Journal articles on the topic 'Central thermal processing'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Central thermal processing.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Central thermal processing.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Hofbauer, Robert K., Pierre Fiset, Gilles Plourde, Steven B. Backman, and M. Catherine Bushnell. "Dose-dependent Effects of Propofol on the Central Processing of Thermal Pain." Anesthesiology 100, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200402000-00031.
Full textAbstract:
Background Anatomic and physiologic data show that multiple regions of the forebrain are activated by pain. However, the effect of anesthetic level on nociceptive input to these regions is not well understood. Methods The authors used positron emission tomography to measure the effect of various concentrations of propofol on pain-evoked changes in regional cerebral blood flow. Fifteen volunteers were scanned while warm and painful heat stimuli were presented to the volar forearm using a contact thermode during administration of target propofol concentrations of 0.0 microg/ml (alert control), 0.5 microg/ml (mild sedation), 1.5 microg/ml (moderate sedation), and 3.5 microg/ml (unconsciousness). Results During the 0.5-microg/ml target propofol concentration (mild sedation), the subjects' pain ratings increased relative to the alert control condition; correspondingly, pain-evoked regional cerebral blood flow increased in the thalamus and the anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, when subjects lost consciousness (3.5 microg/ml), pain-evoked responses in the thalamus and the anterior cingulate cortex were no longer observed, whereas significant pain-evoked activation remained in the insular cortex. Conclusion These data show that propofol has a dose-dependent effect on thalamocortical transfer of nociceptive information but that some pain-evoked cortical activity remains after loss of consciousness.
2
Maalej, S., A. Zayoud, I. Abdelaziz, I. Saad, and M. C. Zaghdoudi. "Thermal performance of finned heat pipe system for Central Processing Unit cooling." Energy Conversion and Management 218 (August 2020): 112977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112977.
Full text
3
Gouvea, Moisés de Paula, Ana Carolina Rodrigues Teixeira, Suellen Caroline Silva Costa, and Pedro Américo Almeida Magalhães Júnior. "Internal variation temperature analysis and thermal mapping of a central processing unit (CPU)." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 5 (2018): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.5.42.
Full text
4
Sarychev, V. D., S. G. Molotkov, V. E. Kormyshev, S. A. Nevskii, and E. V. Polevoi. "Simulation of differentiated thermal processing of railway rails by compressed air." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (January 3, 2021): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-907-914.
Full textAbstract:
Mathematical modeling of differentiated thermal processing of railway rails with air has been carried out. At the first stage, onedimensional heat conduction problem with boundary conditions of the third kind was solved analytically and numerically. The obtained temperature distributions at the surface of the rail head and at a depth of 20 mm from the rolling surface were compared with experimental data. As a result, value of the coefficients of heat transfer and thermal conductivity of rail steel was determined. At the second stage, mathematical model of temperature distribution in a rail template was created in conditions of forced cooling and subsequent cooling under natural convection. The proposed mathematical model is based on the Navier-Stokes and convective thermal conductivity equations for the quenching medium and thermal conductivity equation for rail steel. On the rail – air boundary, condition of heat flow continuity was set. In conditions of spontaneous cooling, change in temperature field was simulated by heat conduction equation with conditions of the third kind. Analytical solution of one-dimensional heat conduction equation has shown that calculated temperature values differ from the experimental data by 10 %. When cooling duration is more than 30 s, change of pace of temperature versus time curves occurs, which is associated with change in cooling mechanisms. Results of numerical analysis confirm this assumption. Analysis of the two-dimensional model of rail cooling by the finite element method has shown that at the initial stage of cooling, surface temperature of the rail head decreases sharply both along the central axis and along the fillet. When cooling duration is over 100 s, temperature stabilizes to 307 K. In the central zones of the rail head, cooling process is slower than in the surface ones. After forced cooling is stopped, heating of the surface layers is observed, due to change in heat flow direction from the central zones to the surface of the rail head, and then cooling occurs at speeds significantly lower than at the first stage. The obtained results can be used to correct differential hardening modes.
5
Sarychev, V. D., S. G. Molotkov, V. E. Kormyshev, S. A. Nevskii, and E. V. Polevoi. "Simulation of differentiated thermal processing of railway rails by compressed air." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (January 3, 2021): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-907-914.
Full textAbstract:
Mathematical modeling of differentiated thermal processing of railway rails with air has been carried out. At the first stage, onedimensional heat conduction problem with boundary conditions of the third kind was solved analytically and numerically. The obtained temperature distributions at the surface of the rail head and at a depth of 20 mm from the rolling surface were compared with experimental data. As a result, value of the coefficients of heat transfer and thermal conductivity of rail steel was determined. At the second stage, mathematical model of temperature distribution in a rail template was created in conditions of forced cooling and subsequent cooling under natural convection. The proposed mathematical model is based on the Navier-Stokes and convective thermal conductivity equations for the quenching medium and thermal conductivity equation for rail steel. On the rail – air boundary, condition of heat flow continuity was set. In conditions of spontaneous cooling, change in temperature field was simulated by heat conduction equation with conditions of the third kind. Analytical solution of one-dimensional heat conduction equation has shown that calculated temperature values differ from the experimental data by 10 %. When cooling duration is more than 30 s, change of pace of temperature versus time curves occurs, which is associated with change in cooling mechanisms. Results of numerical analysis confirm this assumption. Analysis of the two-dimensional model of rail cooling by the finite element method has shown that at the initial stage of cooling, surface temperature of the rail head decreases sharply both along the central axis and along the fillet. When cooling duration is over 100 s, temperature stabilizes to 307 K. In the central zones of the rail head, cooling process is slower than in the surface ones. After forced cooling is stopped, heating of the surface layers is observed, due to change in heat flow direction from the central zones to the surface of the rail head, and then cooling occurs at speeds significantly lower than at the first stage. The obtained results can be used to correct differential hardening modes.
6
Aktas, T., P. Thy, R. B. Williams, Z. McCaffrey, R. Khatami, and B. M. Jenkins. "Characterization of almond processing residues from the Central Valley of California for thermal conversion." Fuel Processing Technology 140 (December 2015): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.08.030.
Full text
7
Naphon, Paisarn, Somchai Wongwises, and Songkran Wiriyasart. "On the thermal cooling of central processing unit of the PCs with vapor chamber." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39, no. 8 (October 2012): 1165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.07.013.
Full text
8
Raffaelli, Michele, Marco Fontanelli, Christian Frasconi, Francesca Sorelli, Marco Ginanni, and Andrea Peruzzi. "Physical weed control in processing tomatoes in Central Italy." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, no. 2 (January 11, 2011): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000578.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTomato is a very important vegetable crop in Italy. Improving the means of production for processing organic tomatoes could help guarantee better profits for farmers and, at the same time, enhance environmental management and safeguard consumers’ health. Weed control, in particular within crop rows, is one of the main problems in organic farming, and thus also for the organic cultivation of tomato. The aim of this study was to develop innovative strategies and equipment for effective physical weed control in processing tomatoes. A conventional weed management system incorporating herbicides was compared with an alternative system relying exclusively on physical control during three growing seasons (2006–2008) on a farm located near Pisa, Italy. The crop was transplanted mechanically onto paired rows. The conventional strategy consisted of three different chemical treatments, two post-transplanting PTO-powered rotary hoe passes and several hand-weeding treatments on the paired rows. The alternative system included a stale seedbed technique (performed by a rolling harrow pass and one flaming treatment), two post-transplanting precision hoeing treatments and several hand-weeding treatments. All the machines for the alternative system were adjusted and set up for processing tomatoes transplanted in paired rows. Each physical treatment (mechanical and thermal) within the alternative system allowed an ‘instantaneous’ (just before/just after) weed control from 50 to 100%, while the alternative strategy as a whole achieved values of weed dry biomass at harvest ranging from 22 to 126 g m−2. However, the alternative system required a total labor input that averaged 50% higher than the conventional strategy. The conventional system had on average more effective weed control than the alternative system, but both strategies controlled weeds effectively. Weed biomass at harvest averaged 36 and 68 g m−2 for conventional and alternative strategies, respectively. On the other hand, the alternative system generally led to a significant increase in fresh crop yield (+13% average yield for the 3 years).
9
Neugebauer, Volker, and Weidong Li. "Processing of Nociceptive Mechanical and Thermal Information in Central Amygdala Neurons With Knee-Joint Input." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00264.2001.
Full textAbstract:
Pain has a strong emotional dimension, and the amygdala plays a key role in emotionality. The processing of nociceptive mechanical and thermal information was studied in individual neurons of the central nucleus of the amygdala, the target of the spino-parabrachio-amygdaloid pain pathway and a major output nucleus of the amygdala. This study is the first to characterize nociceptive amygdala neurons with input from deep tissue, particularly the knee joint. In 46 anesthetized rats, extracellular single-unit recordings were made from 119 central amygdala neurons that were activated orthodromically by electrical stimulation in the lateral pontine parabrachial area and were tested for receptive fields in the knee joints. Responses to brief mechanical stimulation of joints, muscles, and skin and to cutaneous thermal stimuli were recorded. Receptive-field sizes and thresholds were mapped and stimulus-response functions constructed. Neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala with excitatory input from the knee joint ( n = 62) typically had large symmetrical receptive fields in both hindlimbs or in all four extremities and responded exclusively or preferentially to noxious mechanical stimulation of deep tissue ( n = 58). Noxious mechanical stimulation of the skin excited 30 of these neurons; noxious heat activated 21 neurons. Stimulus-response data were best fitted by a sigmoid nonlinear regression model rather than by a monotonically increasing linear function. Another 15 neurons were inhibited by noxious mechanical stimulation of the knee joint and other deep tissue. Fifteen neurons had no receptive field in the knee but responded to noxious stimulation of other body areas; 27 nonresponsive neurons were not activated by natural somesthetic stimulation. Our data suggest that excitation is the predominant effect of brief painful stimulation of somatic tissue on the population of central amygdala neurons with knee joint input. Their large symmetrical receptive fields and sigmoid rather than monotonically increasing linear stimulus-response functions suggest a role of nociceptive central amygdala neurons in other than sensory-discriminative aspects of pain.
10
Boettger, Michael Karl, Christiane Schwier, and Karl-Jürgen Bär. "Sad mood increases pain sensitivity upon thermal grill illusion stimulation: Implications for central pain processing." Pain 152, no. 1 (January 2011): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.003.
Full text
11
Septiadi, W. N., W. A. W. Ula, I. G. A. A. D Wulandari, I. A. Tnunay, and M. R. Murti. "Thermal resistance analysis of central processing unit cooling system based on cascade straight heat pipe." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 539 (June 19, 2019): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/539/1/012036.
Full text
12
Aldridge, Douglas, Kaushik Luthra, Yi Liang, Karen Christensen, Susan Watkins, and Colin Scanes. "Thermal Micro-Environment during Poultry Transportation in South Central United States." Animals 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9010031.
Full textAbstract:
This observational study was conducted to characterize the thermal micro- climate that broilers experienced in commercial poultry transporters under various weather conditions and typical management practices in the South Central USA. We continuously monitored temperature and relative humidity in 45 interior locations of 28 fully-loaded commercial trailers over 2 year spans from 2015–2016 in South Central USA. In the cold season, double boarding of the exterior area of the transport modules maintained temperatures at least 8 °C warmer than ambient temperatures as low as −16 °C. Overall, temperature at all locations decreased as transporters traveled from farms to processing plants during winter trips with double boards. In the hot season, assistance by evaporative cooling during on-farm loading resulted in interior temperatures within ± 2 °C of ambient conditions (up to 36 °C) during road transport. In the summer months, trailers uniformly gained 2 °C as vehicles travelled for 45 min from farms to plants. Apparent equivalent temperatures of the monitored summer trips averaged 80.5 °C, indicating possible heat stress conditions based on the thermal comfort zones defined by literature index values. For longer trips, cooling assistance on the farms may be insufficient to prevent temperatures from rising further into extremely hot conditions in the transporters, leading to a dangerous thermal environment.
13
Piroddi, L. "From high temporal resolution to synthetically enhanced radiometric resolution: insights from Night Thermal Gradient results." European Physical Journal Special Topics 230, no. 1 (January 2021): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-000247-x.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Electromagnetic emissions in thermal infrared bands are an important research topic on pre-earthquake studies. Satellite thermal data have been investigated by many independent research groups looking for their anomalous behaviour before main earthquake's occurrences. Among them, geosynchronous satellite data are reported as less prone to artefacts during data processing. In this work, the Night Thermal Gradient (NTG) algorithm is presented, which has been specifically proposed for geostationary thermal infrared data processing. NTG method relies on the exploitation of high temporal resolution data to find coherent low frequency components of a hypothetical precursory signal of seismic activity. In this paper, the method is presented by giving details about the applied procedures, steps, theoretical assumptions and results obtained during the studies of L'Aquila 2009 earthquake and the seismic activity of Central Italy and Sardinia.
14
Turakhodjaev, N., Sh Chorshanbiev, N. Sadikova, and J. Egamshukurov. "REINFORCING THE STRENGTH OF GEAR SHAFT TEETH WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE." Technical science and innovation 2020, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.20.1-77-0051.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents the results of the research on the development of the technology of increasing the service life of the sheets in the working conditions of the casting at the Central Repairs and Mechanical Plant at the Almalyk Mining and Metallurgy Refinery (CPC). One of the factors that led to the loss of Val schisternia was the study of the appearance, rupture and dental breakdown of the working surfaces, which led to increased production costs. Analyzes have shown that thermal processing and so-called thermal processing are recommended to increase the working capacity of the plants and factories at the refineries of electrochemicals (EHP).
15
Jabłoński, Bartłomiej, Dariusz Makowski, and Piotr Perek. "Implementation of Thermal Event Image Processing Algorithms on NVIDIA Tegra Jetson TX2 Embedded System-on-a-Chip." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 4416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154416.
Full textAbstract:
Advances in Infrared (IR) cameras, as well as hardware computational capabilities, contributed towards qualifying vision systems as reliable plasma diagnostics for nuclear fusion experiments. Robust autonomous machine protection and plasma control during operation require real-time processing that might be facilitated by Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). One of the current aims of image plasma diagnostics involves thermal events detection and analysis with thermal imaging. The paper investigates the suitability of the NVIDIA Jetson TX2 Tegra-based embedded platform for real-time thermal events detection. Development of real-time processing algorithms on an embedded System-on-a-Chip (SoC) requires additional effort due to the constrained resources, yet low-power consumption enables embedded GPUs to be applied in MicroTCA.4 computing architecture that is prevalent in nuclear fusion projects. For this purpose, the authors have proposed, developed and optimised GPU-accelerated algorithms with the use of available software tools for NVIDIA Tegra systems. Furthermore, the implemented algorithms are evaluated and benchmarked on Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator experimental data against the corresponding alternative Central Processing Unit (CPU) implementations. Considerable improvement is observed for the accelerated algorithms that enable real-time detection on the embedded SoC platform, yet some encountered limitations when developing parallel image processing routines are described and signified.
16
Weng, Han-Rong, Heikki Mansikka, Ronald Winchurch, Srinivasa N. Raja, and Patrick M. Dougherty. "Sensory Processing in the Deep Spinal Dorsal Horn of Neurokinin-1 Receptor Knockout Mice." Anesthesiology 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 1105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200106000-00027.
Full textAbstract:
Background The neurokinin-1 receptor and its primary ligand, substance P, are widely recognized as contributing to the spinal processing of nociceptive stimuli, yet the specific function of the neurokinin-1 receptor remains unclear. Methods To better clarify these functions, the authors examined the neurophysiologic responses of L4-L5 neurons in the deep dorsal horn to acute mechanical, thermal, and electrical stimuli in knockout and wild-type mice. In addition, the capacity of knockout and wild-type mice to show wind-up to repeated C-fiber stimuli and to show sensitization after cutaneous mustard oil was assessed. Results A total of 68 nociceptive neurons (35 in knockout, 33 in wild type) in laminae III-V were studied. No differences in the acute responses of neurons in knockout and wild-type mice to graded mechanical, thermal, or electrical stimuli or in the acute responses to mustard oil were observed. However, wind-up to repeated electrical stimulation at C-fiber intensity was significantly attenuated in the knockout mice compared with wild type controls. In addition, mustard oil-induced mechanical hypersensitivity was significantly reduced in the knockout mice. Conclusions These results indicate that neurokinin-1 receptors do not play a significant role in the responses of nociceptive neurons in the deep spinal dorsal horn to acute noxious mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical stimuli. On the other hand, neurokinin-1 receptors are critical for the central hyperexcitability that is observed in these neurons with repeated C-fiber inputs and to the central sensitization induced by topical mustard oil application.
17
Wang, Zhi-Guo, Jia-Cheng Lv, Zi-Li Zheng, Ji-Guang Du, Kun Dai, Jun Lei, Ling Xu, Jia-Zhuang Xu, and Zhong-Ming Li. "Highly Thermally Conductive Graphene-Based Thermal Interface Materials with a Bilayer Structure for Central Processing Unit Cooling." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 21 (May 19, 2021): 25325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c01223.
Full text
18
Harun, Muhammad Arif, and Nor Azwadi Che Sidik. "A Review on Development of Liquid Cooling System for Central Processing Unit (CPU)." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 78, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.78.2.98113.
Full textAbstract:
Electronic devices are becoming more efficient while getting a smaller size and compact design thus increase heat generation significantly. High heat generation from high technology electronic devices are needed to be cool down or control its temperature to prevent overheating problems. Due to the high cooling performance of liquid cooling, the electronic cooling system is shifting from an air-cooling system to a liquid cooling system. In the past few decades, numerous methods proposed by researchers for the central process unit (CPU) cooling using the liquid system either active cooling or passive cooling system. Other than physical configuration such as heat sink design, different configurations of working fluids are widely been studied by most of the researchers. Different working fluids have different heat transfer performance. Furthermore, a recent study has come out more interesting finding using nanofluid which can enhance heat transfer performance of liquid cooling. Nanofluid is a working fluid that has nanoparticles disperse in the base fluid which can increase the thermal properties of the based fluid. In this paper, comprehensive literature on the type of working fluid used in the respective system and methods of liquid cooling system for CPU including its cooling performance. Furthermore, this review paper discussed the different configuration of the liquid block and also the working fluid that had been used in the CPU cooling system.
19
Che Yang, Lee, and Warsuzarina Mat Jubadi. "CMOS based thermal detector for processor." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i1.pp276-283.
Full textAbstract:
<p>This project proposed a design of low power CMOS-based thermal detector which can detect the temperature of processor such as in Central Processing Unit. By re-designing temperature detector circuit using CMOS technology, the reduction in power consumption and area size of the thermal detector can be obtained. In this paper, the design of thermal detector consists of temperature sensing core, amplifier, and Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), respectively. The sensor was designed using 0.13 µm CMOS technology and operates by sensing the temperature of processor and produced a digital output value. The temperature detection range was setup between 0 °C to 80 °C with 10 °C resolution. The temperature detector was capable to show temperature readings in binary value. It consumed an average power of 558.2 µW and a space occupancy of 0.0118 mm².</p>
20
Maeda, Yoshihiro, Norishige Fukushima, and Hiroshi Matsuo. "Taxonomy of Vectorization Patterns of Programming for FIR Image Filters Using Kernel Subsampling and New One." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081235.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines vectorized programming for finite impulse response image filtering. Finite impulse response image filtering occupies a fundamental place in image processing, and has several approximated acceleration algorithms. However, no sophisticated method of acceleration exists for parameter adaptive filters or any other complex filter. For this case, simple subsampling with code optimization is a unique solution. Under the current Moore’s law, increases in central processing unit frequency have stopped. Moreover, the usage of more and more transistors is becoming insuperably complex due to power and thermal constraints. Most central processing units have multi-core architectures, complicated cache memories, and short vector processing units. This change has complicated vectorized programming. Therefore, we first organize vectorization patterns of vectorized programming to highlight the computing performance of central processing units by revisiting the general finite impulse response filtering. Furthermore, we propose a new vectorization pattern of vectorized programming and term it as loop vectorization. Moreover, these vectorization patterns mesh well with the acceleration method of subsampling of kernels for general finite impulse response filters. Experimental results reveal that the vectorization patterns are appropriate for general finite impulse response filtering. A new vectorization pattern with kernel subsampling is found to be effective for various filters. These include Gaussian range filtering, bilateral filtering, adaptive Gaussian filtering, randomly-kernel-subsampled Gaussian range filtering, randomly-kernel-subsampled bilateral filtering, and randomly-kernel-subsampled adaptive Gaussian filtering.
21
McCrae, C., J. Craggs, A. Curtis, R. Staud, R. Berry, and M. Robinson. "0077 Objective Sleep and Neural Response to Thermal Pain Testing Following Cognitive Behavioral Treatment in Patients with Comorbid Insomnia and Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.075.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by high rates of insomnia and abnormal central pain processing/heightened response to stimuli (i.e., central sensitization). This study examines whether cognitive behavioral treatments (CBTs) that target insomnia and pain improve central pain processing [indicated by decreased response to quantitative sensory testing (QST) using thermal stimuli] in patients with fibromyalgia and insomnia. Methods Before and after CBT-I, CBT-P or waitlist, adults (N=32, Mage=55.9, SD=12.2) with FM and insomnia completed QST during fMRI (Phillips Achieva 3T scanner), 14-daily pain ratings [least(0)-most(100) intense pain imaginable] and 1-night in-home polysomnography (AURA/Grass Technologies). Imaging data were processed using Brain Voyager (Brain Innovation/Netherlands). Random effects ANCOVA identified regions with significant group (3-CBT-I, CBT-P, waitlist) by time (baseline, post-treatment) interactions in brain hemodynamic response to QST. Linear regressions (using residualized change scores) were conducted for each significant region to examine how pain and sleep changes (%Stages 1–3 NREM, %REM) were related to brain response changes. Results Eleven regions exhibited significant interactions (ps<.00; large effects; right hemisphere: inferior frontal, superior temporal, mid-occipital, and cingulate gyri, lentiform nucleus; left hemisphere: angular, superior temporal, mid-frontal, inferior occipital, mid-temporal, and inferior frontal gyri). CBT-I decreased brain response to QST in 8 regions and CBT-P in 3 regions (CBT-I effects>CBT-P). Waitlist increased response in 6 regions. Pain ratings, %Stage 2 and %REM sleep were not significant for any region and were dropped from the models. Increased %Stage 1 and/or %Stage 3 predicted decreased brain response to QST in 8 of the 11 regions (ps<.01), accounting for 19–45% of the variance. Conclusion Compared to CBT-P, CBT-I prompted greater improvement in abnormal pain processing in patients with fibromyalgia and insomnia. Increased NREM sleep may underlie these pain processing improvements following treatment. Future research examining the potential role of NREM sleep in central sensitization and pain processing is warranted. Support National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR055160 and R01AR005160-S1; McCrae, PI). Data collected as part of clinical trial NCT02001077 Sleep and Pain Interventions (SPIN) at the University of Florida (McCrae, PI).
22
Codecasa, Lorenzo, Francesca De Viti, Vincenzo d’Alessandro, Donata Gualandris, Arianna Morelli, and Claudio Maria Villa. "TRIC: A Thermal Resistance and Impedance Calculator for Electronic Packages." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 2252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092252.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents the Thermal Resistance and Impedance Calculator (TRIC) tool devised for the automatic extraction of thermal metrics of package families of electronic components in both static and transient conditions. TRIC relies on a solution algorithm based on a novel projection-based approach, which—unlike previous techniques—allows (i) dealing with parametric detailed thermal models (pDTMs) of package families that exhibit generic non-Manhattan variations of geometries and meshes, and (ii) transforming such pDTMs into compact thermal models that can be solved in short times. Thermal models of several package families are available, and dies with multiple active areas can be handled. It is shown that transient thermal responses of chosen packages can be obtained in a CPU (central processing unit) time much shorter than that required by a widely used software relying on the finite-volume method without sacrificing accuracy.
23
Kwon, Heung Kyu, Jugnwook Hwang, Hyunkwon Chung, Munsik Kang, Hyun Duk Cho, and Young Min Kim. "Thermal Power of Mobile Application Processor." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 000866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-wp34.
Full textAbstract:
Until recently, heat dissipation performance of the conventional mobile AP (Application Processor) and mobile phone hasen't been a critical issue because the level of heat generated from a low-frequency, single core AP was insignificant. However, as the mobile AP consumes more power by adopting high frequency multi-core CPU (Central Processing Unit) and GPU (Graphic Processing Unit), the heat dissipation performance of its application set, such as smart phone and tablet PC (Personal Computer) became a critical issue. The conventional stand alone type applications sets such as desktop PCs and servers could afford additional thermal management tools such as heat sink, heat pipe and cooling fan to improve thermal performances. On the contrary, the limited inside space of mobile set doesn't allow the use of conventional cooling methods so that the feasible thermal solutions for the mobile AP and mobile sets are limited. In addition, since mobile set is normally in contact with human skin during its operation, the criterion, Tcsmax (Maximum Case Skin Temperature) which determines the thermal power per-formance of the mobile set is different from the conventional criterion, Tjmax (Maximum Junction Temperature) of CPU. Therefore, the thermal performance of mobile AP and its mobile set should be carefully determined to satisfy the Tcsmax by considering AP operation power and heat dissipating performance of the its application set. This paper shows how to define the thermal power performance of mobile AP and its mobile application set and which technologies are important for future mobile AP and its application sets.
24
Zhang, Han, and Alan Hedge. "Effects of Spatial Distribution of Heat and Grip Areas for Tablet Computer Use." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601573.
Full textAbstract:
The dissipation of heat from a tablet computer can be a limiting factor for hardware design, and this is affected by power consumption, the central processing unit (CPU) and the thickness of the casing. If the tablet casing gets too hot it affects user’s thermal comfort and may even cause skin burns. Consequently, this study investigated the effect of different spatial layouts of heat distribution on user thermal comfort. The areas that are less frequently contacted by fingers were identified on the back surface of a simulated tablet computer.
25
Hutchison, W. D., J. Tsoukatos, and J. O. Dostrovsky. "Quantitative Analysis of Orofacial Thermoreceptive Neurons in the Superficial Medullary Dorsal Horn of the Rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 3252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.6.3252.
Full textAbstract:
Hutchison, W. D., J. Tsoukatos, and J. O. Dostrovsky. Quantitative analysis of orofacial thermoreceptive neurons in the superficial medullary dorsal horn of the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 3252–3266, 1997. Surprisingly little is known concerning the central processing of innocuous thermal somatosensory information. The aim of the present study was to obtain quantitative data on the characteristics of neurons in the rat superficial medullary dorsal horn (sMDH) that responded to innocuous thermal stimulation of the rat's face and tongue. Single-unit extracellular recordings were obtained in chloralose-urethane anesthetized rats. A total of 153 thermoreceptive neurons was studied. Of these, 146 were excited by cooling and inhibited by warming and were classified as COLD cells. The remaining seven cells were excited by innocuous warming of the skin or tongue. Of 123 COLD cells tested, 33% were excited by touch and 22% by pinch stimuli delivered to the thermoreceptive field. Of the 50 COLD cells tested, 46% were excited also by noxious heating (≥50°C for 5 s). Most (82/121) of the receptive fields were located on the upper lip, 25 on the tongue, and most of the remaining on the lower lip. Receptive fields were generally small (1–5 mm2). In some experiments, electrical stimulation in the thalamus was performed, and nine COLD cells could be activated antidromically. The responses of 38 COLD cells to incremental 5°C cooling steps were examined quantitatively. Thermal stimuli were applied to facial or lingual receptive fields of sMDH neurons with a computer-controlled Peltier thermode starting from 33°C, decreasing to 8 or 3°C, and returning to 33°C. Most COLD cells (26/38) had both static and dynamic responses; 7 had mainly dynamic and 5 mainly static responses to step decreases in temperature. Rat sMDH COLD cells could be classified into three groups depending on their stimulus-response functions. The first group ( Type 1, n = 19) had a bell-shaped static stimulus response function. The second group ( Type 2) had a high maintained or increasing static firing rate as the temperature decreased <18°C ( n = 10). Type 3 COLD cells had mainly dynamic properties ( n = 7). Many of the cells in all groups were excited by noxious mechanical stimulation. Type 2 cells differed from the other two groups in that most did not respond to noxious thermal stimuli (hot) and many responded to innocuous tactile stimuli. Neurons from each of the three groups of COLD cells could be activated antidromically from contralateral thalamus. These data suggest that there is little central processing of thermal information at the first central synapse for Type 1 neurons, however, the responses of the other two types may be due to central processing and convergence. The demonstration of rat sMDH COLD cells with distinctive stimulus-response functions to thermal shifts suggests separate functional roles of these neurons in the ascending thermal sensory pathway.
26
Shaira, Maher, and Suleiman Yousef. "Modification of Aluminium 6063 Microstructure by Adding Boron and Titanium to Improve the Thermal Conductivity." Journal of Materials 2018 (January 24, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8905469.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to improve the thermal conductivity of the Aluminium 6063 for heat sinks applications used in Central Processing Unit (CPU) of computers. Several studies had used different additional elements for this goal. In this paper, we studied the influence of Titanium and Boron addition on the thermal conductivity of Aluminium 6063. Several casting alloys samples were prepared with different percentage of addition elements and then heat-treated by homogenization and aging treatments. The results showed an important modification in thermal conductivity value per rapport to the reference metal, depending on the element of addition and its percentage. The bigger evolution was by using Boron in small percentage. More than 13% of the improvement was realized in the thermal conductivity with the addition of only 0.05% of Boron.
27
Karagiannidis, A., A. Papageorgiou, G. Perkoulidis, G. Sanida, and P. Samaras. "A multi-criteria assessment of scenarios on thermal processing of infectious hospital wastes: A case study for Central Macedonia." Waste Management 30, no. 2 (February 2010): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.08.015.
Full text
28
Zhou, Yongcun, Xiao Zhuang, Feixiang Wu, and Feng Liu. "High-Performance Thermal Management Nanocomposites: Silver Functionalized Graphene Nanosheets and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube." Crystals 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8110398.
Full textAbstract:
Polymer composites with high thermal conductivity have a great potential for applications in modern electronics due to their low cost, easy process, and stable physical and chemical properties. Nevertheless, most polymer composites commonly possess unsatisfactory thermal conductivity, primarily because of the high interfacial thermal resistance between inorganic fillers. Herein, we developed a novel method through silver functionalized graphene nanosheets (GNS) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites with excellent thermal properties to meet the requirements of thermal management. The effects of composites on interfacial structure and properties of the composites were identified, and the microstructures and properties of the composites were studied as a function of the volume fraction of fillers. An ultrahigh thermal conductivity of 12.3 W/mK for polymer matrix composites was obtained, which is an approximate enhancement of 69.1 times compared to the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. Moreover, these composites showed more competitive thermal conductivities compared to untreated fillers/PVA composites applied to the desktop central processing unit, making these composites a high-performance alternative to be used for thermal management.
29
Olszowski, Piotr, Lukasz Zajac, Szymon Godlewski, Bartosz Such, Rémy Pawlak, Antoine Hinaut, Res Jöhr, Thilo Glatzel, Ernst Meyer, and Marek Szymonski. "Ordering of Zn-centered porphyrin and phthalocyanine on TiO2(011): STM studies." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (January 11, 2017): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.11.
Full textAbstract:
Zn(II)phthalocyanine molecules (ZnPc) were thermally deposited on a rutile TiO2(011) surface and on Zn(II)meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) wetting layers at room temperature and after elevated temperature thermal processing. The molecular homo- and heterostructures were characterized by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at room temperature and their geometrical arrangement and degree of ordering are compared with the previously studied copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and ZnTPP heterostructures. It was found that the central metal atom may play some role in ordering and growth of phthalocyanine/ZnTPP heterostructures, causing differences in stability of upright standing ZnPc versus CuPc molecular chains at given thermal annealing conditions.
30
Yang, P., J. Cui, Z. M. Jin, and D. Dowson. "Transient elastohydrodynamic analysis of elliptical contacts. Part 2: Thermal and Newtonian lubricant solution." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 219, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/135065005x9826.
Full textAbstract:
Transient thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of general elliptical point contacts was investigated numerically in this study. Both entrainment directions along the major and the minor axes of the contact ellipse were considered, together with a transient load impulse. In this study, a Newtonian lubricant was assumed to highlight the thermal influence. The transient solution was achieved at every instant, starting from a steady state thermal EHL solution. At each instant, a multilevel solver was used for pressure and surface deformation, whereas a column-by-column relaxation technique was used for solving temperature. The unknown rigid central distance between the contact bodies was adjusted after each iteration between the transient fields of pressure and temperature, so that in each iteration, only one W cycle was required for pressure and only a few relaxation cycles were required for temperature. With these numerical techniques, the computing time required for a typical transient case was reduced to ∼ 12 h on a personal computer with a 3.0 GHz central processing unit. The transient thermal results were compared with those corresponding to isothermal conditions presented in Part 1 of this series of papers. It was found that, in general, the transient behaviour under thermal conditions was similar to that under isothermal conditions, however, the former was weaker than the latter when the slide-roll ratio was large enough.
31
Li, Jerry, Maham Zain, and Robert P. Bonin. "Differential modulation of thermal preference after sensitization by optogenetic or pharmacological activation of heat-sensitive nociceptors." Molecular Pain 17 (January 2021): 174480692110009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17448069211000910.
Full textAbstract:
Common approaches to studying mechanisms of chronic pain and sensory changes in pre-clinical animal models involve measurement of acute, reflexive withdrawal responses evoked by noxious stimuli. These methods typically do not capture more subtle changes in sensory processing nor report on the consequent behavioral changes. In addition, data collection and analysis protocols are often labour-intensive and require direct investigator interactions, potentially introducing bias. In this study, we develop and characterize a low-cost, easily assembled behavioral assay that yields self-reported temperature preference from mice that is responsive to peripheral sensitization. This system uses a partially automated and freely available analysis pipeline to streamline the data collection process and enable objective analysis. We found that after intraplantar administration of the TrpV1 agonist, capsaicin, mice preferred to stay in cooler temperatures than saline injected mice. We further observed that gabapentin, a non-opioid analgesic commonly prescribed to treat chronic pain, reversed this aversion to higher temperatures. In contrast, optogenetic activation of the central terminals of TrpV1+ primary afferents via in vivo spinal light delivery did not induce a similar change in thermal preference, indicating a possible role for peripheral nociceptor activity in the modulation of temperature preference. We conclude that this easily produced and robust sensory assay provides an alternative approach to investigate the contribution of central and peripheral mechanisms of sensory processing that does not rely on reflexive responses evoked by noxious stimuli.
32
Tzou, G. J., C. C. Tsao, and Y. C. Lin. "Improvement in the thermal conductivity of aluminum substrate for the desktop PC Central Processing Unit (CPU) by the Taguchi method." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 34, no. 6 (September 2010): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2009.12.012.
Full text
33
Fardo, Francesca, Mikkel C. Vinding, Micah Allen, Troels Staehelin Jensen, and Nanna Brix Finnerup. "Delta and gamma oscillations in operculo-insular cortex underlie innocuous cold thermosensation." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 1959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00843.2016.
Full textAbstract:
Cold-sensitive and nociceptive neural pathways interact to shape the quality and intensity of thermal and pain perception. Yet the central processing of cold thermosensation in the human brain has not been extensively studied. Here, we used magnetoencephalography and EEG in healthy volunteers to investigate the time course (evoked fields and potentials) and oscillatory activity associated with the perception of cold temperature changes. Nonnoxious cold stimuli consisting of Δ3°C and Δ5°C decrements from an adapting temperature of 35°C were delivered on the dorsum of the left hand via a contact thermode. Cold-evoked fields peaked at around 240 and 500 ms, at peak latencies similar to the N1 and P2 cold-evoked potentials. Importantly, cold-related changes in oscillatory power indicated that innocuous thermosensation is mediated by oscillatory activity in the range of delta (1–4 Hz) and gamma (55–90 Hz) rhythms, originating in operculo-insular cortical regions. We suggest that delta rhythms coordinate functional integration between operculo-insular and frontoparietal regions, while gamma rhythms reflect local sensory processing in operculo-insular areas. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using magnetoencephalography, we identified spatiotemporal features of central cold processing, with respect to the time course, oscillatory profile, and neural generators of cold-evoked responses in healthy human volunteers. Cold thermosensation was associated with low- and high-frequency oscillatory rhythms, both originating in operculo-insular regions. These results support further investigations of central cold processing using magnetoencephalography or EEG and the clinical utility of cold-evoked potentials for neurophysiological assessment of cold-related small-fiber function and damage.
34
Giuliani, Rita, and James A. Flore. "534 Use of Infrared Thermal Imagery for Ground-based and Real-time Detection of Water Deficit in Fruit Trees." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 487D—487. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.487d.
Full textAbstract:
Ground-based infrared thermal imagery was applied for early detection of plant water deficit, i.e., before photosynthetic activity is depressed and before growth processes are negatively affected by water shortage. Remote and real-time sensing of radiative canopy surface temperature was performed in Michigan in Summer 1999 on peach and apple orchards, using a digital IR imaging radiometer. Still images and videos were acquired on single canopies of well-watered plants and plants subjected to water depletion. Atmospheric parameters were monitored simultaneously. On apple trees, the apparent canopy temperature showed a wider thermal dispersion [10 °C], compared to peach tree canopies [2–5 °C]. Central tendency and shape parameters describing the canopy thermal distribution could identify, even for apple canopies, the thermal signal [1–2 °C] of plant water deficit, before changes in leaf net photosynthetic rate and fruit diameter were observed. The results of this study support the application of digital infrared thermal imagery and image processing for early recognition of plant water deficit. The decrease of the cost of available thermographic cameras makes their use feasible.
35
Pellicer-Valero, Oscar J., José D. Martín-Guerrero, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, Ana I. De-la-Llave-Rincón, Jorge Rodríguez-Jiménez, Esperanza Navarro-Pardo, and Margarita I. Cigarán-Méndez. "Spectral Clustering Reveals Different Profiles of Central Sensitization in Women with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome." Symmetry 13, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13061042.
Full textAbstract:
Identification of subgroups of patients with chronic pain provides meaningful insights into the characteristics of a specific population, helping to identify individuals at risk of chronification and to determine appropriate therapeutic strategies. This paper proposes the use of spectral clustering (SC) to distinguish subgroups (clusters) of individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), making use of the obtained patient profiling to argue about potential management implications. SC is a powerful algorithm that builds a similarity graph among the data points (the patients), and tries to find the subsets of points that are strongly connected among themselves, but weakly connected to others. It was chosen due to its advantages with respect to other simpler clustering techniques, such as k-means, and the fact that it has been successfully applied to similar problems. Clinical (age, duration of symptoms, pain intensity, function, and symptom severity), psycho-physical (pressure pain thresholds—PPTs—over the three main nerve trunks of the upper extremity, cervical spine, carpal tunnel, and tibialis anterior), psychological (depressive levels), and motor (pinch tip grip force) variables were collected in 208 women with clinical/electromyographic diagnosis of CTS, whose symptoms usually started unilaterally but eventually evolved into bilateral symmetry. SC was used to identify clusters of patients without any previous assumptions, yielding three clusters. Patients in cluster 1 exhibited worse clinical features, higher widespread pressure pain hyperalgesia, higher depressive levels, and lower pinch tip grip force than the other two. Patients in cluster 2 showed higher generalized thermal pain hyperalgesia than the other two. Cluster 0 showed less hypersensitivity to pressure and thermal pain, less severe clinical features, and more normal motor output (tip grip force). The presence of subgroups of individuals with different altered nociceptive processing (one group being more sensitive to pressure pain and another group more sensitive to thermal pain) could lead to different therapeutic programs.
36
Lei, Jian Bo, Zhen Wang, and Yun Shan Wang. "Measurement on Temperature Distribution of Metal Powder Stream in Laser Fabricating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 101-102 (September 2011): 994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.101-102.994.
Full textAbstract:
In order to study temperature distribution of metal powder stream in laser fabricating, its thermal radiation in visible region was detected by CCD. Based on Planck’s radiation law, the relation between molten powder temperature and its visible thermal radiation could be set up. The thermal radiation image signal of powder stream was transformed to digital signal which was used to analyzing its temperature distribution. It was shown that crosswise dimension of molten powder was about 2.5mm in diameter at the distance of 5mm from power nozzle. The powder out from powder nozzle was heated rapidly by laser. Temperature of powder in central axis regions was the highest which was nearly 2000K at the power of 1100w. The temperature gradient of powder at the edge of laser stream was greatly. The measurement results could be used to optimize the design of powder nozzle and processing parameters of laser fabricating.
37
Wilson, David M., and Christian H. Lemon. "Modulation of central gustatory coding by temperature." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 1117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00974.2012.
Full textAbstract:
Changes in oral temperature can influence taste perception, indicating overlap among mechanisms for taste and oral somesthesis. Medullary gustatory neurons can show cosensitivity to temperature, albeit how these cells process combined taste and thermal input is poorly understood. Here, we electrophysiologically recorded orosensory responses (spikes) from 39 taste-sensitive neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii of anesthetized mice during oral delivery of tastants adjusted to innocuous cool (16 and 18°C), room (22°C, baseline), and warm (30 and 37°C) oral temperatures. Stimuli included (in mM) 100 sucrose, 30 NaCl, 3 HCl, 3 quinine, an umami mixture, and water. Although cooled water excited few cells, water warmed to 30 and 37°C significantly excited 33% and 64% of neurons, respectively. Warmth induced responses of comparable magnitude to room temperature tastants. Furthermore, warming taste solutions influenced the distribution of gustatory responses among neurons and increased ( P < 0.05) neuronal breadth of tuning across taste qualities. The influence of warmth on response magnitude was stimulus specific. Across neurons, warming facilitated responses to sucrose and umami in a superadditive manner, as these responses exceeded ( P < 0.05) the arithmetic sum of activity to warming alone and the taste stimulus tested at room temperature. Superadditive increases ( P < 0.05) in responding were also noted in some cells for warmed HCl. Yet warming induced only simple additive or subtractive effects on responses to quinine and NaCl. Data show temperature is a parameter of gustatory processing, like taste quality and concentration, in medullary circuits for taste.
38
Pham, Tung Son, and Lan Cao Mai. "Multiphase flow assurance in subsea pipeline from Ca Ngu Vang oilfield to central processing platform 3 of Bach Ho oilfield." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i3.1487.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this paper is to find optimal solutions for flow assurance of oil and gas mixture in an undersea pipeline. This study is applied to 25 km pipeline from the Ca Ngu Vang oilfield to the central processing platform number 3 of the Bach Ho oilfield. From the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy, together with the theoretical basis of the flow regime, fluid properties, as well as pipeline geometry and properties, two simulations with different flow rates were developed: 1) Slug tracking simulation to predict the formation of slugs: frequency, length and surge volumes. The simulation results helped to find optimal solutions for the reception capability of the slug catcher; 2) Thermal hydraulic simulation to predict the evolution of temperature and pressure in the pipeline in order to help choosing the suitable pour point depressant (PPD) chemicals.
39
Wulandari, I. Gusti Agung Ayu Desy. "Pengaruh Nano Fluida terhadap Temperatur Kondensor Cascade Straight Heat Pipe." Jurnal METTEK 5, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mettek.2019.v05.i02.p03.
Full textAbstract:
Perkembangan teknologi Central Processing Unit (CPU) pada komputer telah mengarah pada smart technologies yaitu memiliki kinerja yang semakin baik namun dengan dimensi yang diperkecil. Dengan pengurangan dimensi tersebut, maka dapat menyebabkan peningkatan daya yang sangat signifikan dan peningkatan fluks kalor pada CPU yang tinggi. Pada penelitian ini, cascade straight heat pipe dirancang untuk sistem pendingin CPU yang lebih baik tanpa memerlukan tambahan daya dalam pengoperasiannya. Dari data penelitian yang didapat, kinerja termal terbaik ada pada cascade straight heat pipe dengan fluida kerja Al2O3 – TiO2 – air, dengan penurunan temperatur plat simulator sebesar 41,872 % pada beban maksimum dan temperatur keluaran kondensor yang tertinggi. Kinerja termal terbaik kedua adalah pada penggunaan fluida kerja Al2O3 – air dengan penurunan temperatur plat simulator sebesar 35,243 % pada beban maksimum. Kinerja termal yang kurang baik ada pada penggunaan fluida kerja air dengan penurunan temperatur plat simulator sebesar 28,648 % dan temperatur keluaran kondensor yang terendah.
The technology development of Central Processing Unit (CPU) on computers has led into smart technologies, which have better performance but with smaller dimensions. With the reduction of the dimensions, it can cause a very significant increase in power and high increasement of heat flux in the CPU. In this research, cascade straight heat pipe is designed for better CPU cooling systems without the need of additional power for the operation. From the data obtained, the best thermal performance is cascade straight heat pipe with the working fluid of Al2O3 - TiO2 - water, with a simulator plate temperature decrease of 41.872 % at maximum load and the highest condenser output temperature. The second best thermal performance is on the use of Al2O3 - water with the simulator plate temperature decrease of 35,243 % at maximum load. The poor thermal performance is on the use of water with the simulator plate temperature decrease of 28,648 % and the lowest condenser output temperature.
40
Feizi, F., and E. Mansouri. "Recognition of a porphyry system using ASTER data in Bideghan – Qom province (central of Iran)." Solid Earth Discussions 6, no. 2 (July 18, 2014): 1765–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-1765-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The Bideghan area is located south of the Qom province (central of Iran). The most impressive geological features in the studied area are the Eocene sequences which are intruded by volcanic rocks with basic compositions. Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image processing have been used for hydrothermal alteration mapping and lineaments identification in the investigated area. In this research false color composite, band ratio, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Least Square Fit (LS-Fit) and Spectral Angel Mapping (SAM) techniques were applied on ASTER data and argillic, phyllic, Iron oxide and propylitic alteration zones were separated. Lineaments were identified by aid of false color composite, high pass filters and hill-shade DEM techniques. The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of remote sensing method and ASTER multi-spectral data for alteration and lineament mapping. Finally, the results were confirmed by field investigation.
41
Lee, Wondu, and Jooheon Kim. "Highly Thermal Conductive and Electrical Insulating Epoxy Composites with a Three-Dimensional Filler Network by Sintering Silver Nanowires on Aluminum Nitride Surface." Polymers 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050694.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, a new fabrication technique for three-dimensional (3D) filler networks was employed for the first time to prepare thermally conductive composites. A silver nanowire (AgNW)– aluminum nitride (AlN) (AA) filler was produced by a polyol method and hot-pressed in mold to connect the adjacent fillers by sintering AgNWs on the AlN surface. The sintered AA filler formed a 3D network, which was subsequently impregnated with epoxy (EP) resin. The fabricated EP/AA 3D network composite exhibited a perpendicular direction thermal conductivity of 4.49 W m−1 K−1 at a filler content of 400 mg (49.86 vol.%) representing an enhancement of 1973% with respect to the thermal conductivity of neat EP (0.22 W m−1 K−1). Moreover, the EP/AA decreased the operating temperature of the central processing unit (CPU) from 86.2 to 64.6 °C as a thermal interface material (TIM). The thermal stability was enhanced by 27.28% (99 °C) and the composites showed insulating after EP infiltration owing to the good insulation properties of AlN and EP. Therefore, these fascinating thermal and insulating performances have a great potential for next generation heat management application.
42
Petrosyants, Konstantin O., and Nikita I. Ryabov. "Quasi-3D Thermal Simulation of Integrated Circuit Systems in Packages." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 3054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123054.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of thermal modeling of modern three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuit (IC) systems in packages (SiPs) is discussed. An effective quasi-3D (Q3D) approach of thermal design is proposed taking into account the specific character of 3D IC stacked multilayer constructions. The fully-3D heat transfer equation for global multilayer construction is reduced to the set of coupled two-dimensional (2D) equations for separate construction layers. As a result, computational difficulties, processor time, and RAM volume are significantly reduced, while accuracy can be provided. A software tool, Overheat-3D-IC, was developed on the base of the generalized Q3D package numerical model. For the first time, the global 3D thermal performances across the modern integrated circuit/through-silicon via/ball grid array (IC-TSV-BGA) and multi-chip (MC)-embedded printed circuit board (PCB) packages were simulated. A ten times decrease of central processing unit (CPU) time was achieved as compared with the 3D solutions obtained by commercial universal 3D simulators, while saving the sufficient accuracy. The simulation error of maximal temperature TMAX determination for different types of packages was not more than 10–20%.
43
Kusworo, Tutuk Djoko, Dani Puji Utomo, Annizah Rahmatya Gerhana, and Hanifah Angga Putra. "Process Parameters Optimization in Membrane Fabrication for Produced Water Treatment Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD)." Reaktor 18, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.18.1.7-15.
Full textAbstract:
Produced water is wastewater from oil production that must be treated well. Membrane is one alternative to water treatment technology based on filtration method. But, in the use of a membrane, there’s no exact variable optimal that influences performance of the membrane. This underlying research to assess factors that influences the performance of membrane to be more optimal. Therefore, the objectives of this study determine the optimum variable through Respond Surface Methodology and Central Composite Design. After getting the optimal condition then will check the stability of the membrane. This experiment of optimization of produced water with asymmetric membrane's Polyether sulfone (PES) using Response Surface is done with varying the Zeolite concentration by low level 1% weight and 3% weight, length of UV irradiation time low level 2 minutes and high level 6 minutes, thermal annealing low level 160 ºC and high-level 180ºC. An analyzer done in this research was by processing data research to make table and charts of the relationship between the result of this experiment with changed variable, namely variation of PES concentration, time of UV ray and thermal annealing by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD).
44
Munekata, Paulo E. S., Rubén Domínguez, Mirian Pateiro, and José M. Lorenzo. "Influence of Plasma Treatment on the Polyphenols of Food Products—A Review." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070929.
Full textAbstract:
The consumption of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic compounds, has been associated with health benefits such as improving the health status and reducing the risk of developing certain diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the preservation of natural bioactive compounds in food products is a major challenge for the food industry. Due to the major impact of conventional thermal processing, nonthermal technologies such as cold plasma have been proposed as one of the most promising solutions for the food industry. This review will cover the current knowledge about the effects of cold plasma in polyphenols found in food products. The increasing number of studies in the last years supports the continuous search for specific treatment conditions for each type of food and the central role of plasma treatments as a food-processing technology.
45
Nakamura, Mayumi, Tamae Yoda, Larry I. Crawshaw, Saki Yasuhara, Yasuyo Saito, Momoko Kasuga, Kei Nagashima, and Kazuyuki Kanosue. "Regional differences in temperature sensation and thermal comfort in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 105, no. 6 (December 2008): 1897–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90466.2008.
Full textAbstract:
Sensations evoked by thermal stimulation (temperature-related sensations) can be divided into two categories, “temperature sensation” and “thermal comfort.” Although several studies have investigated regional differences in temperature sensation, less is known about the sensitivity differences in thermal comfort for the various body regions. In the present study, we examined regional differences in temperature-related sensations with special attention to thermal comfort. Healthy male subjects sitting in an environment of mild heat or cold were locally cooled or warmed with water-perfused stimulators. Areas stimulated were the face, chest, abdomen, and thigh. Temperature sensation and thermal comfort of the stimulated areas were reported by the subjects, as was whole body thermal comfort. During mild heat exposure, facial cooling was most comfortable and facial warming was most uncomfortable. On the other hand, during mild cold exposure, neither warming nor cooling of the face had a major effect. The chest and abdomen had characteristics opposite to those of the face. Local warming of the chest and abdomen did produce a strong comfort sensation during whole body cold exposure. The thermal comfort seen in this study suggests that if given the chance, humans would preferentially cool the head in the heat, and they would maintain the warmth of the trunk areas in the cold. The qualitative differences seen in thermal comfort for the various areas cannot be explained solely by the density or properties of the peripheral thermal receptors and thus must reflect processing mechanisms in the central nervous system.
46
Markowski, Piotr Marek, Mirosław Gierczak, and Andrzej Dziedzic. "Temperature Difference Sensor to Monitor the Temperature Difference in Processor Active Heat Sink Based on Thermopile." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121410.
Full textAbstract:
The monitoring of processor temperature is crucial to increase its efficiency. One of the novel approaches is use the information not only about the CPU (Central Processing Unit) thermal state, but also about changing environmental conditions. The additional temperature difference sensor to monitor thermal changes in the processor environment is necessary. The sensor dedicated for active heat sink, often used inside laptops, was designed, fabricated and investigated. To fulfill the requirements and to match to the specific shape of the active heat sink, the hybrid sensor was proposed. It was composed of six thermocouples and fabricated using thick-film and LTCC (Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic) technology combined with wire thermocouples. Thick-film/LTCC flat substrates with thermoelectric paths ensured good thermal contact between the sensor and the monitored surface. The thermoelectric wires allowed adjusting the sensor to the complicated shape of the active heatsink. Three different versions of the sensor were realized and compared. All of them seem to be suitable for measuring the temperature difference in the given application and they can be used in further works.
47
Li, Jinrong, and Christian H. Lemon. "Influence of stimulus and oral adaptation temperature on gustatory responses in central taste-sensitive neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 7 (April 2015): 2700–2712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00736.2014.
Full textAbstract:
The temperature of taste stimuli can modulate gustatory processing. Perceptual data indicate that the adapted temperature of oral epithelia also influences gustation, although little is known about the neural basis of this effect. Here, we electrophysiologically recorded orosensory responses (spikes) to 25°C (cool) and 35°C (warm) solutions of sucrose (0.1 and 0.3 M), NaCl (0.004, 0.1, and 0.3 M), and water from taste-sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract in mice under varied thermal adaptation of oral epithelia. Conditions included presentation of taste stimuli isothermal to adaptation temperatures of 25°C (constant cooling) and 35°C (constant warming), delivery of 25°C stimuli following 35°C adaptation (relative cooling), and presentation of 35°C stimuli following 25°C adaptation (relative warming). Responses to sucrose in sucrose-oriented cells ( n = 15) were enhanced under the constant and relative warming conditions compared with constant cooling, where contiguous cooling across adaptation and stimulus periods induced the lowest and longest latency responses to sucrose. Yet compared with constant warming, cooling sucrose following warm adaptation (relative cooling) only marginally reduced activity to 0.1 M sucrose and did not alter responses to 0.3 M sucrose. Thus, warmth adaptation counteracted the attenuation in sucrose activity associated with stimulus cooling. Analysis of sodium-oriented ( n = 25) neurons revealed adaptation to cool water, and cooling taste solutions enhanced unit firing to 0.004 M (perithreshold) NaCl, whereas warmth adaptation and stimulus warming could facilitate activity to 0.3 M NaCl. The concentration dependence of this thermal effect may reflect a dual effect of temperature on the sodium reception mechanism that drives sodium-oriented cells.
48
Garzoli, Stefania, Francesco Cairone, Simone Carradori, Andrei Mocan, Luigi Menghini, Patrizia Paolicelli, Gunes Ak, Gokhan Zengin, and Stefania Cesa. "Effects of Processing on Polyphenolic and Volatile Composition and Fruit Quality of Clery Strawberries." Antioxidants 9, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070632.
Full textAbstract:
Strawberries belonging to cultivar Clery (Fragaria x ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston)), cultivated in central Italy were subjected to a multi-methodological experimental study. Fresh and defrosted strawberries were exposed to different processing methods, such as homogenization, thermal and microwave treatments. The homogenate samples were submitted to CIEL*a*b* color analysis and Head-Space GC/MS analysis to determine the impact of these procedures on phytochemical composition. Furthermore, the corresponding strawberry hydroalcoholic extracts were further analyzed by HPLC-DAD for secondary metabolites quantification and by means of spectrophotometric in vitro assays to evaluate their total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. These chemical investigations confirmed the richness in bioactive metabolites supporting the extraordinary healthy potential of this fruit as a food ingredient, as well as functional food, highlighting the strong influence of the processing steps which could negatively impact on the polyphenol composition. Despite a more brilliant red color and aroma preservation, non-pasteurized samples were characterized by a lower content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity with respect to pasteurized samples, as also suggested by the PCA analysis of the collected data.
49
Ula, Wayan Ainun Wildan. "Analisis Perpindahan Panas Pada Pipa Kalor Bertingkat." Jurnal METTEK 5, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mettek.2019.v05.i02.p02.
Full textAbstract:
Perkembangan teknologi Central Processing Unit (CPU) mengarah menuju smart technologies dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan kinerja yang lebih baik dengan dimensi yang lebih kecil. Namun, hal tersebut menimbulkan permasalahan berupa tingginya fluks kalor yang bisa membuat prosesor rusak. Sehingga, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang pipa kalor lurus bertingkat yang mampu melakukan pendinginan dengan lebih baik tanpa menggunakan energi listrik. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan pemberian beban kalor pada heat pipe sebesar 10 W, 20 W, 30 W, dan 40 W. Kemudian dilakukan pengambilan data temperatur dari heat pipe dengan menggunakan NI-DAQ. Lalu, data temperatur tersebut dijadikan dasar dalam perhitungan hambatan termal. Berdasarkan data hasil penelitian dan analisa yang telah dilakukan, didapatkan besarnya hambatan termal pada masing-masing beban kalor secara berurutan adalah 0.97 K/W, 0.69 K/W, 0.65 K/W, dan 0.79 K/W.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) technologies has led into smart technologies with a purpose to get a better performance followed by a smaller dimensions. However, it makes a significant increase in the heat flux which has a potential to break the processor. So in this research, cascade straight heat pipe was designed to get a better cooling performance without electrical energy supplies. The methods used in this research are by giving the heat pipe some heat loads in amount of 10 W, 20 W, 30 W, and 40 W, respectively. And then, the temperature data of the heat pipe was recorded by using NI-DAQ. Finally, the temperature data was used as the main data to calculate the thermal resistance analysis. Based on the result of the research and the analysis that has been done before, thermal resistance for each heat loads has been acquired, they are 0.97 K/W, 0.69 K/W, 0.65 K/W, and 0.79 K/W, respectively.
50
Morozyuk, Larisa, Viktoriia Sokolovska-Yefymenko, Yaroslav Petushkov, Maksym Sharaiev, and Sergii Psarov. "Design of a refrigerated complex for short-term storage of tropical fruits with a solar energy plant." Technology audit and production reserves 3, no. 3(59) (July 2, 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.235594.
Full textAbstract:
The object of research is a refrigerated complex for short-term storage of tropical fruits in conditions of significant seasonal and daily fluctuations in ambient temperature, that typical for regions with a tropical climate. One of the problems is that the complexes are autonomous small firms for the year-round processing and storage of tropical fruits, located far from the central electric networks. In the presence of solar radiation, the complexes receive energy from small solar power plants. Such complexes are called «trigeneration system». In the course of the study, data on modes were used low temperature heat treatment and preservation of various tropical fruits, ripening times and climatic conditions of Tunisia. It has been established that citrus fruits are stored in chambers with high temperature, olives are frozen and stored for a short time before processing. The total amount of heat entering the citrus chambers is determined by changes in the ambient temperature. The thermal load of the olives chamber is determined by the heat treatment time. It was found that the cargo capacity of chambers with different temperatures differs six times. The thermal load of the olive storage chambers is only four times less. This is due to the peculiarities of the building structure of the complex, technological processes of cooling and freezing. Based on the thermal calculation, the cooling of the chambers is provided by a two-stage booster refrigeration machine with CO2 refrigerant in a transcritical cycle. To ensure the operation of the complex, a solar photoelectric converter is designed. This ensures the environmental safety of the complex and the possibility of obtaining energy savings by regulating the thermal power of the compressors with frequency converters, depending on the ambient temperature. The designed complex can be offered to a private investor for practical implementation.