Academic literature on the topic 'Central Otago'
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Journal articles on the topic "Central Otago"
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Clark, R. G., C. J. Mulvaney, D. M. Dodd, R. F. Bishop, and G. A. Walker. "Sheep cobalt deficiency in Central Otago." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 44, no. 1 (February 1996): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1996.35930.
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Lo, P. L., and J. T. S. Walker. "Annual and regional variability in adult Dasineura mali (apple leafcurling midge) emergence in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (August 8, 2017): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.38.
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Apple leafcurling midge is an important quarantine pest for New Zealand apple exports. Season-long pheromone trapping was conducted in Hawke’s Bay and Nelson from 2004—2017, and from 2012—2017 in Central Otago. Four generations occurred annually in Hawke’s Bay and Nelson and 3—4 in Central Otago. In Hawke’s Bay and Nelson, the timing of each peak varied by about 3—4 weeks between years, while the difference was ~2—3 weeks in Central Otago during fewer years of monitoring. Hawke’s Bay was up to a month earlier than Central Otago for the same peak within individual years. The major factor behind this variability was the accumulated number of growing degree-days. Insecticide sprays target midge larvae, but are timed against the second and third peaks of adult emergence. Variations in the timing of these peaks annually and across the main pipfruit growing regions, mean that specific insecticide timing recommendations are necessary each year for each region.
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Stevens, D. R., and J. P. Garden. "Challenges facing the farmers of Central Otago." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 76 (January 1, 2014): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2014.76.2957.
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The Central Otago region, with its cold winters and hot summers, and valley floors with uplift mountains is definitely "a world of difference". At the NZGA conference in Alexandra in 1966 John Hercus stated "Central Otago has a lure which sets it apart from the rest of New Zealand. Its characteristics of geology, topography and climate, its history of occupation and exploitation, its scenery at once forbidding and yet strangely fascinating - these features combine to cast a spell which few who have been exposed, can ever fully escape" (Hercus 1966). The region and its high country have an iconic status epitomised by the "Southern Man" stereotype. This places Central Otago deep in the psyche of the nation. With this goes a unique and significant set of conditions under which farming must take place. Not only does the region have the biophysical challenges of soils, water and climate to contend with, but a wider set of values, often imposed from elsewhere. Fifty years after that first conference we remain challenged. What are the opportunities in front of us and how should we best accommodate the challenge of maintaining a viable enterprise and at the same time, respecting the intense public and customer interest in our use of land and livestock? Central Otago and the associated high country of the Lakes district and McKenzie basin can be divided into three farming types. These are the valley floor irrigable type, the flat and downland dryland regions, and the high country. Each of these has challenges that are at times unique, but often overlap with problems faced in other regions.
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Buchanan, L. "APRICOT PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL OTAGO, NEW ZEALAND." Acta Horticulturae, no. 192 (November 1986): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.192.19.
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Dawber, K. R., and G. M. Drinkwater. "Windfarm prospects in central Otago, New Zealand." Renewable Energy 9, no. 1-4 (September 1996): 802–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(96)88404-7.
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Mackenzie, D. J., and D. Craw. "Structural and lithological continuity and discontinuity in the Otago Schist, Central Otago, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 48, no. 2 (June 2005): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2005.9515115.
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Denys, P., C. Pearson, R. Norris, and M. Denham. "A geodetic study of Otago: results of the central Otago deformation network 2004–2014." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 59, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2015.1134592.
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Wills, Barrie J. "Central Otago - Built on gold, growing on grass." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 76 (January 1, 2014): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2014.76.2950.
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A warm welcome to our "World of Difference" to all delegates attending this conference - we hope your stay is enjoyable and that you will leave Central Otago with an enhanced appreciation of the diversity of land use and the resilient and growing economic potential that this region has to offer. Without regional wellbeing the national economy will struggle to grow, something Central Government finally seems to be realising, and the Central Otago District Council Long Term Plan 2012-2022 (LTP) signals the importance of establishing a productive economy for the local community which will aid in the economic growth of the district and seeks to create a thriving economy that will be attractive to business and residents alike. Two key principles that underpin the LTP are sustainability and affordability, with the definition of sustainability being "… development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
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Ashley, P. M., and D. Craw. "Carrick Range Au and Sb mineralisation in Caples Terrane, Otago Schist, Central Otago, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 38, no. 2 (April 1995): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1995.9514646.
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Smith, L. C., K. D. Trainor, and J. D. Morton. "Nutrient requirements for irrigated lucerne in Central Otago." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 76 (January 1, 2014): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2014.76.2966.
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Abstract Two field trials were commenced in September 2000 on newly sown irrigated lucerne near Tarras in Central Otago. The first trial measured the effects of phosphorus (P) (0, 30, 60, 120 kg P/ha) and potassium (K) (0, 50, 100, 200 kg K/ha) fertiliser applications while the second trial determined nitrogen (N) requirements for lucerne establishment. Initial soil test levels (0-75 mm) were pH 5.6, Olsen P 15 μg/ml; quicktest (QT) K 6 and sodium tetra-phenol-boron extractable K (TBK) 3.1. Lucerne production averaged 9.5 t dry matter (DM)/ha in the establishment year, 15.6 t DM/ ha in Year 2 and 14.8 t DM/ha in Year 3. There were no annual DM responses to any of the three fertilisers applied regardless of the rate of application. Despite the control mean annual herbage P concentrations being within the optimum range of 0.20-0.25% the application of P fertiliser significantly increased the P concentrations (P
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Central Otago"
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Nicol, Ryan Charles Smith. "Hydrogeology of the Cromwell Terrace Aquifer, Central Otago." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6431.
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A hydrogeologic model, groundwater chemistry and stable isotopic analysis were used to establish recharge resources and outflows so a water balance could be developed for the Cromwell Terrace Aquifer (CTA) in Central Otago, New Zealand. Increased popularity of the Central Otago region for viticulture, orcharding and tourism, has resulted in an increased demand for water. Groundwater is a viable option to meet this demand for water.
The CTA is a single unconfined aquifer contained within a thin veneer of permeable Quaternary glacial outwash gravels that range in thickness between 10 and 50m. These gravels rest unconformably on less permeable folded Tertiary sediments. The buried surface of the Tertiary sediments is irregular and provides the main hydrogeologic control in the CTA. Buried topographic highs in the Tertiary sediments impede groundwater flow, while the buried paleochannels at the southern end of the Cromwell Flat allow groundwater to flow unrestricted. The saturated thickness of the aquifer varies between 10 and 30 m.
The direction of groundwater flow is in south easterly and south westerly directions toward both Lake Dunstan and the Kawarau Arm respectively. This indicates that recharge is from the Pisa Range. Annual fluctuations in groundwater levels show that there is a seasonal effect on the groundwater table. Annual fluctuations in groundwater level are in the range of 0.4 – 0.5 m, with lowest levels in winter and highest groundwater levels in late summer. The higher groundwater levels in summer correlate with when higher rainfall occurs, but could also be due to artificial recharge from irrigation during summer, and/or seepage from the Ripponvale Irrigation Scheme canals and storage ponds.
Groundwater chemical analysis showed the dominant facies to be calcium bicarbonate waters. The source of the calcium bicarbonate is considered to be calcite in the Otago Schist, with concentrations of calcium bicarbonate being higher closer to the bedrock schist of the Pisa Range. Concentrations decreased toward Lake Dunstan, where calcium bicarbonate concentrations were lowest. The trend of calcium bicarbonate concentrations decreasing toward Lake Dunstan produces a similar pattern to the direction of groundwater flow. This would suggest that calcium bicarbonate concentrations are being diluted by rainwater infiltrating into the aquifer. However stable isotopic analysis showed that lake water infiltrates into the aquifer around the lake margin, and would also dilute calcium bicarbonate concentrations.
Stable isotopic analysis found that groundwater was more depleted in both δ¹⁸O and δ²H than water from Lake Dunstan. The average δ¹⁸O for groundwater was -9.5‰, whereas the average δ¹⁸O for samples from Lake Dunstan was -8.1‰. The average δ¹⁸O value of Pisa Range snow, Pisa Range streams and Cromwell Flat precipitation gave values of -9.2‰ +/- 1.4‰, which is very similar to groundwater. This suggests recharge to the CTA is from a combination of snow melt and surface stream flow from the Pisa Range, and some direct rainfall infiltration on the Cromwell Flat.
A water balance was calculated for the CTA groundwater system using the information from this study, and from a limited Otago Regional Council (O.R.C.) database. The main inputs to the CTA were found to be recharge precipitation and subsurface flows from the Pisa Range. The main outputs were identified as surface evaporation and discharge from the CTA to Lake Dunstan. The water balance showed that the total flow of water through the CTA is 93 Million cubic metres per year (Mm³/yr).
At present the CTA has limited groundwater allocation measures in place. Using the information from the water balance, a volume of groundwater that could be abstracted sustainably was estimated. This volume was estimated using the O.R.C. method of allocating 50% of the mean annual precipitation that recharges the aquifer for groundwater abstraction. The total mean annual precipitation for the Cromwell Flat and Pisa Range is 20 Mm³/yr. Using the 50% of mean annual precipitation method, 10 Mm³/yr can be allocated for groundwater abstraction. The total volume of groundwater currently abstracted is 3 Mm³/yr, leaving 7 Mm³/yr of unallocated groundwater. Due to the small land area, types of land use, low population density of Cromwell Flat and availability of surface water (i.e. Lake Dunstan), it is unlikely that the total volume of 10 Mm³/yr will be fully allocated.
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Dowsett, O. "'Rural restructuring' : a multi-scalar analysis of the Otago Central Rail Trail." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/669.
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‘Rural restructuring’ has frequently been used to indicate the magnitude, and conceptualise the nature, of contemporary change in the countryside. Most notably, concern has focused upon the fundamental changes in economic and social organisation brought about by the increasing leverage of consumption-based activity as a path to rural development. By drawing on the relevant literature, however, I suggest in this thesis that the use of ‘rural restructuring’ as a conceptual framework has been inconsistent. The issue of scale is a case in point with scholars positioning their studies of rural change at varying levels of analysis. In response, I adopt Massey’s (2004) arguments about space and place to present an alternative model which considers ‘rural restructuring’ as a multi-scalar and mutually constitutive process. To explore the feasibility of approaching ‘rural restructuring’ in this way, the thesis focuses, in particular, upon the development of rural tourism at five different scales. These comprise the national scale (New Zealand), the regional scale (Central Otago), the sub-regional scale (the Otago Central Rail Trail), the business scale (five business case studies) and the individual scale (five entrepreneurial case studies). Reflecting the exploratory nature of the study and its multi-scalar approach, I use a number of qualitative research methods. These include interrogating the promotion of New Zealand and Central Otago as tourist destinations, cycling along the Otago Central Rail Trail, staying at accommodation businesses along the Rail Trail, and interviewing individual entrepreneurs about their experiences of business development. The analytical chapters of the thesis comprise an in-depth look at the promotion or experience of rural tourism development at each scale of analysis. Through identifying inter-scale consistencies and emphasising the reciprocal basis of such consistency, I present ‘rural restructuring’ as a multi-scalar and mutually constitutive process. Thus, I connect the national-scale targeting of the ‘interactive traveller’ to the promotion of Central Otago as a ‘World of Discovery’, before linking the development of the Otago Central Rail Trail to its regional context. I then investigate the nature of business development as intimately bound to the evolution of the Rail Trail, before finally tying these entrepreneurial creations to individual accounts of exhaustion and enjoyment that emerge from the operation of tourism businesses. The thesis ends by concluding that ‘rural restructuring’ can indeed be considered a multi-scalar and mutually constitutive process, worked out simultaneously at wide-ranging but interconnected levels of change.
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Carpenter, Lloyd. "Rich in Myth, Gold and Narrative: Aspects of the Central Otago Gold Rush, 1862-2012." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Humanities, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8034.
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Abstract 150 years ago, the carefully-planned Presbyterian settlement of Dunedin was torn apart by the discovery that nearly every stream in Otago was laden with gold. The population exploded, adding the accents of Greece, Tipperary, Victoria, California, Guangdong and the King Country to the Scots burr which had been predominant. Almost immediately a myth of identity emerged, typified by goldfields balladeer Charles Thatcher’s ‘Old Identity and New Iniquity’ and boosted by the histrionics of a press enamoured of the romanticised machinations of the Otago goldfields ‘digger’. This popular mythology conflates the imagery of California, Victoria and early Gabriel’s Gully to perpetuate stories of desperate, gold-mad miners swarming across the province fighting, drinking and whoring away sparse winnings in a vast and lawless land, where bodies float down the Clutha, diggers battle corrupt police and vast fortunes are won and lost. This thesis seeks to construct a de-mythologised account of the rush for Central Otago gold, examining the engineering processes, social dynamics and communal relationships implicit in the development of claims, the construction of goldfields structures, the growth of towns and the emergence of financial networks. This explains and reveals the social, technological and economic developments of the gold rush that wrought a profound change on the Otago landscape and to New Zealand’s history. Focussing on the New Zealand Department of Conservation’s historic reserve at Bendigo as an exemplary site, this thesis focuses on the people of the goldfields who left traces of themselves in archives, letters, newspapers, court records and in the heritage landscape to explain their mining, commercial and family lives, and concludes by exploring the remnants of their existence in the relic-strewn ghost-town. By elucidating the depth and breadth of relationships, processes and lives of the residents, miners and merchants, I refute the pervasive myth of innocent simplicity around the era to replace it with a surprisingly complex reality. This complexity is revealed in the new conclusions I draw around the myriad processes behind identity formation, rush events, water race construction, quartz mine development and labour relations, merchant finances and heritage remnants.
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Blackwell, Dean. "Community and visitor benefits associated with the Otago Central Rail Trail, New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1027.
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Outdoor recreation and heritage resources have the potential to provide a wide range of benefits to individuals, groups of individuals and the economy. An increased knowledge of these benefits can give recreation managers and planners a better understanding of how their actions and decisions regarding a resource may impact upon the visitors and communities that they serve. Placed within a climate of increasing public sector accountability, this information might also prove useful in justifying the allocation of scarce resources to recreation and heritage preservation. Justifying the value that recreation adds to society is an issue recognised by Benefits Based Management (BBM), a recreation management and planning framework that seeks to identify and target the positive outcomes realised by individuals, groups, local businesses and communities that result from participation in recreation and leisure. To date, recreation planners and managers have not been presented with a BBM research effort that seeks to describe and understand the visitor and community benefits associated with a rail to trail conversion. This study aimed to identify and describe benefits gained by visitors and neighbouring communities, with specific reference to the Otago Central Rail Trail (OCRT), Central Otago, New Zealand. Information was gathered from seventy-seven semi-structured interviews with visiting users of the OCRT, residents of neighbouring communities and trail managers. The results of the study indicated that community stakeholders reported benefits such as local economic development linked to visitor expenditure, heightened sense of community identity and solidarity and social contact with people from outside the local area. An additional finding was that the perceived benefits of the OCRT have reportedly had a positive influence on local people's attitudes towards the rail trail. Visitor interviews revealed that personal and social well-being benefits such as physical activity, aesthetic appreciation, sense of achievement, psychological refreshment, family togetherness and social interaction with friends and local people were outcomes of an OCRT visit. Reported visitor benefits were further linked to physical fitness and health, enhanced mood and positive mental state, leading a balanced lifestyle and stronger relationships within families and between friends. Visitors also perceived that an OCRT visit had forged a greater knowledge and awareness of railway heritage through gaining insight into railway and Central Otago history and appreciation of the engineering skills and craftsmanship associated with 19th century railway construction. Following the benefit chain of causality (Driver, 1994; Driver & Bruns, 1999; McIntosh, 1999), interview responses were linked to potential community and visitor benefits that could be realised off-site such as enhanced quality of life, community satisfaction and a greater connection with and appreciation of New Zealand's historic and cultural heritage.
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Youngson, John Hughan, and n/a. "Physical and chemical processes affecting the formation of alluvial gold deposits in Central Otago, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20071108.160736.
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Alluvial gold placers in Otago and northern Southland occur at several stratigraphic horizons within the Late Cretaceous - Recent sedimentary sequence. The gold is derived ultimately from primary sources in the Otago Schist. Poor correlation between the distribution of placers and that of the known primary deposits reflects repeated recycling of gold in the present drainage network and two precursor networks, each with substantially different architecture. The previous drainage networks were inundated and buried during marine or lacustrine transgression. There has been local addition of first cycle gold and immature detritus during each recycling phase.
Most of the placer deposits are fluvial in origin but colluvial placers occur locally along the margins of several Central Otago ranges. Aeolian placers and marine placers are rare. Most of the gold in placers north of the Caples/Torlesse Terrane boundary is Au-Ag alloy, except in vicinity of the Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone, where α-Au-Ag-Hg alloy is also present. Conversely, α-Au-Ag-Hg alloy dominates in placers south of the Caples/Torlesse Terrane boundary, except those whose headwaters lie, or lay, in the Torlesse Terrane. These systems that cross the terrane boundary contain Au-Ag and Au-Ag-Hg alloys in the reach downstream of the boundary, and placers with their source in Aspiring Lithologic Association also contain both alloys. Textural and compositional maturity of the placer host generally increase with decreasing age, reach maxima at the Waipounamu Erosion Surface, and generally decrease in tandem with age above this surface. Exceptions occur in northern Southland, where quartz pebble conglomerate placers are actively forming.
Fluvial quartz pebble conglomerate placers have not formed in a single sedimentary cycle. Instead, they have formed from precursor sediment where a high water table drives alteration of the labile component, and when uplift and erosion rates, topography and stream gradients are all sufficiently low to drive sedimentary recycling without significant input of low-grade basement detritus. The maturity of pre-marine examples (Taratu, Papakaio and Hogburn Formations) was enhanced by wave-reworking before final inundation during marine transgression. Colluvial placers in alluvial fans at the margins of Quaternary schist antiforms are repeatedly recycled into younger fan sediments during range growth. These ranges grow in width, as well as length and height, at the expense of the intervening basins, which become progressively narrower. The colluvial placers are ultimately reworked into a fluvial placer in an axial river between two ranges, which concentrates all of the colluvial gold into an incised channel once the widening ranges meet. Aeolian placers have formed from fluvial precursors in the semi-arid parts of the rain shadow east of the Southern Alps, particularly on the lower slope of ranges exposed to westerly winds. Silcrete and less common greywacke ventifacts are commonly associated with these placers.
Progressive changes in gold particle shape by flattening during transport in fluvial systems has been the most important process in the concentration of gold in placers. Flattening changes the hydrodynamic behaviour of gold particles by increasing their surface area to volume ratio, thereby making them easier to entrain and enabling transport to lower energy parts of the fluvial system. Gold particle flatness determines whether transport or concentration occurs and there is a predictable relationship between particle flatness and transport distance. This relationship explains the typical occurrence of placers immediately downstream of terminal moraines, the confluence with steeper tributary streams and the mouth of incised gorges. In each case, gold with sub-critical flatness is deposited from a higher energy system or reach into a lower energy system or reach, and must be flattened to a critical state before further transport can occur.
Chemical mobility of gold in groundwater occurs during uplift, commonly in association with sedimentary recycling. Secondary gold overgrowths are common in some placers and stitch or overgrow transport-induced features such as folds and abrasion marks. Chemical mobilisation and re-precipitation of gold is of minor importance, however, and results in volumetrically insignificant amounts of secondary gold. Increases in gold grain size upward through the section on both the local and the regional scale does not result from gold 'growth', but instead from preservation of progressively more proximal reaches of the host placers with decreasing age.
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Scott, Matthew B., and n/a. "Fine-scale ecology of alpine patterned ground, Old Man Range, Central Otago, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080130.093120.
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This study is an interdisciplinary ecological study addressing the fine-scale relationships between plants, invertebrates and the environment in an alpine ecosystem. Alpine environments are marked by steep environmental gradients and complex habitat mosaics at various spatial scales. Regular forming periglacial patterned ground landforms on the Old Man Range, Central Otago, South Island, New Zealand present an ideal medium for studying plant-invertebrate-environment relationships due to their partitioning of the landscape into discrete units of contrasting environmental conditions, and the existence of some baseline knowledge of the soil, microclimate, vegetation and flora.
The study was conducted in three types of patterned ground (hummocks, stripes and solifluction terraces) on the Old Man Range. Each component of the study was sampled at the same spatial scale for comparison. Temperature was recorded in the soil and ground surface from April 2001 to March 2004 in microtopographic subunits (microsites) of each patterned ground landform. Plant species cover was sampled within each microsite; invertebrates were sampled from soil cores taken from the same locations as plant samples in April 2001 and September 2001. The two sampling occasions coincided with autumn before the soil freezes, and winter when maximum freezing was expected.
Fine-scale changes in the topographic relief of the patterned ground led to notable differences in the timing and duration of snow. The steepest environmental gradients existed during periods of uneven snow distribution. The soil in exposed or south-facing microsites froze first, beginning in May, and typically froze to more than 40cm depth. Least exposed microsites rarely froze. Within the microtopography, patterns of freezing at specific locations were consistent between years with only minor differences in the timing or depths of freezing; however, notable variation in freezing existed between similar microsites.
Within the microtopography, different assemblages of organisms were associated with different microsites. In total, 84 plant and lichen species were recorded, grouping into six community types. Species composition was best explained by growing degree-days, freeze-thaw cycles, time frozen and snow-free days; species diversity and richness increased with increasing environmental stress as indicated by freeze-thaw cycles, time frozen and exposure.
In total 20,494 invertebrates, representing four Phyla, 12 Classes, 23 Orders and 295 morpho-taxa were collected from 0.17m� of soil. Acari, Collembola and Pseudococcidae were the most abundant invertebrates. Over 95% of the invertebrates were found in the plant material and first 10cm depth of soil. Few significant relationships were found between diversity, richness or abundance of invertebrate taxa and the microsites; however, multivariate analyses identified distinct invertebrate assemblages based on abundance. Invertebrate composition was best explained by recent low temperature and moisture, particularly in winter; however, plant composition also explained invertebrate composition, but more so in autumn.
This research has shown that organisms in the alpine environment of the Old Man Range are sensitive to fine-scale changes in their environment. These results have implications as to how historical changes to the ecosystem may have had long-lasting influences on the biota, as well as how a currently changing climate may have further impacts on the composition and distribution of organisms.
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Bennett, E. R. "Fault growth and landscape development in Central Otago, New Zealand, using in situ cosmogenic isotopes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596565.
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Central Otago in New Zealand is a region dominated by late Tertiary NE trending anticlines which form above buried reverse faults. As the folds uplift, soft Tertiary sediments are rapidly eroded, exposing the underlying basement schist. At the base of the sedimentary cover there is patchy occurrence of hard silica cemented quartz-rich boulders which remain exposed on the schist surface after the overlying sediments are removed. 10Be and 26Al accumulate in the quartz within the boulders upon exposure to cosmic radiation. Cosmogenic dating of the boulders provides the means to conduct landscape evolution studies, and monitor the growth of the anticlines over the last 1-2 million years. At South Rough Ridge a consistent and coherent link is demonstrated between the cosmogenic dates and the tectonic geomorphology. This implies that boulders in Central Otago can reach 10Be concentrations equivalent to minimum ages of 660 ka or older without being saturated with respect to erosion. At Rough Ridge, which was expected to be older on geomorphic grounds, the 10Be concentrations of the boulders give even older ages of up to 1.4 Ma, demonstrating the very low maximum erosion rates experienced by these boulders of ~0.4 mm kyr-1. The best exposed and preserved occurrence of the quartz-rich boulders is on North Rough Ridge, where their suitability for cosmogenic exposure studies can be assessed. The stratigraphic context of the boulders, their sedimentary and diagenetic origin, together with their method of emplacement and preservation on the modern land surface, can be studied in detail. At Little Rough Ridge and Raggedy Range, the combined 10Be data and geomorphic studies suggest differing styles of fault growth for these two ranges.
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Mason, Norman, and n/a. "Functional diversity and ecosystem-level processes in a short-tussock grassland." University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20061024.114054.
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Increased functional diversity has been linked to an increase in ecosystem level processes (ELPs), such as productivity, ecosystem reliability and invasion resistance. However, there has been no exact definition of functional diversity and it is not known which indices are appropriate for its measurement. Consequently, continuous indices have rarely been applied in examination of relationships between functional diversity and ELPs and little is known of the mechanisms linking functional diversity to ELPs. This thesis begins by providing an exact definition of functional diversity, identifying its primary components and devising appropriate continuous indices for the measurement of these components. These indices are used to examine relationships between functional diversity and three ELPs - biomass production, the reliability of biomass production and invasion resistance. Initially these examinations are conducted using a mechanistic community assembly and dynamic model. This model is based on physiological and morphological character data for species occurring in the short-tussock grassland communities of the Luggate field experiment, in the southern South Island, New Zealand. Finally, relationships between functional diversity, mean annual community cover and the reliability of cover are examined in the Luggate field experiment.
Functional composition (i.e. the actual functional characters of the species within a community) appeared to exercise the greatest influence on ecosystem reliability in the community assembly and dynamic model. However, there was evidence that functional diversity increased the reliability of productivity via the co-variance effect. Functional composition also exercised the greatest influence over mean annual productivity in the model, almost completely accounting for the negative relationship between functional diversity and mean annual productivity. These results are respectively analogous to the positive and negative selection effects seen in species richness / ELP relationships. Both functional diversity and functional composition influenced community invasion resistance in the model. Here, increased functional diversity acted to increase community resistance to invasion. In the Luggate field experiment, neither functional diversity nor functional composition was related to mean annual cover, though species richness was positively related to it. Increased functional diversity acted to increase the reliability of cover. However, this did not appear to occur via the co-variance effect, but as a result of increased functional diversity increasing consistency in the species composition of experimental plots through time.
These results demonstrate that studies examining functional diversity must account for the effects of species identity. A framework is proposed to accommodate selection effects associated with functional diversity / ELP relationships. The usefulness of the co-variance effect as a testable mechanism linking functional diversity to ecosystem reliability in the field is questionable, as there is no objective way of measuring it.
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Brown, Charles Stewart. "Secondary succession in the high-alpine of Central Otago, New Zealand, 25 years following anthropogenic disturbance." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0005/MQ59783.pdf.
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Wood, Jamie Russell, and n/a. "Pre-settlement paleoecology of Central Otago�s semi-arid lowlands, with emphasis on the pre-settlement role of avian herbivory in South Island dryland ecosystems, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080211.142212.
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The vegetation communities that existed in the semi-arid intermontane basins and gorges of Central Otago prior to human settlement ~750 years B.P. are poorly understood. This is because of a lack of fossil evidence and complex restructuring by anthropogenic factors, especially increased fire frequency, and more recently mammalian grazing. There is also little information regarding the effect of the lost fauna on maintaining and structuring presettlement communities, both in Central Otago and throughout the eastern South Island dryland zone. This study aims to provide a clearer understanding of the functioning of pre-settlement ecosystems in dryland Central Otago, particularly the role of the largest vertebrate herbivores, the moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes), and to explore the implications of the extinct fauna for land conservation management across New Zealand.
Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation communities of the Central Otago lowlands were reconstructed from plant macrofossils, including seeds, leaves, and wood, excavated from rockshelter, cave, and swamp deposits throughout the region. The macrofossils represent three main vegetation types: late Pleistocene to mid (late?) Holocene basin floor wetland herb associations, Olearia-shrublands surrounding these wetlands, and mid to late Holocene open scrubland and woodland in gorges and on low altitude slopes, dominated by filiramulate Olearia, Coprosma, and Corokia, with abundant lianes (Muehlenbeckia spp. and Rubus spp.) and understorey herbs. Many native tree and shrub species that are presently widespread in the Central Otago lowlands were rare or absent prior to anthropogenic fires (e.g. Discaria toumatou, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium). Other tree and shrub species once present are now extinct in the region (e.g. Coprosma obconica, Plagianthus regius, Pseudopanax ferox). The loss of these indigenous woody vegetation communities was a major factor contributing to the extirpation of many small bird species, and undoubtedly also reptile and invertebrate species, from the region.
Plant macrofossils from rockshelters included remains of bird nests, identifiable by desiccated feathers and eggshell amongst them. These macrofossils include the first described plant remains from the nests of moa, which were constructed from a shallow bed of twigs of locally available shrubs and lianes. Many of the twigs are 25-30 mm in length and show evidence of having been clipped by moa bills.
Desiccated coprolites, mostly of moa, but also specimens attributed to Finsch�s duck (Chenonetta finschi) and red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), were recovered from rockshelter excavations. Moa species associated with a sample of coprolites were identified using ancient DNA analysis, and plant macrofossils from these were examined, together with previously unexamined moa gizzard content samples excavated from mires in the eastern South Island dryland zone. The results indicate that, in addition to previously reported browsing, upland moa (Megalapteryx didinus) and heavy-footed moa (Pachyornis elephantopus) also functioned as grazers, and seeds in their coprolites are dominantly of low shrubs and ground-cover herbs. Of particular interest was the higher than expected frequency of seeds from the currently rare and threatened 'spring annual' herbs; Ceratocephala pungens and Myosurus minimus subsp. novae-zelandiae (Ranunculaceae), suggesting further research on potential ecological relationships between moa and these plants would be worthwhile. The results of this study have provided a baseline for future conservation and restoration projects in the Central Otago lowlands.
Books on the topic "Central Otago"
1
Cunningham, Gerald. Central Otago: A special place. North Shore, N.Z: Raupo/Penguin Group, 2009.
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2
Hurst, Tony. The Otago Central Railway: A tribute. 5th ed. Wellington [N.Z.]: Transpress NZ, 2008.
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3
The Otago Central Railway: A tribute. 5th ed. Wellington [N.Z.]: Transpress NZ, 2008.
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4
Brian, Patrick, ed. Wild Central: Discovering the natural history of Central Otago. Dunedin, N.Z: University of Otago Press, 1999.
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5
Amisfield: Food, wine and stories from Central Otago. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House New Zealand, 2014.
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6
Peter, Andrews. Otago Rail trail guidebook: A comprehensive pictorial guide to travelling the Otago Central Rail trail. 4th ed. Waipiata, Ranfurly, New Zealand: Otagorailtrail.co.nz, 2014.
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7
Cull, Dave. Vineyards on the edge: The story of Central Otago wine. Dunedin, N.Z: Longacre, 2001.
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8
Cunningham, Gerald. Illustrated history of Central Otago and the Queenstown Lakes District. Auckland [N.Z.]: Reed, 2005.
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9
Sullivan, Jim. Old Waipiata: Pictures and stories from a Central Otago railway town. Dunedin [N.Z.]: Rock and Pillar Press, 2008.
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10
Madin, Ian. Geology and neotectonics of the Upper Manuherikia Basin, Central Otago, New Zealand. Lower Hutt, New Zealand: New Zealand Geological Survey, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Central Otago"
1
Fountain, Joanna, and Charlotte Thompson. "Wine Tourist’s Perception of Winescape in Central Otago, New Zealand." In Wine Tourism Destination Management and Marketing, 29–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00437-8_3.
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"Working the vines: ni- Vanuatu labour, Central Otago Pinot, and economic development in Vanuatu." In Social, Cultural and Economic Impacts of Wine in New Zealand., 85–99. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203083161-14.
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Mulvihill, P., and I. Walsh. "Development of a Small Hydroelectric Scheme at Horseshoe Bend, Teviot River, Central Otago, New Zealand." In Comprehensive Renewable Energy, 467–83. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-087872-0.00618-1.
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"The new gold: the role of place and heritage in the marketing of the Central Otago wine region JOANNA FOuNTAIN ANd dAISY dAWSON." In Wine and Identity, 59–72. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203067604-13.
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Lambert, Tristan H. "Functional Group Protection." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200794.003.0014.
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Alfonso Iadonisi at the University of Naples Federico II developed (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 3137) a procedure for the selective acetolysis of the perbenzylated sugar 1 to furnish 3 using isopropenyl acetate (2) instead of the more typical and high-boiling acetic anhydride. The (3,4-dimethoxylphenyl)benzyl (DMPBn) protecting group, which is removed (cf. 4 → 5) under acidic conditions in the presence of the cation scavenger 5, was developed (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 5264) by David S. Larsen at the University of Otago as an alternative to the p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) group. Another new hydroxyl-protecting group, the AzDMB group, which can be installed by simple acylation of (7 + 8 → 9) and removed under reductive conditions, was developed by Gijsbert A. van der Marel and Jeroen D.C. Codée of Leiden University. Stefan Grimme at the University of Bonn and Armido Studer at Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster found (Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 2177) that NHC precatalyst 11 in the presence of NaH, benzaldehyde, and the oxidant 12 allows for the selective O-acylation of aminoalcohol 10 to 13. The reductive deprotection of benzyl carbamate 14 using the strong organic reductant 15 under photolytic conditions was achieved (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 2239) by John A. Murphy at the University of Strathclyde. Liang-Qiu Lu and Wen-Jing Xiao at Central China Normal University found (Chem. Asian J. 2013, 8, 1090) that mixed imide 17 could be detosylated under visible light photoredox catalysis in the presence of Hantzsch ester 18. Frank Glorius at Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster developed (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1776) a ruthenium-catalyzed procedure for the N-formylation of amine 20 using methanol as the source of the formyl group. Protection of the thymine derivative 22 with a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl (MocVinyl) group to produce 23 was developed (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 5832) by Jaume Vilarrasa at the University of Barcelona. Deprotection of the MocVinyl group is readily achieved by treatment with a nucleophilic reagent such as pyrrolidine. Robert H. Grubbs at Caltech demonstrated (Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 1640) that ether 24 could be demethylated with triethylsilane and potassium t-butoxide at high temperatures.
Conference papers on the topic "Central Otago"
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Law, Shanna L., Dave Craw, Dave Craw, Cathy Rufaut, Cathy Rufaut, Kat Lilly, and Kat Lilly. "EROSIONAL AND GEOCHEMICAL CONTROLS ON NATURAL REVEGETATION AT AN UNREMEDIATED PLACER GOLD MINE, CENTRAL OTAGO, NEW ZEALAND." In 51st Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016ne-272054.
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