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Journal articles on the topic 'Central projections'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Ungerleider, Leslie G., Thelma W. Galkin, Robert Desimone, and Ricardo Gattass. "Subcortical Projections of Area V2 in the Macaque." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 6 (June 2014): 1220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00571.

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To investigate the subcortical efferent connections of visual area V2, we injected tritiated amino acids under electrophysiological control into 15 V2 sites in 14 macaques. The injection sites included the fovea representation as well as representations ranging from central to far peripheral eccentricities in both the upper and lower visual fields. The results indicated that V2 projects topographically to different portions of the inferior and lateral pulvinar and to the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. Within the pulvinar, the V2 projections terminated in fields P1, P2, and P4, with the strongest projection being in P2. Central visual field injections in V2 labeled projection zones in P1 and P2, whereas peripheral field injections labeled P1, P2, and P4. No projections were found in P3. Both central and peripheral field injections in V2 projected topographically to the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. Projections from V2 to the pulvinar and the superior colliculus constituted cortical–subcortical loops through which circuits serving spatial attention are activated.

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2

Okonek, Christian, and Andrei Teleman. "A wall-crossing formula for degrees of Real central projections." International Journal of Mathematics 25, no. 04 (April 2014): 1450038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x14500384.

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The main result is a wall-crossing formula for central projections defined on submanifolds of a Real projective space. Our formula gives the jump of the degree of such a projection when the center of the projection varies. The fact that the degree depends on the projection is a new phenomenon, specific to Real algebraic geometry. We illustrate this phenomenon in many interesting situations. The crucial assumption on the class of maps we consider is relative orientability, a condition which allows us to define a ℤ-valued degree map in a coherent way. We end the article with several examples, e.g. the pole placement map associated with a quotient, the Wronski map, and a new version of the Real subspace problem.

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3

Rülke, Jan-Christoph. "Are central bank projections rational?" Applied Economics Letters 19, no. 13 (September 2012): 1257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.619482.

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4

Galí, Jordi. "Are central banks' projections meaningful?" Journal of Monetary Economics 58, no. 6-8 (September 2011): 537–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2011.11.004.

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5

Jirikowski, Gustav F. "Diversity of central oxytocinergic projections." Cell and Tissue Research 375, no. 1 (November 29, 2018): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-018-2960-5.

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6

Sturmfels, Bernd. "Central and parallel projections of polytopes." Discrete Mathematics 62, no. 3 (December 1986): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-365x(86)90220-7.

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7

Planque, Benjamin, Edwige Bellier, and Christophe Loots. "Uncertainties in projecting spatial distributions of marine populations." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 6 (March 8, 2011): 1045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr007.

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Abstract Planque, B., Bellier, E., and Loots, C. 2011. Uncertainties in projecting spatial distributions of marine populations. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1045–1050. Projection of future spatial distributions of marine populations is a central issue for ecologists and managers. The measure of projection uncertainty is particularly important, because projections can only be useful if they are given with a known and sufficiently high level of confidence. Uncertainties can arise for the observation process, conceptual and numerical model formulations, parameter estimates, model evaluation, appropriate consideration of spatial and temporal scales, and finally the potential of adaptation of living systems. Comprehensive analyses of these multiple sources of uncertainty have not been carried out so far, and how these uncertainties are considered in current studies has not yet been described. To analyse how these different sources of uncertainty are currently considered in marine research, we did a survey of published literature during the period 2005–2009. From the 75 publications selected, we calculated how frequently each type of uncertainty was considered. We found that little attention is given to most sources of uncertainty, except for uncertainty in parameter estimates. As a result, most current projections are expected to be far less reliable than usually assumed. The conclusion is that, unless uncertainty can be better accounted for, such projections may be of limited use, or even risky to use for management purposes.

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8

Vanella, Patrizio, Philipp Deschermeier, and Christina B. Wilke. "An Overview of Population Projections—Methodological Concepts, International Data Availability, and Use Cases." Forecasting 2, no. 3 (September 2, 2020): 346–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forecast2030019.

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Population projections serve various actors at subnational, national, and international levels as a quantitative basis for political and economic decision-making. Usually, the users are no experts in statistics or forecasting and therefore lack the methodological and demographic background to completely understand methods and limitations behind the projections they use to inform further analysis. Our contribution primarily targets that readership. Therefore, we give a brief overview of different approaches to population projection and discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages, alongside practical problems in population data and forecasting. Fundamental differences between deterministic and stochastic approaches are discussed, with special emphasis on the advantages of stochastic approaches. Next to selected projection data available to the public, we show central areas of application of population projections, with an emphasis on Germany.

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9

Gu, Yiran, Walter T. Piper, Lauren A. Branigan, Elena M. Vazey, Gary Aston-Jones, Longnian Lin, Joseph E. LeDoux, and Robert M. Sears. "A brainstem-central amygdala circuit underlies defensive responses to learned threats." Molecular Psychiatry 25, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 640–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0599-6.

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AbstractNorepinephrine (NE) plays a central role in the acquisition of aversive learning via actions in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) [1, 2]. However, the function of NE in expression of aversively-conditioned responses has not been established. Given the role of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in the expression of such behaviors [3–5], and the presence of NE axons projections in this brain nucleus [6], we assessed the effects of NE activity in the CeA on behavioral expression using receptor-specific pharmacology and cell- and projection-specific chemogenetic manipulations. We found that inhibition and activation of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons decreases and increases freezing to aversively conditioned cues, respectively. We then show that locally inhibiting or activating LC terminals in CeA is sufficient to achieve this bidirectional modulation of defensive reactions. These findings support the hypothesis that LC projections to CeA are critical for the expression of defensive responses elicited by conditioned threats.

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10

Brubakk, Leif, Saskia ter Ellen, and Hong Xu. "Central bank communication through interest rate projections." Journal of Banking & Finance 124 (March 2021): 106044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106044.

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11

Leventhal, A. G., R. W. Rodieck, and B. Drehkr. "Central projections of cat retinal ganglion cells." Journal of Comparative Neurology 237, no. 2 (July 8, 1985): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902370206.

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12

Groemer, H. "Stability theorems for projections and central symmetrization." Archiv der Mathematik 56, no. 4 (April 1991): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01198227.

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13

Hidalgo, Hugo G., Jorge A. Amador, Eric J. Alfaro, and Beatriz Quesada. "Hydrological climate change projections for Central America." Journal of Hydrology 495 (July 2013): 94–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.05.004.

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14

Paré, Denis, Gregory J. Quirk, and Joseph E. Ledoux. "New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 1 (July 2004): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00153.2004.

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It is currently believed that the acquisition of classically conditioned fear involves potentiation of conditioned thalamic inputs in the lateral amygdala (LA). In turn, LA cells would excite more neurons in the central nucleus (CE) that, via their projections to the brain stem and hypothalamus, evoke fear responses. However, LA neurons do not directly contact brain stem-projecting CE neurons. This is problematic because CE projections to the periaqueductal gray and pontine reticular formation are believed to generate conditioned freezing and fear-potentiated startle, respectively. Moreover, like LA, CE may receive direct thalamic inputs communicating information about the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Finally, recent evidence suggests that the CE itself may be a critical site of plasticity. This review attempts to reconcile the current model with these observations. We suggest that potentiated LA outputs disinhibit CE projection neurons via GABAergic intercalated neurons, thereby permitting associative plasticity in CE. Thus plasticity in both LA and CE would be necessary for acquisition of conditioned fear. This revised model also accounts for inhibition of conditioned fear after extinction.

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15

Lejeune, Pierre. "The Epistemic Status of Predictions in Central Bank Reports: A Cross-Linguistic Study." International Journal of Business Communication 55, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 357–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329488418768691.

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This study aims to analyze the strategies of hedging in a prototypical speech act in economic communication—that is, predictions. The analyzed genre is that of central bank projections. We have used a parallel corpus of four reports (one European Central Bank report and three national bank reports) written in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. The analyzed documents are multimodal (having text, tables, and charts). At a global level, hedging arises from external assumptions that limit the validity of the predictions and from the fact that generally the text does not give direct predictions but rather reports projections without assuming or attributing explicit responsibility regarding their validity. At the microlinguistic level, the epistemic marking of predications about the future is extremely complex, due to the phenomenon of grammatical metaphor. The cross-language analysis shows that because of language idiosyncrasies, the degree of endorsement of the typical utterances about prediction/projection varies between the reports.

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16

Ganley, Robert P., Kira Werder, Hendrik Wildner, and Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer. "Spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus display resistance to AAV2retro-mediated transduction." Molecular Pain 17 (January 2021): 174480692110378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17448069211037887.

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Background The locus coeruleus (LC) is the principal source of noradrenaline (NA) in the central nervous system. Projection neurons in the ventral portion of the LC project to the spinal cord and are considered the main source of spinal NA. To understand the precise physiology of this pathway, it is important to have tools that allow specific genetic access to these descending projections. AAV2retro serotype vectors are a potential tool to transduce these neurons via their axon terminals in the spinal cord, and thereby limit the expression of genetic material to the spinal projections from the LC. Here, we assess the suitability of AAV2retro to target these neurons and investigate strategies to increase their labelling efficiency. Results We show that the neurons in the LC that project to the spinal dorsal horn are largely resistant to transduction with AAV2retro serotype vectors. Compared to Cholera toxin B (CTb) tracing, AAV2retro.eGFP labelled far fewer neurons within the LC and surrounding regions, particularly within neurons that express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for NA synthesis. We also show that the sensitivity for transduction of this projection can be increased using AAV2retro.eGFP.cre in ROSA26tdTom reporter mice (23% increase), with a higher proportion of the newly revealed neurons expressing TH compared to those directly labelled with AAV2retro containing an eGFP expression sequence. Conclusion These tracing studies identify limitations in AAV2retro-mediated retrograde transduction of a subset of projection neurons, specifically those that express NA and project to the spinal cord. This is likely to have implications for the study of NA-containing projections as well as other types of projection neuron in the central nervous system.

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17

Avallone, Anna, and Paolo Vitolo. "Kalmbach measurability In d₀-algebras." Mathematica Slovaca 72, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 1387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ms-2022-0095.

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Abstract We introduce the notion of ∧-projection in order to extend to d0-algebras the concept of Kalmbach measurable elements with respect to an outer measure μ. We prove, in case μ is faithful, that Kalmbach measurable ∧-projections are quasi-central, thus generalizing a result known for orthomodular lattices, and recently extended to D-lattices.

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18

Mitchell, David R., and Winfield S. Sale. "Characterization of a Chlamydomonas Insertional Mutant that Disrupts Flagellar Central Pair Microtubule-associated Structures." Journal of Cell Biology 144, no. 2 (January 25, 1999): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.144.2.293.

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Two alleles at a new locus, central pair–associated complex 1 (CPC1), were selected in a screen for Chlamydomonas flagellar motility mutations. These mutations disrupt structures associated with central pair microtubules and reduce flagellar beat frequency, but do not prevent changes in flagellar activity associated with either photophobic responses or phototactic accumulation of live cells. Comparison of cpc1 and pf6 axonemes shows that cpc1 affects a row of projections along C1 microtubules distinct from those missing in pf6, and a row of thin fibers that form an arc between the two central pair microtubules. Electron microscopic images of the central pair in axonemes from radial spoke–defective strains reveal previously undescribed central pair structures, including projections extending laterally toward radial spoke heads, and a diagonal link between the C2 microtubule and the cpc1 projection. By SDS-PAGE, cpc1 axonemes show reductions of 350-, 265-, and 79-kD proteins. When extracted from wild-type axonemes, these three proteins cosediment on sucrose gradients with three other central pair proteins (135, 125, and 56 kD) in a 16S complex. Characterization of cpc1 provides new insights into the structure and biochemistry of the central pair apparatus, and into its function as a regulator of dynein-based motility.

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19

Sumner, M. J., and L. van Caeseele. "The development of the central cell of Brassica campestris prior to fertilization." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 2553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-322.

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The development of the central cell of Brassica campestris cv. Candle (canola-rapeseed) was examined using techniques of light and electron microscopy and cytochemistry. The mature central cell is devoid of the large central vacuole characteristic of the early cellular stage of megagametophyte development. Prior to anthesis, cell wall projections, of the transfer cell type, develop on the lateral wall of the central cell. These central cell wall projections extend from the midregion of the megagametophyte to the egg apparatus and are immediately adjacent to the starch-containing region of the inner and outer integuments. The cell wall projections are periodic acid – thiocarbohydrazide – silver proteinate positive as are the contents of dictyosome vesicles that appear to contribute to their formation. Mitochondria are associated with the wall projections as is a network of central cell endoplasmic reticulum that extends from the wall projections to the egg apparatus. Microtubules are associated with the migrating chalazal polar nucleus. The two polar nuclei partially fuse prior to double fertilization, united by nuclear bridges and endoplasmic reticulum interconnections. Proplastids are a characteristic feature of the immature cellular megagametophyte. By anthesis, the proplastids of the mature central cell develop into chloroplasts with stacked thylakoids and starch deposits. Microbodies are frequently found associated with lipid bodies, and polysomes with the endoplasmic reticulum of the mature central cell. Key words: Brassica, central cell, megagametophyte, ovule, transfer cell.

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20

Lutz, A. F., W. W. Immerzeel, A. Gobiet, F. Pellicciotti, and M. F. P. Bierkens. "New climate change scenarios reveal uncertain future for Central Asian glaciers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 11 (November 8, 2012): 12691–727. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-12691-2012.

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Abstract. Central Asian water resources largely depend on (glacier) melt water generated in the Pamir and Tien Shan mountain ranges, located in the basins of the Amu and Syr Darya rivers, important life lines in Central Asia and the prominent water source of the Aral Sea. To estimate future water availability in the region, it is thus necessary to project the future glacier extent and volume in the Amu and Syr Darya river basins. The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of uncertainty in climate change projections on the future glacier extent in the Amu and Syr Darya river basins. The latest climate change projections provided by the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) generated for the upcoming fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are used to model future glacier extent in the Central Asian region for the two large river basins. The outcomes are compared to model results obtained with the climate change projections used for the fourth IPCC assessment (CMIP3). We use a regionalized glacier mass balance model to estimate changes in glacier extent as a function of glacier size and projections of temperature and precipitation. The model is developed for implementation in (large scale) hydrological models, when the spatial model resolution does not allow for modelling of individual glaciers and data scarcity is an issue. Both CMIP3 and CMIP5 model simulations point towards a strong decline in glacier extent in Central Asia. However, compared to the CMIP3 projections, the CMIP5 projections of future glacier extent in Central Asia provide a wider range of outcomes, mostly owing to greater variability in precipitation projections among the latest suite of climate models. These findings have great impact on projections of the timing and quantity of water availability in glacier melt dominated rivers in the region. Uncertainty about the size of the decline in glacier extent remains large, making estimates of future Central Asian glacier extent and downstream water availability uncertain.

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21

Rholes, Ryan, and Luba Petersen. "Should central banks communicate uncertainty in their projections?" Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 183 (March 2021): 320–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.11.013.

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22

Vrabec, Jeffery T., Adrian A. Perachio, and Ian M. Purcell. "Central Projections of the Saccule in the Macaque." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 117, no. 2 (August 1997): P145—P146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989780280-x.

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23

Barazzetti, Luigi, Mattia Previtali, and Marco Scaioni. "Simultaneous registration of gnomonic projections and central perspectives." Photogrammetric Record 29, no. 147 (September 2014): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phor.12071.

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24

VRABEC, J., A. PERACHIO, and I. PURCELL. "Central projections of the saccule in the macaque." Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 117, no. 2 (August 1997): P145—P146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(97)80280-x.

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25

Pierdzioch, Christian, and Jan-Christoph Rülke. "Central banks’ interest rate projections and forecast coordination." North American Journal of Economics and Finance 28 (April 2014): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2014.02.006.

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26

Meredith, Gloria E. "The distinctive central utricular projections in the herring." Neuroscience Letters 55, no. 2 (April 1985): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(85)90018-7.

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27

Hanamori, Takamitsu, and David V. Smith. "Central projections of the hamster superior laryngeal nerve." Brain Research Bulletin 16, no. 2 (February 1986): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(86)90042-0.

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28

Dickman, J. David, and Qian Fang. "Differential central projections of vestibular afferents in pigeons." Journal of Comparative Neurology 367, no. 1 (March 25, 1996): 110–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960325)367:1<110::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-6.

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29

Montgomery, Neil, and Katherine V. Fite. "Retinotopic organization of central optic projections inRana pipiens." Journal of Comparative Neurology 283, no. 4 (May 22, 1989): 526–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902830407.

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30

Sugiura, Yasuo, Naohito Terui, Yasuhiko Hosoya, and Kunio Kohno. "Central projections of slow conducting visceral afferent fibers." Neuroscience Research Supplements 9 (January 1989): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8696(89)90924-9.

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31

Buisseret-Delmas, C., and P. Buisseret. "Central projections of extraocular muscle afferents in cat." Neuroscience Letters 109, no. 1-2 (February 1990): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(90)90536-i.

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32

Imaizumi, Kazuo, and Gerald S. Pollack. "Central projections of auditory receptor neurons of crickets." Journal of Comparative Neurology 493, no. 3 (2005): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20756.

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33

MORIN, L. P., and J. H. BLANCHARD. "Forebrain connections of the hamster intergeniculate leaflet: Comparison with those of ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and retina." Visual Neuroscience 16, no. 6 (November 1999): 1037–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523899166069.

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The hamster intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), part of the circadian rhythm regulatory system, has very extensive interconnections with subcortical visual nuclei. The present investigation describes IGL connections with the hamster diencephalon and telencephalon and compares them with ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (VLG) connections and retinal projections. Connections of the geniculate nuclei were evaluated using anterograde transport of iontophoretically injected Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and by retrograde transport of cholera toxin β fragment. The cholera fragment was also injected intraocularly to trace retinal efferents. The IGL has ipsilateral and contralateral projections to the anterior and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, the ventral preoptic, lateral and dorsal hypothalamic areas, but not to the core ventromedial nucleus and very sparsely to the paraventricular nucleus. There are also IGL projections to the medial and lateral zona incerta, anteroventral, anterodorsal, reuniens, parataenial, paraventricular, centrolateral, central medial, and laterodorsal thalamic nuclei. IGL projections to the telencephalon are found in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, olfactory tubercle, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral pallidum, and in nuclei of the medial amygdala. The only substantial VLG projections are to bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, IGL, medial zona incerta, central medial and laterodorsal thalamic nuclei. Several of the IGL targets, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and zona incerta in particular, send projections back to the IGL and VLG. In addition, cells are present in the caudal cingulate cortex that project to both nuclei. Retinal projections are found in many of the regions receiving IGL innervation, including nuclei of the medial basal telencephalon, the posteromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and nuclei of the hypothalamus. A retinal projection is also visible in the lateral olfactory tract from which it extends rostrally, then medially along the base of the rhinal fissure. Fibers also extend caudally, in a superficial location, to perirhinal cortex. The results further demonstrate the widespread connections of the IGL and support the idea that the IGL modulates olfactory, photic, and circadian rhythm regulation of regulatory physiology and behavior.

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34

Topál, Dániel, István Gábor Hatvani, and Zoltán Kern. "Refining projected multidecadal hydroclimate uncertainty in East-Central Europe using CMIP5 and single-model large ensemble simulations." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 142, no. 3-4 (September 7, 2020): 1147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03361-7.

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Abstract Future hydroclimate projections of global climate models for East-Central Europe diverge to a great extent, thus, constrain adaptation strategies. To reach a more comprehensive understanding of this regional spread in model projections, we make use of the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble and six single-model initial condition large ensemble (SMILE) simulations to separate the effects of model structural differences and internal variability, respectively, on future hydroclimate projection uncertainty. To account for model uncertainty, we rank 32 CMIP5 models based on their predictive skill in reproducing multidecadal past hydroclimate variability. Specifically, we compare historical model simulations to long instrumental and reanalysis surface temperature and precipitation records. The top 3–ranked models—that best reproduce regional past multidecadal temperature and precipitation variability—show reduced spread in their projected future precipitation variability indicating less dry summer and wetter winter conditions in part at odds with previous expectations for Central Europe. Furthermore, not only does the regionally best performing CMIP5 models belong to the previously identified group of models with more realistic land-atmosphere interactions, their future summer precipitation projections also emerge from the range of six SMILEs’ future simulations. This suggests an important role for land-atmosphere coupling in regulating hydroclimate uncertainty on top of internal variability in the upcoming decades. Our results help refine the relative contribution of structural differences between models in affecting future hydroclimate uncertainty in the presence of irreducible internal variability in East-Central Europe.

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35

Harrington, Andrea M., Sonia Garcia Caraballo, Jessica E. Maddern, Luke Grundy, Joel Castro, and Stuart M. Brierley. "Colonic afferent input and dorsal horn neuron activation differs between the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 317, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): G285—G303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00013.2019.

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The distal colon is innervated by the splanchnic and pelvic nerves, which relay into the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord, respectively. Although the peripheral properties of the colonic afferent nerves within these pathways are well studied, their input into the spinal cord remain ill defined. The use of dual retrograde tracing from the colon wall and lumen, in conjunction with in vivo colorectal distension and spinal neuronal activation labeling with phosphorylated MAPK ERK 1/2 (pERK), allowed us to identify thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord circuits processing colonic afferent input. In the thoracolumbar dorsal horn, central projections of colonic afferents were primarily labeled from the wall of the colon and localized in laminae I and V. In contrast, lumbosacral projections were identified from both lumen and wall tracing, present within various dorsal horn laminae, collateral tracts, and the dorsal gray commissure. Nonnoxious in vivo colorectal distension evoked significant neuronal activation (pERK-immunoreactivity) within the lumbosacral dorsal horn but not in thoracolumbar regions. However, noxious in vivo colorectal distension evoked significant neuronal activation in both the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral dorsal horn, with the distribution of activated neurons correlating to the pattern of traced projections. Dorsal horn neurons activated by colorectal distension were identified as possible populations of projection neurons or excitatory and inhibitory interneurons based on their neurochemistry. Our findings demonstrate how colonic afferents in splanchnic and pelvic pathways differentially relay mechanosensory information into the spinal cord and contribute to the recruitment of spinal cord pathways processing non-noxious and noxious stimuli. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In mice, retrograde tracing from the colon wall and lumen was used to identify unique populations of afferent neurons and central projections within the spinal cord dorsal horn. We show that there are pronounced differences between the spinal cord regions in the distribution pattern of colonic afferent central projections and the pattern of dorsal horn neuron activation evoked by colorectal distension. These findings demonstrate how colonic afferent input influences spinal processing of colonic mechanosensation.

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Akstinas, V., D. Jakimavičius, D. Meilutytė-Lukauskienė, J. Kriaučiūnienė, and D. Šarauskienė. "Uncertainty of annual runoff projections in Lithuanian rivers under a future climate." Hydrology Research 51, no. 2 (October 18, 2019): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2019.004.

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Abstract Uncertainties of runoff projections arise from different sources of origin, such as climate scenarios (RCPs), global climate models (GCMs) and statistical downscaling (SD) methods. Assessment of uncertainties related to the mentioned sources was carried out for selected rivers of Lithuania (Minija, Nevėžis and Šventoji). These rivers reflect conditions of different hydrological regions (western, central and southeastern). Using HBV software, hydrological models were created for river runoff projections in the near (2021–2040) and far (2081–2100) future. The runoff projections according to three RCP scenarios, three GCMs and three SD methods were created. In the Western hydrological region represented by the Minija River, the GCMs were the most dominant uncertainty source (41.0–44.5%) in the runoff projections. Meanwhile, uncertainties of runoff projections from central (Nevėžis River) and southeastern (Šventoji River) regions of Lithuania were related to SD methods and the range of uncertainties fluctuates from 39.4% to 60.9%. In western Lithuania, the main source of rivers' supply is precipitation, where projections highly depend on selected GCMs. The rivers from central and southeastern regions are more sensitive to the SD methods, which not always precisely adjust the meteorological variables from a large grid cell of GCM into catchment scale.

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Chen, Shangfeng, and Bin Yu. "Projection of winter NPO-following winter ENSO connection in a warming climate: uncertainty due to internal climate variability." Climatic Change 162, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 723–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02778-3.

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Abstract Previous observational and modeling studies indicate that the wintertime North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) could significantly impact the following winter El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability via the seasonal footprinting mechanism (SFM). This study explores climate projections of this winter NPO-ENSO relation in a warming climate based on a 50-member large ensemble of climate simulations conducted with the second-generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2). The ensemble mean of the 50 members can well reproduce the observed winter NPO pattern, the NPO-ENSO relationship, and the SFM process over the historical period 1950–2003. These 50 members are then employed to examine climate projections of the NPO-ENSO connection over the anthropogenic forced period 2020–2073. Results indicate that there exists a large spread of projected NPO-ENSO connections across these 50 ensemble members due to internal climate variability. Internal climate variability brings uncertainties in the projection of the winter NPO-ENSO connection originally seen in projected changes of the subtropical center of the winter NPO. The spread of projections of winter NPO-associated atmospheric anomalies over the subtropical North Pacific further results in various responses in the projections of winter and spring precipitation anomalies over the tropical North Pacific, as well as spring zonal wind anomalies over the tropical western Pacific, which eventually lead to uncertainties in the projection of the sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical central-eastern Pacific from the following summer to winter.

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Quevedo, C., K. P. Hoffmann, R. Husemann, and C. Distler. "Overrepresentation of the central visual field in the superior colliculus of the pigmented and albino ferret." Visual Neuroscience 13, no. 4 (July 1996): 627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800008531.

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AbstractWe have examined the retinotopy in the superior colliculus of pigmented and albino ferrets using both anatomical and electrophysiological methods. While the distribution of contralaterally projecting retinotectal ganglion cells is characterized by the presence of an area centralis superimposed on a visual streak in both strains, the ipsilateral projection from temporal hemiretina is strongly reduced in albinos. In spite of the significantly altered retinotectal projection pattern, the collicular visual field map in the albino ferret reveals the same characteristics as in the pigmented animal with a strongly enlarged representation of the center of visual space. An areal comparison between retinotectal ganglion cell distribution and collicular areal magnification shows that the increase in areal magnification factor between the periphery and the representation of the central visual hemifield exceeds the corresponding increase in retinal ganglion cell density between peripheral retina and area centralis by a factor of three in pigmented and a factor of four in albino ferrets. The areal magnification factor of the representation of the retinal visual streak does not exceed the increase in retinotectal ganglion cell density. Thus, our results suggest that the representation of visual space in the superior colliculus of albino and pigmented ferrets does not simply follow the retinotectal ganglion cell density, but that there is an enhanced representation of the frontal central visual field. The possibility is discussed that the collicular visual field map may be determined either by both retinotectal and corticotectal projections or by the colliculus' intrinsic structure.

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Szyszko, Magdalena, and Karolina Tura-Gawron. "Eurozone or national inflation projections: Which has greater impact on consumer expectations?" Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan171128014s.

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We compare the dependence of consumer inflation expectations on European Central Bank (ECB) inflation projections with that on national central bank (NCB) projections in four economies: Austria, Belgium, Finland, and Germany. We aim to assess whether the information published by central banks affects consumers, and whether inflation projections published by NCBs are more relevant to consumers than those published for the entire Eurozone. Inflation expectations were obtained from the Business and Consumer Surveys conducted by the Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission and quantified using the probabilistic method. The methodology covers: (1) forecast encompassing tests, (2) the Granger causality test, and (3) impulse response analysis complemented by (4) forecast error variance decomposition. The results suggest that the ECB outlook constitutes a more important factor in expectation formation. This article adds to the existing literature by comparing the impact of common and national projections on consumer expectations.

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Machado, Irene. "Projections: Semiotics of culture in Brazil." Sign Systems Studies 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2001.29.2.04.

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Projection is a dialogical mechanism that concerns the relationship among other things in the world or in various systems, both in nature and culture. Instead of isolating these systems, projection creates an ecosystem without bordeline. Projection is a way to comprehend how different cultures can link, enrich and develop one another by understanding the relationship amoung different sign systems. From this central point of semiotics of culture, different cultural traditions can be related to one another by considering the nature of their sign systems. That is why it is that the object of semiotics of culture is not culture but its sign systems. That is why we understand the nature of relationship among sign systems as projection. In this article, we are interested in a particular kind of projection: that one in which the formulations of semiotics of culture of Slavic tradition project themselves onto the Brazilian culture. The conceptual field of Russian semiotics – dialogism, carnivalization, hybridity, border, outsideness, heteroglossia, textuality and modelling semiotic sign systems – projects itself on the equally defining aspects of the semiotic identity of the Brazilian culture. I will refer here to two sets of projections: the concept of textual history, as a possibility to reach internal displacement within the culture, and the notion of semiodiversity prodused by the meeting of different sign systems.

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ANGGREINI, DEWI. "PENERAPAN MODEL POPULASI KONTINU PADA PERHITUNGAN PROYEKSI PENDUDUK DI INDONESIA (STUDI KASUS: PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR)." E-Jurnal Matematika 9, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2020.v09.i04.p303.

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The population data in Indonesia that is closest to the actual condition is only the data from the population census conducted by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The calculation of population projections in BPS throughout Indonesia uses the component method to see the projection of the population at the provincial level while the district level uses the geometric method with the assumption that the population will begin to increase geometrically with a basic reference for calculating compound interest. This study aims to determine population projections in the province of East Java using exponential and logistical models based on growth rates and carrying capacity. The data used in this study is secondary data, namely the population of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of East Java Province in 2012-2019. The research method used is to determine the research subject, collect data, analyze data and draw conclusions. The results of this research are the carrying capacity value of East Java Province of 43,997,165.5 and the logistic model population growth rate of 0.05111. The conclusion of this research is that the most accurate model for estimating the population of East Java is the V logistic model because it has the smallest Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) value. This research is expected to be useful for users of population data in calculating future population projections

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Fernandez, Diego Carlos, Yi-Ting Chang, Samer Hattar, and Shih-Kuo Chen. "Architecture of retinal projections to the central circadian pacemaker." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 21 (May 9, 2016): 6047–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523629113.

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The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receives direct retinal input from the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) for circadian photoentrainment. Interestingly, the SCN is the only brain region that receives equal inputs from the left and right eyes. Despite morphological assessments showing that axonal fibers originating from ipRGCs cover the entire SCN, physiological evidence suggests that only vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) cells located ventrally in the SCN receive retinal input. It is still unclear, therefore, which subpopulation of SCN neurons receives synaptic input from the retina and how the SCN receives equal inputs from both eyes. Here, using single ipRGC axonal tracing and a confocal microscopic analysis in mice, we show that ipRGCs have elaborate innervation patterns throughout the entire SCN. Unlike conventional retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that innervate visual targets either ipsilaterally or contralaterally, a single ipRGC can bilaterally innervate the SCN. ipRGCs form synaptic contacts with major peptidergic cells of the SCN, including VIP, GRP, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons, with each ipRGC innervating specific subdomains of the SCN. Furthermore, a single SCN-projecting ipRGC can send collateral inputs to many other brain regions. However, the size and complexity of the axonal arborizations in non-SCN regions are less elaborate than those in the SCN. Our results provide a better understanding of how retinal neurons connect to the central circadian pacemaker to synchronize endogenous circadian clocks with the solar day.

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Eden, Avrim R. "Central Projections of the Tympanic Plexus in the Monkey." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 94, no. 5_suppl2 (September 1985): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00034894850945s223.

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Kuruvilla, Alexander, Stefan Sitko, Ilsa R. Schwartz, and Vicente Honrubia. "Central Projections of Primary Vestibular Fibers in the Bullfrog." Laryngoscope 95, no. 6 (June 1985): 692???707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1288/00005537-198506000-00012.

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Paouris, Grigoris, Peter Pivovarov, and Joel Zinn. "A central limit theorem for projections of the cube." Probability Theory and Related Fields 159, no. 3-4 (July 27, 2013): 701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00440-013-0518-8.

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Tanimura, T., and T. Inoshita. "Central projections of tarsal gustatory receptor neurons in Drosophila." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 146, no. 4 (April 2007): S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.153.

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Della Torre, Giovannella, Maria Luisa Lucchi, Orazio Brunetti, Vito Enrico Pettorossi, Paolo Clavenzani, and Ruggero Bortolami. "Central projections and entries of capsaicin-sensitive muscle afferents." Brain Research 713, no. 1-2 (March 1996): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)01538-8.

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Mahmoud, Amany, Caitlyn Reed, and Adel Maklad. "Central projections of lagenar primary neurons in the chick." Journal of Comparative Neurology 521, no. 15 (August 23, 2013): 3524–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23369.

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Newlands, Shawn D., Ian M. Purcell, Golda Anne Kevetter, and Adrian A. Perachio. "Central projections of the utricular nerve in the gerbil." Journal of Comparative Neurology 452, no. 1 (August 30, 2002): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10350.

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Mirnics, Károly, and H. Richard Koerber. "Properties of Individual Embryonic Primary Afferents and Their Spinal Projections in the Rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 1590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.3.1590.

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Mirnics, Károly and H. Richard Koerber. Properties of individual embryonic primary afferents and their spinal projections in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1590–1600, 1997. Embryonic (E19-E20) and early postnatal (P2) spinal cords with intact saphenous and sciatic nerves were isolated and placed in aerated artificial cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Intracellular recordings were made from cells in the L2–L6 dorsal root ganglia using microelectrodes filled with 3 M potassium acetate or 5% neurobiotin (NB) in 1 M potassium acetate. Several physiological properties of adequately impaled cells were measured, including peripheral conduction velocity, action potential (AP) amplitude and duration, duration of afterhyperpolarization (AHP), input impedance, rheobase, presence of inward rectifying current, and maximum somal firing frequency. The extent to which these properties are correlated also was determined. One cell per ganglion was injected with NB. Stained somata and their central projections in the spinal cord were visualized in serial 50 μm sections. Cell size was determined and the central morphology of the central projections examined. Although some fibers were in the process of growing into the spinal cord, others had established projections over several millimeters in the dorsal columns. Although most of these fibers supported projections in the gray matter, 22% only maintained fibers in the dorsal columns. Fibers with projections in the dorsal horn exhibited three types of morphology: projections confined to the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I, II); terminals confined to laminae III-V; and projections spanning laminae II-V. In addition, some embryonic fibers maintained projections to the dorsal horn that extended over five lumbar segments. Somal APs could be divided into two groups: broad spikes with inflections on their falling phase and narrow spikes without inflections. On average, cells with broad spikes (BS) had the following characteristics: slower peripheral conduction velocity, larger amplitude, higher rheobase and input impedance, longer AHP duration, and lower maximum firing frequency. There were significant correlations between conduction velocity and several of the physiological properties. Conduction velocity was negatively correlated with AP duration, rheobase, and input impedance and positively correlated with maximum firing frequency. Comparisons between spike shape and central morphology revealed that cells lacking collaterals in the gray matter and those with projections in the superficial dorsal horn always had broad somal spikes with inflections. Those with projections confined to laminae III-V always had narrow somal spikes (NS).

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