Academic literature on the topic 'Central-local government relations – Case studies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Central-local government relations – Case studies"
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Lin, Kun-Chin, and Shaofeng Chen. "The Local Government in Corporate Restructuring: Case Studies in Fractured Bargaining Relations." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 42, no. 4 (December 2013): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261304200407.
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Through two illustrative case studies of enterprise reform in Henan Province, we examine the underlying political contentions behind the changing roles of local government in the process of the corporatization and asset restructuring of state-owned enterprises (SOE) starting in the late 1990s. As SOEs lose their ability to meet the multitude of resource demands from central and local officials, they become sites of inter-governmental contentions resulting in fiscal and social uncertainties for affected communities exiting the socialist economy. Our first case study is Puyang municipal government, which leveraged its regulatory authority to exact heavy side-payments in return for not obstructing the corporatization of Zhongyuan Oilfield; the second case involves Zheng-zhou city officials colluding with provincial bureaucrats and the state-appointed managers of the Yutong Bus Company in an insider privatization that effectively circumvented a specific Ministry of Finance prohibition.
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Kostka, Genia, and Jonas Nahm. "Central–Local Relations: Recentralization and Environmental Governance in China." China Quarterly 231 (August 18, 2017): 567–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741017001011.
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AbstractRecent literature on environmental governance in China frequently ascribes blame for China's environmental problems to sub-national governments' lax environmental enforcement. Such research implicitly assumes that more central control would lead to better results but, as yet, the role of the centre in environmental governance remains underresearched. In the context of the current phase of recentralization, this article studies central and local interests, capacities and interactions across policy issues and government agencies. By “bringing the centre back” into the study of central–local relations in China, we examine both where such recentralization has in fact occurred and whether such recentralization efforts have improved environmental outcomes. We argue that centralization does not improve outcomes in every case. Further, central and local levels of governance are not as different as they might seem. Indeed, there are significant areas of overlapping interests and similar patterns of behaviour, both positive (enforcement) and negative (shirking), between central and local administrations. The results draw an empirically and theoretically rich picture of central–local relations that highlights the innate complexity of China's environmental governance patterns during the current phase of recentralization.
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Liang, Xiao, Yuqing Liang, Chong Chen, and Meine Pieter van Dijk. "Implementing Water Policies in China: A Policy Cycle Analysis of the Sponge City Program Using Two Case Studies." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 5261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135261.
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This study carries out an in-depth analysis of urban water policy implementation in China through a policy cycle analysis and case study of Sponge city program. The policy cycle analysis articulates discrete steps within the policy formulation and implementation process, while the case studies reflect the specific problems in water project implementation. Because of the principal–agent relation between central and local government, a ‘‘double wheel’’ policy cycle model is adopted to reflect the policy cycles at central level and at local level. Changde city and Zhuanghe city, two demo cities in the Sponge city program, are chosen for the analysis. The policy cycle analysis shows that the central government orders local government to implement policy without clear direction on how to attract private sector participation. The evaluation of central government did not include private sector involvement, nor the sustainability of the investments. This promotes the local government’s pursuit of project construction completion objectives, without seriously considering private sector involvement and operation and maintenance (O&M) cost. The local governments do not have political motivation and experiences to attract private investments into project implementation. The case study in the two demo cities shows that local government subsidies are the main source of O&M funding currently, which is not sustainable. The water projects are not financially feasible because no sufficient revenue is generated to cover the high initial investments and O&M cost. The lack of private sector involvement makes it difficult to maintain adequate funding in O&M, leading to the unsustainability of the water projects. It is not easy to achieve private sector involvement, but it could be the key to realizing urban water resilience in a more sustainable way.
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Xu, Bin, and Xiaoyu Pu. "Dynamic Statism and Memory Politics: A Case Analysis of the Chinese War Reparations Movement." China Quarterly 201 (March 2010): 156–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741009991111.
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AbstractThis study addresses the Chinese Second World War victims' reparations movement (CWRM) against Japan as a case of contemporary Chinese memory politics. While many studies indicate the Chinese government's use of the war memories for political purposes, ours focuses on how official discourses are translated into citizens' political participation and how the state–society interactions lead to variation in the development of the movement sectors within the case of CWRM. Drawing on textual and ethnographic data and a theoretical “dynamic statism,” we argue that the central government's ambivalent attitude towards this ideologically useful yet institutionally troublesome movement created room for local governments and the movement to pursue their own causes. Yet the local and central governments' strong interventions, either facilitation or repression, discouraged civil society's participation and led to the underdevelopment of some movement sectors. In the sectors where the local governments held an attitude of absenteeism or co-operation, the movement was able to mobilize resources from civil society and state institutions and finally developed well.
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CHELAN LI, LINDA. "Differentiated Actors: Central–Local Politics in China's Rural Tax Reforms." Modern Asian Studies 40, no. 1 (February 2006): 151–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06001855.
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How decisions and policies are made and implemented? This classical question in political science has attracted a considerable literature amongst observers of realpolitik in China, with its continental size, 1.3 billion population and five layers of government. Mirroring the move away from the traditional dualism of ‘top-down’ versus ‘bottom-up’ approaches in the general implementation literature, recent literature on Chinese central–local politics emphasizes the co-participation of central and local actors in decision-making and the dialectical interactive relationship between central and local power. Goodman recognizes, for instance, that central and local actors have differentiated roles to play in decision-making. Li makes the case of interactive central–local power, calling for a reconceptualization of central-local relations in a non-zero-sum schema. Recent studies on the ‘Open Up the West’ national policy augment the claim for ‘disaggregating’ China, and the relevance of the provincial, regional and local as levels and foci of analysis. Against the traditional emphasis over central predominance versus provincial power, this body of literature, adopting a ‘non-dualistic’ approach to power, highlights the co-existence of central and local power in a diffuse, complex decision-making process.
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Cantir, Cristian. "Kin States in Sub-state Diplomacy Conflict Dynamics." Foreign Policy Analysis 16, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isafpa/ory018.
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Abstract How and why do diplomatic activities by sub-state units produce conflict with the central government? To answer this question, scholars have focused on multinational states in which at least one administrative unit—Catalonia, for instance—has an identity that is different from the rest of the country. Such noncentral governments (NCGs), the argument goes, are more likely to engage in uncoordinated bypassing activities and in the international projection of their specific identity in a manner that antagonizes central decision makers. That is especially the case if local elites are dissatisfied with the amount of local autonomy and the institutional tools available for identity protection. This article uses insights from the ethnic conflict and nationalism literature to advance sub-state diplomacy scholarship by adding a transnational dimension to the analysis. Three illustrative case studies—France-Canada-Quebec, Austria-Italy–South Tyrol, and Sweden-Finland–the Åland Islands—reveal that kin states can play a variety of roles in the triangular relationship with the kin NCG and the host state and can either exacerbate or dampen conflictual paradiplomacy. More broadly, the article is an effort to conceptualize the role of sovereign states in sub-state diplomacy.
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Chechenov, Aslan M., Murat Z. Shogenov, and Zarema A. Atabieva. "Self-Governance and Development of Local Communities on the North Caucasus: the Case of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkesia." Humanities of the South of Russia 9, no. 1 (2020): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/2227-8656.2020.1.16.
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The purpose of this work is to study the problem of local government formation and evaluate the effectiveness of local government strategies. Modern government institutions in the territory of the North Caucasus (based on the data from Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia) are analyzed as the studied material. The analysis of this paper was based on the results of field studies that were performed in 2014-2018 within the scope of the North Caucasian Complex Expedition from 2014 till 2018. Modern institutions of self-governance at the local level, the dynamics of transformation of state and public relations, as well as problems and prospects for improving local self-governance in the context of strategies for the development of rural settlements are identified.
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Ingvar Jacobsen, Dag. "A Tragedy of the Councils? Exploring the Hollowing-Out Hypothesis – The Case of Norwegian Local Authorities." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 7, no. 3 (October 14, 2009): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/84.
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In the debate on governance structures, it is often assumed that traditional political and administrative institutions are “hollowed-out” in favour of other actors at the international, national and local levels. But how valid is this assumption? By using a variant of the reputational method for studying power, local politicians in 30 Norwegian municipalities were asked to assess the power of other actors in different fields – the local administration, central government, local media, local pressure and interest groups, and international institutions like the EU – in relation to the perceived power of the political local council. The main conclusion is that three main actors are clearly perceived as more powerful than other actors: the local political council, the local administration and the state. Other actors were deemed much less influential, indicating that the power of local politicians may be rather large. Findings indicate that old hierarchical government structures seem still to be highly influential. In addition, the perceived power of local authorities varies across municipalities and within them. Implications for governance studies are discussed.
KEYWORDS: • local self-government • governance structures • local authorities • hollowing-out hypothesis • Norway
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Johnson, Mathew. "Implementing the living wage in UK local government." Employee Relations 39, no. 6 (October 2, 2017): 840–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-02-2017-0039.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the impact of living wages on organisational pay systems. Design/methodology/approach The research draws on 23 semi-structured interviews with HR managers, trade union representatives, and politicians at four UK local government case study sites. Findings The findings suggest that living wages can have a positive impact on directly employed workers in cleaning, catering and care services, but the research also finds that the localised adoption of living wages can lead to significant wage compression, resulting in a broad band of “low skill-low wage jobs”. Originality/value The theoretical contribution is twofold. In-line with earlier research the “first-order” effects of living wages are clear: hourly wages for a large number of women in part-time roles increased sharply. However, this is only part of the story as “second-order” effects such as ripples and spill-overs are less extensive than suggested by other studies. This is due to the limited scope for trade unions to restore wage differentials through collective bargaining, the slow progress in extending the living wage to contracted staff, and parallel processes of downsizing and outsourcing.
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Gaman-Golutvina, O., and M. Dudaeva. "Center-Regional Relations in Italy." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 20, no. 1 (2022): 6–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2022.20.1.68.6.
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The article examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the development of center-regional relations on the example of the Italian Republic. The pandemic has become a serious test of the effectiveness and strength of interaction between central governments and regions, and analysis of the socio-political results of almost two years of the difficult test makes it possible to clarify the understanding of the nature of modern Italian regionalism, and allows us to present a forecast for its further development. The study of this research is inscribed in a broad analytical and historical context. The conceptualization of analytical tools has been clarified, including the concepts of decentralization, regionalization, federalization, devolution, separatism, irredentism, autonomism. Political decentralization in Italy is considered in a historical retrospective by analyzing the goals, drivers and main milestones of the emergence and development of autonomist and separatist projects, including taking into account the study of the "North-South" issue. Various alternatives for the further evolution of center-periphery relations are considered, taking into account the negative impact of the pandemic. The conclusion is argued that the central government as a whole has demonstrated the ability to mobilize and pursue a flexible policy that meets social demand in key parameters, as a result of which society has rallied around the anti-crisis agenda and increased support for the central government. At this stage, it is considered that a relative public agreement has been reached taking into account the increase of current problems in case of active support of separatist political actors. Provided that the national government develops a further effective policy that keeps in mind the needs of the regions, it will help maintain the stability of the center-regional relations for the future.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Central-local government relations – Case studies"
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Chow, Sin-yin, and 鄒倩賢. "The central-local relationship in Guangdong and Fujian: a comparative approach." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31953451.
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BOLLEYER, Nicole. "Internal government dynamics and the nature of intergovernmental relations : constraints and corridors of organizational adaptation in federal systems." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7039.
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Defence date: 7 May 2007Examining Board: Prof. Tanja A. Börzel (Free University of Berlin) ; Prof. Adrienne Héritier (European University Institute) ; Prof. Peter Mair (European University Institute) ; Prof. Alberta Sbragia (University of Pittsburgh)
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Over the past decades, governments have increasingly been confronted with problems that transcend their boundaries. A multitude of policy fields are affected, including environment, trade and security. Responding to the challenges triggered by Europeanization and globalization, governments increasingly interact across different spheres of authority. Both theoretically and empirically, the puzzle of institutional choice reflected by the variety of arrangements in which intergovernmental cooperation takes place inside individual countries and across their borders remains surprisingly under-explored. In an attempt to solve this puzzle, the dissertation tackles the following questions: Why are the intergovernmental arrangements governments set up to deal with boundary-crossing problems so different? To what extent do these institutional differences affect the effectiveness of intergovernmental cooperation? To address this gap theoretically and empirically, this book adopts a deductive, rationalist approach to institution-building. It argues that internal politics, the type of executive-legislative relations within the interacting governments, explains the nature of institutions set up to channel intergovernmental processes: while power-sharing governments engage in institution-building, power-concentrating governments avoid it. It also shows that these institutional choices matter for the output of intergovernmental cooperation. The approach is applied to Canada, Switzerland, the United States, and finally the European Union. Disaggregating individual government units, the theoretical approach reveals how intragovernmental micro-incentives drive macro-dynamics and thereby addresses the neglect of horizontal dynamics in multilevel systems. The willingness and capacity of lower-level governments to solve collective problems on their own and to oppose central encroachment are crucial to understand the power distribution in different systems and their long-term evolutions.
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Heery, Edmund James. "Performance-related pay in local government : a case study of industrial relations." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244541.
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Goldie, Rosamund Pauline Morah. "The smaller peace process in Northern Ireland :case studies of local government promoting good relations." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491945.
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This thesis examines the peace process in terms of building and sustaining trust in post-conflict Northern Ireland local District Councils, alongside the structural reforms arising from the Belfast Agreement. It asks if local government has implemented the statutory duty to promote good relations, as well as equality, under Section 75 of the Northern Ireland Act (1998), and whether this amounts to mainstreaming. It is a qualitative case study of three local Councils, focusing on fonnal politics. Promoting good relations rests on politicians' ideological alignment however committed senior .officials are to mainstreaming equality and good relations. The thesis shows evidence that it suited Nationalists to mainstream equality and good relations - in the political development of the peace process - whereas it suited Unionists to resist this process before the St Andrews Agreement and the restoration of a devolved power sharing Northern Ireland government. It also refutes alleged 'conflict' between the Section 75 duties. It critiques the dominant Equity, Diversity and Interdependence (EDI) model of good relations. Since dialogic mechanisms are central to democratic renewal and peace-building, theorising promoting good relations adopts a 'conversational canvas'. This proposes a 'conversational' model which incorporates the principles of EDI and a robust notion of mainstreaming, where the driver is social justice rather than the business case. Finally it proposes that current government policy is reviewed with intent to ground 'A Shared Future' in equality and human rights discourses. It is necessary to embed the core principles of the peace agreement in policy and practice if Northern Ireland is to sustain and strengthen the existing peace.
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Fortner, Stephanie. "Community development corporations : can local government do more towards building the capacity of their CDCs?" Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1136703.
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This thesis examines a comprehensive planning model to determine the level of citizen participation The purpose of this thesis was to document ways in which a local government can be a partner with its community development corporations (CDCs) rather than an obstacle. The paper used Indianapolis' CDCs and their support network as a case study. The research identified four needs of a CDC to build capacity: funding, technical assistance, political networking, and internal management. This document intended to find the sources of support to meet these needs in Indianapolis. In the end, the primary focus was not necessarily what local government gave to the CDCs, but how they delivered the needed resources.Interviews were conducted with several individuals in Indianapolis to explore the support network available to CDCs. Members of the Indianapolis support network included the Department of Metropolitan Development--Division of Community Development and Financial Services, the Indianapolis Neighborhood Housing Partnership (INHP), the Local Initiative Support Corporation (LISC), and the Indianapolis Coalition for Neighborhood Development (ICND). The questions asked of these individuals focused on how they fulfill the needs of the CDCs, and their perspective on the efforts of the local government.There are several characteristics and components to this support network in which another city could learn from or replicate. For instance, the local government should not be a reluctant supporter of it's CDCs. Building trust and long term relationships benefits the partnership between the city and CDCs. It is in the best interest of the CDCs if a local government encouraged a charitable environment. The local government needs to realize that the partnership with a CDC only works if there is a shared vision between the two. Finally, each member of the support network for the CDCs need to define what is really meant by the concept of partnership.Department of Urban Planning
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Loncharich, P. V. "New technology, industrial relations and white collar trade unions : the case of the National and Local Government Officers Association." Thesis, Aston University, 1989. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10916/.
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The decade since 1979 has seen the most rapid introduction of microelectronic technology in the workplace. In particular, the scope offered for the application of this new technology to the area of white collar work has meant that it is a sector where trade unions have been confronted with major challenges. However the application of this technology has also provided trade unions with opportunities for exerting influence to reshape traditional attitudes to both industrial relations and the nature of work. Recent academic research on the trade union response to the introduction of new technology at the workplace suggests that, despite the resources and apparent sophistication of modern trade unions, they have not in general been able to take advantage of the opportunities offered during this period of radical technological change,the argument being that this is due both to structural weaknesses and the inappropriateness of the system of collective bargaining where new technology issues are concerned. Despite the significance of the Public Sector in employment terms, research into the response of public sector white collar trade unions to technological change has been fairly limited. This thesis sets out the approach of the National and Local Government Officers Association (NALGO), the largest solely white collar union in the world with over three quarters of a million members employed in a wide range of public service industries. The thesis examines NALGO's response at national level and, through detailed case studies, at local level in respect of Local Government and Water Industry NALGO members. The response is then evaluated and conclusions drawn in terms of a framework based upon an assessment of the key factors relevant in judging the ability of NALGO to respond effectively to the challenges brought about by the technological revolution of the last ten years.
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Kadfak, Alin. "An analysis of the social relations inwaste management : Two case studies on Somanya and Agormanya in Ghana." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160841.
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This thesis presents the analysis of how the social relations shape the situation ofwaste management in developing countries. The towns of Somanya and Agormanya,which are both located in the Eastern Region of Ghana, have been selected as casestudies for this thesis. Qualitative research methods were applied to collect theinformation during the fieldwork. The thesis applies different social science concepts,such as the concept of community, gender relations, corruption and space, to analyzethe social relations among the actors within waste management in the two study areas.The thesis aims to look at waste management from a new perspective and seeks tofind better solutions to deal with the waste situation in developing countries.The results obtained from the empirical work presents the relationships of differentactors in the private space and in the public domain. Relationships between membersof the family are analyzed through concepts of gender and cultural structure withinthe private space. Social relations in the public space involve several actors, such astraditional leaders, local officers, the church community and private companies. Theconcepts of state, community and decentralization are applied to explain how theactors relate to each other in waste management.
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Crozier, Marguerite Nicole. "Cross-border tourism planning and development: the case of the Lake Gariep Initiative." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1668.
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The concept of cross-border tourism planning and cooperation is investigated in reference to the Lake !Gariep Initiative. The field of cross-border economic planning and integration is an area of increasing interest in regional development studies. The Lake Gariep Initiative is an initiative to promote cross-border planning and development around nature conservation, water resource management, economic development, poverty alleviation and tourism in the three municipalities that surround the Gariep Dam. The Gariep Dam, which is largest dam in South Africa, is surrounded by three provinces. The region is also economically and politically marginalised as it has a small, dispersed population and a marginal contribution to the broader regional economy. Under these circumstances the coordination of resources between municipalities to develop and promote the region has been identified as a key success factor for the region. The Lake Gariep Initiative although strongly supported locally has over ten years failed to be institutionalised. This study examines the Lake Gariep Initiative in terms of the origins of the concept and the key challenges that have been faced in establishing a cross-border, development entity. Findings are based on an assessment of documents on the formation of the LGI, interviews with stakeholders involved in the process and an assessment of critical success factors in reference to national and international case studies. This study provides a review of the key challenges, benefits and critical success factors for cross-border tourism development in relation to the Lake !Gariep Initiative.
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Mabotja, Mpheta Samuel. "An evaluation of the integration of the 'white' town of Pietersburg and the 'black' township of Seshego after the local government elections of 1995." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52105.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The emergence of urban systems in South Africa was from the start shaped by racial bias. The black people of this country were refused any form of participation in town planning. To aggravate the situation, urban space was manipulated in a manner that each racial group had its own residential space. The manipulation of urban space gave rise to what is called "the Apartheid City." This "Apartheid city" is characterised by stark contrast in development between a well-serviced, first world town lying side by side with underserviced third world townships. The "Apartheid City" of Pietersburg-Seshego has been undergoing restructuring since 1990. The Local Government Transitional Act (LGTA) has served as an intervention whereby the two formerly unequal areas had to integrate and become one city. The central aim of this study is to evaluate, by using a series of indicators, the integration level that has been achieved since 1995, i.e. since the first local government elections. The study will focus on three key areas to reflect the level of integration, namely, land use patterns, ward demarcation, and integration of personnel. The main conclusion is that though one council has been formed where there were previously two, spatial inequalities and racially-based ward demarcations between the former Pietersburg town and the former Seshego township persist. On the other hand, personnel drawn from the administrations of former white Pietersburg and former Lebowa civil service has not been fully integrated. The former Pietersburg municipality personnel is still white male dominated in both senior and middle management levels while the former Lebowa personnel is black male dominated found in the lowest levels of the TLC structure.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontstaan van metropolitaanse sisteme in Suid Arfika was nog altyd gekenmerk deur rasse bevooroordeling. Die swart bevolking van Suid Afrika was nog altyd in die verlede uitgesluit van deelname aan stadsbeplanning. Om die situasie nog te vererger, was metropolitaanse areas op so 'n wyse gemanipuleer, dat groepe van verskillende rasse elk hul eie residensiële allokasie gehad het. Hierdie manipulasie van metropolitaanse areas het die ontstaan van die "apartheidstad" tot gevolg gehad. Hierdie "apartheidstad" word gekenmerk deur 'n skerp kontras in ontwikkeling tussen 'n goed voorsiene eerste wêreld deel aan die een kant en 'n swak voorsiene derde wêreld deel aan die ander kant. Die "apartheidstad" van Pietersburg - Seshego het sedert 1990 herstrukturering ondergaan, Die "Plaaslike Owerheidsoorgangs Wet" het gedien as 'n middelom twee histories ongelyke areas te integreer om een stad te vorm. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om die vlak van integrasie sedert 1995 te evalueer deur gebruik te maak van sekere indikatore. Die studie fokus op drie aspekte wat die vlak van integrasie weerspieël naamlik grondgebruikspatrone, wykafbakening en personeel integrering. Die belangrikste gevolge is dat daar nou een plaaslike raad is waar daar voorheen twee was terwyl ruimtelike ongelykhede en ras gebaseerde wyksafbakening nog steeds plaasvind tussen Pietersburg en die vorige Seshego nedersetting. Die nuwe personeelstruktuur - wat bestaan hoofsaaklik uit voormalige wit lede van die Pietersburg raad en hoofsaaklik swart lede van die voormalige Lebowa staatsdiens - is nog nie ten volle geintegreerd nie. Die personeel van die Pietersburg Munisipaliteit is nog steeds oorwegend wit en manlik gedomineerd in beide die middel en senior bestuursposte en die Lebowa personeel is hoofsaaklik swart en manlik gedomineerd in die laer pos bekleding in die struktuur van die nuwe plaaslike regeringstruktuur.
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Johnson, Kevin. "Subnational economic development in federal systems : the case of Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0014.
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[Truncated abstract] The objectives of this study are threefold: Firstly, to consider the relevance (to subnational state development) and adaptability (to globalisation) of federalism from a Western Australian perspective. Secondly, to consider the way in which various State Governments in Western Australia have implemented economic development policies to benefit from the global political economy. Finally, it proposes alternative mechanisms for guiding long-term economic development policy decision-making in Western Australia. This final objective is addressed in light of the findings of the first two. It is recognised that incremental changes are possible in full knowledge of the embedded nature of the policy-making process in Western Australia . . . In the case of Western Australia, subnational autonomy does not herald the end of the nationstate so much as a new stage in globalisation. In terms of how the Western Australian State Government attracts capital and labour investment, its history as an independent colony and its physical isolation from the other colonies have created the initial conditions that frame the policy-making process, which includes a set of drivers influencing the decisions that are made by State agents. Overall, the State Government continues to reinforce the State’s role as a peripheral resource supplier to the national and global political economy. Within this context, however, alternative strategies can be proposed that may contribute to the long-term sustainable development of the State’s economy.
Books on the topic "Central-local government relations – Case studies"
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1973-, Bergh Andreas, and Höijer Rolf 1968-, eds. Perspectives on institutional competition. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2008.
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Developmental local governance: A critical discourse in alternative development. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2016.
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Mestnoe upravlenie i samoupravlenie na Donu, Kubani i v Stavropolʹe v 1917 godu. Rostov-na-Donu: Severo-Kavkazskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ gos. sluzhby, 1999.
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Alfitra, Salamm, Dewi Kurniawati Hastuti, and Pusat Penelitian Politik (Indonesia), eds. Dinamika hubungan keuangan pusat-daerah: Perspektif politik lokal. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Politik, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, 2001.
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Decentralization, local governance, and social wellbeing in India: Do local governments matter? New York: Routledge, 2012.
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Yasin, Osmani, and Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, eds. Assessing progress: Update report on Subnational Administration in Afghanistan. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 2005.
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International, City Administration Conference (4th 2004 Tallinn Estonia). 4th International City Administration Conference: Capital city administration : opportunities and challenges : Tallinn, 22-24 September 2004. Tallinn: Tallinn University of Technology, 2005.
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International, City Administration Conference (5th 2007 Tallinn Estonia). Annual conference of the Union of Capitals of the European Union: 5th International City Administration Conference : Tallinn, 27-28 September 2007. Tallinn: TUT Press, 2008.
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Churnside, Roger. Análisis y evaluación de relaciones inter-organizacionales: Modelo, metodología y casos. [Costa Rica?]: Alma Mater, 1994.
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International City Administration Conference (5th 2007 Tallinn, Estonia). Annual conference of the Union of Capitals of the European Union: 5th International City Administration Conference : Tallinn, 27-28 September 2007. Tallinn: TUT Press, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Central-local government relations – Case studies"
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Okada, Tetsuya, Serhii Cholii, Dávid Karácsonyi, and Michimasa Matsumoto. "Communities in Fukushima and Chernobyl—Enabling and Inhibiting Factors for Recovery in Nuclear Disaster Areas." In The Demography of Disasters, 211–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49920-4_11.
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Abstract This chapter provides case studies on disaster recovery in the context of community participation. It presents two cases that explore, compare and contrast the nuclear disasters in Chernobyl and Fukushima. Despite differences in the socio-economic circumstances between the Soviet Union (Soviet–Ukraine) in 1986 and Japan in 2011, the Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters provide an opportunity to discuss power relations in disaster management and the role of local communities. These large-scale nuclear disasters are amongst the most traumatic experiences for the disaster-impacted communities worldwide. This chapter discusses the implementation of relocation and resettlement measures with socio-political power relations within and between the stakeholders. The combination of these is shown to significantly affect the everyday lives of those within the communities throughout the recovery process. Along with government documentation, the interviews with evacuees, community leaders and decision-makers conducted between 2012 and 2016 form the basis of the case studies discussed in this chapter.
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Turner, Mark. "Conclusion: Learning from the Case-Studies." In Central-Local Relations in Asia-Pacific, 236–45. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27711-7_10.
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Head, Brian W. "Improving Social Well-Being and Social Equity." In Wicked Problems in Public Policy, 107–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94580-0_6.
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AbstractProtecting and enhancing the well-being of citizens is a central goal of modern governments. The specific social programs adopted in various countries reflect their local political and economic contexts. The range of problems considered is very extensive—such as public health services, education and training, social support services, crime and corrections and issues concerned with discrimination in relation to age, gender, ethnicity and religion. The core pillars of social policy—especially income support, health, education, social services and civil rights—broadly constitute the modern ‘welfare state’. All the social reforms were controversial when first proposed in earlier times. As public expectations gradually increased, so political ambitions correspondingly shifted. In most democracies, the problem of deep and enduring poverty, along with gender-based discrimination, came to be seen as unacceptable features of advanced societies. But many programs have remained controversial. Thus, the key dimensions of wicked problems—complexity, disagreement and uncertainty—have permeated social policy debates. The chapter includes a brief discussion of two case studies of wicked problems in action—policies to tackle homelessness and policies regulating drug use.
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Nurhidayah, Laely, Rini Astuti, Herman Hidayat, and Robert Siburian. "Community-Based Fire Management and Peatland Restoration in Indonesia." In Environment & Policy, 135–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15904-6_8.
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AbstractIndonesia suffers from recurrent land and forest fires due to anthropogenic disturbances, such as land clearing and peatland drainage for agricultural activities and expansion of large-scale plantation. The Indonesian government launched a restoration program in 2016 to restore degraded peatlands and prevent fires. Community Fire Brigades or Masyarakat Peduli Api (MPA) is the forefront actor in community-based fire management and plays a significant role in fire prevention and peatland restoration at the local level in Indonesia. This paper examines community’s perspectives and opinions on the role and challenges of community-based fire management and peatland restoration. The paper draws from case studies of six villages situated at two fire-prone provinces in Riau and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. We employ the cohesive fire management strategy model as a lens to understand the challenges and effectiveness of a community-based fire management strategy in Indonesia. The cohesive fire management strategy focuses on three key areas: creating a resilient landscape, developing fire adaptive communities, and implementing a fire management strategy. We found that MPAs face diverse challenges that reduce their capacity to prevent and control forest and land fires. One of the most common challenges faced by the MPAs is the lack of financial support for routine operation and maintenance of peatland rewetting infrastructures. Meanwhile, at the broader community level, the absence of affordable no-burning technology for land clearing and the lack of reward and punishment system have hampered efforts to reduce fire incidents. We suggest that the Indonesian government prioritizes funding support for MPAs to ensure the effective operationalization of community-based fire management in fire-prone provinces. We also suggest the need for the private sector and NGOs to step in to address the gap in support for community-based fire management and peatland restoration.
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Gül, Hüseyin, İhsan Kamalak, and Hakan Mehmet Kiriş. "Local and Urban Administrations, Politics, and Elections in Turkey." In Comparative Studies and Regionally-Focused Cases Examining Local Governments, 182–206. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0320-0.ch009.
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As a result of comprehensive reforms since the late 1990s, the structures, powers, functions and relations of the central government and local administrations, and of the state, market and civil society have been reshaped in Turkey. Besides, Turkey's democratic and administrative system and the local, metropolitan and regional administrations have been strengthened. This study focuses on the local and urban politics and elections as well as the local administration structure in Turkey. Accordingly, first, this chapter aims to present a conceptual and theoretical background for the paper on local and urban politics. Second, the paper gives a short review of the local administrative system in Turkey. Third, the study focuses on the types and characteristics of the local and urban politics and elections, actors involved, participation patterns, etc. Finally, a short review of the issues discussed in the chapter along with some recommendations is presented.
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Szczudlik, Justyna. "The United Kingdom." In The Role of Regions in EU-China Relations. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/8142-517-9.05.
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The aim of this chapter is to analyse how the UK actors cooperate with their Chinese counterparts at the regional and local level. Due to the United Kingdom’s constitutional and administrative structure, consisting of the four nations (countries), i.e. England, Wales, Scotland (collectively known as the Great Britain) and Northern Ireland, and a highly developed (yet asymmetrical) model of decentralisation of executive and legislative powers (known as devolution) within those four nations, in the UK’s case Sino-British local cooperation refers either to the nations themselves (e.g. Scotland), to various metropolitan projects in England (e.g. the Northern Powerhouse) or to individual cities. This chapter undertakes to answer the following questions: Do local authorities in the UK follow the central government’s policy on China? What are the British local governments’ main goals and areas of cooperation with their Chinese partners? What is the model of the UK’s paradiplomacy? The chapter consists of two main parts. The first one is devoted to the central level: the description of the UK government’s policy towards China, the state of play of UK-China relations, and the UK’s perception of China, including China’s “soft” presence in Britain (tourists, students, Confucius Institutes, etc.). The second part is focused on the local and regional level. It starts with an explanation of the legal framework of British local and regional level cooperation, then it sets forth the survey results, concluding with the presentation of two case studies: Liverpool – a city in England; and Scotland – one of the UK’s nations and EU regions
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Gross, Jan. "Stereotypes of Polish–Jewish Relations after the War: The Special Commission of the Central Committee of Polish Jews." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 13, 194–205. Liverpool University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774600.003.0015.
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This chapter describes stereotypes of Polish–Jewish relations after the Second World War. Even though most Polish Jews were killed during the German occupation, the stereotype of Judaeo-communism survived the war. If anything, it was reinforced by a widespread consensus that Jews assisted the Soviets in the subjugation of the Polish Kresy in 1939–41. The establishment of the Lublin government in the aftermath of the war served to perpetuate this stereotype still further. Popular sentiment attributed a nefarious role to the Jews and portrayed them as particularly zealous collaborators with the security police serving the new regime. Was it indeed the case that the dominant post-war Jewish experience in Poland was imposing scientific socialism on reluctant fellow citizens and persecuting ethnic Poles? The chapter argues that the dominant Jewish experience in Poland after the Second World War was fear. It also considers the Special Commission (Komisja Specjalna) established by the Centralny Komitet Żydów w Polsce (Central Committee of Jews in Poland: CKŻP).
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Chen, Ling. "The Microfoundation of State Intervention and Policy Effectiveness." In Manipulating Globalization, 93–130. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503604797.003.0005.
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This chapter explains the effectiveness of policy implementation and the varied capabilities of local governments, using policy tools to generate firm-level upgrading incentives. Using China’s largest manufacturing industry—the electronics industry—as an example, the chapter compares the development of China’s two largest manufacturing cities, Suzhou and Shenzhen. It demonstrates how earlier patterns of FDI attraction and the prioritization of large or small FIEs gave rise to distinctive foreign–domestic firm relations. Through both in-depth case studies and hierarchical models, the chapter shows that a segregated relationship started by the group-offshoring strategy of large FIEs makes upgrading policies, such as government funding and tax cuts, less effective and dampens the innovation incentives for domestic private firms. By contrast, a more equal, broadly connected relationship started by the subcontracting strategy of small FIEs makes upgrading policies more likely to generate firm-level innovation behavior.
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Dunne, Tim. "7. Liberalism." In The Globalization of World Politics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198739852.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the core assumptions of liberalism regarding world politics. It explores why liberals believe in progress, what explains the ascendancy of liberal ideas in world politics since 1945, and whether liberal solutions to global problems are hard to achieve and difficult to sustain. The chapter also considers central ideas in liberal thinking on international relations, including internationalism, idealism, and institutionalism. It concludes with an assessment of the challenges confronting liberalism. Two case studies are presented: one dealing with imperialism and internationalism in nineteenth-century Britain, and the other with the 1990–1991 Gulf War and its implications for collective security. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether democracy is a better system of government and whether it should be promoted by peaceful and forceful means.
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Lee, Jooha. "The governance of social investment policies in comparative perspective: long-term care in England and South Korea." In Welfare Reform and Social Investment Policy, 291–314. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352730.003.0011.
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This chapter features an investigation of a mode of governance in the operational policy domain between different welfare regimes, which has been rarely analysed in comparative welfare studies. It illustrates a mode of governance that must be conceptualised in three dimensions: the vertical dimension, involving central–local (or inter-governmental) relations, and the two horizontal dimensions, operating at the centre (central–central), and the periphery (local–local). On this basis, the chapter provides a comparison and contrast between England and Korea's approaches to the governance of long-term care for the elderly with a special focus on co-governance and coordination at the three dimensions. By examining the governance of long-term care in England and Korea, the chapter reveals that the operational policy domain matters greatly in delivering the intended outcomes of social investment strategies.
Conference papers on the topic "Central-local government relations – Case studies"
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Geambazu, Serin. "Dynamics of public urban waterfront regeneration in Istanbul. The case of Halic Shipyard Conservation." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/rqqr4119.
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In the process of globalization, building on the particular spatial scenery of the waterfront, cities tend to refresh their strategies of development to adapt new trends of urban life with huge urban waterfront regeneration projects. These usually focus on a target of maximum marketing and construction of a new image-vision, which aims to represent the city in the global agenda. This aspect is depending on bigger changes in the urban context, the shift in government structures to entrepreneurial forms that involve externalization of state functions (Swyngedouw 2005; p. 1998). The rationale behind the phenomenon of waterfront regeneration and the global embracement of it is now “widely recognized if incompletely understood" (Hoyle 2001 pp. 297), as the relevant literature is based on case studies with focus on the examples of North American and European cities. The goal is to contribute to the more general, theoretical contention of urban waterfront regeneration in developing countries in understanding their dimensions in terms of governance and planning. The research tackles urban waterfront regeneration in Istanbul, Turkey by studying the most recent initiative of urban waterfront regeneration along Halic /The Golden Horn, the Halic Shipyard Conservation Project. The theoretical framework that underpins this study is derived from the discourse on new forms of urban governance including private, public and civic actors (Paquet 2001) that influence planning processes and project outcomes. To evaluate the planning process from a comprehensive governance perspective, indicators include: the legal framework, decision-making process, actors and their relations (Nuissl and Heinrichs 2010) and as normative the perspective of an inclusive planning approach (Healey 1997, 2006) helps to evaluate the planning process of the project. As urban waterfront regeneration literature is mostly based upon case study approaches, a critical overview of international examples is conducted. Both primary and secondary data is collected through: literature review, review of laws, review of official documents and land-use plans, an internship, 31 interviews, 91 questionnaires, participatory observation, a workshops, observation and photographs. The aim is to assess to which extend the top-down governance forms, but also bottom-up grass root empowerment influence the planning process and project outcomes, giving recommendations for an inclusive planning approach. The second aim is to evaluate the urban waterfront regeneration project studying its impact on the neighboring community. Bedrettin Neighborhood is chosen for analysis and its position in the planning process along with its needs are exposed. The thesis argues the modes in which along with clear targets for the improvement of the quality of life for the neighboring community, the urban waterfront regeneration project, Halic Shipyard Conservation Project, will be able to escape the current deadlocks and collisions between government, investors, resistance and local community and might have a chance to actually set an urgently needed precedent of a new planning culture in Istanbul.
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Hidaka, Takeshi, and Takeshi Hidaka. "AN ATTEMPT OF MULTISTAGE MANAGEMENT FOR COASTAL AREAS BASED ON SATOUMI." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b948c48f7d9.94909146.
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The purpose of this study is to propose a hypothesis of a multistage management model for coastal areas consisting of Satoumi and Satoumi-network, referring to case studies. Satoumi, which is a type of Coastal Management, has been increasing from the 2000s in Japan. As Satoumi is mainly created and managed by local residents and local governments, its activities is called a bottom-up approach. Through this study, we could follow the developing processes and changing organizations. For example, in Hinase, activities for seagrass bed conservation and enhancement have been carried out since 1985. As a result, the range of seagrass bed has increased dramatically and the management organization has become including diverse sectors of the region. So we can call these activities a whole of region approach. On the other hand, Satoumi cannot cover wider coastal areas like a prefecture jurisdiction and provide coastal infrastructure like water quality regulations and coast protecting facilities. Such coastal infrastructure should be provided by prefecture governments as ICM through integrated and top-down management process. In Omura Bay, the Nagasaki prefecture government has established such a management system. Whole projects relating to Omura Bay are to be collected and adjusted through its management process. So I’d like to call this a whole of government approach. Unfortunately, this system is not good at networking voluntary activities by local residents. In Kagawa Prefecture, to resolve this weakness, an intermediary activities are provided by the Kagawa prefecture government. The government has established “Kagawa Satoumi Creating Vision” whose main theme is to connect and network relating activities. It is called a support providing approach or intermediating approach. These three approaches are mutually complement to achieve a total system for Coastal Management. Therefore, I’d like to propose a multistage management model consisting of three components; Satoumi, Satoumi network and coastal infrastructure, and three approaches; a whole of region approach, a whole of government approach and a support providing approach.
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Hidaka, Takeshi, and Takeshi Hidaka. "AN ATTEMPT OF MULTISTAGE MANAGEMENT FOR COASTAL AREAS BASED ON SATOUMI." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4316105205.
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The purpose of this study is to propose a hypothesis of a multistage management model for coastal areas consisting of Satoumi and Satoumi-network, referring to case studies. Satoumi, which is a type of Coastal Management, has been increasing from the 2000s in Japan. As Satoumi is mainly created and managed by local residents and local governments, its activities is called a bottom-up approach. Through this study, we could follow the developing processes and changing organizations. For example, in Hinase, activities for seagrass bed conservation and enhancement have been carried out since 1985. As a result, the range of seagrass bed has increased dramatically and the management organization has become including diverse sectors of the region. So we can call these activities a whole of region approach. On the other hand, Satoumi cannot cover wider coastal areas like a prefecture jurisdiction and provide coastal infrastructure like water quality regulations and coast protecting facilities. Such coastal infrastructure should be provided by prefecture governments as ICM through integrated and top-down management process. In Omura Bay, the Nagasaki prefecture government has established such a management system. Whole projects relating to Omura Bay are to be collected and adjusted through its management process. So I’d like to call this a whole of government approach. Unfortunately, this system is not good at networking voluntary activities by local residents. In Kagawa Prefecture, to resolve this weakness, an intermediary activities are provided by the Kagawa prefecture government. The government has established “Kagawa Satoumi Creating Vision” whose main theme is to connect and network relating activities. It is called a support providing approach or intermediating approach. These three approaches are mutually complement to achieve a total system for Coastal Management. Therefore, I’d like to propose a multistage management model consisting of three components; Satoumi, Satoumi network and coastal infrastructure, and three approaches; a whole of region approach, a whole of government approach and a support providing approach.
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Rayra Fonseca Ferreira, Lorena, and Chesil Batista Silva. "Academic entrepreneurship -The applicability of doctoral and doctoral theses from Campos dos Goytacazes -RJ in the entrepreneurial market." In 7th International Congress on Scientific Knowledge. Perspectivas Online: Humanas e Sociais Aplicadas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25242/8876113220212422.
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Knowledge combined with innovation has been shown to be a driving factor for the growth and development of sustainable economic markets and, given the reality of the current scenario in Brazil in relation to social, political and economic aspects, see the high rate of unemployment and informal workers that they need emergency governmental support to survive, the importance of cooperative union between academic centers, scientific society, government and private initiative to induce public and institutional policy strategies that cause scientific, technological and social advances, transforming the knowledge in market innovations that generate jobs and income for social actors. In this scenario, stricto sensu postgraduate courses, especially doctorates, have contributed to the advancement of Innovation, Science and Technology, considered to be driversof economic and social change. Thus, assuming that all theses created in university centers precede an intellectual innovation, this research aims to highlight the reasons that lead to low entrepreneurial applicability among doctoral and doctoral student research. The hypothesis raised is that the lack of disciplines interconnected to entrepreneurship in graduate studies creates an imprisonment of Brazilian scientists' ideas in the academic field without other ramifications. The methodological procedures used will be of a qualitative quantitative approach, with regard to the objectives, the research is presented as descriptive and exploratory, having as a procedure bibliographic studies and the creation and application of a questionnaire for doctors and doctoral students in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. As a result of this research, I hoped to understand the reasons that lead to the low applicability and insertion of academic ideas in local entrepreneurship and the statistical survey of alternatives for interconnection between researchers and the market.
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Barač Miftarević, Sandra, and Marko Paliaga. "TRUST IN A STRATEGIC PROJECT: CASE FROM GRAND PARK HOTEL ROVINJ, CROATIA." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.351.
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Trust is a highly recommended component in the project equation management process. According to Rousseau (1984), there are three types of trust: calculus-based trust, relational-based trust, and institutional-based trust, which are adopted to justify the importance of the existence of trust in a strategic project: Grand Park Hotel Rovinj in Rovinj and ACI Marine, Rovinj. Trust is an imperative condition in the project process, which can secure the achievement of the project. If there is an atmosphere of trust in the process environment, the project is successful. All parties involved in this project had a common vision and acted together, so it was assumed that there were no differences between the groups, corresponding to the trust concept proposed in the main hypothesis. A descriptive analysis (cross tabulation and Chi-square) was adopted to investigate the concept of the importance of trust and satisfaction with the working relationship in a strategic project between investors and local government in terms of project outcomes. The project was huge, but we choose to examine only those representatives who matter, with decision-making power and operational chiefs, 20 respondents in total. The sample size was small, but it covered the most important representatives of two groups, and, according to Sandelowski (1995), it could be a covered requirement for validation, despite its size. The project budget was €750 million and the project duration time was two years. The study results demonstrate that the perception of trust based on relationships and trust on an institutional basis is different between investors and local government, but they share a mutual agreement on the perception of trust based on calculations. In terms of satisfaction with the working relationship and project outcome, their perceptions are likewise distinctive. The study results supported the main hypothesis, but solely in relationship to calculus-based trust construct. The other results revealed a considerable degree of disagreement between two actors’ groups, corresponding to the relational-based and institutional-based trust, and to the satisfaction with a work relationship. These results are truly obvious and symptomatic indicators of the complexity which every project process brings with it. The concept of trust challenges researchers even now, although there are very many studies referring to it. This concept covers many scientific fields, revealing its complex and challenging nature, and opening a space for deeper exploration. The relationship between the parties in any network includes this concept as a conditio sine qua non. Strategic projects are a yet unknown area asking for further scientific debate with the principal objective: successful outcome. This analysis is a limited addition to the strategic project area research offering ample area to investigate a liaison between public and private sector in a specific scheme.
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Bhowmick, Alok, and Sanjay Jain. "Challenges in Design & Construction of Elevated Grade Separators with Wide Deck & Single Central Pier, in urban areas." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0219.
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<p>India’s transport sector is large and diverse; it caters to the needs of 1.25 billion people. Roads are the dominant mode of transportation in India today. They carry almost 90 percent of the country’s passenger traffic and 65 percent of its freight. Cognizant of the need to create an adequate road network to cater to the increased traffic and movement of goods, Government of India has recently allotted Rs 640 billion (US$ 9.55 billion) to National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) for roads and highways and Rs 270 billion (US$ 4.03 billion) for rural roads under PMGSY scheme (as on 20th April 2017). One of the impediment in the fast progress of road infrastructure is acquisition of land & related regulatory hurdles. Completion of as many as 112 projects of NHAI is delayed on account of such factors. There is a restriction of the available width and to spread the road horizontally. Therefore, present trend in urban areas is to go for elevated grade separators, wherein both surface level as well as elevated road can be fully utilised for traffic movement. By avoiding costly land acquisition, it results in reduction in cost of the project and certainly segregate local and fast moving traffic, thereby further increasing speed of movement. Design and Construction of such elevated corridors however poses many challenges to structural engineers. Restricted work space during construction adds to the challenge and brings out many innovative solutions to the problems. This paper discusses case studies of number of such projects for which the authors are presently associated in design and construction planning. These projects are in various stages of construction.</p>
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Chica Mejía, Juan Eduardo, Carlos Ramiro Marmolejo Duarte, Jordi Freixa Terradas, and Malcolm Burns. "Dinámicas de las concentraciones de empleo en sectores intensivos en conocimiento y su relación con las políticas locales de promoción económica: un estudio para la Provincia de Barcelona." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Mexicali: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7655.
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Las economías de aglomeración están transformando el mapa de distribución del empleo en las regiones metropolitanas y están condicionando los cambios en sus estructuras urbanas. Uno de sus más claros efectos es el impacto positivo sobre la productividad de las empresas, que buscan localizarse en un lugar específico como un instrumento competitivo para sus procesos productivos, interactuando así con los procesos de desarrollo del territorio. Estos fenómenos se estudian en la Provincia de Barcelona para el periodo 1991-2001, estudiando los sectores económicos intensivos en conocimiento ―sectores definidos por la OCDE, como Industrias de alta tecnología y servicios de conocimiento alto― por su intrínseca relación con la existencia de economías de aglomeración, además de las industrias textiles, actividad que históricamente ha caracterizado el desarrollo económico de esta región.
El estudio se ha desarrollado en dos etapas; en la primera se estudia el proceso de transformación del mercado del empleo en los sectores y el periodo antes definidos, a partir de la información de los lugares de trabajo localizados (LTL) por municipio, de los censos estatales de 1991 y 2001 del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). En la segunda etapa se ha hecho un análisis sobre los factores clave surgidos desde los ámbitos de la planificación pública que han propiciado la consolidación de estos sectores económicos. Es por ello que, mediante entrevistas personales en profundidad a técnicos de desarrollo económico y empresarial de algunos de estos municipios, se han detectado y analizado aquellas políticas, instrumentos y/o medidas que han sido implementadas por iniciativa de las propias entidades municipales y organizaciones supramunicipales, con el objetivo de consolidar dicho proceso.
Los resultados sugieren que efectivamente ha habido un avance significativo en el crecimiento de la actividad económica de los sectores estudiados en la Provincia, y que este crecimiento responde en algunos de los casos estudiados a las políticas locales de promoción económica desarrolladas por las administraciones.
Esta ponencia se presenta como parte de los resultados obtenidos en el proyecto CAEE The case for agglomeration economies in Europe Targeted Analysis 2013/2/1 del Programa ESPON 2013 de la Unión Europea, y en el que han participado, además de la Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya, la University of Manchester, la National University of Ireland y la Ecole Normale Supérieure Lettres Sciences Humaines, de Lyon. Agglomeration economies are transforming the map of distribution of employment in the metropolitan areas and are affecting the changes in urban structures. One of the clearest effects is the positive impact on productivity of firms that seek to locate in a specific place as a competitive tool for the productive processes, interact with the processes of regional development. These phenomena are studied in the Province of Barcelona for the period 1991-2001, studying the economic sectors in knowledge-intensive sectors defined by the OECD as high-tech industries and high-knowledge services for its intrinsic relation with the existence of economies agglomeration, in addition to the textile industry, an activity that has historically characterized the economic development of this Region.
The study was conducted in two stages: the first examines the transformation of the employment market in the sectors and the period defined above, from the information workplace located (LTL) by municipality, the censuses of 1991 and 2001 the National Statistics Institute (INE). In the second stage has been an analysis of key factors arising from the fields of public planning which led to the consolidation of these sectors. That is why, through personal interviews in depth technical and business economic development of some of these municipalities have been detected and analyzed those policies, instruments and / or measures that have been implemented at the initiative of their own supra-municipal entities and organizations with the aim of strengthening this process.
The results suggest that there has indeed been significant progress in the growth of economic activity in the sectors studied in the Province, and that this growth response in some of the cases to local economic promotion policies developed by governments.
This paper is presented as part of the results obtained in the project CAEE The Case for Agglomeration Economies in Europe Targeted Analysis 2013/2/1 ESPON 2013. Programme of the European Union, and in which participated also Polytechnic University Catalunya, the University of Manchester, National University of Ireland and the Ecole Normale Supérieure Lettres Sciences Humaines, Lyon.
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Rezaeifar, Ayat, Mojtaba Mesgari, and Bahar Mehmani. "Activities in Iran for Standardization of Nanotechnology." In ASME 4th Integrated Nanosystems Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nano2005-87025.
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The importance of nanotechnology standardization is to reach the main topic in developing standards, which is “uniformity in manufacturing and facilitating the commercialization of nano-products.” According to this goal, activities on standardization in nanotechnology have been started in Iran, where development of nanotechnology is assigned to National Nanotechnology Committee of Iran. This committee is working under direct supervision of presidency office. As written in the committee’s official website [http://www.nano.ir], one of the long term goals of this movement, according to the “fourth development program of Iran” is to reach appropriate share of world trade based on nanotechnology. For this purpose standard developing and quality management system is needed for facilitating industrial and technological cooperation and decreasing costs raised from quality unawareness. So our workgroup has selected nanotechnology standardization as one of its research topics. We have studied current state of different active countries in this field and find out that one can categorize these activities into two major groups, General and Specific. The general activities refer to those looking from the regulatory and nomenclature point of view. In the other side specific activities have done according to local contracts signed between manufacturers, organizations and business start-ups. As examples of the activities started in Iran we can mention: 1. Establishing National Laboratory Network for Nanotechnology by National Nanotechnology Committee of Iran. 2. Collaboration of the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI) with, International Standard Organization (ISO) for starting the new Nanotechnology TC (technical committee). Today, Iran is one of the 23 active members of ISO TC 229 on Nanotechnologies. 3. Academic research on standardization of measurement procedures used for nano-scale materials. We have gathered or proposed in our research some opportunities specifically for Iran, which may also be helpful for other developing countries to enhance their market position in the upcoming era of nanotechnology. These proposals can be listed as below: 1. Establishing a national committee for managing and regulating of nanotechnology standards; 2. Starting nanotechnology technical committee in Iranian Standard and Industrial Research Organization; 3. Actively collaborating with other countries and international standard institutes, insisting on the country’s core competencies; 4. Introducing Iran’s specific needs to international standard institutes; 5. Equipping national laboratories; 6. Collaborating with international laboratory networks; 7. Developing specific standards based on casual contracts; 8. Activation of researchers to focus on measurement procedures and methods; 9. Participation in regional seminars and workshops and initiation of such activities. With paying attention to these activities, we can find the opportunity of holding a highly referenced database and information center for nanotechnology related commerce. To organize the “nanotechnology technical committee” inside the ISIRI [http://www.isiri.org/], which is responsible for all standardization activities in Iran, we decided to follow the common inter organizational disciplines of this institute, but we suggested assigning 2 or 3 members of this committee, despite others, as full time members. These members would track international standardization activities, and would be the administrators of such activities within Iran. Actively collaboration with other countries and international standard institutes, insisting on the country’s core competencies, would have lots of benefits for country. Taking into consideration that, there is no comprehensive and global accepted nano-standard in the world, through these efforts we can introduce our main interested topics of standardization to international standard institutes (e.g. during our correspondences with Dr. Hatto from UK committee for standardization in Nanotechnologies, we received an offer to notice them our priorities in Nano-standards). To do so, ISIRI has announced his full support of new ISO TC on Nanostandards. To be able to play an appropriate role in this field, having laboratories with advanced equipments is something essential. Because of the reason that these facilities are costly, we decided to take the advantages of National Laboratory Network for Nanotechnology. The laboratories within this network can support nanostandardization process through measurement at nano scale, identifying characterization of nano structures and materials, and their physical and chemical properties (for more information about this network you can visit the following website http://nanolab.nano.ir). Having a well-known and advanced national laboratory network, Iran can provide services to other countries too, and also can become a member of international laboratory networks to develop it activities. The other activity that Iran is interested in is to take part in joint works with international standard making organizations to develop specific standards (e.g. characterization of nanoparticles in ceramics industry). After developing such standards they could be certified through authority standard making organization. Universities also can play an active role in nanotechnology standardization from different aspects. For instance they can do surveys to study priorities of country in this field, and also can study on measurement at nanoscale, characterization of nanomaterilas, test method subjects and etc. Also, some activities in this field have been done in some first rated universities in the country. Participating in regional seminars and making good connections between scientists who are working at this task is another way to have a good background about nano standardization and developing special standards in nano technology. Scientists can co-work in regional universities and laboratories and they can present their research results in such kind of seminars. The goal of such program is making a new task in science and a good relationship between researchers who are working at laboratories on nano standardization and governments. Developing specific standards based on casual contracts makes our universities, laboratories and industries strong for developing standards for special cases. Being strong in such contracts give our industries and universities a powerful goal for developing standards in special cases. Equipping national laboratories and Collaborating with international laboratory networks gives our industries and universities a wide range of abilities for making precision measurements and being in touch with other institutes. The researchers and engineers can use the results of each laboratory for their researches and measurements. In this way the special contracts can be stronger and appearance of Iran in seminars, workshops and commercial relations will be more effective. One of the most important decisions can be finding a proper industry in Iran which can compete in world trade. For this kind of industry using nano materials as the primary materials or in other steps of process and developing standards will be very helpful. This kind of researches will helpful for developing a long range policy for nanotechnology in Iran.
9
Rivera Borrayo, Elisabeth, and Javier Orozco Alvarado. "Grandes proyectos de intervención en la ciudad-metrópoli: Guadalajara, México y los retos en la planeación urbana." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7606.
Full textAbstract:
El rápido crecimiento presentado en nuestras ciudades desde mediados del siglo XX, ha venido acompañado de diversos y significativos procesos de transformación en su estructura urbana, situación que genera problemas de múltiples complejidades.
Una de las estrategias que empiezan a ser incorporadas en las últimas décadas en las formas de intervención urbana, y en particular, en México, es la construcción de grandes proyectos de intervención
urbano-arquitectónicos, considerados estos como instrumentos clave en el desarrollo y planeación urbana, mismos que producen a su vez, significativos cambios en la estructura de la ciudad.
Este fenómeno ha sido motivo de múltiples reflexiones y enfoques, respecto de las repercusiones que tales proyectos han tenido y tienen en nuestro territorio, no únicamente en el ámbito local, sino en sus
alcances y repercusiones a escala regional.
En este sentido, la ciudad de Guadalajara y su zona metropolitana, comienza a incursionarse con este tipo estrategias dentro de sus sistemas de planeación. Actualmente, existen en la ciudad,
aproximadamente poco más de 30 grandes proyectos urbano-arquitectónicos, que fueron concebidos en las últimas dos décadas, sobrepasando los esquemas urbanos tradicionales que se habían mantenido en
la ciudad y que contrastan ahora, tanto en el ambiente urbano como en sus expresiones arquitectónicas.
Como casos de estudio se contemplan para su análisis, los siguientes proyectos: las Villas Panamericanas, el Centro Cultural y de Negocios JVC (en proceso de construcción), el museo Guggenhiem y el proyecto Puerta Guadalajara (en proyección). Proyectos que en su mayoría, han sido
impulsados por el gobierno, junto con una amplia participación de capital privado, por lo que, los instrumentos actuales de planeación implementados, han jugado un papel importante para que, a través
de ellos, se justifiquen y concreten estos ambiciosos proyectos en beneficio principalmente de sectores privados.
Para lograr nuestro objetivo, se analizará y reflexionará, sobre los retos que existen en el quehacer urbanístico y de planeación, para dar solución a los diversos conflictos urbanos existentes. De esta forma, se pretende contribuir a la discusión respecto de si la intervención y construcción de grandes proyectos, son o no, un instrumento que constituya una forma de dar respuesta a estos problemas y dar un impulso al desarrollo de la ciudad. Para cumplir con nuestro objetivo, se analizará cada caso, bajo dos puntos medulares: las características generales del proceso de construcción de los proyectos y las políticas e instrumentos de planeación urbana implementados.
A partir de estos puntos, se intentará explicar algunos de los diversos procesos de transformación que se presentan en la conformación del espacio urbano. Es innegable, que detrás de estos proyectos y formas de planeación, se disimulan diversos intereses económicos y políticos.
Las cuantiosas inversiones que se contemplan, nos llevan a visualizarlos como nuevas formas de especulación, al margen o en contra de los planteamientos urbanísticos anteriores, beneficiando primordialmente a sectores inmobiliarios y dejando a un lado el interés público. The fast growth displayed in our city since the mid-twentieth century, has accompanied with several and significant transformation processes in its urban structure, which generates problems of multiple complexities.
One of the strategies that begin to be incorporated in the last decades, in the forms of urban intervention and particularly in Mexico, is the construction of great urban projects of intervention, viewed as key
instruments in the development and urban planning, which produce in turn, significant changes in the structure of the city.
This phenomenon has been reason for multiple ideas and approaches; regarding the impact that project has been in our territory, not only at the local scope, but in its reaches and repercussions on regional scale.
In this sense, the city of Guadalajara and its metropolitan region, begins to incursionar itself with such strategies in their planning systems. At the moment, there are in the city, approximately more than 30
great urban-architectonic projects, that were conceived in last the two decades, exceeding the traditional urban patterns that had been held in the city and now that contrast both, in the urban environment as in
their architectonic expressions.
As cases studies are for analysis are the following projects: Las Villas Panamericanas, the JVC Center
(under construction), the Guggenhiem museum and Puerta Guadalajara (in projection). Projects that have largely been driven by the government, together with a large participation of private capital, so that,
implemented the present instruments of planning, have played an important role so that, through them, are justified and realized these ambitious projects in benefit of private sectors.
To accomplish our objective, it will be analyze and reflect, on the challenges that exist in the planning, to give solution to the diverse existing urban conflicts. In this way, it is tried to contribute to the discussion about whether the intervention and construction of great projects, are or not, an instrument that constitutes a form to give answer to these problems and to give an impulse to the development of the city.
To accomplish ur objective, will analyze each case, under two central points:
The general characteristics of the construction process of projects.
Policies and instruments of urban planning in place.
From these points, will try to explain some of the various transformation processes that appear in the shaping of the urban space.
He is undeniable, that behind these projects and forms of planning, are hidden various economic and political interests. The numerous investments which they are contemplated, lead to visualize them as new
forms of speculation, outside or against previous the city-planning expositions, benefitting fundamentally to real estate sectors and leaving to a side the public interest.
Reports on the topic "Central-local government relations – Case studies"
1
Walsh, Alex, and Ben Hassine. Mediation and Peacebuilding in Tunisia: Actors and Practice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.061.
Full textAbstract:
This Helpdesk Report is part mapping of the mediation and peacebuilding actors in Tunisia and part review of the available literature. There are a host of governmental and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that are involved in the mediation of conflicts and peacebuilding, both in formal and informal ways. There is overlap in the principles and goals of peacebuilding and mediation; many organisations conduct both practices, intermingling them. Local, regional, national and international actors have applied mediation and peacebuilding to many different types of conflict in the past decade in Tunisia, involving varied parties. The case studies included in this rapid review cover conflicts relating to labour and the economy, the environment, basic services, constitutional/political disputes, and women’s rights. They involve local communities, the unemployed national and regional trade unions, civil society organisations (CSOs), national utility and mineral companies, and political parties.
2
Middlehurst, Robin, and Steve Woodfield. The Role of Transnational, Private, and For-Profit Provision in Meeting Global Demand for Tertiary Education: Mapping, Regulation and Impact. Commonwealth of Learning (COL), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/11599/241.
Full textAbstract:
This is a report of a first-stage project sponsored by UNESCO and the Commonwealth of Learning to map the extent, range, and impact of transnational, private, and for-profit tertiary education provision in a sample of countries. The data, collected from readily available public sources and verified by in-country experts, was first used to create country case studies for Jamaica, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Bulgaria. A summary report was then produced that drew comparisons across countries in relation to five topics: overviews of each country; national education systems and policies; regulatory frameworks, accreditation, and quality assurance; transnational, private, and for-profit provision; and local perceptions of impact. The summary report also provides a comparative analysis across countries, with reference to the wider literature, and draws out a series of policy implications from the study for governments, institutions, and agencies, both national and international.
3
Kwizera, Maurice, Kwizera, Maurice, Lambert Karangwa, Jeannette Murekatete, Gilbert Rukundo Mutabaruka, Jean Paul Mbarushimana, Tariya Yusuf, Inbar Hanna Yaffe, et al. Making Sanitation and Hygiene a Human Security Issue: The case of Nyamagabe District, Rwanda. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.017.
Full textAbstract:
This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale, it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/ Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Nyamagabe District and WaterAid documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Nyamagabe District, Rwanda.
4
Meeuwissen, Talia, Mable Chanzu, Julie Aubriot, Jimmy Kariuki, Carolyne Odhiambo, Hillary Okumu, Peter Karichu, and Emmah Mwende. How Sanitation and Hygiene Champions Emerged in Siaya County. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.019.
Full textAbstract:
This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Siaya County and UNICEF documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County, Kenya.
5
Katwere Ssemwanga, David, Dominic Lomongin Aballa, Steven Amoko, and Sheila Nduhukire. A Holistic Approach to Accelerated Attainment of Open-Defecation Free Status in Moyo District. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.018.
Full textAbstract:
This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three subnational areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/ Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Moyo District and WSSCC/Uganda Sanitation Fund documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Moyo District, Uganda.
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Coultas, Mimi. Strengthening Sub-national Systems for Area-wide Sanitation and Hygiene. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.007.
Full textAbstract:
From late 2020 to early 2021, the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the S&H sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya, with UNICEF), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda, with WaterAid) and Moyo District (Uganda, with WSSCC), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The cases were then explored through three online workshops with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. This document presents key findings from this process.
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Coultas, Mimi. Strengthening Sub-national Systems for Area-wide Sanitation and Hygiene. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.013.
Full textAbstract:
From late 2020 to early 2021, the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three sub-national areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the S&H sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya, with UNICEF), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda, with WaterAid) and Moyo District (Uganda, with WSSCC), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The cases were then explored through three online workshops with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. This document presents key findings from this process.
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Roldan de Jong, Tamara. Rapid Review: Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccines in South Africa. SSHAP, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.021.
Full textAbstract:
As of April 19, 2021, South Africa has recorded 1.56 million COVID-19 cases and almost 54,000 deaths - more than any other country on the African continent. The country has begun the national rollout of the Johnson & Johnson (J&J) COVID-19 vaccine, with over 292 thousand doses administered it aims to achieve herd immunity by vaccinating at least 67 percent of its population (around 40 million people) by the end of 2021. The government suspended its initial rollout of the AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccine due to concerns over its effectiveness, particularly against the new B.1.351 variant, which accounts for 90% of the infections in South Africa. The J&J vaccine was put on temporary hold in April due to concerns about rare clotting disorders. Although data show that expected acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines is relatively high, the suspension of two vaccines in South Africa, where fear of infection is decreasing, will likely influence public reactions. Understanding how individuals and population groups perceive and make sense of COVID-19 vaccines is critical to inform the design and implementation of risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies, and guide interventions aiming to promote and sustain acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines, while encouraging compliance with other COVID-19 preventive measures. This review syntheses community perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines in South Africa to inform RCCE strategies and policies and provides examples of successful practice. It draws on multiple secondary data sources: scientific literature, qualitative and quantitative studies, grey literature, and mainstream and social media. The review was supported by consultation with four local expert key informants from different fields. It is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on social science considerations relating to COVID-19 vaccines. It was written for SSHAP by Tamara Roldan de Jong and Anthrologica on request of the UNICEF South Africa Country Office. Contributions were made from the RCCE Collective Service East and Southern Africa (ESAR) Region. The brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Börjesson, Patrik, Maria Eggertsen, Lachlan Fetterplace, Ann-Britt Florin, Ronny Fredriksson, Susanna Fredriksson, Patrik Kraufvelin, et al. Long-term effects of no-take zones in Swedish waters. Edited by Ulf Bergström, Charlotte Berkström, and Mattias Sköld. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.10da2mgf51.
Full textAbstract:
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states. In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects. We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats. With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.
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Goswami, Amlanjyoti, Sudeshna Mitra, Deepika Jha, Kaye Lushington, and Sahil Sasidharan. Land Records Modernisation in India: An Institutional, Legal & Policy Review. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/9788195489305.
Full textAbstract:
This work provides an institutional, legal and policy review of crucial aspects of land records modernisation systems at the national level. Introducing property records and patterns of ownership in India, it provides an overview of various central government schemes promoting land records modernisation. It discusses the systemic and legal characteristics of land records and the proposed shift to conclusive land titling system, drawing attention to issues of tenure and property rights, especially in the urban and peri-urban context. Presenting multiple case studies on ongoing modernisation initiatives in some of the study states, the volumes also looks at the roles of multiple institutional stakeholders and the interfaces between them. Operational challenges faced in this transition to technology have also been discussed, in an attempt to bring out an overall picture of crucial issues and best practices across state-level diversities. The objective is to highlight the possibility of multiple trajectories and look at ways in which states can learn from each other by sharing experiences, while simultaneously acknowledging that there are certain issues that are typical of a particular state and must be resolved via deeper engagement with the local terrain.