Academic literature on the topic 'Central thermal processing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Central thermal processing"
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Hofbauer, Robert K., Pierre Fiset, Gilles Plourde, Steven B. Backman, and M. Catherine Bushnell. "Dose-dependent Effects of Propofol on the Central Processing of Thermal Pain." Anesthesiology 100, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200402000-00031.
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Background Anatomic and physiologic data show that multiple regions of the forebrain are activated by pain. However, the effect of anesthetic level on nociceptive input to these regions is not well understood. Methods The authors used positron emission tomography to measure the effect of various concentrations of propofol on pain-evoked changes in regional cerebral blood flow. Fifteen volunteers were scanned while warm and painful heat stimuli were presented to the volar forearm using a contact thermode during administration of target propofol concentrations of 0.0 microg/ml (alert control), 0.5 microg/ml (mild sedation), 1.5 microg/ml (moderate sedation), and 3.5 microg/ml (unconsciousness). Results During the 0.5-microg/ml target propofol concentration (mild sedation), the subjects' pain ratings increased relative to the alert control condition; correspondingly, pain-evoked regional cerebral blood flow increased in the thalamus and the anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, when subjects lost consciousness (3.5 microg/ml), pain-evoked responses in the thalamus and the anterior cingulate cortex were no longer observed, whereas significant pain-evoked activation remained in the insular cortex. Conclusion These data show that propofol has a dose-dependent effect on thalamocortical transfer of nociceptive information but that some pain-evoked cortical activity remains after loss of consciousness.
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Maalej, S., A. Zayoud, I. Abdelaziz, I. Saad, and M. C. Zaghdoudi. "Thermal performance of finned heat pipe system for Central Processing Unit cooling." Energy Conversion and Management 218 (August 2020): 112977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112977.
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Gouvea, Moisés de Paula, Ana Carolina Rodrigues Teixeira, Suellen Caroline Silva Costa, and Pedro Américo Almeida Magalhães Júnior. "Internal variation temperature analysis and thermal mapping of a central processing unit (CPU)." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 5 (2018): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.5.42.
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Sarychev, V. D., S. G. Molotkov, V. E. Kormyshev, S. A. Nevskii, and E. V. Polevoi. "Simulation of differentiated thermal processing of railway rails by compressed air." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (January 3, 2021): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-907-914.
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Mathematical modeling of differentiated thermal processing of railway rails with air has been carried out. At the first stage, onedimensional heat conduction problem with boundary conditions of the third kind was solved analytically and numerically. The obtained temperature distributions at the surface of the rail head and at a depth of 20 mm from the rolling surface were compared with experimental data. As a result, value of the coefficients of heat transfer and thermal conductivity of rail steel was determined. At the second stage, mathematical model of temperature distribution in a rail template was created in conditions of forced cooling and subsequent cooling under natural convection. The proposed mathematical model is based on the Navier-Stokes and convective thermal conductivity equations for the quenching medium and thermal conductivity equation for rail steel. On the rail – air boundary, condition of heat flow continuity was set. In conditions of spontaneous cooling, change in temperature field was simulated by heat conduction equation with conditions of the third kind. Analytical solution of one-dimensional heat conduction equation has shown that calculated temperature values differ from the experimental data by 10 %. When cooling duration is more than 30 s, change of pace of temperature versus time curves occurs, which is associated with change in cooling mechanisms. Results of numerical analysis confirm this assumption. Analysis of the two-dimensional model of rail cooling by the finite element method has shown that at the initial stage of cooling, surface temperature of the rail head decreases sharply both along the central axis and along the fillet. When cooling duration is over 100 s, temperature stabilizes to 307 K. In the central zones of the rail head, cooling process is slower than in the surface ones. After forced cooling is stopped, heating of the surface layers is observed, due to change in heat flow direction from the central zones to the surface of the rail head, and then cooling occurs at speeds significantly lower than at the first stage. The obtained results can be used to correct differential hardening modes.
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Sarychev, V. D., S. G. Molotkov, V. E. Kormyshev, S. A. Nevskii, and E. V. Polevoi. "Simulation of differentiated thermal processing of railway rails by compressed air." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (January 3, 2021): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-907-914.
Full textAbstract:
Mathematical modeling of differentiated thermal processing of railway rails with air has been carried out. At the first stage, onedimensional heat conduction problem with boundary conditions of the third kind was solved analytically and numerically. The obtained temperature distributions at the surface of the rail head and at a depth of 20 mm from the rolling surface were compared with experimental data. As a result, value of the coefficients of heat transfer and thermal conductivity of rail steel was determined. At the second stage, mathematical model of temperature distribution in a rail template was created in conditions of forced cooling and subsequent cooling under natural convection. The proposed mathematical model is based on the Navier-Stokes and convective thermal conductivity equations for the quenching medium and thermal conductivity equation for rail steel. On the rail – air boundary, condition of heat flow continuity was set. In conditions of spontaneous cooling, change in temperature field was simulated by heat conduction equation with conditions of the third kind. Analytical solution of one-dimensional heat conduction equation has shown that calculated temperature values differ from the experimental data by 10 %. When cooling duration is more than 30 s, change of pace of temperature versus time curves occurs, which is associated with change in cooling mechanisms. Results of numerical analysis confirm this assumption. Analysis of the two-dimensional model of rail cooling by the finite element method has shown that at the initial stage of cooling, surface temperature of the rail head decreases sharply both along the central axis and along the fillet. When cooling duration is over 100 s, temperature stabilizes to 307 K. In the central zones of the rail head, cooling process is slower than in the surface ones. After forced cooling is stopped, heating of the surface layers is observed, due to change in heat flow direction from the central zones to the surface of the rail head, and then cooling occurs at speeds significantly lower than at the first stage. The obtained results can be used to correct differential hardening modes.
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Aktas, T., P. Thy, R. B. Williams, Z. McCaffrey, R. Khatami, and B. M. Jenkins. "Characterization of almond processing residues from the Central Valley of California for thermal conversion." Fuel Processing Technology 140 (December 2015): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.08.030.
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Naphon, Paisarn, Somchai Wongwises, and Songkran Wiriyasart. "On the thermal cooling of central processing unit of the PCs with vapor chamber." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39, no. 8 (October 2012): 1165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.07.013.
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Raffaelli, Michele, Marco Fontanelli, Christian Frasconi, Francesca Sorelli, Marco Ginanni, and Andrea Peruzzi. "Physical weed control in processing tomatoes in Central Italy." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, no. 2 (January 11, 2011): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000578.
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AbstractTomato is a very important vegetable crop in Italy. Improving the means of production for processing organic tomatoes could help guarantee better profits for farmers and, at the same time, enhance environmental management and safeguard consumers’ health. Weed control, in particular within crop rows, is one of the main problems in organic farming, and thus also for the organic cultivation of tomato. The aim of this study was to develop innovative strategies and equipment for effective physical weed control in processing tomatoes. A conventional weed management system incorporating herbicides was compared with an alternative system relying exclusively on physical control during three growing seasons (2006–2008) on a farm located near Pisa, Italy. The crop was transplanted mechanically onto paired rows. The conventional strategy consisted of three different chemical treatments, two post-transplanting PTO-powered rotary hoe passes and several hand-weeding treatments on the paired rows. The alternative system included a stale seedbed technique (performed by a rolling harrow pass and one flaming treatment), two post-transplanting precision hoeing treatments and several hand-weeding treatments. All the machines for the alternative system were adjusted and set up for processing tomatoes transplanted in paired rows. Each physical treatment (mechanical and thermal) within the alternative system allowed an ‘instantaneous’ (just before/just after) weed control from 50 to 100%, while the alternative strategy as a whole achieved values of weed dry biomass at harvest ranging from 22 to 126 g m−2. However, the alternative system required a total labor input that averaged 50% higher than the conventional strategy. The conventional system had on average more effective weed control than the alternative system, but both strategies controlled weeds effectively. Weed biomass at harvest averaged 36 and 68 g m−2 for conventional and alternative strategies, respectively. On the other hand, the alternative system generally led to a significant increase in fresh crop yield (+13% average yield for the 3 years).
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Neugebauer, Volker, and Weidong Li. "Processing of Nociceptive Mechanical and Thermal Information in Central Amygdala Neurons With Knee-Joint Input." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00264.2001.
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Pain has a strong emotional dimension, and the amygdala plays a key role in emotionality. The processing of nociceptive mechanical and thermal information was studied in individual neurons of the central nucleus of the amygdala, the target of the spino-parabrachio-amygdaloid pain pathway and a major output nucleus of the amygdala. This study is the first to characterize nociceptive amygdala neurons with input from deep tissue, particularly the knee joint. In 46 anesthetized rats, extracellular single-unit recordings were made from 119 central amygdala neurons that were activated orthodromically by electrical stimulation in the lateral pontine parabrachial area and were tested for receptive fields in the knee joints. Responses to brief mechanical stimulation of joints, muscles, and skin and to cutaneous thermal stimuli were recorded. Receptive-field sizes and thresholds were mapped and stimulus-response functions constructed. Neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala with excitatory input from the knee joint ( n = 62) typically had large symmetrical receptive fields in both hindlimbs or in all four extremities and responded exclusively or preferentially to noxious mechanical stimulation of deep tissue ( n = 58). Noxious mechanical stimulation of the skin excited 30 of these neurons; noxious heat activated 21 neurons. Stimulus-response data were best fitted by a sigmoid nonlinear regression model rather than by a monotonically increasing linear function. Another 15 neurons were inhibited by noxious mechanical stimulation of the knee joint and other deep tissue. Fifteen neurons had no receptive field in the knee but responded to noxious stimulation of other body areas; 27 nonresponsive neurons were not activated by natural somesthetic stimulation. Our data suggest that excitation is the predominant effect of brief painful stimulation of somatic tissue on the population of central amygdala neurons with knee joint input. Their large symmetrical receptive fields and sigmoid rather than monotonically increasing linear stimulus-response functions suggest a role of nociceptive central amygdala neurons in other than sensory-discriminative aspects of pain.
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Boettger, Michael Karl, Christiane Schwier, and Karl-Jürgen Bär. "Sad mood increases pain sensitivity upon thermal grill illusion stimulation: Implications for central pain processing." Pain 152, no. 1 (January 2011): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.003.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Central thermal processing"
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Liao, Yuan-pu, and 廖元溥. "Study on Infrared System in Thermal Measurements for Central Processing Unit." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57472936728175503822.
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碩士中國文化大學
資訊管理研究所
91
In recent years due to rapid progress in semiconductor technology, the efficiency of Infrared Thermal Imaging Camera has been improved evidently but the product cost has been lowered. The technique of Infrared Thermal Imaging Camera has been developed and applied to various fields, such as electronic facility maintenance, concrete detect, medical treatment, chemical industry, military, and geography. However, until now the main detecting techniques used to examine the finished product in the field of Taiwan Computer Industry still heavily relied on human detecting. Therefore, the purpose of the study is attempt to apply the technique of Infrared Thermal Imaging Camera to product detecting in production line, taking CPU as an example, in order to raise the likelihood of precise detection to achieve better quality management for final finished product. In terms of, both vdd and frequency perfectly correlate with temperature; that is to say, according CMOS power consumption formula, theoretically the correlation coeffi-cient of the CPU’s temperature obtained from the experiment and vdd will be close to 1, and so will be the correlation coefficient of the CPU’s temperature and frequency. Based on the inference, the likelihood of disorder of the working CPU has will be lowered. The results fit with the original expectations. That is, comparing with defect CPU, the correlation coefficient of the normal CPU is closer to ideal value, 1. Therefore, this study applies the results to generate a preliminary IR-CPU Detecting System. It is expected that the research design of this study can be expended to other types of detecting equipments such as ultrasound, X-ray. In addition, temperature analysis module adopted in this study can be applied to other kinds of physical data besides temperature.
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Chen, Ya-Yun, and 陳雅韵. "Central Processing of Thermal Pain in Young Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jb4e6a.
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碩士國立陽明大學
腦科學研究所
105
Subjects with primary dysmenorrhea (PDM) suffer from cyclic lower abdominal pain, which may induce changes in pain perception and cause functional and structural alterations in pain-related brain regions. However, conflicting behavioral results came from our previous report and European researches: European groups observed the central sensitization phenomena in Caucasian patients, but we detected no differences in pain thresholds of skin thermal stimulation in the Taiwanese participants. This study combined functional MRI study with thermal pain, to explore the differences in pain processing and modulation between the PDM subjects and healthy female controls. Thirty-three healthy PDM subjects and 36 age-matched female controls participated in this study. Psychological assessments, quantitative sensory testing for central sensitization and event-related fMRI were obtained during both menstruation (MENS) and periovulatory (POV) phases. In event-related fMRI, no significant group difference was found in pain-related regions through the menstrual cycle. Nevertheless, the activations in PDM group showed positive correlations with temperature of painful stimuli in the somatomotor cortex (S1/M1) under unpainful stimulation across both phases. And we found functional coactivations between S1/M1 and periaqueductal gray (PAG), connoting descending pain modulation for pain alleviation. Positive correlations with temperature of painful stimuli in the posterior insula and secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) only exhibited in the control group, revealing dysfunction of pain encoding mechanism in PDM group. This study suggests the dysregulated central pain encoding mechanism and changes in the pain modulatory systems in PDM women, which have relevance to the difference in behavioral manifestations of Taiwanese PDM subjects.
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Wrigley, Paul John. "Cold thermal processing in the spinal cord." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1619.
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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)Two recently identified transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, TRPM8 and TRPA1, have been proposed to play an important role in mammalian cool and cold peripheral sensory transduction. When expressed in cell-lines the cloned TRPM8 and TRPA1 receptors have distinct pharmacological and temperature response characteristics. Although these receptors are also transported to the central terminals of primary afferents, little is known about their centrally mediated actions. In this thesis, I use an in vitro electrophysiological approach to investigate the dorsal horn processing of cool afferent modalities and the role of TRP ion channels. The results of this thesis provide further information on thermal processing, indicate direction for further research and suggest possible therapeutic targets for the management of abnormal cold sensory processing. Initial experiments demonstrate that the cooling agents and known TRPM8 and TRPA1 agonists, menthol and icilin, inhibit primary afferent evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in rat spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. In addition, temperature reduction, menthol and icilin increase the frequency of miniature EPSCs without affecting amplitude distribution or kinetics. Little or no direct postsynaptic effect on dorsal horn neurons, GABAergic or glycinergic transmission was found. In combination, these observations demonstrate that temperature reduction, menthol and icilin act presynaptically to increase the probability of glutamate release from primary afferent fibres. Further examination of the changes in glutamatergic synaptic transmission induced by temperature reduction, menthol and icilin reveals a subset of neurons sensitive to innocuous cool (< 29 oC) and low concentrations of icilin (3-10 µM) which closely match the temperature activation and pharmacological profile of TRPM8. In addition, the majority of lamina I and II neurons displayed characteristics partly consistent with TRPA1-activation, including a concentration-dependent response to icilin and blockade by ruthenium red. The present experiments did not allow thermal characterisation of these TRPA1-like responses. Together these observations indicate that the effects of menthol and icilin on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the superficial dorsal horn are mediated by TRPM8 and possibly by TRPA1. Examination of the anatomical location of neurons activated by temperature reduction, menthol, icilin and capsaicin allowed the central termination pattern of thermoreceptive primary afferent fibres with specific TRP-like response characteristics to be determined. TRPM8-like presynaptic activation was confined to a subpopulation of neurons located in lamina I and outer lamina II, while the majority of neurons throughout laminae I and II received inputs sensitive to menthol, high concentrations of icilin and capsaicin. These findings suggest that innocuous cool sensation projects to a specific subpopulation of superficial dorsal horn neurons unlike other modalities (mediated by TRPV1, possibly TRPA1 and other receptors), which non-selectively engage circuits within the entire superficial dorsal horn. No morphological specificity was identified for recovered neurons after electrophysiological characterisation. Finally, mu-opioids were shown to inhibit basal glutamatergic synaptic transmission as well as menthol- and icilin-induced transmission in the superficial dorsal horn. Of particular interest, delta-opioids selectively inhibited icilin-induced synaptic transmission within the same location. The selective effect of delta-opioids suggests a possible role in modulating receptors activated by icilin (TRPM8 and TRPA1). Overall, this thesis provides further evidence that TRPM8 is responsible for the transduction of innocuous cold sensation in mammals and is a potential therapeutic target in humans with cold hyperaesthesia secondary to abnormal thermal processing. The use of delta-opioid agonists warrants further investigation in cold hypersensitivity states and potentially other forms of pain.
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Tseng, Ming-Tsung, and 曾明宗. "Peripheral and Central Mechanisms of Thermal and Pain Processing in Healthy Human and Neuropathy." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49716754787112270142.
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博士臺灣大學
臨床醫學研究所
98
One of the most popular reasons that people come to the hospital for help is the symptoms caused by abnormal somatosensation, particularly pain. Many pain syndromes, particularly neuropathic pain, are usually refractory to medical treatment, which affect the psychophysical well-beings and become a burden on social economics. However, the incomplete understanding about the peripheral and central mechanisms of somatosensory processing impedes the development of new therapeutic strategies. By applying the punch skin biopsy technique with quantification of the intraepidermal nerve fibre (IENF) density to investigate the peripheral nervous system and functional MRI in the central nervous system (CNS), we aim to clarify the mechanisms of thermal and pain processing in healthy human and neuropathy. The purpose in the first part of our study is (1) to investigate the role of the IENF in the processing of somatosensation in the peripheral nervous system, and (2) to understand the clinical significance and mechanisms of cutaneous denervation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We assessed IENF density of the distal leg in 45 SLE patients (4 males and 41 females, aged 38.4 ± 13.6 years) and analysed its correlations with pathology, lupus activity, sensory thresholds and electrophysiological parameters. Compared with age- and gender-matched control subjects, SLE patients had lower IENF densities (3.08 ± 2.17 versus 11.27 ± 3.96 fibres/mm, P < 0.0001); IENF densities were reduced in 38 patients (82.2%). Pathologically, 11 patients (24.4%) were found to have definite cutaneous vasculitis; the severity and extent of cutaneous vasculitis were correlated with IENF densities. Patients with active lupus had even lower IENF densities than those with quiescent lupus (1.86 ± 1.37 versus 4.15 ± 2.20 fibres/mm, P = 0.0002). By linear regression analysis, IENF densities were negatively correlated with the SLE disease activity index (r = 0.527, P = 0.0002) and cumulative episodes of lupus flare-up within 2 years before the skin biopsy(r = 0.616, P = 0.0014). Clinically, skin denervation was present not only in the patients with sensory neuropathy but also in the patients with neuropsychiatric syndrome involving the CNS. SLE patients had significantly elevated warm threshold temperatures (P = 0.003) and reduced cold threshold temperatures (P = 0.048); elevated warm threshold temperatures were associated with the reduced IENF densities (P = 0.032). Taken together, we provide several lines of evidence that IENF reflects thermal and pain sensation, and skin biopsy with quantification of the IENF density was proved as a objective tool to evaluate temperature sensation in the peripheral nervous system. Cutaneous vasculitis and lupus activities underlie skin denervation with associated elevation of thermal thresholds as a major manifestation of sensory nerve injury in SLE. The aim in the second part of our study is to understand the response patterns to innocuous heat (IH) and noxious heat (NH) in the brain. Whether IH-exclusive brain regions exist and whether patterns of cerebral responses to IH and NH stimulations are similar remain elusive. We hypothesized that distinct and shared cerebral networks were evoked by each type of stimulus. Twelve normal subjects participated in a functional MRI study with rapidly ramped (up to 20 °C/sec) IH (38 °C) and NH (44 °C) applied to the right foot. Group activation maps demonstrated 3 patterns of cerebral activation: (1) IH-responsive only in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL); (2) NH-responsive only in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), posterior insular cortex (IC), and premotor area (PMA); and (3) both IH- and NH-responsive in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), anterior IC, cerebellum, superior frontal gyrus, supplementary motor area, thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), lentiform nucleus (LN), and midbrain. According to the temporal analysis of regions of interest, the IPL exclusively responded to IH, and the S2, posterior IC, and PMA were exclusively activated by NH throughout the entire period of stimulation. The IFG, thalamus, ACC, and LN responded differently during different phases of IH versus NH stimulation, and the NH-responsive-only S1 responded transiently during the early phase of IH stimulation. BOLD signals in bilateral IPLs were specifically correlated with the ratings of IH sensation, while responses in the contralateral S1 and S2 were correlated with pain intensity. In conclusion, these results suggest that unique brain areas process IH and NH differently in terms of activation location, response intensity, and phase of stimulation.
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Sutanto, Tan-Wiwin, and 陳順和. "A Study on the Thermal Management of Central Processing Unit Using Fan Heat Sinks." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04532097615606583695.
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碩士中原大學
機械工程研究所
101
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the microprocessor within a personal computer that performs all instructions and operations necessary for the computer to function. Higher speed and smaller size in computer processors have resulted in an increased demand for thermal management systems. When driven at high clock speeds, they are capable of producing substantial amounts of heat and need to be cooled to prevent failure. Many cooling system is used to dissipate heat from CPU. One of the CPU’s heat dissipation methods is using fan heat sink. Heat sink is easily to be manufactured, relatively low in cost, light in weight, and can become an adequate cooling means with good reliability In this study, 95-W of CPU Pentium D082 2.8GHz was used as a heat source for studying the effectiveness of fan heat sink. The effectiveness was measured by the thermal resistance value between the CPU and the heat sink. Lower thermal resistance value is needed for higher heat dissipation capability. Through the experiments, the effects of heat sink material, number of fin, fin shape, and fin complexity on the thermal resistance values of the CPU were investigated. From this study it was shown that the thermal resistance was dominantly influenced by the heat sink material, followed by the heat sink fin type. Moreover, the effect of heat spreader to the heat sink resistance value was also investigated. Three types of heat spreader used in this study were aluminum block, copper block, and vapor chamber. Each of these heat spreaders was inserted between the CPU and fan heat sink. The results showed that vapor chamber is proven to be the most efficient heat spreader. Adding vapor chamber would increase the heat sink heat dissipation performance, measured by having the lowest thermal resistance value compared with using other types of heat spreaders. Numerical simulations of ANSYS ICEPAK 12.1 were used to analyze CPU and fan heat sink heat dissipation and to visualize the temperature distribution of the system. It was found that the results obtained from numerical simulations were in good agreement with those obtained from the experimental data, with a percentage difference of less than or equal to 10%. ANSYS ICEPAK 12.1 was also proven to be suitable software for electronics cooling simulations.
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Memarian, Negar. "A Novel Access Technology Based on Infrared Thermography for People with Severe Motor Impairments." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/26299.
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Many individuals with severe motor impairments are cognitively capable, but because of their physical impairments, unable to express their intention through conventional means of communication. Access technologies are devices that attempt to translate the intention of these individuals into functional activity by harnessing their residual physical or physiological abilities. The primary objective of this thesis was to design and develop a novel non-invasive and non-contact access technology based on infrared thermal imaging. This access technology translates the local temperature change associated with voluntary mouth opening to activation of a binary switch such as a mouse click or key press. To this end, an algorithm based on motion and temperature analyses, and morphological and anthropometric filters was designed to detect mouth opening activity in thermal video in real-time. The secondary objective of this thesis was to introduce a mutual information measure for objective assessment of binary switch users’ performance. A model was suggested, in which combination of cognitive and physical abilities of the human user of a binary access switch constitute a communication channel. The proposed mutual information measure estimates the rate of information transmission in the ‘human communication channel’ during stimulus response tasks. Using this measure, in a study with ten able-bodied participants, the infrared thermal switch was validated against a conventional chin switch. Impairments in body functions and structures that may contraindicate the use of the infrared thermal switch were explored in a study with seven clients, with severe disabilities. Potential hard and soft technological solutions to mitigate the effect of these impairments on infrared thermal switch use were recommended. Finally the infrared thermal switch was tailored to meet the needs of a young man with severe spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy, who had no other means of physical access.
Books on the topic "Central thermal processing"
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Schaible, Hans-Georg, and Rainer H. Straub. Pain neurophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0059.
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Physiological pain is evoked by intense (noxious) stimuli acting on healthy tissue functioning as a warning signal to avoid damage of the tissue. In contrast, pathophysiological pain is present in the course of disease, and it is often elicited by low-intensity stimulation or occurs even as resting pain. Causes of pathophysiological pain are either inflammation or injury causing pathophysiological nociceptive pain or damage to nerve cells evoking neuropathic pain. The major peripheral neuronal mechanism of pathophysiological nociceptive pain is the sensitization of peripheral nociceptors for mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli; the major peripheral mechanism of neuropathic pain is the generation of ectopic discharges in injured nerve fibres. These phenomena are created by changes of ion channels in the neurons, e.g. by the influence of inflammatory mediators or growth factors. Both peripheral sensitization and ectopic discharges can evoke the development of hyperexcitability of central nociceptive pathways, called central sensitization, which amplifies the nociceptive processing. Central sensitization is caused by changes of the synaptic processing, in which glial cell activation also plays an important role. Endogenous inhibitory neuronal systems may reduce pain but some types of pain are characterized by the loss of inhibitory neural function. In addition to their role in pain generation, nociceptive afferents and the spinal cord can further enhance the inflammatory process by the release of neuropeptides into the innervated tissue and by activation of sympathetic efferent fibres. However, in inflamed tissue the innervation is remodelled by repellent factors, in particular with a loss of sympathetic nerve fibres.
Book chapters on the topic "Central thermal processing"
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Schaible, Hans-Georg, and Rainer H. Straub. "Pain neurophysiology." In Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology, 431–36. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0059_update_002.
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Physiological pain is evoked by intense (noxious) stimuli acting on healthy tissue functioning as a warning signal to avoid damage of the tissue. In contrast, pathophysiological pain is present in the course of disease, and it is often elicited by low-intensity stimulation or occurs even as resting pain. Causes of pathophysiological pain are either inflammation or injury causing pathophysiological nociceptive pain or damage to nerve cells evoking neuropathic pain. The major peripheral neuronal mechanism of pathophysiological nociceptive pain is the sensitization of peripheral nociceptors for mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli; the major peripheral mechanism of neuropathic pain is the generation of ectopic discharges in injured nerve fibres. These phenomena are created by changes of ion channels in the neurons, e.g. by the influence of inflammatory mediators or growth factors. Both peripheral sensitization and ectopic discharges can evoke the development of hyperexcitability of central nociceptive pathways, called central sensitization, which amplifies the nociceptive processing. Central sensitization is caused by changes of the synaptic processing, in which glial cell activation also plays an important role. Endogenous inhibitory neuronal systems may reduce pain but some types of pain are characterized by the loss of inhibitory neural function. In addition to their role in pain generation, nociceptive afferents and the spinal cord can further enhance the inflammatory process by the release of neuropeptides into the innervated tissue and by activation of sympathetic efferent fibres. However, in inflamed tissue the innervation is remodelled by repellent factors, in particular with a loss of sympathetic nerve fibres.
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Kalvettukaran, Paramasivan, Sandip Das, Sundar Marimuthu, and Dipten Misra. "Temperature Gradient-Based Laser Bending of Full Plates and Plates With Cutout." In Handbook of Research on Developments and Trends in Industrial and Materials Engineering, 270–305. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1831-1.ch012.
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The laser bending process, also called the laser forming process, consists of irradiating the surface of a sheet or a plate by means of a moving laser beam with a predefined scanning strategy to generate the desired shape through thermally induced residual stress. This chapter presents the mechanisms of a laser bending process and the technological aspects concerning laser v-bending of rectangular AISI 304 plates for full plates and plates with a central cutout at its middle to highlight the process fundamentals and how processing affects the final bending angle of the workpieces. Laser bending involving plates with a cutout will have numerous applications for car bodies, such as front and rear panels where bending is required to be performed on panels with cutout geometries. To investigate the effects of shape and size of the cutout on temperature distribution, stress distribution, and final bending angle, different shapes such as circular, ellipse, rectangular, and square, as well as different dimensions of cutouts have been chosen.
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Biborski, Mateusz, Marcin Biborski, and Janusz Stępiński. "Badania nad technologią wybranych zabytków żelaznych." In Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne, 135–44. Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo; Muzeum im. Jacka Malczewskiego w Radomiu, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/oda-sah.10.zn.12.
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The extensive programme of research on artefacts recovered from the Przeworsk culture cemetery in Żelazna Nowa, Comm. Magnuszew, included performing a series of metallographic analyses. Only three objects were subjected to the analyses due to their good preservation: two knives and a shield grip fragment. The aim was to determine the technology of manufacture of particular objects and to identify the raw materials from which they were forged. Microstructure was examined using a Leica DMLM metallurgical microscope, and the observed metal structures were photographed. In addition, metal hardness was measured using the Vickers method, with a load of 10 kG (98N). Carbon content of steel was determined based on microscopic observation. As demonstrated by the analyses, the artefacts were made from metal obtained through the bloomery process from bog iron with a significant admixture of phosphorus. The technology used for manufacture of the analysed artefacts was not particularly sophisticated. They were forged from single pieces of bloomery iron. The only exception is a knife (inv. no. CCLII/15), which was forged from two different pieces of metal welded together, namely from a piece of high phosphorus iron and a piece of soft steel. This made the knife more flexible, while rendering its blade sufficiently hard and more resistant to abrasion. One cannot rule out that the blades of both knives were originally hardened by local carburisation, in connection with later thermal processing (quenching). The results of metallographic research seem to support our assumptions. The two knives and the shield grip were manufactured in local Przeworsk culture workshops, perhaps from iron originating from the centre of metallurgy in the Mazowsze (Mazovia) region.
Conference papers on the topic "Central thermal processing"
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Annuar, Khalil Azha Mohd, and Fatimah Sham Ismail. "Optimal pin fin arrangement of heat sink design and thermal analysis for central processing unit." In 2014 5th International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems (ICIAS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icias.2014.6869537.
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Yang, Jiaping, Cheng Peng Tan, Nyok Boon Chong, and Gih Keong Lau. "Rotary Silicon Polymeric Composite Thermal Micro-Actuator." In ASME 2013 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2013-2891.
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This paper reports a new rotary thermal micro-actuator. This new thermal actuator uses a pair of powerful silicon-polymeric composite benders to actuate a magnetic head slider into a rotation when the expandable polymer elements are resistively heated. The advantage is the rotary micro-actuator design can move the read/write head slider with a larger lateral displacement by using a new T-shape central hinge joint as compared to the previous translational design. The experimental results demonstrate that the prototyped device can reach up 314nm displacement by a 4V step voltage. The 1st mechanical resonance frequency has been pushed up to 35 kHz. Simulation shows that the micro-actuator can be subjected to 1000G shock loading under non-operation mode. The large displacement, high resonance frequency and robust shock resistance make the rotary thermal micro-actuator be very suitable for a wide range of precise positioning systems applications including dual-stage positioning systems in disk drives and resonance switches in microsystems.
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Gandhi, Dhruvkumar, Uschas Chowdhury, Tushar Chauhan, Pratik Bansode, Satyam Saini, Jimil M. Shah, and Dereje Agonafer. "Computational Analysis for Thermal Optimization of Server for Single Phase Immersion Cooling." In ASME 2019 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2019-6587.
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Abstract Complete immersion of servers in synthetic dielectric fluids is rapidly becoming a popular technique to minimize the energy consumed by data centers for cooling purposes. In general, immersion cooling offers noteworthy advantages over conventional air-cooling methods as synthetic dielectric fluids have high heat dissipation capacities which are roughly about 1200 times greater than air. Other advantages of dielectric fluid immersion cooling include even thermal profile on chips, reduction in noise and addressing reliability and operational enhancements like whisker formation and electrochemical migration. Nevertheless, lack of data published and availability of long-term reliability data on immersion cooling is insufficient which makes most of data centers operators reluctant to implement this technique. The first part of this paper will compare thermal performance of single-phase oil immersion cooled HP ProLiant DL160 G6 server against air cooled server using computational fluid dynamics on 6SigmaET®. Focus of the study are major components of the server like Central Processing Unit (CPU), Dual in Line Memory Module (DIMM), Input/output Hub (IOH) chip and Input/output controller Hub (ICH). The second part of this paper focuses on thermal performance optimization of oil immersion cooled servers by varying inlet oil temperature, flow rate and using different fluid.
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Shinde, Pravin A., Pratik V. Bansode, Satyam Saini, Rajesh Kasukurthy, Tushar Chauhan, Jimil M. Shah, and Dereje Agonafer. "Experimental Analysis for Optimization of Thermal Performance of a Server in Single Phase Immersion Cooling." In ASME 2019 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2019-6590.
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Abstract Liquid immersion cooling of servers in synthetic dielectric fluids is an emerging technology which offers significant cooling energy savings and increased power densities for data centers. A noteworthy advantage of using immersion cooling is high heat dissipation capacity which is roughly 1200 times greater than air. Other advantages of dielectric fluid immersion cooling include high rack density, better server performance, even temperature profile, reduction in noise etc. The enhanced thermal properties of oil lead to the considerable savings in both upfront and operating cost over traditional methods. In this study, a server is completely submerged in a synthetic dielectric fluid. Experiments are conducted to observe the effects of varying the volumetric flow rate and oil inlet temperature on thermal performance and power consumption of the server. Various parameters like total server power consumption, the temperature of all heat generating components like Central Processing Unit (CPU), Dual in Line Memory Module (DIMM), input/output hub (IOH) chip, Platform Controller Hub (PCH), Network Interface Controller (NIC) are measured at steady state. Since this is an air-cooled server, the results obtained from the experiments will help in proposing better heat removal strategies like heat sink optimization, better ducting and server architecture. Assessment has been made on the effect of thermal shadowing caused by the two CPUs on the nearby components like DIMMs and PCH.
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Sproul, Evan, Kyle Chavez, and Julius Yellowhair. "The Development of the Heliostat Focusing and Canting Enhancement Technique: An Optical Heliostat Alignment Tool for the National Solar Thermal Test Facility." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54268.
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A heliostat array is a field of heliostats that focuses sunlight continuously on a central receiver in a power tower solar concentration system. Each heliostat consists of a structurally mounted mirror surface capable of reflecting sunlight onto a given target throughout the day. Typically, most heliostats are actually a group of individual mirror facets on a single moving frame. To achieve highly concentrated solar flux on a central receiver, each heliostat mirror facet has to be properly aligned (both canted and focused) when attached to the heliostat frame. In order to accurately evaluate and correct heliostat facet alignment, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and New Mexico Tech (NMT) have developed the Heliostat Focusing and Canting Enhancement Technique (H-FACET), a new and unique heliostat alignment tool that allows technicians to make fast and effective adjustments to facet canting and focusing. H-FACET uses a high resolution digital camera mounted on top of a receiver tower to observe the image of a stationary target reflected by a heliostat. Custom image processing software compares specific measurement points on the actual target reflection image with the corresponding measurement points on an ideally reflecting heliostat. Deviations between the actual and ideal reflection points reveal facet misalignments. Additionally, a live image of the ideal and theoretical points provides real-time feedback during the alignment correction process. SNL has implemented H-FACET at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF). Technicians have used the canting portion of the software to successfully cant a large section of the SNL NSTTF heliostat field. Visual inspections of reflected heliostat beam patterns have demonstrated noticeable improvements in beam size and shape resulting from the use of H-FACET. Preliminary quantitative analyses of H-FACET have shown beam diameter reductions of up to fifty percent. The beam reductions resulting from the use of H-FACET will assist in minimizing beam spillage and increasing flux densities. As a result, H-FACET may be a valuable tool in increasing the annual performance of a heliostat field. This paper details the computational algorithms used in H-FACET. These algorithms include accurate models of heliostat field geometries, sun position, facet orientations and facet shapes. This paper also discusses the optical methods used to determine the orientations and surface shapes of ideally aligned facets. Lastly, it investigates probable sources of error and ways to improve H-FACET.
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King, Ronald (Ron), and G. Christopher P. Crall. "Florida Citrus Processing Facility Takes Leadership Role in Conducting a Facility Wide Insulation Energy Assessment." In ASME 2009 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec2009-5506.
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After attending a National Insulation Association (NIA) presentation on Insulation, The Forgotten Technology at ASME’s 2007 Citrus Engineering Conference, a major citrus processing facility in central Florida decided to examine the condition of their insulation systems and determine the potential energy savings that could be achieved by replacing or repairing their existing insulation. Facility management had previously examined abbreviated energy assessments for above and below ambient systems but had not commissioned an extensive below ambient assessment. Due to the age, complexity, and recent weather history of the facility (i.e. hurricanes), management wanted to examine the condition of the thermal insulation systems and any effect its condition may have on the refrigerant piping and overall system operating costs. The assessment process was more complex than originally anticipated and yielded a wealth of meaningful information. The facility covers about 50 acres and consists of a variety of production, warehousing, and shipping/receiving facilities. It is estimated that the facility processes roughly one billion pounds of oranges and grapefruits each year into juice and juice products. Refrigeration for the site is provided by a large and complex ammonia refrigeration system. A total of eight “engine rooms” house electric driven compressors and associated vessels and equipment. Installed capacity is roughly 3,000 tons of refrigeration with an estimated energy cost on the order of $2 million per year. The ammonia refrigerant is distributed throughout the site via a complex and interconnected refrigerant piping system. The total refrigerant charge in the system is roughly 300,000 lbs of ammonia. Paper published with permission.
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Luan, B. F., R. S. Qiu, Z. Zhou, K. L. Murty, J. Zhou, and Q. Liu. "Characterization of Hot Deformation Behavior of Zr-1.0Sn-0.3Nb-0.3Fe-0.1Cr Using Processing Map." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15186.
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Hot deformation characteristics of forged and β-quenched Zr-1.0Sn-0.3Nb-0.3Fe-0.1Cr (N18 alloy) in the temperature range 625–950°C and in the strain rate range 0.005–5 s−1 have been studied by uniaxial compression testing of Gleeble 3500. For this study, the approach of processing maps has been adopted and their interpretation done using the Dynamic Materials Model (DMM). Based on a series of true stress-true strain curves on various temperatures and strain rates, the flow stress has been summarized and both the strain rate sensitivity index (m) and deformation activation energy (Q) have been calculated by the constitutive equations that flow stress and the relationship of Z parameter and flow stress have been established subsequently. Furthermore, the efficiency of power dissipation (⬜) given by [2m/(m+1)] and improved by Murty has been plotted as a function of temperature and strain rate to obtain different processing maps at different true strain rates ranging from 0.1–0.7. Subsequently, the microstructures of the specimens after compression testing were characterized by electron channeling contrast (ECC) imaging techniques used an FEI Nova 400 field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM). The results showed that: (i) The hyperbolic sine constitutive equation can describe the flow stress behavior of zirconium alloy, and the deformation activation energy and flow stress equation were calculated under the different temperature stages which insists that the deformation mechanism is not dynamic recovery. (ii) The hot processing maps and its validation were analyzed, which indicated that the DMM theory was reliable and could be adopted as useful tool for optimizing hot workability of Zr. The optimum parameters for extrusion and hammer forging were revealed on the processing maps of 830–950°C, 0.048–2.141 s−1 and 916–950°C, 2.465–5 s−1. (iii) The microstructure of the ingot exhibits a typical lamellar Widmanstatten structure. Under the different strain rates, the grains formed by dynamic recrystallization existed normally in the central zone of the compression samples while the no uniformity of grain size increased with the increasing of strain rate. Meanwhile, due to the dynamic recrystallization as a thermal activation process, the grains size and uniformity increased with the increasing of temperature. In brief, microstructure analysis showed that continuous dynamic recrystallization and geometric dynamic recrystallization operated concurrently during the isothermal compressive deformation.
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Shao, Shuai, Tianyi Gao, Huawei Yang, Jie Zhao, and Jiajun Zhang. "Evaluation of Single Phase Immersion Cooling System for High Performance Server Chassis Using Dielectric Coolants." In ASME 2020 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2020-2670.
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Abstract Along with advancements in microelectronics packaging, the power density of processor units has steadily increased over time. Data center servers equipped for high performance computing (HPC) often use multiple central processing units (CPUs) and graphical processing units (GPUs), thereby resulting in an increased power density, exceeding 1 kW per U. Many data center organizations are evaluating single phase immersion technology as a potential energy and resource saving cooling option. In this work immersion cooling was studied at a power level of 2.7kW/U with a 5U-height immersion cooling tank. Heat generated by a simulated GPU server was transferred to the secondary loop coolant, and then exchanged with the primary loop facility coolant through the heat exchanger. The chiller supply and return temperature and flow rate was controlled for the primary loop. The simulated GPU server chassis was designed to provide thermal power equivalent to a high power density server. Eight simulated power heaters, of which each unit was the size of a GPU chipset, was assembled in the comparable location to a real IT equipment on a 4U server chassis. Power for the GPU simulated chassis was able to support up to 2700 W maximum. Three investigations for this immersion cooling system evaluation were performed through comprehensive testing. The first is to identify the key decision making factor(s) for evaluating the thermal performance of 4 hydrocarbon-based dielectric coolants, including power parametric analysis, transient analysis, power cycling test, and fluid temperature profiling. The second is to develop an optimization strategy for the immersion system thermal performance. The third is to verify the capability of an 1U heat sink to support high density processor units over 300 W per GPU in an immersion cooling solution.
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Rawi, Mohd Izani Mohamed, and Adnan Al-Anbuky. "Passive House sensor networks: Human centric thermal comfort concept." In 2009 International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issnip.2009.5416746.
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Liang, Yongtu, Bohong Wang, Jianqin Zheng, Tiantian Lei, Xin Zhang, and Haoran Zhang. "Optimal Simplification for the Surface Process System in Oilfields." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93028.
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Abstract Continuous development of oilfields fosters a growing need for the simplification of oilfield surface process systems (SPSs) to reduce operating and management costs. Wells, testing stations, transferring stations, and central processing facilities are the main facilities in an SPS; pipelines are used to connect these stations. In this system, production radius (PR) is an important index to determine which transferring station can a testing station be linked to. Different simplification plans will lead to different operating and management costs in the following production period. Therefore, the simplification plan should be carefully designed to minimize cost and facilitate management. This paper proposes an optimization method for the simplification of SPSs in oilfields. First, an evaluation model is developed based on fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) to select the transferring stations that need to be decommissioned. Second, hydraulic and thermal calculations are performed to get the data for the calculation of PRs. Third, the PRs, including oil gathering radius, water flooding radius, and hot water washing radius are computed to determine the linkage between the transferring stations and the testing stations. Finally, a construction plan is obtained for new pipelines of the testing stations. A case study is conducted to verify the effectiveness of this method. The results show that this method is suitable for the simplification of SPSs in oilfields.