Relevant bibliographies by topics / Central swamp

Academic literature on the topic 'Central swamp'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Central swamp"

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Hasanah, Yuzhirna Najmi, and Pakhri Anhar. "WISATA DESA BERBASIS LAHAN RAWA DI DESA HAMBUKU TENGAH." LANTING JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/lanting.v10i1.748.

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Swamp Based Village Tourism in Central Hambuku Village is a recreation area that presents attractions in the form of customs and daily life of the people of Central Hambuku Village in the past and is a place of education for swamps as the largest natural potential in the Village of Central Hambuku. This tour aims to become a swampy tourist attraction that can develop the potential of the village to improve the economy of the Central Hambuku Village community. The development of village potential as a tourist attraction requires an analysis of the potential that can be exploited, through analysis-synthesis methods and the concept of memory is expected to explore the potential of existing villages to create a place for recreation and education of swamps as well as to give the impression and experience of life in the village.
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SHORT, PATRICIA. "FLOODS SWAMP CENTRAL EUROPE." Chemical & Engineering News 80, no. 34 (August 26, 2002): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v080n034.p010a.

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Bocko, Yannick Enock, Suspense Averti Ifo, and Jean Joël Loumeto. "Quantification Des Stocks De Carbone De Trois Pools Clés De Carbone En Afrique Centrale : Cas De La Forêt Marécageuse De La Likouala (Nord Congo)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2017): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n5p438.

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The data of carbon stock of central African swamps forests are very few. This study carried out an assessment of the carbon stock of living biomass and coarse woody debris of three biotopes (flooded forest, seasonal flooded forest, and terra firm forest) of Likouala swamp forest (North of Congo). The average of the carbon stock are 190.72±98.7 tC/ha, 39.69±21.24 tC/ha, and 9.45±6.6 tC/ha respectively for above ground, billow ground, and coarse woody debris. The carbon stock of our swamp forest tends to increase generally from the flooded forest to the terra firm forest. In addition, the average of the coarse woody debris carbon stock increases with the increasing of the above ground carbon stock.
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Anyiam, Okwudiri A., Nicholas Hoggmascall, and Daniel K. Amogu. "Basin margin sediment wedge build out of the Eastern Niger Delta: application of shelf-edge trajectory pattern studies." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 3 (February 18, 2021): 1093–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01100-w.

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AbstractThe understanding of how basin margin sediment wedge builds out causes shelf-edge migration with time is approached based on shelf-edge trajectory pattern analysis using a high-resolution mega-merge seismic data from the eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. The study focuses on a seismic dip transect traversing the Greater Ughelli, Central Swamp, Coastal Swamp and the Shallow Offshore Depobelts of the Niger Delta. On the regional dip transects, shelf-edge sediments occur as clinoform-bearing wedges at and immediately updip of the shelf-slope break. The shelf edge is deeply buried (> 2–4 s, twt), around the Greater Ughelli and Central Swamps. But with changing structural style, sudden change of ascending shelf edge around the Central Swamp was observed. The huge listric growth fault in the Coastal Swamp; around Bonny area, once again cut the shelf edge into half, rotated it along the listric fault and buried it distally. Several depositional packages show low to moderate ascending shelf-edge trajectory with progradational to aggradational clinoform growth that is characterized by thin sand sheets across most of the shelf and upper slope, though few are also characterized by progradational clinoform growth with thick sand on the shelf, upper-tolower slope and basin floor. The deposition is usually on the Outer Shelf Terrace (OST) which is regressive in a flat and rising trajectory style. This study has demonstrated that accommodation and sediment flux are the dominant controls on how the study basin’s sediment wedge built out, whereby limited accommodation promotes sediments with significant shelf-edge advance and descending trajectories, while increasing accommodation promotes ascending trajectories and increased deposition on the outer shelf. The greater sediments on the Outer Shelf Terrace and the shelf margin than on the slope gives more hydrocarbon prospectivity search around the outer shelf and shelf margin.
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Supriyati, Wahyu, Alpian Alpian, T. A. Prayitno, Sumardi Sumardi, and Sri Nugroho Marsoem. "LOCAL WISDOM IN UTILIZING PEAT SWAMP SOIL AND WATER TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF GELAM WOOD." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 2, no. 2 (July 13, 2016): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v2i2.29.

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Local wisdom in utilizing swamp soil and water to improve the quality of gelam wood in Central Kalimantan becomes an interesting phenomenon. Improving the quality of wood can economize on the use of wood, which in turn preserves the forests in peat swamp lands. Gelam (Melaleuca sp.) woods that are mostly found in peat swamp forests can be used as piles/stakes in swamp soil, and they are durable for decades. The general objective of this study was to provide a scientific explanation of the effect of peat swamp soil and water on improving the quality of gelam wood either in barked and barkless conditions. This study was conducted by taking gelam trees that grew in Central Kalimantan. It was carried out for 18 months, and investigated the barked/barkless woods, media (swamp water, freshwater, peat swamp soil, and sandy soil) and 3 lengths of burying times. Wood properties analyzed were physical and mechanical properties. The standard of physical-mechanical property tests referred to British Standard 373. The results showed that the interaction between bark factor (A) and media (B) affected specific gravity. Barked wood produced the highest spesific gravity in swamp water medium. Water media (swamp and fresh water) improved the wood’s specific gravity more than soil media (swamp and sandy soil). The highest values of hardness, stress on Proportional Limit, and Modulus of Elasticity were in the medium of swamp soil. The improvement of the quality of gelam woods, which were either buried or used as stakes/piles, was allegedly resulted from the swamp water infiltrating into gelam woods that thereby increased the specific gravity.
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Winantris, Winantris, Helman Hamdani, and Ellin Harlia. "Paleoenvironment of Tanjung Formation Barito Basin- Central Kalimantan Based on palynological data." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24273/jgeet.2017.2.2.305.

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The research area is located in the Muara Teweh, North Barito, Central Kalimantan. The cocking coal deposits are well known as they were produced from this area. Upper part of Tanjung Formation is target coal production. The study objectives are to analyze paleoenvironment and to determine the relative age of coal deposits based on palynological data. Preparing palinological analysis used standard procedure by hydrofluoric acid method.Palynomorphs data grouped into six types of ecology, and the sequence is as follows ; fresh water and lowland (41,75 %), brackish water swamp (30,10%), Peat and freshwater swamp (17,96%), marine element (7,77 %), back mangrove (1,46%) and upland element (0,97). Palmae pollen is very dominant, especially from freshwater and peat swamp that grow around coastal area i.e. Dicolcopollis, Proxapertites cursus, Proxapertites operculatus, Longapertites and Palmaepollenites kutchensis. Although marine fossil found, but the frequency less than one percent, that was the evidence of influence sea water to swamp area. The palynomorphs indicate the coal sedimented at upper delta plain. Fossil index of relative age consist of Proxapertites cursus, Proxapertites operculatus, Magnastriatites howardi Verrucatosporites usmensis, Retistephanocolpites , and Ixonantes type which refer to Late Eocene.
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Ezeh, Sunny C., Wilfred A. Mode, and Berti M. Ozumba. "Characteristic trace fossils from Miocene brackish-water deposits in the Niger Delta, Nigeria." Geologos 24, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logos-2018-0011.

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Abstract Miocene deposits in the eastern portion of the Greater Ughelli, Central Swamp and Coastal Swamp depobelts contain well-developed brackish-water trace fossil assemblages. Twelve ichnogenera have been identified, namely: Asterosoma, Bergaueria, Chondrites, Gyrolithes, Thalassinoides, Lockeia, Palaeophycus, ?Conichnus, Planolites, Siphonichnus, Skolithos and Diplocraterion. In addition, common non-descript, passively filled burrows and fugichnia (escape structures) have also been observed. The above-mentioned ichnogenera and associated non-descript structures can be arranged into six distinct and recurring ichnoassociations within the Greater Ughelli, Central Swamp and Coastal Swamp depobelts. Each ichnoassociation is comprised of a group of trace fossils which collectively reflect specific environmental conditions during deposition of these Miocene strata. All trace fossil assemblages illustrate deposition in nearshore, restricted settings. Ichnological and sedimentological criteria which may be utilized to recognise brackish-water deposits are discussed and illustrated in pictures of the cores studied.
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Erniaty, E., S. Gumiri, A. Ardianor, A. Haryono, and Y. Yulintine. "The dynamics of benthic invertebrates in different part of peat swamp forests converted to rice fields." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1118, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1118/1/012064.

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Abstract The Indonesian government plans to turn Central Kalimantan province into a national food barn by planting rice paddies in several places, including in shallow peatlands. Tropical peatlands have limited potential to be used as agricultural land since the growing media in some cases, is not conducive to root development, saturated-water soil that poissons the plants. Aquatic invertebrates can be used as indicators to determine whether water quality in a field is safe for plants or not. The objective of this study is to evaluate the dynamics of benthic in different part of aquatic ecosystems on peat swamp forests. This study was conducted in Peat Techno Park (PTP) of the University of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan. Samples were collected from 9 stations with different forms of land use for agricultural activities, namely unplowed paddy fields, plowed fields, swamps, connecting ditches, beje, natural peat swamp forests, breeding ponds, and irrigation ponds. Data were collected over 6 months and coincided with the peak of dry and wet seasons. The abundance and species of aquatic invertebrates were then analyzed some related physic-chemical parameters, such as depth, water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The results showed that the macrozoobenthos species found on this study was slightly rare. There was identified merely 3 genera, include in the two benthic groups, e.i. Annelida and insect. As to the insect, the dominant species was from the order of Diptera and family of Chironomidae, especially Chironomus. Spatially, stations 1 (unplowed rice fields), 2 (ploughed rice fields), 3 (peat swamp forest), 7 (cultivated ponds), and 9 (new beje) were particularly abundant. In this case, the conversion of peat swamp forests to rice fields and fish culture ponds will possibly promote greater diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrate communities.
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Kalima, Titi, Sri Suharti, Sumarhani Sumarhani, and Liam A. Trethowan. "TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ETHNOBOTANY OF DEGRADED PEAT SWAMP FOREST IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN." REINWARDTIA 19, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v19i1.3819.

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KALIMA, T., SUHARTI, S., SUMARHANI & TRETHOWAN, L. A. 2020. Tree species diversity and ethnobotany of degraded peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan. Reinwardtia 19(1): 27‒54. ‒‒ Most peat swamp forest has been degraded. This has resulted in decline of its biodiversity. The objective of this study was to identify the composition, diversity, and plants used by local people in Bagantung swamp forest. The study was conducted on degraded peat swamp forest area in Bagantung, Mantangai Sub-District, Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province. The Shannon-Wiener (H’) and the Importance Value (IV) indices were used for analyzing the species diversity and the species importance across a number of forest plots. Useful tree species were identified by interviewing local villagers. There were 2,562 individual plants in 32 plots (each plot 20 m × 20 m). We identified 100 tree species and 16 non-tree species, from 74 genera, and 46 families. Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Dipterocarpaceae and Clusiaceae were the most dominant families. Large tree (H’=1.46) and small tree diversity was similar (H’=1.75). In both small and large tree size classes Calophyllum nodusum was the most dominant species. There were 16 tree species and two non-tree species used by local people for house and boat construction, furniture, handicrafts, medicine, and insect repellent.
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Tata, Hesti L., and Sukaesih Pradjadinata. "NATIVE SPECIES FOR DEGRADED PEAT SWAMP FOREST REHABILITATION." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 7, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): S80—S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.7.3.s80-s82.

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It is known that over exploitation and repeated fire caused peat swamp forest degradation. Great effort on degraded peat forest rehabilitation has been taken to minimize forest degradation. The study aimed to understand the best tree species for degraded peat swamp forest rehabilitation. The study was conducted on degraded and burnt peat swamp forest of Tumbang Nusa Forest Research area, Central Kalimantan. The study was designed in a completely randomized design, using four native species, viz. Shorea balangeran, Dyera poyphylla, Calophyllum bifflorum, and Callophyllum inophyllum. The seedlings were planted in planting space of 5 m x 2.5 m. After eight months planting, S. balangeran had the highest seedlings survival. Environmental factors, such as ground water table and precipitation, in the demo-plot are presented.Key words: reforestation, degraded peatland, peat fire, Central Kalimantan
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Central swamp"

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Sulistiyanto, Yustinus. "Nutrient dynamics in different sub-types of peat swamp forest in central Kalimantan, Indonesia." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12597/.

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Nutrient dynamics of two sub-types of peat swamp forest, mixed swamp forest and low pole forest, in the upper catchment of the Sebangau River in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia were studied. Three permanent study plots, 50 x 50 m, were established in each forest sub-type to facilitate collection of throughfall, stemflow, litterfall, decomposition, above ground and below ground biomass, peat and water samples. Graphical presentation, Wilm's method, and analysis of variance were carried out for both sub-types of forest in order to analyse data to detect any significant differences. Rainfall is slightly acid (pH 5.96+0.35) with a predominance of NH4-N, Ca and K. Throughfall and stemflow are enriched in most elements analysed compared to rainfall and the pH values are lower. Throughfall pH is 4.76±0.33 in mixed swamp forest and 4.37±0.33 in low pole forest. Stemflow pH is 4.03±0.19 in mixed swamp forest and 3.57±0.11 in low pole forest. Greater litter production was obtained in mixed swamp forest (8,411 kg ha-1 yr-1) than in low pole forest (6,534 kg ha-1 yr-1). Dry weight of the different fractions of litterfall (leaves, branches, reproductive parts and other debris) for MSF and LPF were 6216,1246, 460 and 489 kg ha-1 and 4864,1251,169 and 251 kg ha-1, respectively. Decomposition rates (k) in the MSF and LPF are 0.396 yr-1and 0.285 yr-1 respectively. Above ground biomass in MSF and LPF are 313,899 and 252,547 kg ha-1 respectively, while below ground (root biomass) is 26,533 and 14,382 kg ha respectively. Nitrogen is the predominant nutrient in peat soil at 50 cm depth in both MSF and LPF, while manganese is the lowest. Calcium is the element in greatest amount in water run off in MSF and LPF at 8,15 and 7.15 kg ha-1 yr-1 respectively, while manganese was the lowest at 0.01 and 0.02 kg ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Nutrient inputs were higher than nutrient losses during the 1-year study period with the greatest nutrient gain for calcium while manganese was the lowest in both sub-types of forest. Moreover, the results of this study highlight that nutrient concentrations in peat soils are low and the substrates are acidic. These factors are likely to be strongly limiting to agricultural development, including plantations of estate crops and trees. Under such conditions the maintenance of intact forest for natural ecosystem services (e. g. carbon storage, watershed, biodiversity maintenance, timber production in certain time period) is likely to be a far wiser land use from a long-term perspective.
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Pokswinski, Scott M. Folkerts Debbie R. "Invasive characteristics of Chinese privet (Ligustrum Sinense Lour.) in a bay swamp in the fall line hills of east-central Alabama." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Biological_Sciences/Thesis/Pokswinski_Scott_48.pdf.

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Dinh, Emily Thuong Nguyen. "The Ecological Succession of Mosquitoes Inhabiting Waste Tires in a Subtropical Swamp and Upland Forest in Central West Florida." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5938.

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Literature has not yet seen a contribution involving the description of successional patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) inhabiting discarded automobile tires in sylvan areas nor an investigation into the macro- and micro-environmental factors that may influence the seasonal shifts in species composition and abundance in that respective habitat. Waste tires in undeveloped forests are a hazard to human and animal health because they can support a population of vector mosquitoes. Locating productive waste tire mosquito habitats is problematic in wooded areas but is crucial for diminishing pathogen transfer in areas where humans have regular access to forests because of possible zoonotic disease transmission. The intentions of this study were 1) to describe the ecological succession patterns of mosquitoes in waste tires in a subtropical wetland and upland forest and 2) to create a database on which regressive geo-spatiotemporal models locating unidentified productive waste tires in sylvan zones can be built. The entomological research conducted here did not confirm the hypothesis that Aedes albopictus (Skuse) would be the dominant species in all the tires at all the study sites. There appeared to be seasonal trends in mosquito production despite the general constant warmth and rainfall levels year-round in subtropical Tampa, Florida. However, the findings of this research indicates that climatic conditions alone do not sufficiently explain spatiotemporal variation in mosquito populations. Rather, the effects of weather are heterogeneous at the microcosmic level, which has a more direct impact on ecological interactions between the different species found here and their abiotic environment.
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Sarodja, Damayanti [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Kleinn, I. Nengah Surati [Gutachter] Jaya, and Daniela [Gutachter] Sauer. "Integrating field and optical RapidEye data for above-ground biomass estimation: A study in the tropical peat-swamp forest of Sebangau, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia / Damayanti Sarodja ; Gutachter: I. Nengah Surati Jaya, Daniela Sauer ; Betreuer: Christoph Kleinn." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201549132/34.

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Biagioni, Siria [Verfasser], Hermann [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Behling, Erwin [Gutachter] Bergmeier, and Dietrich [Gutachter] Hertel. "Long-term dynamics of tropical rainforests, climate, fire, human impact and land-use change in Indonesia : A focus on the montane rainforests in Central Sulawesi and peat-swamp rainforests in Sumatra / Siria Biagioni. Betreuer: Hermann Behling. Gutachter: Hermann Behling ; Erwin Bergmeier ; Dietrich Hertel." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1102535702/34.

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Backéus, Ingvar. "Aboveground production and growth dynamics of vascular bog plants in central Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, 1985. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-184355.

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Boman, Karin, and Émile Sohier. "Credit derivatives in Swedish banks : Both sides of the coin." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-72885.

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Background: The financial crisis of 2007-2010 had a massive impact on the financial markets worldwide. The crisis was partly blamed on the credit derivatives collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps. These instruments were used to create leverage and speculation, which led to uncertainty in the financial system worldwide. There has been no recent documentation of how credit derivatives are used in Swedish banks, and what risks and opportunities they bring along. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe the use of credit derivatives in Swedish banks, what benefits and risks they may generate and how the recent financial crisis has affected their use. Research Method: This is a qualitative multiple case study which uses an inductive approach. The study covers four cases, three of the largest Swedish commercial banks, and a bank that specializes on international financing. Seven people working in different fields in these banks have been interviewed. Conclusions: Credit derivatives are mostly used for hedging in Swedish banks, which mainly involves the use of credit default swaps, and sometimes iTraxx. Purely speculative trades are rare. The risks that arise are mainly due to lack of transparency in OTC trading, and abusive use of these instruments. Credit derivatives greatly facilitate risk management in banks. Regulations have increased since the financial crisis and the demand for more complex products greatly decreased.
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Barbosa, Raphael de Almeida. "As surpresas na política monetária e suas implicações na estrutura a termo de juros: o caso brasileiro." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/2639.

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Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Raphael de Almeida Barbosa.pdf.jpg: 18678 bytes, checksum: 3d97fd1271387fa45c85fcf8e0b0e507 (MD5) Raphael de Almeida Barbosa.pdf.txt: 85416 bytes, checksum: 87a738f66ff35e1760a9e51fb4541565 (MD5) Raphael de Almeida Barbosa.pdf: 1279245 bytes, checksum: 4263620211cb195468fd7e9f161e529a (MD5) license.txt: 4886 bytes, checksum: 6ee12df0b7e411cd5b2262145fb2262f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-05T00:00:00Z
O objetivo do trabalho é estudar a relação entre 'surpresas' na política monetária, reveladas pelas mudanças não-esperadas na taxa de juros de curto prazo (Selic) e a estrutura a termo da curva de juros para o caso brasileiro. Será testado o efeito de movimentos não-esperados da política monetária sobre a estrutura a termo de juros, utilizando como medida de surpresa da política monetária o erro de previsão do mercado para a taxa de juros estabelecida pela autoridade monetária. O trabalho está estruturado em 4 capítulos, além desta introdução. A introdução consiste no detalhamento da importância do problema e como o trabalho está organizado. O capítulo 1 compreende a revisão da literatura em duas partes: a parte 1 realiza uma síntese de alguns trabalhos sobre o tema e a parte subseqüente apresenta alguns resultados empíricos já conhecidos. No capítulo 2 será estudado o caso brasileiro, e definida a metodologia e hipóteses analisadas. O terceiro capítulo consiste nas estimações e resultados. Por último, o capítulo 4 disserta a respeito das conclusões obtidas, limitações do trabalho e questões para futuras pesquisas.
The purpose of this dissertation is to study the relatioship between the short-term interest rate (Selic) and the term structure through changes in monetary policy for the Brazilian case. It will test the effect of non-expected monetary policy movements (the "surprises") on the term structure, using as a surprise of monetary policy the market errors in predictions for interest rate set by monetary authority. This monograph is divided into 4 sections, besides an introduction. The introduction details the importance of the problem and how the monograph will be organized. Chapter 1 covers the literature review into two parts: part one deal with main theoretical hypothesis to explain the term structure of interest rate and part two reviews the main empirical results to test that hypothesis. Chapter 2 will discuss the methodology and assumptions used to analyze the Brazilian case. The third chapter consists of estimates and results. Finally, chapter 4 concludes indicating the main findings, as well as the limitations of the presente dissertation, and issues for future research.
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Adamsonová, Kristína. "Městské lázně." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215646.

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ARCHITECTURE The centre and entrance point for atrection a relx is terace with pool, with corridor to cafe and skylights that leads to reception. Around this atrium, there is a ramp, rising up. Pools are not see n ko the screens are individual attractions, atmosphere. The height change of each pool, sauna and whether this involves physical effort is rewarded with open views to the surroundings and relax themselves. Entering the building through a covered, but bright bay, passage is a continuation of the street fishing. Thus the very end of the reception side. Thus eliminate the problem of a parcel which is like a scene out of town. Layout In the passages suggest leaving the car park, Kafe-bar with a simple menu and fresh multifunctional workshop, creative playground. It is known fact, that in the old spa locations to find valuable pieces of pottery, small painting and sculpture and other artifacts that speak of links with the vivacious work, relax, relax with a manual and spiritual. This room will also serve as a nursery for parents resting in the spa, in the specified date and time. Upon entering the spa itself, the reception with high ceilings and skylights from the terrace, the visitor to the issue of changing rooms with bathroom facilities. Consequently, the choice whether to receive the attractions, or go down to the fitness center or gym. Another option is to move the spa itself. In the direction from the top down it is pliable dough, the blood will get the opposite route, in which the visitor shall issue a physical effort. 2np In addition to coffee for guests only and exit to the terrace, and massage booths are located. Much of the area occupied by the technical room, spa bath as well as administration. On the next floor guest vystkytne a larger foyer, drinking KURO room and swimming and first aid. Glass facades can be glanced only in forests of the Riviera, but the atrium, with an outdoor terrace and heated swimming pool at all times. Foyer is the actual beginning of the journey. The first ramp is rising just from my father. All the dark hallway, followed by a bright and translucent glass facades. The key is just a wall bordering the ramps and a few additional columns for the perimeter of the building. About half a meter above (and always rises only about 500 mm, the gradient of 1:16 to 8 meters length), the visitor gets to the first pool. Sunny southern facade is designed as a double, at this point is the greenhouse, it is no wonder that the first two pools are linked to breathing, inhalation, nature herbs. The hall (+7400) is glass mat glass sanitary unit consisting of two toilets, toilets for disabled people and installation bay. On one front wall of the shower. This element is repeated, the cabin is only 2.6 meters high (sv room is 3.65 meters), it was acting to hinder lightweight and transparent. On the left side counterclockwise overcomes next ramp stages. Pools are right to counter a výrivý. In this part of the facade facing the street catchment area, the intersection of fishing and of 8 m of pools have already seen the two interface Brno: Petrov and Špilberk. There is also a visitor gets to escape-connecting staircase. Possibility of shortening the path to the sauna is right here. The following pool of options in turn draws the double facade. Studenúuvodu make cold, shielded, north-facing environment. Hot pool at a height level of hygiene cab ...
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Ribka and 李慈慧. "Identification and Evaluation of Development Alternatives for the Degraded Peat Swamp Forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79784206582798274858.

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碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
100
This research studies the possible alternatives in managing the degraded peat swamp forest (PSF). A preliminary qualitative research has been conducted in the Central Kalimantan (CK) peatland area where illegal loggings and forest fires are common. The study found that people faced an inferior economic development and low standard of well-being, as the consequent, lack of environmental conservation as the main concern was discovered. Considering the strong local mindset of extracting natural resources and the importance of local involvement, rubber plantation (RP) emerges as a more potential alternative to oil palm plantation (OP). Business as usual (BAU) situation as comparison to RP and OP is taken into account. Then, the further comparison of three alternatives is conducted in three steps. First, greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory data for BAU, RP and OP on one hectare of degraded PSF starting from planting to processing primary products is developed. Second, five scenarios are formulated based on possible alternatives with the constraints of land distribution and workforce transportation. Ex-Mega Rice Project (MRP) area is considered as a study site for application. Third, each scenario is evaluated based on impacts on environment (GHGs emission) and economy (employment rate). Further, the substitution effect of natural rubber (NR) and crude palm oil (CPO) to their substitutes, which are synthetic rubber (SR) and petrol, is considered. The first alternative, BAU emits 21.84 ton CO2-eq ha-1 year-1 from undeveloped degraded PSF. On the other hand, GHG inventory data development shows that RP as second alternative emits 8.11 ton CO2-eq ha-1 year-1 (37% of BAU’s emission) in producing fresh latex (FL) while additional emissions occur if FL is processed into concentrated latex (0.09 ton CO2-eq ha-1 year-1), standard Indonesian rubber (0.21 ton CO2-eq ha-1 year-1), and ribbed smoked sheet (0.01 ton CO2-eq ha-1 year-1). Meanwhile, third alternative, OP, emits 98.13 ton CO2-eq ha-1 year-1 (450% of BAU’s emission) in producing CPO. The results are based on assumptions of 25 years plantation cycle. Among the three alternatives, RP appears as a more potential one. The three alternatives bring us to the following scenarios: BAU, RP5+BAU, RP20+BAU, RP5+OP, and RP20+OP with the employment rate is 0%, 3.7%, 34%, 44.4%, and 62.85%, respectively. Meanwhile, the total emission is 3.71, 3.63, 2.98, 16.12, and 11.86 million ton CO2-eq per year, respectively. As the prediction, NR and CPO can reduce the emission of their substitutes: SR and petrol by 0%, 53.24%, 95.78%, 96.10%, and 96.69%, respectively for each scenario. In conclusion, the combination of RP and OP is the most potential scenario for employment problem in the Ex-MRP area. The labor for RP prefers the local employees while OP encourages migration from other islands. However, human resource management is important when applying any scenario in order to weaken the conflict between local and migrants. In environmental perspective, the overall emissions do not differ much from BAU. The forestry emission of Indonesia could decrease if degraded PSF is managed properly because emission from forest and peat fires can be avoided. However, plantation activity will transfer the emission to other sectors such as agriculture and energy usage. Finally, the global emission can decrease because of substitution effect of SR and petrol by NR and CPO. A proper management strategy is crucial to control the substituting shift to ensure economic behind the environmental benefit.
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Books on the topic "Central swamp"

1

Navoy, A. S. Hydrogeologic data from a 2,000-foot deep core hole at Polk City, Green Swamp area, central Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.

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Navoy, A. S. Hydrogeologic data from a 2,000-foot deep core hole at Polk City, Green Swamp area, central Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.

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Haynes, Michael A. Legends & lore of Somerset County: Knitting Betty, the Great Swamp Devil & more tales from central New Jersey. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2014.

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Navoy, A. S. Hydrogeologic data from a 2,000-foot deep core hole at Polk City, Green Swamp area, central Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.

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Dharmawan, I. Wayan Susi. Enhanced approaches to estimate net emission reductions from deforestation and degradation of undrained peat swamp forests in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bogor, West Java, Indonesia: Center for Climate Change and Policy Research and Development, Forestry Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia in cooperation with International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), 2013.

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Obstfeld, Maurice. Financial instability, reserves, and central bank swap lines in the panic of 2008. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009.

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Wandle, S. William. Effects of surficial geology, lakes and swamps, and annual water availability on low flows of streams in central New England, and their use in low-flow estimation. Marlborough, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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Pulltrouser Swamp: Ancient Maya Habitat, Agriculture, and Settlement in Northern Belize. University of Texas Press, 2012.

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Harrison, Peter D. Pulltrouser Swamp: Ancient Maya Habitat, Agriculture and Settlement in Northern Belize. University of Utah Press, 2000.

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1937-, Harrison Peter D., and Fry Robert E, eds. Pulltrouser Swamp: A lowland Maya community cluster in Northern Belize : the settlement maps. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Central swamp"

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Rosmarkam, A., and A. Syukur. "Tidal Swamp Reclamation by Fork Irrigation Model at Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 919–23. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1999.precisionagproc4.c89.

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Novita, Nisa, J. Boone Kauffman, Kristell Hergoualc’h, Daniel Murdiyarso, Dede Hendry Tryanto, and Joni Jupesta. "Carbon Stocks from Peat Swamp Forest and Oil Palm Plantation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." In Springer Climate, 203–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55536-8_10.

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Leuschner, Christoph, and Heinz Ellenberg. "Woody Vegetation of Floodplains and Swamps." In Ecology of Central European Forests, 633–728. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43042-3_9.

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Horn, Sally. "Late Quaternary lake and swamp sediments." In Central America. Taylor & Francis, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203947043.ch15.

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Vuic, Jason. "Introduction." In The Swamp Peddlers, 1–9. University of North Carolina Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469663333.003.0001.

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In 1970, the talented St. Petersburg Times news editor Elizabeth Whitney ran a series of articles on Florida’s multi-billion-dollar so-called “installment land sales” industry, titled the “Swamp Peddlers,” in which Whitney described how large, usually Miami-based corporations would subdivide large tracts of forest, cattle, and/or swamp land in the hinterlands of southern and central Florida to subdivide and sell as homesites to Northern retirees for as little as $10 down and $10 a month. The industry had virtually no governmental oversight, Whitney learned, and buyers had no recourse when property they had purchased, often sight-unseen, turned out to be in barren wastelands or seasonally-flooded swamps.
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"Late Quaternary lake and swamp sediments: Recorders of climate and environment." In Central America, Two Volume Set, 485–504. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203947043-22.

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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Properties and Management of Smectitic Soils." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0016.

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Smectitic soils of the tropics are medium- to fine-textured alluvial soils containing moderate to large amounts (20% or more) of smectite, a shrinking and swelling clay mineral, in the clay fraction. Small to moderate amounts of other layer silicate minerals, such as illite, chlorite, vermiculite, and kaolinite, are also present in the clay fraction. Smectitic soils have moderate to high values of CEC (10-50 cmol/kg of soil), high base saturation, and high water-retention capacity. These soils are usually developed on alluvial materials rich in basic cations, especially Mg. Smectitic soils commonly occur on alluvial plains in river valleys and deltas as well as in inland depressions. In the wetter tropics, large areas of smectitic soils are found in tropical Asia, especially Vietnam, Thailand, and Myanmar (Burma). These young alluvial soils are rich in nutrient-bearing weatherable minerals, such as micas, feldspars, and hornblende. Smectitic soils on the alluvial plains and inland valleys have a shallow groundwater table, and some soils are flooded during the rainy season. Thus, they are best suited for rice cultivation. For example, in the flood plains along the Mekong and Chao Phraya rivers of the Indo- China peninsula, mineral-rich deposits from annual flooding are able to maintain relatively high rice yields with little or no additional nutrient inputs. Smectitic soils occurring in seasonally flooded coastal mangrove swamps are known as acid sulfate soils. These soils are used for cultivation of swamp rice and floating rice during the rainy season, depending upon the depth of flooding by fresh water. In drier regions, clayey smectitic soils (mainly Vertisols) often exhibit large cracks during the dry season and become very sticky and difficult to work with during the rainy season. In the drier tropics, large areas of clayey smectitic soils are found in central India, central Sudan, southern Ghana, and in the Lake Chad region of central Africa. Clayey smectitic soils are usually found in the inland depressions scattered throughout the drier regions of West, East and Central Africa. Because of their high chemical fertility, these soils are important soils for cropping and grazing in the drier tropics.
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Souto, Mariana, and Mônica Campo. "Muta : Monstrosity and Mutation." In ReFocus: The Films of Lucrecia Martel, 64–77. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485227.003.0005.

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Starting from the short Muta, produced for the clothing brand Miu Miu within the project Women’s Tales, this chapter discusses Lucrecia Martel’s recurring flirtation with horror in her work, citing other films such as The Swamp, The Holy Girl, The Headless Woman, and Zama. The title Muta can refer to both muteness and transformation. In the film’s fabulous and enigmatic universe, a ship that floats across the waterways of Paraguay is occupied only by women – a group of young, slender models, who do not use verbal language to communicate, spew out cobwebs, and at night seem to morph into chrysalis. In interviews, Lucrecia Martel says she often thinks of building her fictional characters not as men, women, children, or any humanoid in general, but as ‘monsters’. This seems to be taken to the extreme in Muta. The filmmaker casts doubt on the existential status of the characters and exposes them more as strange creatures than as humans. Thus, the purpose of this chapter is to discuss two central aspects in the short film: the ideas of metamorphosis and monstrosity. We also seek to observe the way the film dialogues with references such as Asian horror and the world of fashion, as well as navigate through some of its symbolism.
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Medhananda, Swami. "Perceiving God." In Swami Vivekananda's Vedāntic Cosmopolitanism, 162–96. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197624463.003.0006.

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Central to Vivekananda’s doctrine of the science of religion is the controversial assumption that supersensuous experience is a genuine source of knowledge. He defended this assumption by presenting a sophisticated argument for the epistemic value of supersensuous perception, which this chapter reconstructs and further develops. One of the key premises of Vivekananda’s argument for the epistemic value of supersensuous perception is an epistemic principle of perceptual justification that he adapted from traditional Indian pramāṇa epistemology—namely, svataḥ-prāmāṇyatā, the doctrine of the “intrinsic validity” of cognitions defended by Bhāṭṭa Mīmāṃsakas and Vedāntins. On this basis, he argues that we are justified in believing the testimony of mystics who claim to have directly perceived supersensuous realities. The chapter refines and develops Vivekananda’s argument for the epistemic value of supersensuous perception into a seven-premise argument by drawing upon Vivekananda’s own ideas as well as contemporary analytic philosophy.
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Dural, Fatma Sezer. "The Rise of Credit Default Swaps and Its Implications on Financial Stability." In Handbook of Research on Developing Sustainable Value in Economics, Finance, and Marketing, 341–54. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6635-1.ch020.

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The credit default swap market has experienced an exponential growth in recent decades. Though the first credit default swap contract was negotiated in the mid-1990s, the market has enjoyed a surge of popularity beginning in 2003. By the end of June 2013, the outstanding amount reached 24.3 trillion dollars. It is mostly used to transfer or to hedge credit risk. Concurrently with the global credit crisis, several shortcomings in CDS markets have appeared. One of the obvious questions is whether they affect the stability of financial markets. In this context after broader exhibition of credit default swaps market, speculative use of CDS, inception of central counterparty, and transparency of CDS market is handled. As a conclusion, it is true that the CDS market still has some weaknesses, but it is no more prone to be destabilizing than other financial instruments. This is shown in this chapter.
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Conference papers on the topic "Central swamp"

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Romorajausia, Joko Sujono, and Taryono. "Water Balance Evaluation towards Cropping Index Enhancement in Belanti II Swamp Irrigation Area, Central Kalimantan." In International Conference on Sustainable Environment, Agriculture and Tourism (ICOSEAT 2022). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-086-2_12.

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Ebong, U. "Lower Miocene Sequence Architecture in the Central Swamp Depobelt of the Niger Delta: Impact on Production." In Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/85674-ms.

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Eason, Colin, and Phillip P. Allen. "USING THE PAST TO GUIDE THE FUTURE: RECONSTRUCTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF FINZEL SWAMP FROM MULTI-PROXY DATA FOR FUTURE MANAGEMENT." In Joint 56th Annual North-Central/ 71st Annual Southeastern Section Meeting - 2022. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022nc-374773.

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Wijaya, Arief, Prashanth R. Marpu, and Richard Gloaguen. "Evaluation of dual-polarimetric TerraSAR-X data for the assessment of peatlands in tropical swamp forest of central Indonesia." In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology XI. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.830347.

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Boehmer, Niclas, Robert Bredereck, Piotr Faliszewski, Rolf Niedermeier, and Stanisław Szufa. "Putting a Compass on the Map of Elections." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/9.

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In their AAMAS 2020 paper, Szufa et al. presented a "map of elections" that visualizes a set of 800 elections generated from various statistical cultures. While similar elections are grouped together on this map, there is no obvious interpretation of the elections' positions. We provide such an interpretation by introducing four canonical “extreme” elections, acting as a compass on the map. We use them to analyze both a dataset provided by Szufa et al. and a number of real-life elections. In effect, we find a new parameterization of the Mallows model, based on measuring the expected swap distance from the central preference order, and show that it is useful for capturing real-life scenarios.
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Najem, Joseph, Barbar Akle, Stephen A. Sarles, and Donald J. Leo. "Design and Development of a Biomimetic Jellyfish Robot That Features Ionic Polymer Metal Composites Actuators." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5105.

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This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a second generation biomimetic jellyfish robot that uses ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) as flexible actuators for propulsion. The shape and swimming style of this underwater vehicle are based on the Aurelia aurita jellyfish, which has an average swimming speed of 13 mm/s and which is known for a high swimming efficiency. The critical components of the vehicle include the flexible bell that provides the overall shape and dimensions of the jellyfish, a central hub used to provide electrical connections and mechanical support to the actuators, and flexible IPMC actuators that extend radially from the central hub. In order to provide increased shape holding ability and reduced weight, the bell is fabricated from a commercially available heat-shrinkable polymer film. A new lightweight hub has been designed and was fabricated by 3D printing using ABS plastic material. The hub features internal electrical contacts for providing voltage to the individual IPMC actuators. Finally, a new set of IPMC actuators are manufactured using the Direct Assembly Process (DAP). The IPMC actuators constructed for this study demonstrated peak-to-peak strains of ∼ 0.7% in water across a frequency range of 0.1–1.0Hz. By tailoring the applied voltage waveform and the flexibility of the bell, the completed robotic jellyfish swam at maximum speed of 1.5 mm/s.
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Xiao, Mingyu, and Xuanbei Wang. "Exact Algorithms and Complexity of Kidney Exchange." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/77.

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Kidney Exchange is an approach to donor kidney transplantation where patients with incompatible donors swap kidneys to receive a compatible kidney. Since it was first put forward in 1986, increasing amount of people have gotten a life-saving kidney with the popularity of Kidney Exchange, as patients have more opportunities to get saved in this way. This growth is making the problem of optimally matching patients to donors more difficult to solve. The central problem, indeed, is the NP-hard problem to find the largest vertex-disjoint packing of cycles and chains in a graph that represents the compatibility between patients and donors, where due to the human resource limitation we may have constraints on the maximum length of cycles and chains. This paper mainly contributes to algorithms from theory for this problem with and without length constraints (restricted and free versions). We give: 1. A single-exponential exact algorithm based on subset convolution for the two versions; 2. An FPT algorithm for the free version with parameter being the number of vertex ``types'' in the graph.
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Ajit Kumar Verma, Suresh Kumar Gupta, and Rajendra Kumar Isaac. "Application of SWAP to Assess Performance of Subsurface Drainage System under Semi-Arid Monsoon Climate." In 9th International Drainage Symposium held jointly with CIGR and CSBE/SCGAB Proceedings, 13-16 June 2010, Québec City Convention Centre, Quebec City, Canada. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32163.

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Farina, Gabriele, John P. Dickerson, and Tuomas Sandholm. "Operation Frames and Clubs in Kidney Exchange." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/29.

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A kidney exchange is a centrally-administered barter market where patients swap their willing yet incompatible donors. Modern kidney exchanges use 2-cycles, 3-cycles, and chains initiated by non-directed donors (altruists who are willing to give a kidney to anyone) as the means for swapping. We propose significant generalizations to kidney exchange. We allow more than one donor to donate in exchange for their desired patient receiving a kidney. We also allow for the possibility of a donor willing to donate if any of a number of patients receive kidneys. Furthermore, we combine these notions and generalize them. The generalization is to exchange among organ clubs, where a club is willing to donate organs outside the club if and only if the club receives organs from outside the club according to given specifications. We prove that unlike in the standard model, the uncapped clearing problem is NP-complete. We also present the notion of operation frames that can be used to sequence the operations across batches, and present integer programming formulations for the market clearing problems for these new types of organ exchanges. Experiments show that in the single-donation setting, operation frames improve planning by 34% - 51%. Allowing up to two donors to donate in exchange for one kidney donated to their designated patient yields a further increase in social welfare.
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King, Graeme, Ian Phiri, and John Greenslade. "Strain Based Design Versus Preheat for Hotbit Pipelines." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33289.

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The first buried hot bitumen (hotbit) pipeline is now operating successfully in the Alberta oil sands north of Fort McMurray and more are on the way. These hotbit pipelines are designed to transport raw, undiluted bitumen to a central refining plant at temperatures up to 140°C. They are constructed in winter when the ground is frozen allowing heavy construction equipment to travel across the watery muskeg terrain without sinking. Construction continues even when atmospheric temperatures fall as low as −30°C. Hotbit pipelines are buried with more than 1.2 m of cover, which can prevent them from expanding when they are heated from their locked-in installation temperature to their operating temperature of 140°C. Large longitudinal compressive stresses induced by this restrained thermal expansion combined with high hoop tensile stresses due to internal pressure produce stresses in the pipe wall that exceed the maximum allowable combined stress of 90%SMYS specified in North American pipeline codes (ASME B31.4 and CSA Z662). Two methods are available to handle these high combined stresses in hotbit pipelines. The first method is to expand the pipe during construction by preheating it to a temperature of approximately 90°C and then locking in the expansion by backfilling the pipeline trench before the pipe has had a chance to cool. By limiting the positive temperature differential between installation and operation to approximately 50°C, this method keeps thermally induced axial compressive stresses low enough that the combined stress does not exceed the allowable limit of 90%SMYS specified by pipeline codes. In the second method, the pipeline is still constructed in winter but without preheating. Temperature differentials and thermally induced axial compressive forces are much higher than in the first method and carefully engineered restraint is require to prevent the pipe from failing by pushing out of the ground at bends or by either lateral or upheaval buckling of long straight sections in muskeg swamps and bogs. This method requires strain-based design principles to show that, when the pipeline is first heated to its operating temperature, large thermally induced compressive stresses in the pipe wall are acceptable because they dissipate without causing failure when the pipe steel yields. Both methods are technically acceptable but require specialized pipeline engineering skills to implement them successfully. The first method incurs the cost of preheating and increased construction costs due to reduced pipe lay rates while the second method incurs the cost of more robust restraint systems, particularly at bends. Details of both methods are presented and discussed to determine which of the two methods has the least cost and the least risk.
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Reports on the topic "Central swamp"

1

Aizenman, Joshua, Hiro Ito, and Gurnain Kaur Pasricha. Central Bank Swap Arrangements in the COVID-19 Crisis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28585.

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Goldberg, Linda, Craig Kennedy, and Jason Miu. Central Bank Dollar Swap Lines and Overseas Dollar Funding Costs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15763.

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Rose, Andrew, and Mark Spiegel. Dollar Illiquidity and Central Bank Swap Arrangements During the Global Financial Crisis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17359.

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Obstfeld, Maurice, Jay Shambaugh, and Alan Taylor. Financial Instability, Reserves, and Central Bank Swap Lines in the Panic of 2008. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14826.

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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.

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Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.
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Hydrogeologic data from a 2,000-foot deep core hole at Polk City, Green Swamp area, central Florida. US Geological Survey, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri844257.

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Effects of Surficial Geology, Lakes and Swamps, and Annual Water Availability on Low Flows of Streams in Central New England, and Their Use of Low-Flow Estimation. US Geological Survey, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri934092.

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