Relevant bibliographies by topics / Central nervous systems

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Central nervous systems'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Central nervous systems"

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Satterlie, R. A. "Do jellyfish have central nervous systems?" Journal of Experimental Biology 214, no. 8 (March 23, 2011): 1215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.043687.

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Stockwell, Jocelyn, Nabiha Abdi, Xiaofan Lu, Oshin Maheshwari, and Changiz Taghibiglou. "Novel Central Nervous System Drug Delivery Systems." Chemical Biology & Drug Design 83, no. 5 (March 14, 2014): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.12268.

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Carelli, Valerio, and David C. Chan. "Mitochondrial DNA: Impacting Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems." Neuron 84, no. 6 (December 2014): 1126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.022.

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Russell, John H. "Interaction Between the Immune and Central Nervous Systems." Immunologic Research 32, no. 1-3 (2005): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/ir:32:1-3:225.

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Mizunami, Makoto, and Toshifumi Takahashi. "The diversity of central nervous systems of invertebrates." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 145, no. 3-4 (November 2006): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.10.027.

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Newhouse, Paul A., and Megan Kelton. "Nicotinic systems in central nervous systems disease: degenerative disorders and beyond." Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae 74, no. 2-3 (March 2000): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-6865(99)00047-3.

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Bae, Mihyeon, Hee-Gyeong Yi, Jinah Jang, and Dong-Woo Cho. "Microphysiological Systems for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Central Nervous System." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090855.

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Neurodegenerative diseases are among the most severe problems in aging societies. Various conventional experimental models, including 2D and animal models, have been used to investigate the pathogenesis of (and therapeutic mechanisms for) neurodegenerative diseases. However, the physiological gap between humans and the current models remains a hurdle to determining the complexity of an irreversible dysfunction in a neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, preclinical research requires advanced experimental models, i.e., those more physiologically relevant to the native nervous system, to bridge the gap between preclinical stages and patients. The neural microphysiological system (neural MPS) has emerged as an approach to summarizing the anatomical, biochemical, and pathological physiology of the nervous system for investigation of neurodegenerative diseases. This review introduces the components (such as cells and materials) and fabrication methods for designing a neural MPS. Moreover, the review discusses future perspectives for improving the physiological relevance to native neural systems.
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Quiroga, Sigmer Y., E. Carolina Bonilla, D. Marcela Bolaños, Fernando Carbayo, Marian K. Litvaitis, and Federico D. Brown. "Evolution of flatworm central nervous systems: Insights from polyclads." Genetics and Molecular Biology 38, no. 3 (September 2015): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-475738320150013.

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Жуков, М. А. "Analysis of interconnection between central nervous and cardiovascular systems." Electronics and Communications 19, no. 1 (March 3, 2014): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2312-1807.2014.19.1.142301.

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Kim, Hyun Jung, and Woong Sun. "Adult Neurogenesis in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems." International Neurourology Journal 16, no. 2 (2012): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5213/inj.2012.16.2.57.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Central nervous systems"

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Radke, James Melvin. "Studies involving somatostatin systems in the rodent central nervous system." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26518.

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Somatostatin is a neuropeptide found throughout the brain. Several studies have established its anatomical distribution as being quite heterogenous with relatively high concentrations appearing in the limbic and striatal systems. Presently, very little is known about the functions of somatostatin systems in the brain and how they interact with other transmitter systems. The following report is a summary of experiments undertaken to assess the functional and chemical interactions of somatostatin with other neurotransmitter systems. Previous studies have established that the dopaminergic inputs to the basal ganglia are important for locomotor activity and reward. These systems have also been implicated in several mental and neural diseases such as schizophrenia, depression, and Parkinson’s disease. In the first experiment, interactions between dopamine and somatostatin systems were examined using paradigms involving behavioural responses to dopamine agonists. Depletion of somatostatin levels by the drug cysteamine was found to attenuate amphetamine- and apomorphine-mediated motor behaviours but not the reinforcing aspects of amphetamine. The second experiment attempted to further characterize the nature of the dopamine-somatostatin interaction by examining the effects of haloperidol, a dopamine antagonist, on central somatostatin levels. Short term treatment with haloperidol decreased striatal somatostatin levels. Long term treatment (8 months) with haloperidol failed to alter somatostatin levels in the caudate-putamen. Since somatostatin levels appear to be normal in Parkinsonian brains, the effects of MPTP poisoning in mice on central somatostatin levels was also studied to examine the accuracy of this animal model of Parkinson's disease and examine the effects of dopaminergic lesions on somatostatin levels. The results of this experiment indicate that MPTP causes a dose dependent increase in nigral somatostatin levels without altering striatal or cortical levels. These results are in partial disagreement with results obtained from both post-mortem Parkinsonian brains and primates given MPTP, thereby questioning the accuracy of this mouse model of Parkinson's disease. The final experiment examined the effects of the anticonvulsant-antidepressant carbamazepine on central somatostatin levels in the rat. Although the chemical mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of carbamazepine are unknown, previous studies have suggested that its efficacy in the treatment of both manic-depression and epilepsy may be associated with the ability of this drug to reduce the abnormal somatostatin levels observed in these diseases. In this experiment, neither acute, chronic, nor withdrawal from chronic treatment with carbamazepine were found to alter the levels of somatostatin in rats. The lack of effects of carbamazepine on basal somatostatin levels may indicate somatostatin cells are susceptible to carbamazepine only under pathological situations. Together, these results are discussed in the context of recent observations of abnormal somatostatin levels in several diseases of the central nervous system and provide some insight into the interactions and functions of somatostatin systems in the normal and abnormal brain.
Medicine, Faculty of
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Stumpf, da Silva Taisa Regina. "Delivery Systems to Enhance Neural Regeneration in the Central Nervous System." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39391.

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Morgenstern, Daniel Alexander. "Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans in the peripheral and central nervous systems." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620931.

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Rubeo, Scott Edward. "Control of Simulated Cockroach Using Synthetic Nervous Systems." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1495555770825904.

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Marsh, Barnaby C. L. "The Role of Osteopontin in the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486122.

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The glycoprotein osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted and heavily phosphorylated peptide that plays a role in a variety of cellular processes from cell adhesion to apoptosis. These actions are principally thought to be mediated via interactions with CD44.and integrins. OPN is expressed in a wide variety of tissues including the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS respectively), although its exact function in these tissues remains unclear. We identified OPN as a putative axotomy response gene from a previously generated dorsal root ganglia (DRG) subtractive cDNA library. Immunohistochemical ,staining demonstrated that OPN protein colocalises with neurofilament but not other nociceptive markers. Mechanosensory thresholds in osteopontin knockout (OPN KO) animals are significantly increased compared to wild-type (WT) controls, although there are no differences in allodynia between genotypes after a spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain. Moreover, exogenous recombinant OPN has no effect on neurite outgrowth from adult WT sensory neurons, and no differences in neurite outgrowth were observed in OPN KO animals compared to WT controls. Within the CNS, previous studies have demonstrated that OPN expression increases in a number of cell types after injury, although its precise function is equivocal. Here, I demonstrate that organotypic hippocampal OPN KO cultures display increased apoptosis following glutamate induced cell death compared to WT controls. Moreover, exogenous recombinant OPN is neuroprotective to OPN KO and WT cultures. This neuroprotective effect is integrin mediated and involves activation ofthe Akt and ERK pathways. In summary, these studies further extend our understanding of the neuroprotective and possible cell survival roles played by OPN in the nervous system. Further studies are now warranted to extend those presented here and define the mechanisms that underlie the observed effects thus far delineated.
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Jansson, Björn. "Models for the transfer of drugs from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3905.

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Shanbhag, Mihir S. Wheatley Margaret A. "Development of a multi-functional construct for central nervous system repair /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/2906.

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Gonçalves, Vanessa Santos Silva. "Overcoming Central Nervous System-barriers by the development of hybrid structured systems for nose-to-brain drug delivery using clean technologies." Doctoral thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/56395.

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The effective delivery of therapeutics into the brain is challenging since drugs or drug delivery systems (DDS) candidates are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making the development of new drugs alone not enough to ensure progresses in Central Nervous System (CNS) drug therapy. Due to several problems related with other routes of brain drug administration, the interest has increased towards exploring the possibility of intranasal administration. The nose-to-brain transport and the therapeutic viability of this route have been investigated for rapid and effective transport of drugs to CNS, but the development of nasal drug products for brain targeting is still faced with many challenges.(...)
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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McClure-Sharp, Jilliane Mary, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor concentration and overflow in the rat central nervous system." Deakin University. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 1998. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060802.143911.

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Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the primary hormone of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA-axis). In addition to its endocrine function, it has been proposed that CRF acts as a neurotransmitter. The widespread distribution of CRF immunoreactivity and CRF receptors in the rat central nervous system (CNS) supports this theory. Immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated high levels of CRF immunoreactivity the rat hypothalamus, a brain region involved in the regulation and integration of a variety of endocrine and autonomic homeostatic mechanisms. CRF has been shown to be involved in a number of these activities such as blood pressure control, food and water intake, behaviour and emotional integration. Many of these activities demonstrate progressive dysfunction as ageing proceeds. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the regulation of CRF in the rat CNS, particularly over the period of maturation and ageing. Tissue extraction and peptide radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques were developed in order to measure regional CRF concentrations as a function of age in the rat CNS. Seven brain regions were examined including the hypothalamus, pituitary, medulla oblongata, pons, cerebral cortex, cerebellum and midbrain. Three age ranges were investigated: 3 – 4 weeks, 4 – 5 months and 14 – 18 months, representing young, mature and old age groups. Data for the tissues of individual rats from each age group were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Scheffé tests (SPSS Release 6 for Windows, 1989 – 1993). CRF were detected in measurable quantities in all brain regions examined. Different age-related patterns of change were observed in each brain region. CRF concentrations (ng/g tissue) were highest in the pituitaries of young rats and were significantly reduced over the period of maturation (P< 0.05). However, the high CRF concentration of the young rat pituitary was likely to be a factor of the smaller tissue mass. Although the absolute CRF content (ng/tissue) of this tissue appeared to decline with maturation and ageing, the reduction was not significant (P>0.05). Therefore the pituitary of the young rat was relatively enriched with CRF per gram tissue. The highest CRF concentration in mature and aged rats was measured in the hypothalamus, in accordance with previous immunohistochemical studies. Hypothalamic CRF concentrations (ng/g tissue) demonstrated no significant alterations with maturation and ageing. The absolute CRF content (ng/tissue) of the hypothalamus was significantly less in the young rat compared to mature and aged animals, however this was accompanied by a smaller tissue mass (P<0.05). The CRF concentrations (ng/g tissue) of the rat cerebral cortex and medulla oblongata demonstrated significant reduction with advancing age (P<0.05), however in both cases this appeared to be due to significant increases in mean tissue mass. The absolute CRF content of these tissues (ng/tissue) were not significantly different over the period of maturation and ageing (P>0.05). CRF concentration (ng/g tissue) and absolute content (ng/tissue) of the pons demonstrated a trend to increase with advanced age in the rat, however this was not significant in both cases (P>0.05). Of interest were the significant increases observed in the CRF concentrations of the cerebellum and midbrain (ng/g tissue with advanced ageing (P<0.05). Significant increases were also observed in the mean tissue mass and absolute CRF content (ng/tissue) of these regions in aged rats (P<0.05). These findings perhaps indicate increased CRF synthesis and or decreased CRF turnover in these tissues with advancing age. The second stage of these studies examined age-related alterations in basal and potassium-stimulated hypothalamic CRF and overflow over the period of maturation and ageing in the rat, and required the preliminary development of an in vitro tissue superfusion system. The concomitant release of the co-modulatory compound, neuropeptide Y (NPY) was also measured. NPY has been shown to positively regulate CRF release and gene expression in the hypothalamus. In addition, NPY has been demonstrated to be involved in a number of hypothalamic activities, including blood pressure control and food intake regulation. Hypothalamic superfusion data were analysed using one factor repeated measures ANOVA (SPSS Release 6 for Windows, 1989-1993) followed by least significant difference tests ( Snedecor and Cochran, 1967) to enable both time and age comparisons. Basal hypothalamic CRF overflow was unaltered with maturation and ageing in the rat. Potassium stimulation (56 mM) elicted a significant 2 – 3 fold increase in hypothalamic CRF overflow across age groups (P<0.05). Stimulated hypothalamic CRF overflow was significantly greater in the young rat compared to the mature and aged animals (P<0.05). The enhanced response to depolarizing stimulus was observed at an age when the absolute CRF content of the hypothalamus was significantly less that of other age groups. It is possible that the enhanced responsiveness of the young rat may be of survival advantage in life threatening situations. Basal hypothalamic NPY overflow was much less than that of CRF, and potassium stimulation resulted in a very different age-related profile. The hypothalamic NPY response to depolarization was significantly reduced in the young rat and declined significantly with advanced ageing (P<0.05). The contrasting profiles of stimulated CRF and NPY overflow may indicate the activity of alternative regulatory factors present in the hypothalamus, whose activity may also be affected in an age-related manner. The final stage of these studies examined the nature of NPY modulation of hypothalamic CRF overflow in the mature rat. The facilitatory effect of NPY on hypothalamic CRF overflow was confirmed. The application of NPY (0.1 µM) significantly increased CRF overflow approximately 4 fold of basal (P<0.05). In addition, the role of the NPY-Y1 receptor was investigated by the prior application of Y1 receptor antagonists, GW1229 (0.05 µM). At this concentration GW1229 significantly reduced hypothalamic CRF overflow induced by perfusion with NPY (0.1 µm), P<0.05. It was concluded the Y1 receptor does have a role in the regulation of hypothalamic CRF overflow by NPY.
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Passaro, Peter A. "Multi-electrode array recording and data analysis methods for molluscan central nervous systems." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43341/.

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In this work the use of the central nervous system (CNS) of the aquatic snail Lymnaea stagnalis on planar multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) was developed and analysis methods for the data generated were created. A variety of different combinations of configurations of tissue from the Lymnaea CNS were explored to determine the signal characteristics that could be recorded by sixty channel MEAs. In particular, the suitability of the semi-intact system consisting of the lips, oesophagus, CNS, and associated nerve connectives was developed for use on the planar MEA. The recording target area of the dorsal surface of the buccal ganglia was selected as being the most promising for study and recordings of its component cells during fictive feeding behaviour stimulated by sucrose were made. The data produced by this type of experimentation is very high volume and so its analysis required the development of a custom set of software tools. The goal of this tool set is to find the signal from individual neurons in the data streams of the electrodes of a planar MEA, to estimate their position, and then to predict their causal connectivity. To produce such an analysis techniques for noise filtration, neural spike detection, and group detection of bursts of spikes were created to pre-process electrode data streams. The Kohonen self-organising map (SOM) algorithm was adapted for the purpose of separating detected spikes into data streams representing the spike output of individual cells found in the target system. A significant addition to SOM algorithm was developed by the concurrent use of triangulation methods based on current source density analysis to predict the position of individual cells based on their spike output on more than one electrode. The likely functional connectivity of individual neurons identified by the SOM technique were analysed through the use of a statistical causality method known as Granger causality/causal connectivity. This technique was used to produce a map of the likely connectivity between neural sources.
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Books on the topic "Central nervous systems"

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Gorodetskiy, Andrey E., and Vugar G. Kurbanov, eds. Smart Electromechanical Systems: The Central Nervous System. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53327-8.

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Neuroanatomy: An atlas of structures, sections, and systems. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1991.

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Neuroanatomy: An atlas of structures, sections, and systems. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004.

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Haines, Duane E. Neuroanatomy: An atlas of structures, sections, and systems. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

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Neuroanatomy: An atlas of structures, sections, and systems. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1987.

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Warner, Joseph. Atlas of neuroanatomy: With systems organization and case correlation. Boston, Ma: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

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Neuroanatomy: An atlas of structures, sections, and systems. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health, 2012.

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Neuroanatomy: An atlas of structures, sections, and systems. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

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Kumamoto, Eiichi. Cellular and molecular mechanisms for the modulation of nociceptive transmission in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Trivandrum, Kerala, India: Research Signpost, 2007.

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International Bioanalytical Forum (6th 1985 University of Surrey). Bioactive analytes: Including CNS drugs, peptides, and enantiomers. New York: Plenum Press, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Central nervous systems"

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Nieuwenhuys, Rudolf, Jan Voogd, and Christiaan van Huijzen. "Functional Systems." In The Human Central Nervous System, 143–375. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10343-2_6.

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Kryzhanovsky, G. N. "Hyperactive determinant structures and pathologic systems." In Central Nervous System Pathology, 100–112. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7870-9_4.

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Romito, Jia W., Ravi Bhoja, and David L. McDonagh. "Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems." In Basic Sciences in Anesthesia, 271–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62067-1_16.

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Green, Daniel M. "The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems." In Long-term Complications of Therapy for Cancer in Childhood and Adolescence, 4–26. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11006-3_2.

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Kazansky, Alexander B. "Agential Anticipation in the Central Nervous System." In Cognitive Systems Monographs, 101–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19446-2_6.

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Bienenstock, Elie. "Dynamics of the Central Nervous System." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 3–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-00545-3_1.

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Nieuwenhuys, R. "Structure and Organisation of Fibre Systems." In The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates, 113–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18262-4_3.

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Muñoz-Cuevas, Arturo, and Yves Coineau. "Ontogenese Du Systeme Nerveux Central Des Chelicerates Et Sa Signification Eco-Ethologique." In Nervous Systems in Invertebrates, 303–21. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1955-9_11.

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Gorodetskiy, Andrey E., I. L. Tarasova, and Vugar G. Kurbanov. "Challenges Related to Development of Central Nervous System of a Robot on the Bases of SEMS Modules." In Smart Electromechanical Systems: The Central Nervous System, 3–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53327-8_1.

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Tarasova, I. L., Vugar G. Kurbanov, and Andrey E. Gorodetskiy. "Adaptive Capture." In Smart Electromechanical Systems: The Central Nervous System, 119–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53327-8_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Central nervous systems"

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Sato, Shunichi, Takahiro Ando, Yasushi Satoh, Hiroshi Nawashiro, and Minoru Obara. "Photomechanical targeted drug and gene delivery to central nervous systems." In 2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleopr.2013.6600121.

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Hoyle, Fritz G., Hayfah A. Dimakuta, Kim Benedict P. Cabonita, Vanessa A. dela Pena, Ralph P. Laviste, Cherry Lyn C. Sta Romana, and Cresilda T. Misterio. "Nervo: Augmented Reality Mobile Application for the Science Education of Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems." In 2019 IEEE 11th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment, and Management ( HNICEM ). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hnicem48295.2019.9072855.

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Umarova, Bella. "INTERACTION OF MAST CELLS WITH NEURONS OF THE PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS." In XVI International interdisciplinary congress "Neuroscience for Medicine and Psychology". LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1294.sudak.ns2020-16/468.

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Gieszinger, Péter, Rita Ambrus, and Piroska Szabó-Révész. "Formulation of nasal drug delivery systems to induce systemic and central nervous systemic effect." In II. Symposium of Young Researchers on Pharmaceutical Technology,Biotechnology and Regulatory Science. Szeged: Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/syrptbrs.2020.op3.

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Gupta, S., E. Aslakson, and S. D. Vernon. "Identifying a Central Nervous System Perturbation that Explains Peripheral Hypocortisolism by Modeling the HPA Axis." In Proceedings. 19th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbms.2006.96.

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Lee, Taeju, Wonsuk Choi, Jinseok Kim, and Minkyu Je. "Implantable Neural-Recording Modules for Monitoring Electrical Neural Activity in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems." In 2020 IEEE 63rd International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwscas48704.2020.9184529.

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Koeppen, Ryan, Meghan E. Huber, Dagmar Sternad, and Neville Hogan. "Controlling Physical Interactions: Humans Do Not Minimize Muscle Effort." In ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5202.

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Physical interaction with tools is ubiquitous in functional activities of daily living. While tool use is considered a hallmark of human behavior, how humans control such physical interactions is still poorly understood. When humans perform a motor task, it is commonly suggested that the central nervous system coordinates the musculo-skeletal system to minimize muscle effort. In this paper, we tested if this notion holds true for motor tasks that involve physical interaction. Specifically, we investigated whether humans minimize muscle forces to control physical interaction with a circular kinematic constraint. Using a simplified arm model, we derived three predictions for how humans should behave if they were minimizing muscular effort to perform the task. First, we predicted that subjects would exert workless, radial forces on the constraint. Second, we predicted that the muscles would be deactivated when they could not contribute to work. Third, we predicted that when moving very slowly along the constraint, the pattern of muscle activity would not differ between clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) motions. To test these predictions, we instructed human subjects to move a robot handle around a virtual, circular constraint at a constant tangential velocity. To reduce the effect of forces that might arise from incomplete compensation of neuro-musculo-skeletal dynamics, the target tangential speed was set to an extremely slow pace (∼1 revolution every 13.3 seconds). Ultimately, the results of human experiment did not support the predictions derived from our model of minimizing muscular effort. While subjects did exert workless forces, they did not deactivate muscles as predicted. Furthermore, muscle activation patterns differed between CW and CCW motions about the constraint. These findings demonstrate that minimizing muscle effort is not a significant factor in human performance of this constrained-motion task. Instead, the central nervous system likely prioritizes reducing other costs, such as computational effort, over muscle effort to control physical interactions.
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Kim, Seung-Jae, and Hermano Igo Krebs. "MIT-Skywalker: Preliminary Insights on Performance-Based Locomotor Training." In ASME 2010 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2010-4173.

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Gait rehabilitation promotes the reduction of gait deficits resulting from neurological pathologies by enhancing activity-dependent plasticity in the central nervous system. To maximize the therapeutic benefit of gait training, the key components appear to be subjects’ active participation and intensity. In this paper we discuss a performance-based training scheme for a novel gait trainer (MIT-Skywalker) that can challenge patients by systematically adjusting the treadmill speed and visual feedback. In our algorithm, the speed is adjusted based on gait performance of step length symmetry and subject’s ability to cope with the treadmill speed. Computer simulations demonstrate that the gait speed controller adapts to changes in walking performance, suggesting a potential scheme for gait therapy.
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Ahn, Jooeun, and Neville Hogan. "The Basin of Entrainment of Human Gait Under Mechanical Perturbation." In ASME 2008 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2008-2168.

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Using Anklebot, a therapeutic robot module, we perturbed human gait by applying external torque to the human ankle at various frequencies. We observed that with a properly designed perturbation, 8 subjects out of 10 exhibited entrained gaits: their gait frequencies were adapted to the frequency of mechanical perturbation, and they synchronized their ankle actuation with the external torque supplied by the robot. This preliminary result suggests that a limit-cycle oscillator, a plausible element of the coupled system of central nervous system and musculo-skeletal periphery, plays a significant role in the neuro-motor execution of human locomotion. The entrainment of human gait by periodic torque from a robotic aid may provide a novel approach to walking therapy that is uniquely supportive of normal biological function.
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Khorsand Vakilzadeh, Majid, Hassan Salarieh, Mohsen Asghari, and Mohamad Parnianpour. "Trajectory Planning of Spine Motion During Flexion Using a Stability-Based Optimization." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24371.

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A central problem in motor control is to understand how the many biomechanical degrees of freedom are coordinated to achieve a goal. A common assumption is that Central Nervous System (CNS) would minimize a performance index to achieve this goal which is called objective function. In this paper, two popular objective functions are utilized to design the optimal trajectory of trunk movements. A 3D computational method incorporated with 18 anatomically oriented muscles is used to simulate human trunk system. Inverse dynamics allows us to compute torque which is generated around Lumbosacral joint. This torque is divided among muscles by static stability-based optimization. Trunk movement from the upright standing to 30 degrees of flexion is simulated based on this method. Incorporation of the stability condition with the static optimization resulted in an increase of antagonistic activities which would increase the joint stiffness around the Lumbosacral joint in response to gravity perturbation. Results would shed light on the interaction mechanisms in muscle activation patterns, seen in various performance indices.
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Reports on the topic "Central nervous systems"

1

Ridgway, Sam H. The Cetacean Central Nervous System. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381704.

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Albquerque, Edson X. Molecular Targets for Organophosphates in the Central Nervous System. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada426356.

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Rowland, Vernon, and Henry Gluck. Attention and Preparatory Processes in the Central Nervous System. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada171316.

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Butler, F. K., and Jr. Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity in Closed-Circuit Scuba Divers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada170879.

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Paul, Satashree. Anesthesia-The Gamechanger. Science Repository OÜ, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/sr.blog.11.

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General anesthetics mainly acts by inactivating the central nervous system (CNS) excitatory receptors while activating the inhibitory receptors of CNS. Oscillations play a major role in keeping the brain in working conditions
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Clark, J. M., and C. J. Lambertsen. Extension of Central Nervous and Visual System Oxygen Tolerance in Physical Work. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada239160.

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Mery, Laura, Matthew Wayner, John McQuade, and Erica Anderson. Characterization of the Effects of Fatigue on the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Drug Therapies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada489794.

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Catlin, Kristen M. Role of Cytokines and Neurotrophins in the Central Nervous System in Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Pathogenesis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012369.

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Li, Yanming, Zhigang Zhao, and Yuanbo Liu. Combined chemotherapy in new diagnosed primary central nervous system lymphoma: a systematic review and network meta‑analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.9.0084.

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Carpenter, A. V., W. D. Flanders, E. L. Frome, D. J. Crawford-Brown, and S. A. Fry. Radiation exposure and central nervous system cancers: A case-control study among workers at two nuclear facilities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6646019.

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