Journal articles on the topic 'Central High School (Lima, Ohio)'

Across eight high school basketball seasons between 2000 and 2010, we investigated the coverage of over 300 high school basketball games and compared the quantity of coverage allotted to boys’ and girls’ teams within two west-central Ohio newspapers. Unlike previous investigations on media coverage of high school sports, we restricted our sample to coverage of actual games and did not include feature articles about individual athletes, coaches, or booster clubs, and we determined article length by counting the number of words used in each article. We found that boys’ games received two to three times the length of coverage of girls’ games. Media coverage of girls’ games was also less likely to include a photograph and tended to begin lower on the sports page. We discuss the potential implications of ignoring girls’ high school athletics within community media.

Due to the recent racially motivated killings in Ferguson, Missouri (2014); Staten Island, New York (2014); Cleveland, Ohio (2014); Charleston, South Carolina (2015); Baton Rouge, Louisiana (2016); and Dallas, Texas (2016), racial and ethnic tensions have heightened across the United States. Whereas schools would seem like optimal spaces for racial inquiry and promoting understanding, most classroom lessons have been standardized to avoid critical race discussions. Thus, the transformative power of education is restricted when conversations about real issues in society are avoided. This qualitative case study examines Fannie Lou Hamer Academy (FLHA)—pseudonym, a high-performing urban school that utilizes critical antiracism education. The findings suggest that multicultural curriculum helps students develop “self-knowledge,” meaning a personal awareness of their race and identity. Participants describe how self-knowledge provides corrective history, a response to negative media portrayals of minorities, and helps students understand current events such as the racial unrest in Ferguson, Missouri. The implications of these findings reveal the central role of the curriculum in shaping positive student identities and helping to mediate social conflicts.

Objective Data-informed decision making is valued among school districts, but challenges remain for local health departments to provide data, especially during a pandemic. We describe the rapid planning and deployment of a school-based COVID-19 surveillance system in a metropolitan US county. Methods In 2020, we used several data sources to construct disease- and school-based indicators for COVID-19 surveillance in Franklin County, an urban county in central Ohio. We collected, processed, analyzed, and visualized data in the COVID-19 Analytics and Targeted Surveillance System for Schools (CATS). CATS included web-based applications (public and secure versions), automated alerts, and weekly reports for the general public and decision makers, including school administrators, school boards, and local health departments. Results We deployed a pilot version of CATS in less than 2 months (August–September 2020) and added 21 school districts in central Ohio (15 in Franklin County and 6 outside the county) into CATS during the subsequent months. Public-facing web-based applications provided parents and students with local information for data-informed decision making. We created an algorithm to enable local health departments to precisely identify school districts and school buildings at high risk of an outbreak and active SARS-CoV-2 transmission in school settings. Practice Implications Piloting a surveillance system with diverse school districts helps scale up to other districts. Leveraging past relationships and identifying emerging partner needs were critical to rapid and sustainable collaboration. Valuing diverse skill sets is key to rapid deployment of proactive and innovative public health practices during a global pandemic.

At the beginning of the twentieth century about one in twenty American teenagers graduated from high school; by mid century over half of them did so; and today six of seven do. Along with this expansion in graduation, the experiences of high schooling became more significant. Though diversity existed at the school level, by the interwar period most high schools offered courses in “higher” academic subjects (literature, mathematics, and ancient and foreign languages), while they gave large numbers of students a chance to practice music, drama, and other fine arts. Business leaders and educators developed programs in technical-skill training. Courses in household economics, personal hygiene, and sex and reproduction appeared as well. A few schools operated with two shifts: day and night Many maximized their capacity by rotating students between newly constructed gymnasiums, stadiums, fields, swimming pools, showers, cafeterias, laundries, machine shops, laboratories, performance halls, and libraries. Some provided up-to-date diagnostic and preventative medical and psychological services. Others developed vocational guidance. Nearly all established relationships with juvenile justice and youth custody agencies. More than any other institution, the increasingly comprehensive high schools of the twentieth-century redefined the social lives of American youths through teams, clubs, bands, and groups engaged in a long list of contests, games, performances, and other events. Early in the century extracurricular activities began to rival formal class work as the primary focus of secondary schooling. Today there is a joke told from Ohio to Texas, funny for its sad truth. Q: How do you pass a school levy? A: Put football on the chopping-block.

In the canton of Santa Elena, transformational leadership was studied and how it affects the work performance of high school teachers of public educational institutions, with the objective of knowing if it affects the functions of teachers and if this has repercussions on their low work performance or overloads the teaching staff. The research has a mixed approach under the deductive method. The fiscal institutions in the Santa Elena canton are located in the central area and have a total of six, with a total of 135 teachers. Leadership is directly related to the work performance of the teaching staff, which is evident in the fiscal educational units of Santa Elena, however, it is established that not all leaders have transformational leadership (LTF) for the performance of their duties, a situation that affects the development of the teaching staff positions. Keywords: Transformational leadership, performance, teachers, organization, educational institutions. References 1]P., Galán, Y., Baquero, and J., Ascanio, “Los roles gerenciales de Mintzberg: Una evidencia empírica en la universidad”. I+ D Revista de Investigaciones, 10(2),102-111, 2017. [2]F. G., Contreras, and E. N., Andrade. “Aportaciones teóricas significativas sobre el liderazgo carismático y transformacional”. Revista venezolana de gerencia,19(67), 456-476, (2014). [3]M., Escandón-Barbosa, and A. Hurtado-Ayala, Influencia de los estilos de liderazgo en el desempeño de las empresas exportadoras colombianas. Estudios gerenciales, 32(139), 137-145, 2016. [4]A. V. Alatorre, “Interdependencia entre el liderazgo transformacional, cultura organizacional y cambio educativo: una reflexión”. REICE. Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación, 11(1), 73-91,2013. [5]R., Hernández-Sampieri, C., Hernández-Collado, and P., Baptista-Lucio, Metodología de la investigación. Capítulo 9 Recolección de datos cuantitativos, 2014. [6]M., Acevedo-Manuelo, and A., Lizarzaburo-Pedraza, Gestión del capital humano y el desempeño laboral en trabajadores de empresas de negocio de Lima, 2019. [7]E. S., Santa Bárbara, and A. R., Fernández. “40 Años de la teoría del liderazgo situacional”: una revisión. Revista latinoamericana de psicología, 42(1), 25-39,(2010). [8]J. Bazzani-Gaviria, and D. Villalobos-Torres “Liderazgo de Rango Total”: revisión teórica del modelo (Doctoral disertación, Universidad del Rosario).2014 [9]A. Matas, “Diseño del formato de escalas tipo Likert: un estado de la cuestión”. Revista electrónica de investigación educativa, 20(1), 38-47, 2018. [10]M., Romero. Los estilos de liderazgo y los estilos de pensamiento en los directivos de Instituciones Educativas. BIG BANG FAUSTINIANO, 8(4), 2020.

La presente investigación tiene por finalidad determinar el grado de correlación existente entre el desarrollo psicomotor, cociente intelectual y las inteligencias múltiples en relación al rendimiento académico, en estudiantes del nivel secundario. La metodología empleada corresponde a la investigación correlacional, se trabajó con una población de 132 y una muestra de 31 estudiantes del primer año de Educación Secundaria de menores, de la Institución Educativa Nacional “Diego Ferré” UGEL 03, ubicada en el Distrito de Jesús María, Lima Metropolitana. De acuerdo a los resultados estadísticos obtenidos, se confirmó la hipótesis general, que existe una correlación significativa, entre las variables independientes y el rendimiento académico en la población estudiada. De igual manera se confirmaron las hipótesis específicas, que existen correlaciones significativas con cada una de las variables, para la contrastación de las hipótesis se utilizó la correlación de Pearson. Se concluye, que a mayor o menor desarrollo psicomotor, cociente intelectual e inteligencias múltiples mayor o menor rendimiento académico, es evidente reconocer que las variables en estudio, sean estimuladas desde edades tempranas, a cargo de docentes del área de Educación Física, sobre todo priorizando el campo del desarrollo psicomotor, con la finalidad mejorar el nivel de aprendizaje, sabiendo de acuerdo a la ciencia el cerebro desarrolla el 85% hasta los 5 años de edad y el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central termina aproximadamente hasta los 12 años. Palabras claves: Desarrollo psicomotor, cociente intelectual, inteligencias múltiples y rendimiento académico. ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to determine the grade of existing interrelation between the psychomotor development, intelligence quotient and the multiple intelligence related with the academic yield, in students of the secondary level. The used methodology corresponds to the correlational investigation, with a population of 132 and a sample of 31 students from the first grade High School, of the Educational National Institution “Diego Ferré" UGEL 03 located in the District of Jesús Maria, Metropolitan Lima. In accordance with the statistical results obtained, the general hypothesis was confirmed, that there is a significant interrelation between the independent variables and the academic yield in the studied population. On the other hand, the specific hypotheses were confirmed, that there are significant interrelations among each one of the variables; in order to contrast the hypotheses, the interrelation of Pearson was used. It is concluded that the more or the less psychomotor development, intelligence quotient and multiple intelligence the more or less academic yield is obtained, it is important to point out that that the variables in study, should be stimulated from early ages, in charge of teachers of the area of Physical Education prioritizing especially the field of the development psychomotor, with the purpose to improve the level of learning, taking into account that the brain develops 85 % up to 5 years of age and the development of the nervous central system ends approximately up to 12 years.

ABSTRAK Pernikahan anak yang marak terjadi di Desa Pengenjek, Kabupaten Lombok Tengah membutuhkan langkah penyelesaian yang harus disegerakan. Angka pernikahan dini yang terjadi di Desa Pengenjek cukup tinggi dan selama 5 (lima) tahun terakhir tercatat 80 kasus. Selain permasalahan tersebut juga terdapat beberapa masalah lain diantaranya masih terdapat angka putus sekolah sampai tingkat SD, terdapat masyarakat yang buta aksara, kurangnya keterampilan masyarakat terutama kelompok perempuan, sebanyak 825 keluarga memiliki kepala keluarga dengan jenis kelamin perempuan, dan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat yang masih kurang. Tujuan pengabdian ini adalah memberikan pelatihan bagi masyarakat perempuan terutama dalam kegiatan pemasaran digital guna untuk menekan angka pernikahan anak. Metode yang digunakan adalah dengan memberikan materi mengenai pemasaran digital dan praktik pembuatan akun pemasaran. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah kelompok perempuan di Desa Pengenjek mengetahui manfaat dari pemasaran digital dan langkah-langkah dalam pembuatan akun. Selain itu terjadi peningkatan keterampilan peserta dalam praktik pengambilan foto produk yang dipasarkan melalui media sosial. Masing-masing peserta memiliki akun pemasaran e-commerce di akun shopee. Kata kunci: E-commerce; Marketing; Masyarakat; Perempuan; Produk. ABSTRACTChild marriages that are rife in Penajek Village, Central Lombok Regency require immediate settlement steps that must be moved. The number of early marriages that occurred in Pengenjek Village was quite high and over the last 5 (five) years there were 80 cases recorded. In addition to these problems, there are also several other problems including the dropout rate up to elementary school level, there are people who are illiterate, lack of community skills, especially women's groups, as many as 825 families have female heads of household, and the level of community welfare is still lacking. The purpose of this service is to provide training for the female community, especially in digital marketing activities to reduce the number of child marriages. The method used is to provide material on digital marketing and marketing account creation practices. The result of this activity is that the women's group in Pengenjek Village knows the benefits of digital marketing and the steps in creating an account. There was an increase in participants' skills in the practice of taking photos of products marketed through social media. Each participant has an e-commerse marketing account in the shopee account. Keywords: E-commerce; Marketing; Products; Society; Women.

<p>Field School-Integrated Crop Management (FS-ICM) was one of components within the National Rice Production Enhancement Program implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture in the period of 2009−2014. With the support of a large amount of budget, FS-ICM implementation was expected to have a significant impact on the increase of food production. This study aims to assess planning design and the implementation of FS-ICM on rice. This study used primary and secondary data included all information related to planning design and the implementation of FS-ICM program at national and regional levels. Data collection was carried out by interviewing the leaders of agricultural institutions associated with activities of FS-ICM and from Focus Group Discussion (FGD) among the group and individual rice farmers at provincial and regency levels in West Java Province in the period of September−October 2014. The data and information were processed descriptively and qualitatively. The results of this study indicated that annual planning of the FS-ICM program was in fact not based on the results of annual evaluation of the implementation and the performance of FS-ICM. During five-year period, annual target of the FS-ICM had been arranged to be increased at a very high rate, regardless of the limited capacity and the unsuccessful implementation of the program. This study had also indicated that planning and implementation of FS-ICM in the field was not fully in accordance with the basic concept of ICM. The rate of adoption of ICM technology components among the rice farmers was quite low, besides the limited number and quality of agriculture extension workers to support this program. It is suggested reporting systems and socialization program improvement, well-functioning LL, encouraging the mobilization of extension, fostering local growers, establishing better coordination between central and local governments as well as implementers in the field, and also building and repairing aspects of processing, marketing and farmers groups.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Sekolah Lapang Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu (SL-PTT) merupakan salah satu komponen dalam program Peningkatan Produksi Beras Nasional yang dilaksanakan Kementerian Pertanian pada tahun 2009−2014. Dengan dukungan anggaran yang besar, pelaksanaan SL-PTT diharapkan dapat berdampak nyata pada peningkatan produksi pangan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perencanaan dari implementasi kegiatan SL-PTT padi sawah. Data yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah data primer dan sekunder, meliputi informasi tentang perencanaan dan implementasi SL-PTT di pusat dan daerah. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara dengan pimpinan instansi pertanian yang terkait dengan kegiatan SL-PTT serta <em>focus group discussion</em> (FGD) di antara kelompok tani/petani padi sawah pada tingkat provinsi dan kabupaten di Provinsi Jawa Barat yang dilaksanakan pada bulan September−Oktober 2014. Pengolahan data dan informasi dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan perencanaan tahunan SL-PTT tidak didasarkan pada hasil evaluasi pelaksanaan dan kinerja implementasi SL-PTT di lapangan. Selama periode lima tahun, target tahunan SL-PTT terus ditambah dengan tingkat kenaikan yang tinggi, tanpa memperhatikan kemampuan daya dukung keberhasilan program. Kajian ini juga menunjukkan perencanaan dan implementasi SL-PTT di lapangan tidak mengacu sepenuhnya pada konsep dasar PTT, tingkat adopsi komponen teknologi PTT masih rendah, dan jumlah serta kualitas penyuluh pertanian terbatas untuk mendukung keberhasilan program SL-PTT ini. Implikasi kebijakan yang disarankan ialah perbaikan sistem pelaporan dan sosialisasi program, memfungsikan LL secara baik, mendorong mobilisasi penyuluh, menumbuhkan penangkar-penangkar lokal, membangun koordinasi yang baik antara pemerintah pusat, daerah, dan pelaksana di lapangan, serta membangun dan memperbaiki aspek pengolahan, pemasaran, dan kelembagaan kelompok tani.</p>

I was born and raised in the old mining town of Barrio DAS (Don Andres Soriano), Lutopan, Toledo City where Atlas Consolidated Mining and Development Corp. (ACMDC) is situated. Dad started his practice in the company’s hospital as an EENT specialist in the early 60’s and was the ‘go to’ EENT Doc not only of nearby towns or cities (including Cebu City) but also the surrounding provinces in the early 70’s. In my elementary years, he was Assistant Director of ACMDC Hospital (we lived just behind in company housing, only a 3-minute walk). I grew interested in what my dad did, sometimes staying in his clinic an hour or so after school, amazed at how efficiently he handled his patients who always felt so satisfied seeing him. At the end of the day, there was always ‘buyot’ (basket) of vegetables, live chickens, freshwater crabs, crayfish, catfish or tilapia. I wondered if he went marketing earlier, but knew he was too busy for that (and mom did that) until I noticed endless lines of patients outside and remembered when he would say: “Being a doctor here - you’ll never go hungry!” I later realized they were PFs (professional fees) of his patients. As a company doctor, Dad received a fixed salary, free housing, utilities, gasoline, schooling for kids and a company car. It was the perfect life! The company even sponsored his further training in Johns-Hopkins, Baltimore, USA. A family man, he loved us so much and was a bit of a joker too, especially at mealtimes. Dad’s daily routine was from 8 am – 5 pm and changed into his tennis, pelota, or badminton outfit. He was the athlete, winning trophies and medals in local sports matches. Dad wanted me to go to the University of the Philippines (UP) High School in the city. I thought a change of environment would be interesting, but I would miss my friends. Anyway, I complied and there I started to understand that my dad was not just an EENT practicing in the Mines but was teaching in Cebu Institute of Medicine and Cebu Doctors College of Medicine (CDCM) and was a consultant in most of the hospitals in Cebu City. And still he went back up to the mountains, back to Lutopan, our mining town where our home was. The old ACMDC hospital was replaced with a new state-of-the-art hospital now named ACMDC Medical Center, complete with Burn Unit, Trauma center and an observation deck in the OR for teaching interns from CDCM. Dad enjoyed teaching them. Most of them are consultants today who are so fond of my dad that they always send their regards when they see me. My dad loved making model airplanes, vehicles, etc. and I realized I had that skill when I was 8 years old and I made my first airplane model. He used to build them out of Balsa wood which is so skillful. I can’t be half the man he was but I realized this hobby enhanced his surgical skills. My dad was so diplomatic and just said to get an engineering course before you become a pilot (most of dads brothers are engineers). I actually gave engineering a go, but after 1 ½ years I realized I was not cut out for it. I actually loved Biology and anything dealing with life and with all the exposure to my dad’s clinic and hospital activities … med school it was! At this point, my dad was already President of the ORL Central Visayas Chapter and was head of ENT Products and Hearing Center. As a graduate of the UP College of Medicine who finished Otorhinolaryngology residency with an additional year in Ophthalmology as one of the last EENTs to finish in UP PGH in the late 50’s, he hinted that if I finished my medical schooling in CDCM that I consider Otorhinolaryngology as a residency program and that UP-PGH would be a good training center. I ended up inheriting the ORL practice of my dad mostly, who taught me some of Ophthalmology outpatient procedures. Dad showed me clinical and surgical techniques in ENT management especially how to deal with patients beyond being a doctor! You don’t learn this in books but from experience. I learned a lot from my dad. Just so lucky I guess! He actually designed and made his own ENT Treatment Unit, which I’m still using to this day (with some modifications of my own). And he created a certain electrically powered ‘eye magnet’ with the help of my cousin (who’s an engineer now in Chicago) which can attract metallic foreign bodies from within the eyeball to the surface so they can easily be picked out – it really works! Dad loved to travel in his younger years especially abroad for conventions or just simply leisure or vacations, most of the time with my mom. But as he was getting older, travels became uncomfortable. His last travel with me was in 2012 for the AAO-HNS Convention in Washington DC. It was a great time as we then proceeded to a US Navy Airshow in nearby Virginia after the convention, meeting up with my brother who is retired from the USN. Then we took the train to New York and stayed with my sister who is a PICU nurse in NY Presbyterian. Then off to Missouri and Ohio visiting the National Museum of the US Air Force, the largest military aircraft museum in the world. For years, Dad had been battling with heredofamilial-hypercholesterolemia problem which took its toll on his liver and made him weak and tired but still he practiced and continued teaching and sharing his knowledge until he retired at the age of 80. By then, my wife and I would take him and my mom out on weekends, he loved to be driven around and eat in different places. I really witnessed and have seen how he suffered from his illness in his final years. But he never showed it or complained, never even wanted to use a cane! He didn’t want to be a burden to anyone. What most affected me was that my dad passed and I wasn’t even there. I had helped call for a physician to rush to the house and had oxygen cylinders to be brought for him as his end stage liver cirrhosis was causing cardio-pulmonary complications (non-COVID). Amidst all this I was the one admitted for 14 days because of COVID-19 pneumonia. My dad passed away peacefully at home as I was being discharged from the hospital. He was 88. I never reached him just to say good bye and cried when I reached home still dyspneic recovering from the viral pneumonia. I realized from my loved ones who told me that dad didn’t want me to stress out taking care of him, as I’ve been doing ever since, but instead to rest and recuperate myself. I cried again with that thought. In my view, he was not only a great Physician and Surgeon but also the greatest Dad. He lived a full life and touched so many lives with his treatments, charity services and teaching new physicians. It’s seeing, remembering and carrying on what he showed and taught us that really makes us miss him. I really love and miss my dad and with a smile on my face, I see he’s also happy to be with his brothers and sisters who passed on ahead. And that he’s rested. He is a man content, I remember he always said this, ‘ As long as I have a roof over my head and a bed to rest my back, I’m okay!”

e4662028The work now carried out comprises autobiographical research that brings as subject the first woman in custody in the state of Ceará to enter a Public University through the National High School Exam for Persons Deprived of Liberty, Cynthia Corvello. The main objective of the study is to present aspects of his life, especially in the period of serving his sentence (from 1998 to the present day), which relate to the experience of undergoing the exam, obtaining approval, and entering the Federal University of Ceará in 2012. Therefore, the elements referring to his experience as a graduate student and now a Master’s student in History are of interest to the proposed investigation. Methodologically, we invested in qualitative research along the lines of an autobiographical study. Cynthia Corvello was asked to narrate her life trajectory in writing, highlighting the emotions and feelings that marked her childhood, the moment of imprisonment, submission to the national exam, and admission to the University, sometimes as a graduate student, sometimes as a master student. The results emphasize the contribution of the National High School Examination for Persons Deprived of Liberty policy, which allows people in situations of deprivation of liberty to apply for a place in Higher Education and consequently modify their life histories.ResumoO trabalho ora realizado compreende uma pesquisa autobiográfica que traz como sujeito a primeira mulher em situação de privação de liberdade custodiada no estado do Ceará a ingressar em uma Universidade Pública por meio do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio para Pessoas Privadas de Liberdade, Cynthia Corvello. O objetivo central do estudo é apresentar os aspectos de sua vida, especialmente no período de cumprimento da pena (de 1998 aos dias atuais), que se relacionam à experiência de se submeter ao referido exame, obter aprovação e ingressar na Universidade Federal do Ceará no ano de 2012. Portanto, os elementos referentes à sua experiência como estudante de graduação e agora mestranda em História interessam à investigação proposta. Metodologicamente se investiu em uma pesquisa qualitativa nos moldes de um estudo autobiográfico. Foi solicitado que Cynthia Corvello narrasse sua trajetória de vida por escrito, ressaltando as emoções e sentimentos que marcaram a sua infância, o momento da prisão, a submissão ao exame nacional e o ingresso na Universidade, ora como graduanda, ora como mestranda. 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Plano Estadual de Educação nas Prisões do Estado do Ceará. Fortaleza: Seduc, 2020.CHARLOT, Bernard. A pesquisa educacional entre conhecimentos, políticas e práticas: especificidades e desafios de uma área de saber. Revista Brasileira de Educação, Rio de Janeiro, v. 11, n. 31, p. 7-18, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-24782006000100002. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbedu/v11n31/a02v11n31.pdf. Acesso em: 30 jul. 2020.DENZIN, Norman. Interpretando a vida de pessoas comuns: Sartre, Heidegger e Faulkner. Dados, Rio de Janeiro, v. 27, n. 1, 1984.DOSTOIÉVSKI, Fiódor. Recordações da casa dos mortos. São Paulo: Nova Alexandria, 2006.ERIKSON, Erik Homburger. Crescimento e crises. In: MILLON, T. (Org.). Teorias da psicopatologia e personalidade. Rio de Janeiro: Interamericana, 1979. p. 91-104.FOUCAULT, Michel. A vida dos homens infames. In: MOTTA, Manoel Barros da (Org.). Estratégia, poder-saber. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária, 2006. p. 203-222.FOUCAULT, Michel. Microfísica do poder. 15. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 2000.GOFFMAN, Erving. Manicômios, prisões e conventos. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2013.HART, Carl. Nelson Mandela. São Paulo: Macmillan Education, 2009.IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Síntese de Indicadores Sociais. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2019.IMBERNÓN, Francisco. Formação continuada de professores. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2010.INEP – Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira. Enem PPL: participantes, 2020. Brasília, DF: MEC, 2020.LISPECTOR, Clarice. A descoberta do mundo. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 1999.MAEYER, Marc De. A educação na prisão não é uma mera atividade. Educação Realidade, Porto Alegre, v. 38, n. 1, p. 33-49, 2013. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/edreal/v38n1/04.pdf. Acesso em: 30 jul. 2020.MENDES, Igor. A pequena prisão. São Paulo: N-1, 2017.NASCIMENTO, Valdriano Ferreira do. O currículo produzido nas veredas da prática na formação do pedagogo na UECE. 2019. 218 f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2019.NOGUEIRA, Oracy. Preconceito racial de marca e preconceito racial de origem: sugestão de um quadro de referência para a interpretação do material sobre relações raciais no Brasil. Tempo Social: Revista de Sociologia da USP, São Paulo, v. 19, n. 1, p. 287-308, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-20702007000100015. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ts/v19n1/a15v19n1.pdf. Acesso em: 30 jul. 2020.ONOFRE, Elenice Maria Cammarosano. Educação escolar na prisão: o olhar de alunos e professores. Jundiaí: Paco, 2014.SILVEIRA, Fernando Lang da; BARBOSA, Marcia Cristina Bernardes; SILVA, Roberto da. Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM): uma análise crítica. Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física, São Paulo, v. 37, n. 1, p. 1101-1104, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-11173710001. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbef/v37n1/1806-1117-rbef-s1806-11173710001.pdf. Acesso em: 30 jul. 2020.SOARES, Carla Poennia Gadelha. Diário de aula: registros do repensar docente a respeito da avaliação de ensino-aprendizagem no contexto de privação de liberdade. 2019. 282 f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2019.STAKE, Robert. Pesquisa qualitativa: estudando como as coisas funcionam. Porto Alegre: Penso, 2011.

tudent Learning Through Ohio School Libraries: The Ohio Research Study, published in 2004, represents one of the largest studies to date that has sought to identify how school libraries affect student learning. Reflecting on the nature and scale of this study, the reader may wonder why Ohio, a state in the central United States with 3,913 public elementary, middle, and high schools, would consider conducting a statewide survey to establish how school libraries benefit learning. This question has several answers. Until 2000, schools across Ohio were required to have a licensed school librarian. However, in 2000, changes in the operating standards for school libraries introduced by the Ohio Department of Education meant that the requirement to have a licensed school librarian became subject to the interpretation of the local school superintendent, possibly allowing for school librarians to be eliminated. This change placed greater emphasis on the need for school librarians to be able to articulate their role in relation to student learning and to demonstrate more concretely the outcomes of their school library program through the provision of evidence.

ObjectivesTo assess tobacco licensing-law strategies (eg, restricting the sale of tobacco near schools, banning the sale of tobacco in pharmacies) in terms of the equity of their impact and ability to correct existing disparities in tobacco retailer density.MethodsWe geocoded all 11 392 tobacco retailers in Ohio, categorised neighbourhoods based on their demographic characteristics and calculated current disparities in tobacco retailer density. We next simulated the four main types of licensing-law strategies (capping-based, declustering-based, school-based and pharmacy-based), as well as strategy combinations. Finally, using statistical methods that account for residual spatial dependence, we evaluated how each strategy would impact density disparities.FindingsThe most impactful licensing-law strategy depended on the type of community. School-based reductions were equitable for low-income, African–American and urban neighbourhoods (eg, eliminating retailers from 1000 feet of all schools produced a 9.2% reduction in the log retailer rate for neighbourhoods with a low prevalence of African–Americans and a 17.7% reduction for neighbourhoods with a high prevalence of African–Americans). Conversely, capping-based reductions were equitable for rural neighbourhoods. Pharmacy-based reductions demonstrated inequitable impacts.ConclusionLicensing-law strategies could be a central tobacco control effort that benefits both the overall population and vulnerable communities. Policymakers will need to consider their community’s characteristics when selecting licensing-law strategies to correct (rather than inadvertently widen) density disparities. But when matched with the appropriate strategy, high-risk communities could remove over 20% of their tobacco retailers.

Background: Although community stroke recognition has improved slowly over the last 2 decades, currently 1 in 3 Americans cannot recall any stroke signs or symptoms. This has impact beyond an individual level as 66% of stroke cases are identified by someone other than the person experiencing symptoms. Purpose: To implement a 1 hour interactive program emphasizing the FAST acronym for stroke signs and symptoms for school aged children in the Central Ohio area and at 6 months have 80% of students able to recognize signs and symptoms of stroke and call 911. Method: We developed 5 interactive rotating stations each lasting 5-10 minutes (total program of 1 hour). Each station used adaptive equipment to mimic a stroke deficit. To reinforce FAST, other signs and symptoms of stroke and the importance of calling 911, and to start conversations in homes and educate those beyond the classroom, a coloring booklet with a stroke story, facts and activities was given to each child at the end of the program. Grade appropriate baseline knowledge assessments were given 1 week prior to program participation. The same assessments were given 1 week post program to measure knowledge gained based on group's overall average score and at 6 months measuring knowledge retention defined as 80% of individuals scoring at least 80% or above in recognizing signs and symptoms of stroke. Results: There were 839 children educated across 15 schools (12% 3rd grade, 46% 4th grade, 42% 5th grade). Every class for every grade demonstrated improvements in knowledge from the pre-to post-assessment. The aim for 6-month knowledge retention across participants was met (Figure 1). Conclusion: Addressing gaps in community stroke recognition through a 1 hour interactive children's stroke program yielded >80% knowledge proficiency after 6 months. Further research is warranted to determine the association between educating with adaptive equipment compared with standard printed materials and/or lecture.

BackgroundRecent studies have shown the consumption of higher quality diets to be significantly associated with lower risk of cancer mortality (Onvani et al., 2016; George et al., 2014). However, characteristics predictive of higher diet quality have not been well elucidated among the cancer population. The study therefore aims to determine socio‐demographic as well as disease related predictors of diet quality among cancer patients.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study that recruited 100 cancer patients from two large cancer clinics in central Ohio. After providing consent, individuals 18 years and older completed questionnaires that assessed sociodemographic variables, disease characteristics, and diet quality. Food and beverages consumed in the previous 6 months were assessed using the Block food frequency questionnaire and used in computing diet quality scores; measured as Health Eating Index 2010 (HEI 2010). Independent sample t‐test and one‐way ANOVA were used to compare mean HEI scores across characteristics. Multiple linear regression was used to identify factors associated with HEI scores.ResultsAbout 84% of study participants were females and over half (51%) had a breast cancer diagnosis. The average HEI score was 65.24 (SD = 10.66). Females (M = 66.19, SD = 10.50) had significantly higher mean HEI scores than males (M = 60.23, SD = 10.34, p < 0.05). Individuals who paid bills late due to medical expenses reported significantly lower diet quality (M = 60.42, SD = 10.63) than those who did not (M = 66.76, SD = 10.27, p = 0.01). Education status significantly affected HEI scores (F (3, 95) = 3.937, p = 0.01). Individuals with less than high school education (M = 60.81, SD = 10.71) had significantly lower diet quality scores than did those with a college degree (M = 69.24, SD = 7.36). Gender, education status, monthly income, marital status, smoking status, and timeliness of bill payment were included in the linear regression model. This model explained 26.2% of the variance in HEI scores (R2 = 0.26, F (8, 86) = 3.816, p < 0.01). Smoking status (current smokers) significantly predicted HEI scores (β = −8.411, p = 0.05) as did having to pay bills late due to medical expenses for cancer treatment (β = −4.637, p = 0.05).ConclusionDiet quality is significantly lower in individuals who are current smokers or who have to pay bills late due to medical expenses from cancer treatment. These findings allow healthcare providers to identify patients at risk for consuming low diet quality and therefore in need of targeted interventions that helps improve diet quality. Improvements in diet quality have implications for mortality in this population.Support or Funding InformationFood Innovation Center New Faculty Initiative Award. The Ohio State University.

O clareamento dental tem sido uma opção conservadora para o tratamento estético dos dentes. A procura pelo procedimento tornou-se popular, sendo considerado ainda um procedimento minimamente invasivo, seguro e eficaz quando feito corretamente e acompanhado por um profissional habilitado. Esse procedimento poderá mudar significativamente a aparência dos dentes, tornando-a agradável. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do clareamento de consultório do esmalte dental sobre sua alteração de cor e a rugosidade superficial após o envelhecimento artificial embebidas fitness. 100 dentes bovinos foram submetidos a uma análise cromática inicial, por meio de um Espectrofotômetro de Reflexão Ultravioleta Visível*,Modelo* VITA Easyshade® Compact, com a avaliação de cor calculada através do Sistema CIE L*a*b*. A análise de rugosidade superficial (Ra) dos blocos de esmalte foi realizada em rugosímetro HommelEtamic W10 (JENOPTIK Industrial Metrology Germany GmbH). Após as análises iniciais os dentes foram divididos em10 grupos de estudo (n=10)- 50 amostras clareadas e 50 amostras não clareadas (3sessões-1/semana)-sendo imersas em sucos detox de açai (DTXAc), rosa (DTXRs), verde (DTXV), amarelo (DTXAm) e água mineral(A) por 1 hora/ dia. A alteração de cor (ΔE) e rugosidade (Ra) foram calculados.Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante na porcentagem de aumento da rugosidade das amostras. Apresentaram maior alteração de cor, as amostras clareadas que foram submetidas a envelhecimento artificial em DTXAm e DTXRs. Entre os grupos que não foram clareados, os Sucos DTXRs, de DTXAc e DTXV apresentaram maior alteração de cor. O uso de Sucos DTXRs e DTXAm entre as sessões de clareamento de consultório resultou em maior alteração de cor.Descritores: Esmalte Dentário; Clareamento Dental; Clareadores Dentários.ReferênciasAttia ML, Gomes ACO, César ICR, Munin E, Aguiar FHB, Liporoni PCS. Avaliação da eficácia de clareamento e da susceptibilidade ao manchamento de blocos dentais humanos e bovinos submetidos a dois agentes pigmentantes. In: Anais do IX Encontro Latino Americano de Iniciação Científica e V Encontro Latino Americano de Pós-Graduação. João Pessoa: Universidade do Vale do Paraíba; 2005.Ramos APB, Cesar ICR, Alves GL, Alves LP, Munin E, Rego MA, Liporoni PC. Avaliação do clareamento dental com peróxido de carbamida a 16%, submetidos a diferentes pigmentos, através de análise de fotorreflectância e rugosidade. In: Anais do X Encontro Latino Americano de Iniciação Científica e VI Encontro Latino Americano de Pós-Graduação – Universidade do Vale do Paraíba. João Pessoa: Universidade do Vale do Paraíba; 2005.Souto CMC. Avaliação da influência de ingestão de bebidas corantes em diferentes tempos na estabilidade do clareamento dental: análise de fotorreflectância. [dissertação]. Taubaté: Universidade de Taubaté; 2006.Sundfeld RH. Clareamento de Dentes Vitais com Peróxido de Carbamida. Araçatuba: Unesp, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.foa.unesp.br/include/ arquivos/foa/restauradora/files/capitulo-clareamento-de-dentes-vitais-com-peroxido-de-carbmida.pdfAraújo LS, Santos PH, Anchieta RB, Catelan A, Fraga Briso AL, Fraga Zaze AC, Sundfeld RH. Mineral loss and color change of enamel after bleaching and staining solutions combination. J Biomed Opt. 2013;18(10):108004-6.Anaraki SN, Shahabi S, Chiniforush N, Nokhbatolfoghahaei H, Assadian H, Yousefi B. Evaluation of the effects of conventional versus laser bleaching techniques on enamel microroughness. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(3):1013-18.Esberard RR, Consolaro A, Esberard RM, Bonetti I, Esberard RR.Efeitos das técnicas e dos agentes clareadores externos na morfologia da junção amelocementária e nos tecidos dentários que a compõem. Rev Dental Press Estét. 2004;1(1):58-72.Rezende M, Cerqueira RR, Loguercio AD, Reis A, Kossatz S. Corantes com e sem açúcar versus efetividade do clareamento dental: estudo ex vivo. Rev Odontol Bras Central 2014;23(66):146-49.Berger SB, Coelho AS, Oliveira VAP, Cavalli V, Giannini M. Enamel susceptibility to red wine staining after 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 2008;16(3):201-4.Whiteness. Clareador dental para uso em consultório somente uso profissional. Joenvile, SC: Dentscare; 2015. Disponível em: http://www.fgm.ind.br/site/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Whiteness-HP-manual-de-info.pdfSchulze KA, Marshall SJ, Gansky AS, Marshall GW. Color stability and hardness in dental composites after accelerated aging. Dent Mater. 2003;19(7):612-19.Miranda TAM, Moura SK, Amorim VHO, Terada RSS, Pascotto RC. Influence of exposure time to saliva and antioxidant treatment on bond strength to enamel after tooth bleaching: an in situ study. J Appl Oral Science. 2013;21(6):567-74.Tober T, Gilde H, Lenz P. Color stability of highly filled composite resin materials for facings. Dent Mater. 2001;17(1):87-94Da Cunha FB, Rodrigues e Silva BH, Freitas De Paula BL, Alencar CM, de Albuquerque Jassé FF, Silva CM. Effect of high concentrated fluoride-based dentifrice on the hardness, roughness, and color of the bleached enamel. J Conserv Dent. 2018;21(4):433-37.Carlos NR, Pinto A, Amaral FD, França F, Turssi CP, Basting RT. Influence of staining solutions on color change and enamel surface properties during at-home and in-office dental bleaching: an in situ study. Oper Dent. 2019;44(6):595-608.Attia ML, Cavalli V, do Espírito Santo AM, Martin AA, D'Arce MB, Aguiar FH et al. Effects of bleaching agents combined with regular and whitening toothpastes on surface roughness and mineral content of enamel. Photomed Laser Surg. 2015;33(7):378-83.Liporoni PC, Souto CM, Pazinatto RB, Cesar IC, de Rego MA, Mathias P et al. Enamel susceptibility to coffee and red wine staining at different intervals elapsed from bleaching: a photoreflectance spectrophotometry analysis. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28(Suppl 2):S105-9.Al-Basher G, Al-Motiri H, Al-Farraj S, Al-Otibi F, Al-Sultan N, Al-Kubaisi N et al. Chronic exposure to 35% carbamide peroxide tooth bleaching agent induces histological and hematological alterations, oxidative stress, and inflammation in mice. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019;26(17):17427-37.Kothari S, Gray AR, Lyons K, Tan XW, Brunton PA. Vital bleaching and oral-health-related quality of life in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2019;84:22-29.Joiner A. Tooth colour and whiteness: a review of the literature. J Dent. 2017;32(Suppl 1):3-12.Attin T, Manolakis A, Buchalla W, Hannig C. Influence of tea on intrinsic colour of previously bleached enamel. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(5):488-94.Attin T, Schmidlin PR, Wegehaupt F, Wiegand A. Influence of study design on the impact of bleaching agents on dental enamel microhardness: a review. Dent Mater. 2009;25(2):143-57.Pinto CF, Oliveira R, Cavalli V, Gianninni M. 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“As the old technologies become automatic and invisible, we find ourselves more concerned with fighting or embracing what’s new”—Dennis Baron, From Pencils to Pixels: The Stage of Literacy Technologies What constitutes a computer, as we have come to expect it? Are they necessarily monolithic “beige boxes”, connected to computer monitors, sitting on computer desks, located in computer rooms or computer labs? In order for a device to be considered a true computer, does it need to have a keyboard and mouse? If this were 1991 or earlier, our collective perception of what computers are and are not would largely be framed by this “beige box” model: computers are stationary, slab-like, and heavy, and their natural habitats must be in rooms specifically designated for that purpose. In 1992, when Apple introduced the first PowerBook, our perception began to change. Certainly there had been other portable computers prior to that, such as the Osborne 1, but these were more luggable than portable, weighing just slightly less than a typical sewing machine. The PowerBook and subsequent waves of laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and so-called smart phones from numerous other companies have steadily forced us to rethink and redefine what a computer is and is not, how we interact with them, and the manner in which these tools might be used in the classroom. However, this reconceptualization of computers is far from over, and is in fact steadily evolving as new devices are introduced, adopted, and subsequently adapted for uses beyond of their original purpose. Pat Crowe’s Book Reader project, for example, has morphed Nintendo’s GameBoy and GameBoy Advance into a viable electronic book platform, complete with images, sound, and multi-language support. (Crowe, 2003) His goal was to take this existing technology previously framed only within the context of proprietary adolescent entertainment, and repurpose it for open, flexible uses typically associated with learning and literacy. Similar efforts are underway to repurpose Microsoft’s Xbox, perhaps the ultimate symbol of “closed” technology given Microsoft’s propensity for proprietary code, in order to make it a viable platform for Open Source Software (OSS). However, these efforts are not forgone conclusions, and are in fact typical of the ongoing battle over who controls the technology we own in our homes, and how open source solutions are often at odds with a largely proprietary world. In late 2001, Microsoft launched the Xbox with a multimillion dollar publicity drive featuring events, commercials, live models, and statements claiming this new console gaming platform would “change video games the way MTV changed music”. (Chan, 2001) The Xbox launched with the following technical specifications: 733mhz Pentium III 64mb RAM, 8 or 10gb internal hard disk drive CD/DVD ROM drive (speed unknown) Nvidia graphics processor, with HDTV support 4 USB 1.1 ports (adapter required), AC3 audio 10/100 ethernet port, Optional 56k modem (TechTV, 2001) While current computers dwarf these specifications in virtually all areas now, for 2001 these were roughly on par with many desktop systems. The retail price at the time was $299, but steadily dropped to nearly half that with additional price cuts anticipated. Based on these features, the preponderance of “off the shelf” parts and components used, and the relatively reasonable price, numerous programmers quickly became interested in seeing it if was possible to run Linux and additional OSS on the Xbox. In each case, the goal has been similar: exceed the original purpose of the Xbox, to determine if and how well it might be used for basic computing tasks. If these attempts prove to be successful, the Xbox could allow institutions to dramatically increase the student-to-computer ratio in select environments, or allow individuals who could not otherwise afford a computer to instead buy and Xbox, download and install Linux, and use this new device to write, create, and innovate . This drive to literally and metaphorically “open” the Xbox comes from many directions. Such efforts include Andrew Huang’s self-published “Hacking the Xbox” book in which, under the auspices of reverse engineering, Huang analyzes the architecture of the Xbox, detailing step-by-step instructions for flashing the ROM, upgrading the hard drive and/or RAM, and generally prepping the device for use as an information appliance. Additional initiatives include Lindows CEO Michael Robertson’s $200,000 prize to encourage Linux development on the Xbox, and the Xbox Linux Project at SourceForge. What is Linux? Linux is an alternative operating system initially developed in 1991 by Linus Benedict Torvalds. Linux was based off a derivative of the MINIX operating system, which in turn was a derivative of UNIX. (Hasan 2003) Linux is currently available for Intel-based systems that would normally run versions of Windows, PowerPC-based systems that would normally run Apple’s Mac OS, and a host of other handheld, cell phone, or so-called “embedded” systems. Linux distributions are based almost exclusively on open source software, graphic user interfaces, and middleware components. While there are commercial Linux distributions available, these mainly just package the freely available operating system with bundled technical support, manuals, some exclusive or proprietary commercial applications, and related services. Anyone can still download and install numerous Linux distributions at no cost, provided they do not need technical support beyond the community / enthusiast level. Typical Linux distributions come with open source web browsers, word processors and related productivity applications (such as those found in OpenOffice.org), and related tools for accessing email, organizing schedules and contacts, etc. Certain Linux distributions are more or less designed for network administrators, system engineers, and similar “power users” somewhat distanced from that of our students. However, several distributions including Lycoris, Mandrake, LindowsOS, and other are specifically tailored as regular, desktop operating systems, with regular, everyday computer users in mind. As Linux has no draconian “product activation key” method of authentication, or digital rights management-laden features associated with installation and implementation on typical desktop and laptop systems, Linux is becoming an ideal choice both individually and institutionally. It still faces an uphill battle in terms of achieving widespread acceptance as a desktop operating system. As Finnie points out in Desktop Linux Edges Into The Mainstream: “to attract users, you need ease of installation, ease of device configuration, and intuitive, full-featured desktop user controls. It’s all coming, but slowly. With each new version, desktop Linux comes closer to entering the mainstream. It’s anyone’s guess as to when critical mass will be reached, but you can feel the inevitability: There’s pent-up demand for something different.” (Finnie 2003) Linux is already spreading rapidly in numerous capacities, in numerous countries. Linux has “taken hold wherever computer users desire freedom, and wherever there is demand for inexpensive software.” Reports from technology research company IDG indicate that roughly a third of computers in Central and South America run Linux. Several countries, including Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina, have all but mandated that state-owned institutions adopt open source software whenever possible to “give their people the tools and education to compete with the rest of the world.” (Hills 2001) The Goal Less than a year after Microsoft introduced the The Xbox, the Xbox Linux project formed. The Xbox Linux Project has a goal of developing and distributing Linux for the Xbox gaming console, “so that it can be used for many tasks that Microsoft don’t want you to be able to do. ...as a desktop computer, for email and browsing the web from your TV, as a (web) server” (Xbox Linux Project 2002). Since the Linux operating system is open source, meaning it can freely be tinkered with and distributed, those who opt to download and install Linux on their Xbox can do so with relatively little overhead in terms of cost or time. Additionally, Linux itself looks very “windows-like”, making for fairly low learning curve. To help increase overall awareness of this project and assist in diffusing it, the Xbox Linux Project offers step-by-step installation instructions, with the end result being a system capable of using common peripherals such as a keyboard and mouse, scanner, printer, a “webcam and a DVD burner, connected to a VGA monitor; 100% compatible with a standard Linux PC, all PC (USB) hardware and PC software that works with Linux.” (Xbox Linux Project 2002) Such a system could have tremendous potential for technology literacy. Pairing an Xbox with Linux and OpenOffice.org, for example, would provide our students essentially the same capability any of them would expect from a regular desktop computer. They could send and receive email, communicate using instant messaging IRC, or newsgroup clients, and browse Internet sites just as they normally would. In fact, the overall browsing experience for Linux users is substantially better than that for most Windows users. Internet Explorer, the default browser on all systems running Windows-base operating systems, lacks basic features standard in virtually all competing browsers. Native blocking of “pop-up” advertisements is still not yet possible in Internet Explorer without the aid of a third-party utility. Tabbed browsing, which involves the ability to easily open and sort through multiple Web pages in the same window, often with a single mouse click, is also missing from Internet Explorer. The same can be said for a robust download manager, “find as you type”, and a variety of additional features. Mozilla, Netscape, Firefox, Konqueror, and essentially all other OSS browsers for Linux have these features. Of course, most of these browsers are also available for Windows, but Internet Explorer is still considered the standard browser for the platform. If the Xbox Linux Project becomes widely diffused, our students could edit and save Microsoft Word files in OpenOffice.org’s Writer program, and do the same with PowerPoint and Excel files in similar OpenOffice.org components. They could access instructor comments originally created in Microsoft Word documents, and in turn could add their own comments and send the documents back to their instructors. They could even perform many functions not yet capable in Microsoft Office, including saving files in PDF or Flash format without needing Adobe’s Acrobat product or Macromedia’s Flash Studio MX. Additionally, by way of this project, the Xbox can also serve as “a Linux server for HTTP/FTP/SMB/NFS, serving data such as MP3/MPEG4/DivX, or a router, or both; without a monitor or keyboard or mouse connected.” (Xbox Linux Project 2003) In a very real sense, our students could use these inexpensive systems previously framed only within the context of entertainment, for educational purposes typically associated with computer-mediated learning. Problems: Control and Access The existing rhetoric of technological control surrounding current and emerging technologies appears to be stifling many of these efforts before they can even be brought to the public. This rhetoric of control is largely typified by overly-restrictive digital rights management (DRM) schemes antithetical to education, and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Combined,both are currently being used as technical and legal clubs against these efforts. Microsoft, for example, has taken a dim view of any efforts to adapt the Xbox to Linux. Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, who has repeatedly referred to Linux as a cancer and has equated OSS as being un-American, stated, “Given the way the economic model works - and that is a subsidy followed, essentially, by fees for every piece of software sold - our license framework has to do that.” (Becker 2003) Since the Xbox is based on a subsidy model, meaning that Microsoft actually sells the hardware at a loss and instead generates revenue off software sales, Ballmer launched a series of concerted legal attacks against the Xbox Linux Project and similar efforts. In 2002, Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft simultaneously sued Lik Sang, Inc., a Hong Kong-based company that produces programmable cartridges and “mod chips” for the PlayStation II, Xbox, and Game Cube. Nintendo states that its company alone loses over $650 million each year due to piracy of their console gaming titles, which typically originate in China, Paraguay, and Mexico. (GameIndustry.biz) Currently, many attempts to “mod” the Xbox required the use of such chips. As Lik Sang is one of the only suppliers, initial efforts to adapt the Xbox to Linux slowed considerably. Despite that fact that such chips can still be ordered and shipped here by less conventional means, it does not change that fact that the chips themselves would be illegal in the U.S. due to the anticircumvention clause in the DMCA itself, which is designed specifically to protect any DRM-wrapped content, regardless of context. The Xbox Linux Project then attempted to get Microsoft to officially sanction their efforts. They were not only rebuffed, but Microsoft then opted to hire programmers specifically to create technological countermeasures for the Xbox, to defeat additional attempts at installing OSS on it. Undeterred, the Xbox Linux Project eventually arrived at a method of installing and booting Linux without the use of mod chips, and have taken a more defiant tone now with Microsoft regarding their circumvention efforts. (Lettice 2002) They state that “Microsoft does not want you to use the Xbox as a Linux computer, therefore it has some anti-Linux-protection built in, but it can be circumvented easily, so that an Xbox can be used as what it is: an IBM PC.” (Xbox Linux Project 2003) Problems: Learning Curves and Usability In spite of the difficulties imposed by the combined technological and legal attacks on this project, it has succeeded at infiltrating this closed system with OSS. It has done so beyond the mere prototype level, too, as evidenced by the Xbox Linux Project now having both complete, step-by-step instructions available for users to modify their own Xbox systems, and an alternate plan catering to those who have the interest in modifying their systems, but not the time or technical inclinations. Specifically, this option involves users mailing their Xbox systems to community volunteers within the Xbox Linux Project, and basically having these volunteers perform the necessary software preparation or actually do the full Linux installation for them, free of charge (presumably not including shipping). This particular aspect of the project, dubbed “Users Help Users”, appears to be fairly new. Yet, it already lists over sixty volunteers capable and willing to perform this service, since “Many users don’t have the possibility, expertise or hardware” to perform these modifications. Amazingly enough, in some cases these volunteers are barely out of junior high school. One such volunteer stipulates that those seeking his assistance keep in mind that he is “just 14” and that when performing these modifications he “...will not always be finished by the next day”. (Steil 2003) In addition to this interesting if somewhat unusual level of community-driven support, there are currently several Linux-based options available for the Xbox. The two that are perhaps the most developed are GentooX, which is based of the popular Gentoo Linux distribution, and Ed’s Debian, based off the Debian GNU / Linux distribution. Both Gentoo and Debian are “seasoned” distributions that have been available for some time now, though Daniel Robbins, Chief Architect of Gentoo, refers to the product as actually being a “metadistribution” of Linux, due to its high degree of adaptability and configurability. (Gentoo 2004) Specifically, the Robbins asserts that Gentoo is capable of being “customized for just about any application or need. ...an ideal secure server, development workstation, professional desktop, gaming system, embedded solution or something else—whatever you need it to be.” (Robbins 2004) He further states that the whole point of Gentoo is to provide a better, more usable Linux experience than that found in many other distributions. Robbins states that: “The goal of Gentoo is to design tools and systems that allow a user to do their work pleasantly and efficiently as possible, as they see fit. Our tools should be a joy to use, and should help the user to appreciate the richness of the Linux and free software community, and the flexibility of free software. ...Put another way, the Gentoo philosophy is to create better tools. When a tool is doing its job perfectly, you might not even be very aware of its presence, because it does not interfere and make its presence known, nor does it force you to interact with it when you don’t want it to. The tool serves the user rather than the user serving the tool.” (Robbins 2004) There is also a so-called “live CD” Linux distribution suitable for the Xbox, called dyne:bolic, and an in-progress release of Slackware Linux, as well. According to the Xbox Linux Project, the only difference between the standard releases of these distributions and their Xbox counterparts is that “...the install process – and naturally the bootloader, the kernel and the kernel modules – are all customized for the Xbox.” (Xbox Linux Project, 2003) Of course, even if Gentoo is as user-friendly as Robbins purports, even if the Linux kernel itself has become significantly more robust and efficient, and even if Microsoft again drops the retail price of the Xbox, is this really a feasible solution in the classroom? Does the Xbox Linux Project have an army of 14 year olds willing to modify dozens, perhaps hundreds of these systems for use in secondary schools and higher education? Of course not. If such an institutional rollout were to be undertaken, it would require significant support from not only faculty, but Department Chairs, Deans, IT staff, and quite possible Chief Information Officers. Disk images would need to be customized for each institution to reflect their respective needs, ranging from setting specific home pages on web browsers, to bookmarks, to custom back-up and / or disk re-imaging scripts, to network authentication. This would be no small task. Yet, the steps mentioned above are essentially no different than what would be required of any IT staff when creating a new disk image for a computer lab, be it one for a Windows-based system or a Mac OS X-based one. The primary difference would be Linux itself—nothing more, nothing less. The institutional difficulties in undertaking such an effort would likely be encountered prior to even purchasing a single Xbox, in that they would involve the same difficulties associated with any new hardware or software initiative: staffing, budget, and support. If the institutional in question is either unwilling or unable to address these three factors, it would not matter if the Xbox itself was as free as Linux. An Open Future, or a Closed one? It is unclear how far the Xbox Linux Project will be allowed to go in their efforts to invade an essentially a proprietary system with OSS. Unlike Sony, which has made deliberate steps to commercialize similar efforts for their PlayStation 2 console, Microsoft appears resolute in fighting OSS on the Xbox by any means necessary. They will continue to crack down on any companies selling so-called mod chips, and will continue to employ technological protections to keep the Xbox “closed”. Despite clear evidence to the contrary, in all likelihood Microsoft continue to equate any OSS efforts directed at the Xbox with piracy-related motivations. Additionally, Microsoft’s successor to the Xbox would likely include additional anticircumvention technologies incorporated into it that could set the Xbox Linux Project back by months, years, or could stop it cold. Of course, it is difficult to say with any degree of certainty how this “Xbox 2” (perhaps a more appropriate name might be “Nextbox”) will impact this project. Regardless of how this device evolves, there can be little doubt of the value of Linux, OpenOffice.org, and other OSS to teaching and learning with technology. This value exists not only in terms of price, but in increased freedom from policies and technologies of control. New Linux distributions from Gentoo, Mandrake, Lycoris, Lindows, and other companies are just now starting to focus their efforts on Linux as user-friendly, easy to use desktop operating systems, rather than just server or “techno-geek” environments suitable for advanced programmers and computer operators. While metaphorically opening the Xbox may not be for everyone, and may not be a suitable computing solution for all, I believe we as educators must promote and encourage such efforts whenever possible. I suggest this because I believe we need to exercise our professional influence and ultimately shape the future of technology literacy, either individually as faculty and collectively as departments, colleges, or institutions. Moran and Fitzsimmons-Hunter argue this very point in Writing Teachers, Schools, Access, and Change. One of their fundamental provisions they use to define “access” asserts that there must be a willingness for teachers and students to “fight for the technologies that they need to pursue their goals for their own teaching and learning.” (Taylor / Ward 160) Regardless of whether or not this debate is grounded in the “beige boxes” of the past, or the Xboxes of the present, much is at stake. Private corporations should not be in a position to control the manner in which we use legally-purchased technologies, regardless of whether or not these technologies are then repurposed for literacy uses. I believe the exigency associated with this control, and the ongoing evolution of what is and is not a computer, dictates that we assert ourselves more actively into this discussion. We must take steps to provide our students with the best possible computer-mediated learning experience, however seemingly unorthodox the technological means might be, so that they may think critically, communicate effectively, and participate actively in society and in their future careers. About the Author Paul Cesarini is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Visual Communication & Technology Education, Bowling Green State University, Ohio Email: pcesari@bgnet.bgsu.edu Works Cited http://xbox-linux.sourceforge.net/docs/debian.php>.Baron, Denis. “From Pencils to Pixels: The Stages of Literacy Technologies.” Passions Pedagogies and 21st Century Technologies. Hawisher, Gail E., and Cynthia L. Selfe, Eds. Utah: Utah State University Press, 1999. 15 – 33. Becker, David. “Ballmer: Mod Chips Threaten Xbox”. News.com. 21 Oct 2002. http://news.com.com/2100-1040-962797.php>. http://news.com.com/2100-1040-978957.html?tag=nl>. http://archive.infoworld.com/articles/hn/xml/02/08/13/020813hnchina.xml>. http://www.neoseeker.com/news/story/1062/>. http://www.bookreader.co.uk>.Finni, Scott. “Desktop Linux Edges Into The Mainstream”. TechWeb. 8 Apr 2003. http://www.techweb.com/tech/software/20030408_software. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/29439.html http://gentoox.shallax.com/. http://ragib.hypermart.net/linux/. http://www.itworld.com/Comp/2362/LWD010424latinlinux/pfindex.html. http://www.xbox-linux.sourceforge.net. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/27487.html. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/26078.html. http://www.us.playstation.com/peripherals.aspx?id=SCPH-97047. http://www.techtv.com/extendedplay/reviews/story/0,24330,3356862,00.html. http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,61984,00.html. http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/about.xml http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/philosophy.xml http://techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2869075,00.html. http://xbox-linux.sourceforge.net/docs/usershelpusers.html http://www.cnn.com/2002/TECH/fun.games/12/16/gamers.liksang/. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Cesarini, Paul. "“Opening” the Xbox" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/08_Cesarini.php>. APA Style Cesarini, P. (2004, Jul1). “Opening” the Xbox. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 7, <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/08_Cesarini.php>

Introduction Crime fiction is one of the world’s most popular genres. Indeed, it has been estimated that as many as one in every three new novels, published in English, is classified within the crime fiction category (Knight xi). These new entrants to the market are forced to jostle for space on bookstore and library shelves with reprints of classic crime novels; such works placed in, often fierce, competition against their contemporaries as well as many of their predecessors. Raymond Chandler, in his well-known essay The Simple Art of Murder, noted Ernest Hemingway’s observation that “the good writer competes only with the dead. The good detective story writer […] competes not only with all the unburied dead but with all the hosts of the living as well” (3). In fact, there are so many examples of crime fiction works that, as early as the 1920s, one of the original ‘Queens of Crime’, Dorothy L. Sayers, complained: It is impossible to keep track of all the detective-stories produced to-day [sic]. Book upon book, magazine upon magazine pour out from the Press, crammed with murders, thefts, arsons, frauds, conspiracies, problems, puzzles, mysteries, thrills, maniacs, crooks, poisoners, forgers, garrotters, police, spies, secret-service men, detectives, until it seems that half the world must be engaged in setting riddles for the other half to solve (95). Twenty years after Sayers wrote on the matter of the vast quantities of crime fiction available, W.H. Auden wrote one of the more famous essays on the genre: The Guilty Vicarage: Notes on the Detective Story, by an Addict. Auden is, perhaps, better known as a poet but his connection to the crime fiction genre is undisputed. As well as his poetic works that reference crime fiction and commentaries on crime fiction, one of Auden’s fellow poets, Cecil Day-Lewis, wrote a series of crime fiction novels under the pseudonym Nicholas Blake: the central protagonist of these novels, Nigel Strangeways, was modelled upon Auden (Scaggs 27). Interestingly, some writers whose names are now synonymous with the genre, such as Edgar Allan Poe and Raymond Chandler, established the link between poetry and crime fiction many years before the publication of The Guilty Vicarage. Edmund Wilson suggested that “reading detective stories is simply a kind of vice that, for silliness and minor harmfulness, ranks somewhere between crossword puzzles and smoking” (395). In the first line of The Guilty Vicarage, Auden supports Wilson’s claim and confesses that: “For me, as for many others, the reading of detective stories is an addiction like tobacco or alcohol” (406). This indicates that the genre is at best a trivial pursuit, at worst a pursuit that is bad for your health and is, increasingly, socially unacceptable, while Auden’s ideas around taste—high and low—are made clear when he declares that “detective stories have nothing to do with works of art” (406). The debates that surround genre and taste are many and varied. The mid-1920s was a point in time which had witnessed crime fiction writers produce some of the finest examples of fiction to ever be published and when readers and publishers were watching, with anticipation, as a new generation of crime fiction writers were readying themselves to enter what would become known as the genre’s Golden Age. At this time, R. Austin Freeman wrote that: By the critic and the professedly literary person the detective story is apt to be dismissed contemptuously as outside the pale of literature, to be conceived of as a type of work produced by half-educated and wholly incompetent writers for consumption by office boys, factory girls, and other persons devoid of culture and literary taste (7). This article responds to Auden’s essay and explores how crime fiction appeals to many different tastes: tastes that are acquired, change over time, are embraced, or kept as guilty secrets. In addition, this article will challenge Auden’s very narrow definition of crime fiction and suggest how Auden’s religious imagery, deployed to explain why many people choose to read crime fiction, can be incorporated into a broader popular discourse on punishment. This latter argument demonstrates that a taste for crime fiction and a taste for justice are inextricably intertwined. Crime Fiction: A Type For Every Taste Cathy Cole has observed that “crime novels are housed in their own section in many bookshops, separated from literary novels much as you’d keep a child with measles away from the rest of the class” (116). Times have changed. So too, have our tastes. Crime fiction, once sequestered in corners, now demands vast tracts of prime real estate in bookstores allowing readers to “make their way to the appropriate shelves, and begin to browse […] sorting through a wide variety of very different types of novels” (Malmgren 115). This is a result of the sheer size of the genre, noted above, as well as the genre’s expanding scope. Indeed, those who worked to re-invent crime fiction in the 1800s could not have envisaged the “taxonomic exuberance” (Derrida 206) of the writers who have defined crime fiction sub-genres, as well as how readers would respond by not only wanting to read crime fiction but also wanting to read many different types of crime fiction tailored to their particular tastes. To understand the demand for this diversity, it is important to reflect upon some of the appeal factors of crime fiction for readers. Many rules have been promulgated for the writers of crime fiction to follow. Ronald Knox produced a set of 10 rules in 1928. These included Rule 3 “Not more than one secret room or passage is allowable”, and Rule 10 “Twin brothers, and doubles generally, must not appear unless we have been duly prepared for them” (194–6). In the same year, S.S. Van Dine produced another list of 20 rules, which included Rule 3 “There must be no love interest: The business in hand is to bring a criminal to the bar of justice, not to bring a lovelorn couple to the hymeneal altar”, and Rule 7 “There simply must be a corpse in a detective novel, and the deader the corpse the better” (189–93). Some of these directives have been deliberately ignored or have become out-of-date over time while others continue to be followed in contemporary crime writing practice. In sharp contrast, there are no rules for reading this genre. Individuals are, generally, free to choose what, where, when, why, and how they read crime fiction. There are, however, different appeal factors for readers. The most common of these appeal factors, often described as doorways, are story, setting, character, and language. As the following passage explains: The story doorway beckons those who enjoy reading to find out what happens next. The setting doorway opens widest for readers who enjoy being immersed in an evocation of place or time. The doorway of character is for readers who enjoy looking at the world through others’ eyes. Readers who most appreciate skilful writing enter through the doorway of language (Wyatt online). These doorways draw readers to the crime fiction genre. There are stories that allow us to easily predict what will come next or make us hold our breath until the very last page, the books that we will cheerfully lend to a family member or a friend and those that we keep close to hand to re-read again and again. There are settings as diverse as country manors, exotic locations, and familiar city streets, places we have been and others that we might want to explore. There are characters such as the accidental sleuth, the hardboiled detective, and the refined police officer, amongst many others, the men and women—complete with idiosyncrasies and flaws—who we have grown to admire and trust. There is also the language that all writers, regardless of genre, depend upon to tell their tales. In crime fiction, even the most basic task of describing where the murder victim was found can range from words that convey the genteel—“The room of the tragedy” (Christie 62)—to the absurd: “There it was, jammed between a pallet load of best export boneless beef and half a tonne of spring lamb” (Maloney 1). These appeal factors indicate why readers might choose crime fiction over another genre, or choose one type of crime fiction over another. Yet such factors fail to explain what crime fiction is or adequately answer why the genre is devoured in such vast quantities. Firstly, crime fiction stories are those in which there is the committing of a crime, or at least the suspicion of a crime (Cole), and the story that unfolds revolves around the efforts of an amateur or professional detective to solve that crime (Scaggs). Secondly, crime fiction offers the reassurance of resolution, a guarantee that from “previous experience and from certain cultural conventions associated with this genre that ultimately the mystery will be fully explained” (Zunshine 122). For Auden, the definition of the crime novel was quite specific, and he argued that referring to the genre by “the vulgar definition, ‘a Whodunit’ is correct” (407). Auden went on to offer a basic formula stating that: “a murder occurs; many are suspected; all but one suspect, who is the murderer, are eliminated; the murderer is arrested or dies” (407). The idea of a formula is certainly a useful one, particularly when production demands—in terms of both quality and quantity—are so high, because the formula facilitates creators in the “rapid and efficient production of new works” (Cawelti 9). For contemporary crime fiction readers, the doorways to reading, discussed briefly above, have been cast wide open. Stories relying upon the basic crime fiction formula as a foundation can be gothic tales, clue puzzles, forensic procedurals, spy thrillers, hardboiled narratives, or violent crime narratives, amongst many others. The settings can be quiet villages or busy metropolises, landscapes that readers actually inhabit or that provide a form of affordable tourism. These stories can be set in the past, the here and now, or the future. Characters can range from Edgar Allan Poe’s C. Auguste Dupin to Dashiell Hammett’s Sam Spade, from Agatha Christie’s Miss Jane Marple to Kerry Greenwood’s Honourable Phryne Fisher. Similarly, language can come in numerous styles from the direct (even rough) words of Carter Brown to the literary prose of Peter Temple. Anything is possible, meaning everything is available to readers. For Auden—although he required a crime to be committed and expected that crime to be resolved—these doorways were only slightly ajar. For him, the story had to be a Whodunit; the setting had to be rural England, though a college setting was also considered suitable; the characters had to be “eccentric (aesthetically interesting individuals) and good (instinctively ethical)” and there needed to be a “completely satisfactory detective” (Sherlock Holmes, Inspector French, and Father Brown were identified as “satisfactory”); and the language descriptive and detailed (406, 409, 408). To illustrate this point, Auden’s concept of crime fiction has been plotted on a taxonomy, below, that traces the genre’s main developments over a period of three centuries. As can be seen, much of what is, today, taken for granted as being classified as crime fiction is completely excluded from Auden’s ideal. Figure 1: Taxonomy of Crime Fiction (Adapted from Franks, Murder 136) Crime Fiction: A Personal Journey I discovered crime fiction the summer before I started high school when I saw the film version of The Big Sleep starring Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. A few days after I had seen the film I started reading the Raymond Chandler novel of the same title, featuring his famous detective Philip Marlowe, and was transfixed by the second paragraph: The main hallway of the Sternwood place was two stories high. Over the entrance doors, which would have let in a troop of Indian elephants, there was a broad stained-glass panel showing a knight in dark armour rescuing a lady who was tied to a tree and didn’t have any clothes on but some very long and convenient hair. The knight had pushed the visor of his helmet back to be sociable, and he was fiddling with the knots on the ropes that tied the lady to the tree and not getting anywhere. I stood there and thought that if I lived in the house, I would sooner or later have to climb up there and help him. He didn’t seem to be really trying (9). John Scaggs has written that this passage indicates Marlowe is an idealised figure, a knight of romance rewritten onto the mean streets of mid-20th century Los Angeles (62); a relocation Susan Roland calls a “secular form of the divinely sanctioned knight errant on a quest for metaphysical justice” (139): my kind of guy. Like many young people I looked for adventure and escape in books, a search that was realised with Raymond Chandler and his contemporaries. On the escapism scale, these men with their stories of tough-talking detectives taking on murderers and other criminals, law enforcement officers, and the occasional femme fatale, were certainly a sharp upgrade from C.S. Lewis and the Chronicles of Narnia. After reading the works written by the pioneers of the hardboiled and roman noir traditions, I looked to other American authors such as Edgar Allan Poe who, in the mid-1800s, became the father of the modern detective story, and Thorne Smith who, in the 1920s and 1930s, produced magical realist tales with characters who often chose to dabble on the wrong side of the law. This led me to the works of British crime writers including Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie, and Dorothy L. Sayers. My personal library then became dominated by Australian writers of crime fiction, from the stories of bushrangers and convicts of the Colonial era to contemporary tales of police and private investigators. There have been various attempts to “improve” or “refine” my tastes: to convince me that serious literature is real reading and frivolous fiction is merely a distraction. Certainly, the reading of those novels, often described as classics, provide perfect combinations of beauty and brilliance. Their narratives, however, do not often result in satisfactory endings. This routinely frustrates me because, while I understand the philosophical frameworks that many writers operate within, I believe the characters of such works are too often treated unfairly in the final pages. For example, at the end of Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, Frederick Henry “left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain” after his son is stillborn and “Mrs Henry” becomes “very ill” and dies (292–93). Another example can be found on the last page of George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four when Winston Smith “gazed up at the enormous face” and he realised that he “loved Big Brother” (311). Endings such as these provide a space for reflection about the world around us but rarely spark an immediate response of how great that world is to live in (Franks Motive). The subject matter of crime fiction does not easily facilitate fairy-tale finishes, yet, people continue to read the genre because, generally, the concluding chapter will show that justice, of some form, will be done. Punishment will be meted out to the ‘bad characters’ that have broken society’s moral or legal laws; the ‘good characters’ may experience hardships and may suffer but they will, generally, prevail. Crime Fiction: A Taste For Justice Superimposed upon Auden’s parameters around crime fiction, are his ideas of the law in the real world and how such laws are interwoven with the Christian-based system of ethics. This can be seen in Auden’s listing of three classes of crime: “(a) offenses against God and one’s neighbor or neighbors; (b) offenses against God and society; (c) offenses against God” (407). Murder, in Auden’s opinion, is a class (b) offense: for the crime fiction novel, the society reflected within the story should be one in “a state of grace, i.e., a society where there is no need of the law, no contradiction between the aesthetic individual and the ethical universal, and where murder, therefore, is the unheard-of act which precipitates a crisis” (408). Additionally, in the crime novel “as in its mirror image, the Quest for the Grail, maps (the ritual of space) and timetables (the ritual of time) are desirable. Nature should reflect its human inhabitants, i.e., it should be the Great Good Place; for the more Eden-like it is, the greater the contradiction of murder” (408). Thus, as Charles J. Rzepka notes, “according to W.H. Auden, the ‘classical’ English detective story typically re-enacts rites of scapegoating and expulsion that affirm the innocence of a community of good people supposedly ignorant of evil” (12). This premise—of good versus evil—supports Auden’s claim that the punishment of wrongdoers, particularly those who claim the “right to be omnipotent” and commit murder (409), should be swift and final: As to the murderer’s end, of the three alternatives—execution, suicide, and madness—the first is preferable; for if he commits suicide he refuses to repent, and if he goes mad he cannot repent, but if he does not repent society cannot forgive. Execution, on the other hand, is the act of atonement by which the murderer is forgiven by society (409). The unilateral endorsement of state-sanctioned murder is problematic, however, because—of the main justifications for punishment: retribution; deterrence; incapacitation; and rehabilitation (Carter Snead 1245)—punishment, in this context, focuses exclusively upon retribution and deterrence, incapacitation is achieved by default, but the idea of rehabilitation is completely ignored. This, in turn, ignores how the reading of crime fiction can be incorporated into a broader popular discourse on punishment and how a taste for crime fiction and a taste for justice are inextricably intertwined. One of the ways to explore the connection between crime fiction and justice is through the lens of Emile Durkheim’s thesis on the conscience collective which proposes punishment is a process allowing for the demonstration of group norms and the strengthening of moral boundaries. David Garland, in summarising this thesis, states: So although the modern state has a near monopoly of penal violence and controls the administration of penalties, a much wider population feels itself to be involved in the process of punishment, and supplies the context of social support and valorization within which state punishment takes place (32). It is claimed here that this “much wider population” connecting with the task of punishment can be taken further. Crime fiction, above all other forms of literary production, which, for those who do not directly contribute to the maintenance of their respective legal systems, facilitates a feeling of active participation in the penalising of a variety of perpetrators: from the issuing of fines to incarceration (Franks Punishment). Crime fiction readers are therefore, temporarily at least, direct contributors to a more stable society: one that is clearly based upon right and wrong and reliant upon the conscience collective to maintain and reaffirm order. In this context, the reader is no longer alone, with only their crime fiction novel for company, but has become an active member of “a moral framework which binds individuals to each other and to its conventions and institutions” (Garland 51). This allows crime fiction, once viewed as a “vice” (Wilson 395) or an “addiction” (Auden 406), to be seen as playing a crucial role in the preservation of social mores. It has been argued “only the most literal of literary minds would dispute the claim that fictional characters help shape the way we think of ourselves, and hence help us articulate more clearly what it means to be human” (Galgut 190). Crime fiction focuses on what it means to be human, and how complex humans are, because stories of murders, and the men and women who perpetrate and solve them, comment on what drives some people to take a life and others to avenge that life which is lost and, by extension, engages with a broad community of readers around ideas of justice and punishment. It is, furthermore, argued here that the idea of the story is one of the more important doorways for crime fiction and, more specifically, the conclusions that these stories, traditionally, offer. For Auden, the ending should be one of restoration of the spirit, as he suspected that “the typical reader of detective stories is, like myself, a person who suffers from a sense of sin” (411). In this way, the “phantasy, then, which the detective story addict indulges is the phantasy of being restored to the Garden of Eden, to a state of innocence, where he may know love as love and not as the law” (412), indicating that it was not necessarily an accident that “the detective story has flourished most in predominantly Protestant countries” (408). Today, modern crime fiction is a “broad church, where talented authors raise questions and cast light on a variety of societal and other issues through the prism of an exciting, page-turning story” (Sisterson). Moreover, our tastes in crime fiction have been tempered by a growing fear of real crime, particularly murder, “a crime of unique horror” (Hitchens 200). This has seen some readers develop a taste for crime fiction that is not produced within a framework of ecclesiastical faith but is rather grounded in reliance upon those who enact punishment in both the fictional and real worlds. As P.D. James has written: [N]ot by luck or divine intervention, but by human ingenuity, human intelligence and human courage. It confirms our hope that, despite some evidence to the contrary, we live in a beneficent and moral universe in which problems can be solved by rational means and peace and order restored from communal or personal disruption and chaos (174). Dorothy L. Sayers, despite her work to legitimise crime fiction, wrote that there: “certainly does seem a possibility that the detective story will some time come to an end, simply because the public will have learnt all the tricks” (108). Of course, many readers have “learnt all the tricks”, or most of them. This does not, however, detract from the genre’s overall appeal. We have not grown bored with, or become tired of, the formula that revolves around good and evil, and justice and punishment. Quite the opposite. Our knowledge of, as well as our faith in, the genre’s “tricks” gives a level of confidence to readers who are looking for endings that punish murderers and other wrongdoers, allowing for more satisfactory conclusions than the, rather depressing, ends given to Mr. Henry and Mr. Smith by Ernest Hemingway and George Orwell noted above. Conclusion For some, the popularity of crime fiction is a curious case indeed. When Penguin and Collins published the Marsh Million—100,000 copies each of 10 Ngaio Marsh titles in 1949—the author’s relief at the success of the project was palpable when she commented that “it was pleasant to find detective fiction being discussed as a tolerable form of reading by people whose opinion one valued” (172). More recently, upon the announcement that a Miles Franklin Award would be given to Peter Temple for his crime novel Truth, John Sutherland, a former chairman of the judges for one of the world’s most famous literary awards, suggested that submitting a crime novel for the Booker Prize would be: “like putting a donkey into the Grand National”. Much like art, fashion, food, and home furnishings or any one of the innumerable fields of activity and endeavour that are subject to opinion, there will always be those within the world of fiction who claim positions as arbiters of taste. Yet reading is intensely personal. I like a strong, well-plotted story, appreciate a carefully researched setting, and can admire elegant language, but if a character is too difficult to embrace—if I find I cannot make an emotional connection, if I find myself ambivalent about their fate—then a book is discarded as not being to my taste. It is also important to recognise that some tastes are transient. Crime fiction stories that are popular today could be forgotten tomorrow. Some stories appeal to such a broad range of tastes they are immediately included in the crime fiction canon. Yet others evolve over time to accommodate widespread changes in taste (an excellent example of this can be seen in the continual re-imagining of the stories of Sherlock Holmes). Personal tastes also adapt to our experiences and our surroundings. A book that someone adores in their 20s might be dismissed in their 40s. A storyline that was meaningful when read abroad may lose some of its magic when read at home. Personal events, from a change in employment to the loss of a loved one, can also impact upon what we want to read. Similarly, world events, such as economic crises and military conflicts, can also influence our reading preferences. Auden professed an almost insatiable appetite for crime fiction, describing the reading of detective stories as an addiction, and listed a very specific set of criteria to define the Whodunit. Today, such self-imposed restrictions are rare as, while there are many rules for writing crime fiction, there are no rules for reading this (or any other) genre. People are, generally, free to choose what, where, when, why, and how they read crime fiction, and to follow the deliberate or whimsical paths that their tastes may lay down for them. Crime fiction writers, past and present, offer: an incredible array of detective stories from the locked room to the clue puzzle; settings that range from the English country estate to city skyscrapers in glamorous locations around the world; numerous characters from cerebral sleuths who can solve a crime in their living room over a nice, hot cup of tea to weapon wielding heroes who track down villains on foot in darkened alleyways; and, language that ranges from the cultured conversations from the novels of the genre’s Golden Age to the hard-hitting terminology of forensic and legal procedurals. Overlaid on these appeal factors is the capacity of crime fiction to feed a taste for justice: to engage, vicariously at least, in the establishment of a more stable society. Of course, there are those who turn to the genre for a temporary distraction, an occasional guilty pleasure. There are those who stumble across the genre by accident or deliberately seek it out. 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