in the return pipe of heating networks on the operation of heat generators by using various control methods. Another issue considered in the course of the study was the issue of ensuring the hydraulic and thermal stability of heating networks and heating systems connected to them by using the combined control method. The methodology of the study was based on the analysis of heat balance equations for the steady-state operation of a complex including a heating network and a building’s heating system. As a result, we obtained relationships that make it possible to determine the variation in the heat carrier flow rate and temperature depending on the heat load, as well as the reduction in energy consumption for heat carrier transportation. Recommendations were developed for the introduction of combined heat load control. A scheme for the reconstruction of central heat stations is proposed. The scientific and practical results of the study can be used to prevent significant heat losses, ensure optimal operation of heating networks, heat generators, and heating systems, reduce energy consumption, and increase the overall efficiency of centralized heating networks.
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Wang, Wen Biao, Yong Sun, Si Yuan Wang, and Song Meng. "Intelligent Control and Application of Heat Exchange Station Based on Heating Quality." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.645.
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The heat exchange station of centralized heating system has the characteristics of large time delay and large lag which will affect the heating quality directly. Furthermore, a scheme of temperature control system of heat exchange station based on intelligent three-states Pang-Pang is designed .It chooses the average temperature of supply and return water in secondary network as the controlled parameters is based on mechanism analysis. Actual control effect shows that the scheme improves the controllability of the system. It not only decreases the overshoot but also improves the heating quality especially has the referential and extending significance for heat exchange station transforming open loop to closed-loop control.
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Kim, Min-Hwi, Deuk-Won Kim, Dong-Won Lee, and Jaehyeok Heo. "Experimental Analysis of Bi-Directional Heat Trading Operation Integrated with Heat Prosumers in Thermal Networks." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 5881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185881.
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District cooling and heating methods that can utilize highly efficient heat pumps and various unused new and renewable types of energy are required to achieve low carbon emissions and zero energy usage in buildings and community units. The technical requirements for the implementation of decentralized thermal networks and heat trading are increasing, both for thermal networks in new buildings and for those remodeled based on existing centralized thermal networks. In this study, a conventional centralized thermal network was implemented as a decentralized thermal network and the possibility of heat prosumers feeding thermal networks was demonstrated experimentally. A real-scale plant was constructed by employing unused thermal energy facilities as prosumers in a school and childcare center based on the existing small-scale block heating and cooling thermal network. The decentralized thermal network and heat prosumer concepts were proven through operation experiments performed on the constructed system in summer and winter. An economic benefit can be achieved by increasing the peak power cost. The experimental results also showed that the proposed bi-directional heat trading reduced carbon emissions by 12.7% compared with conventional centralized thermal systems.
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Song, Sang, and Taesu Cheong. "Pattern-Based Set Partitioning Algorithm for the Integrated Sustainable Operation of a District Heating Network." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 2774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082774.
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District heating is a system of distributing heated water from centralized facilities to local homes and buildings. In this paper, we model the distribution planning problem as a supply chain planning problem and propose an explicit column generation algorithm to handle large-scale data and nonlinear constraints. The algorithm is successfully applied to a Korean district heating company and computational experiments show that the integrated operation of the district heating network increases the total profit compared to previous isolated networks.
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Maximov, Maxim Olegovich. "EFFICIENCY OF THERMAL ENERGY GENERATION BY COGENERATION PLANTS DUE TO THE MAXIMUM USE OF HEAT." Globus: technical sciences 7, no. 2(38) (May 19, 2021): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2713-3079-38-2-10.
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ignificant heat losses in centralized heating and hot water supply systems during the transportation of heat carriers lead to the need for decentralization of heat generating installations. It is shown that steam and gas installations for combined heat and power generation deserve the greatest attention. The ways of increasing the efficiency of cogeneration plants of various capacities based on CCGT by utilizing the heat of the heating system by installing recuperative heat exchangers on the return lines of the heating system after heating devices that are connected to the hot water supply network are substantiated, which makes it possible to reduce heat losses to the environment. The proposed system of rational interaction of the power plant with the heating and hot water supply system, which allows increasing the thermal efficiency of the cogeneration plant by 2%, which corresponds to a fuel saving of 3% due to the more complete use of the thermal energy of steam, which is sent as a selection for district heating. This article discusses solutions aimed at increasing the efficiency of heat generation by cogeneration plants by maximizing the use of heat from the exhaust steam of turbines.
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Melikyan, Zohrab, Naira Egnatosyan, and Siranush Egnatosyan. "Development of Heating and Cooling Local Air Conditioning System for Houses." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.920.
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Centralized air conditioning systems are widely used in buildings at present. In these conditioners, the outside air gets required temperature, humidity, purity, and other features, necessary for creating comfort microclimate in inside areas of houses, and by the help of fans and air ducts the processed air moves to all rooms of a building. As a result, the creation and maintenance of comfort conditions in buildings become complicated and expensive activity. From this point of view, it is becoming more expedient to install local air conditioners in each room instead of single central one for the whole building. For this reason new local air conditioner is developed.
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Twarog, Boguslaw, and Ewa Zeslawska. "Synchronization of distributed robotics control system." ITM Web of Conferences 21 (2018): 00007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20182100007.
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The paper presents the novel project that has been proposed and realized together with the implementation of the process of heating thermosetting components based on advanced industrial equipment and software tools. In the fundamental task of optimization, the phenomenon of process synchronization based on a centralized algorithm adapted to the specific requirements of production was taken into account. The proposed research station was optimized and located in the laboratory of the Interdisciplinary Computer Modelling of the University of Rzeszow, that specializes in raising the efficiency of industrial processes
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Aleksahin, A., A. Boblovskey, К. Zhariy, J. Sidorenko, and М. Skorik. "HEAT MODES OF THE HEATING NETWORK IN WARMING BUILDINGS." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (April 3, 2020): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-159-164.
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The results of calculations of heat losses by network pipelines for heating of idealized groups of buildings during insulation of structures are presented in the work. Formulas for estimation of heat loss reduction by heat conduits are proposed depending on the efficiency of energy saving measures for construction and the law of change of network water costs along the length of the heat conduit, which is determined by the network configuration. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the influence of the hydraulic characteristics of the branches of the heating network on the magnitude of heat losses during transportation of the coolant by pipelines of the distribution network to buildings. Idealized groups of buildings with the same number of objects and the same maximum heat consumption for heating of a separate building are considered. For district heating systems, the efficiency of implementing energy-saving measures for buildings is determined not only by the reduction of heating costs, but also by the change in operating costs for the microdistrict heating network, which is caused by the reduction of heat carrier costs and heat losses by heating system pipelines. The magnitude of the heat loss depends on the method of laying the networks, the parameters of the pipeline insulation, the temperature of the coolant, and the environment. In the case of selective insulation of the buildings of the selected group of buildings, the location of the insulated building is significantly influenced by the amount of heat losses by the pipelines. In case of centralized heat supply, a fragment of the construction load decrease due to the insulation of buildings and the reduction of the network water temperature in the space heating devices causes the reduction of heat losses by the pipelines of the distribution thermal networks. The magnitude of the reduction of heat losses by heat pipelines is determined by the degree of efficiency of insulation of buildings, the nature of changes in the cost of the coolant along the length of the branch of the thermal network and practically does not depend on the magnitude of the heating load of buildings. Keywords: centralized heat supply, centralized heating systems, energy saving, heat transfer resistance, enclosing structures, coefficient of efficiency of building insulation, distribution thermal networks, heat loss by pipelines.
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Zhu, Lin, and Hai Zhang. "Application of WSN in the Remote Monitoring for Heating Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 392 (September 2013): 791–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.392.791.
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For the characteristics of urban centralized heating system are wide geography coverage and large span of density distribution in the monitoring system but having regular, the paper put forward a remote communication mode combined by WSN and GPRS. As the background of the remote monitoring for the client operating condition in heating network, the paper elaborate the structure of urban remote monitoring system for heating network, and the design idea of its hardware and software. As well as the WSN self-organized protocol is analyzed carefully. The scheme can effectively solve the industrial field problem, which industrial environment is difficult to wire, and the construction and running cost is high in the remote monitoring system. It also has high application value.
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Bullard, C. W. "An Analytical Framework for Preliminary Evaluation of Space Conditioning Systems." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 111, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231410.
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This paper introduces a methodology for comparing three advanced space and water heating technologies whose higher second-law efficiencies promise to offset their increased capital costs: 1) onsite cogeneration; 2) centralized cogeneration with district heating; and 3) electric heat pumps. The competing technologies are compared within a single-system boundary that includes the electric utility system, because cogeneration systems produce electricity and heat pumps consume it. This approach eliminates the electric rate structure from the equations, allowing the analysis to focus on cost rather than price. The results are intended to inform a longer term perspective, over which modern metering technology will enable utility rate structures to reflect the real duration-dependent cost of electricity generation.
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Jamaluddin, Khairulnadzmi, Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi, Khaidzir Hamzah, and Jiří Jaromír Klemeš. "A Numerical Pinch Analysis Methodology for Optimal Sizing of a Centralized Trigeneration System with Variable Energy Demands." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2020): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082038.
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The energy and power sectors are critical sectors, especially as energy demands rise every year. Increasing energy demand will lead to an increase in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Improving the thermal efficiency of conventional power systems is one way to reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions. The previous study has developed a new methodology called Trigeneration System Cascade Analysis (TriGenSCA) to optimise the sizing of power, heating, and cooling in a trigeneration system for a Total Site system. However, the method only considered a single period on heating and cooling demands. In industrial applications, there are also batches, apart from continuous plants. The multi-period is added in the analysis to meet the time constraints in batch plants. This paper proposes the development of an optimal trigeneration system based on the Pinch Analysis (PA) methodology by minimizing cooling, heating, and power requirements, taking into account energy variations in the total site energy system. The procedure involves seven steps, which include data extraction, identification of time slices, Problem Table Algorithm, Multiple Utility Problem Table Algorithm, Total Site Problem Table Algorithm, TriGenSCA, and Trigeneration Storage Cascade Table (TriGenSCT). An illustrative case study is constructed by considering the trigeneration Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Power Plant (PWR NPP) and four industrial plants in a Total Site system. Based on the case study, the base fuel of the trigeneration PWR NPP requires 14 t of Uranium-235 to an average demand load of 93 GWh/d. The results of trigeneration PWR NPP with and without the integration of the Total Site system is compared and proven that trigeneration PWR NPP with integration is a suitable technology that can save up to 0.2% of the equivalent annual cost and 1.4% of energy compared to trigeneration PWR NPP without integration.
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Agilbayeva, Mereke, and Alexey Kalinin. "The development of the district heat supply system of the city of Karaganda." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913501031.
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The district heating system of Karaganda (Kazakhstan) is considered in the article. The characteristics of the existing cogenerators and the state of the pipeline networks are given. Given the analysis of the existing state of the entire district heating of Karaganda. Proposed the program for the integrated development of the heat supply system bringing world experience in implementing the main development and modernization of heating networks. Shown the experience of reconstruction of heat supply facilities in the city of Karaganda within the framework of the state loan program “Nurly Zhol”. Based on the statistical data on the development of the city of Karaganda and its heat supply system the predicted heat loads are given until 2030. Due to the shortage of available heat capacity, options for the development of a centralized heat supply system in Karaganda are given and analyzed.
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Kosyakov, S. V., A. M. Sadykov, V. V. Sennikov, and V. V. Smirnov. "Improving the efficiency of centralized heating systems operation by using an information system for monitoring heat networks." Vestnik IGEU, no. 2 (2018): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2018.2.057-066.
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Sun, Fangtian, Yonghua Xie, Svend Svendsen, and Lin Fu. "New Low-Temperature Central Heating System Integrated with Industrial Exhausted Heat Using Distributed Electric Compression Heat Pumps for Higher Energy Efficiency." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 6582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246582.
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Industrial exhausted heat can be used as the heat source of central heating for higher energy efficiency. To recover more industrial exhausted heat, a new low-temperature central heating system integrated with industrial exhausted heat using distributed electric compression heat pumps is put forward and analyzed from the aspect of thermodynamics and economics. The roles played by the distributed electric compression heat pumps in improving both thermal performance and financial benefit of the central heating system integrated with industrial exhausted heat are greater than those by the centralized electric compression heat pumps. The proposed low-temperature central heating system has higher energy efficiency, better financial benefit, and longer economical distance of transmitting exhausted heat, and thus, its configuration is optimal. For the proposed low-temperature central heating system, the annual coefficient of performance, annual product exergy efficiency, heating cost, and payback period are about 22.2, 59.4%, 42.83 ¥/GJ, and 6.2 years, respectively, when the distance of transmitting exhausted heat and the price of exhausted heat are 15 km and 15 ¥/GJ, respectively. The economical distance of transmitting exhausted heat of the proposed low-temperature central heating system could approach 25.1 km.
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Todorovic, Maja, Milos Banjac, Tamara Bajc, and Milan Ristanovic. "Achieving savings by implementation of efficient hybrid heating systems." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 5 (2019): 1683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180726176t.
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Regarding to the structure of final energy consumption in buildings and National Action Plans, the paper gives a short overview of energy consumption in buildings in Serbia, showing that the greatest potential for achieving savings lies in the implementation of measures which improve energy efficiency. Considering that over 60% of energy requirements for buildings is related to thermal energy, particular attention should be paid to the centralized heating systems, both during the design of a new system, and in the reconstruction of the existing one. Further discussed are the heat sources for the heating systems. The seasonal heat load duration curve for winter conditions in accordance to the Typical Meteorological Year for Belgrade is constructed and displayed. The analysis of the conventional system with a fossil fuel source, as well as the analysis of a hybrid heat source are conducted. The savings achieved in the primary energy, heating bills and CO emission reduction, which are attained by the use of a hybrid system, are shown in 2 comparison with the conventional systems. Collecting data on investment costs, as well as the prices of energy and fuels in Serbian market, enabled calculation of the payback period when replacing the conventional system by the new hybrid one.
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Pakere, Ieva, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Solar Energy in Low Temperature District Heating." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0085.
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Abstract Solar technologies are flexible and can be used for both centralized and decentralized energy production. The main aim of this article is to compare different solar technologies and configurations for integration into the DH system. The multi-criteria analyses method is used to rank different alternatives based on several criterions. The evaluation of criterions has been based on previous studies conducted. The multi-criteria analyses allow to compare different solar system alternatives that cannot be compared directly due to differences in their scale, type of energy produced and consumed, investment levels, etc. For the particular DH system researched, the most desirable solution is the PVT panel integration with an area of 1000 m2 which is aligned with the actual DH company’s power consumption. However, the results are strongly impacted by the assumed investment levels, efficiency of the technologies and other assumptions that could be further analysed by the help of sensitivity analyses.