Journal articles: 'Central blood pressure, atherosclerosis, subclinical organ damage'

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Druzhilov, M. A., V. V. Otmakhov, Yu E. Beteleva, V. A. Korneva, and T. Yu Kuznetsova. "Subclinical vessel lesion in normotensive patients with abdominal obesity: focus on arterial stiffness." Systemic Hypertension 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/sg28967.

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Aim: assessment of arterial stiffness (AS) in patients with abdominal obesity (AO) without arterial hypertension and low cardio-vascular risk (CVR), the analysis of AS correlation with the markers of target organ remodeling, determination of threshold values AS, combined with a high probability target organ damage. Subjects and methods. 95 normotensive patients with AO were examined (mean age 44,9±5,1 years, 72 men) by following methods: lipid and glucose level, carotid artery ultrasound with intima/media thickness estimation, echocardiography, 24-hour monitoring of blood pressure (BP) with arterial stiffness assessment, obtained by the portable recorder BPLab. Results. Subclinical arterial lesion was revealed in 37,9%, mean pulse wave velocity (PWV) was 7,6±0,6 m/s, maximum PWV – 10 m/s. PWV and central BP in aorta were higher in patients with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (8,0±0,5 m/s vs 7,5±0,6 m/s, р

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Sholy K Vareed, Don Paul Mathew, and P Suresh. "Carotid Artery Intimal Medial thickness in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Subjects in Central Kerala." Asian Journal of Medical Radiological Research 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.47009/ajmrr.2020.8.2.16.

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Background: Increase in intimal medial thickness (IMT) of the carotid arteries is contemplated as a guide to atherosclerotic vascular disease and subclinical organ damage and foretell cardiovascular disease. The study aimed to analyse IMT in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects. Subjects and Methods: There were 105 diabetic and 95 non-diabetic subjects in this study. Common carotid artery (CCA) IMT was calculated using a linear probe of a high-resolution ultrasound medical system. Results: Diabetic subjects (0.95 mm) showed significantly higher mean intimal medial thickness (IMT) when compared non-diabetic subjects (0.85 mm) (p <0.05). Correlation of IMT was seen with age, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL & LDL cholesterol and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in diabetic subjects. Total cholesterol, SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) showed a correlation with IMT in the non-diabetic subjects. Age, total cholesterol, SBP, and diabetes were independent risk factors for intimal medial thickness in multivariate linear regression analysis. Conclusion: Higher intimal medial thickness was seen in diabetic subjects when compared to non-diabetic subjects. We conclude that age, total cholesterol, SBP and duration of diabetes showed a significant correlation with IMT. IMT can be considered as a screening tool in diabetic patients for the early detection of atherosclerosis.

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Mercurio, Lobasso, Barbieri, Parrella, Ciervo, Liccardo, Bonaduce, Tocchetti, De Paulis, and Rossi. "Inflammatory, Serological and Vascular Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 2154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092154.

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Background and aim: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Among many mechanisms, accelerated atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability play a main role. Here, we investigate whether inflammatory, serological and clinical markers of SLE determine and correlate with arterial stiffness in SLE patients. Materials and methods: Routine blood samples, inflammatory mediators, specific antibodies, and 24 h proteinuria were measured in 43 SLE patients and 43 age and sex-matched controls using routine laboratory assays. We also assessed arterial stiffness by measuring radial artery applanation tonometry-derived augmentation index (AI), normalized AI (AIx@75), aortic pulse pressure, central systolic, diastolic and peripheral blood pressure. Results: SLE patients showed a significantly greater arterial stiffness vs. controls, as demonstrated by the significantly higher AIx@75 and aortic pulse pressure. Interestingly, regression analysis showed that age, systolic pulse pressure, inflammatory markers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein), daily dose of glucocorticoids, and cumulative organ damage positively correlated with arterial stiffness. Conclusions: SLE patients show increased arterial stiffness which correlates with markers of inflammation, that is involved in early alterations in arterial walls. Applanation tonometry can be used to screen SLE patients for subclinical vascular damage to implement prevention strategies for CVD.

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Maloberti, Alessandro, Francesca Farina, Marco Carbonaro, Enrico Piccinelli, Ilaria Bassi, Francesco Pansera, Guido Grassi, Giuseppe Mancia, Paola Palestini, and Cristina Giannattasio. "In healthy normotensive subjects age and blood pressure better predict subclinical vascular and cardiac organ damage than atherosclerosis biomarkers." Blood Pressure 27, no. 5 (April 12, 2018): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08037051.2018.1461010.

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Mancuso, Elettra, Maria Perticone, Rosangela Spiga, Carolina Averta, Mariangela Rubino, Teresa Vanessa Fiorentino, Sofia Miceli, et al. "Association between Serum Mg2+ Concentrations and Cardiovascular Organ Damage in a Cohort of Adult Subjects." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051264.

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Magnesium (Mg2+) levels are associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We evaluated the clinical utility of physiological Mg2+ in assessing subclinical cardiovascular organ damage including increased carotid artery intima- media thickness (c-IMT) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in a cohort of well-characterized adult non-diabetic individuals. Age- and gender-adjusted correlations between Mg2+ and metabolic parameters showed that Mg2+ circulating levels were correlated negatively with body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, and 2h-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose. Similarly, Mg2+ levels were significantly and negatively related to c-IMT and LVMI. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that age (β = 0.440; p < 0.0001), BMI (β = 0.225; p < 0.0001), and Mg2+ concentration (β = −0.122; p < 0.01) were independently associated with c-IMT. Age (β = 0.244; p = 0.012), Mg2+ (β = −0.177; p = 0.019), and diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.184; p = 0.038) were significantly associated with LVMI in women, while age (β = 0.211; p = 0.019), Mg2+ (β = −0.171; p = 0.038) and the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (β = −0.211; p = 0.041) were the sole variables associated with LVMI in men. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that the assessment of Mg2+ as part of the initial work-up might help unravel the presence of subclinical organ damage in subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular complications.

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Kim, Darae, Chi Young Shim, Geu-Ru Hong, In Jeong Cho, Hyuk-Jae Chang, Jong-Won Ha, and Namsik Chung. "IMPLICATION OF NIGHT-TIME MEAN SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE FOR PREDICTING SUBCLINICAL TARGET ORGAN DAMAGE IN HYPERTENSION: COMPARISON WITH OFFICE CENTRAL BLOOD PRESSURES." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 67, no. 13 (April 2016): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(16)31880-0.

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Wan, Jindong, Gang Liu, Siwei Xia, Sen Liu, Yi Yang, Dan Wang, Jixin Hou, Xiaozhen Dai, Peng Zhou, and Peijian Wang. "Association between high-mobility group box 2 and subclinical hypertension-mediated organ damage in young adults." Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease 13 (January 2022): 204062232211350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20406223221135011.

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Background: Hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) is an emerging problem among young adults. The potential role of chronic immune-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of HMOD is increasingly being recognized. High-mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) is known for its role in the modulation of innate immunity and exerts signaling functions that affect various inflammatory diseases. However, the association between HMGB2 and HMOD in young adults remains unclear. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the association between HMGB2 and subclinical HMOD in young adults. Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Methods: Body composition, carotid ultrasound, carotid-femoral PWV (cf-PWV) measures, echocardiography, serum HMGB2 levels, and serum classic cardiometabolic risk factors were measured in 988 untreated young adults. We estimated the risk related to serum HMGB2 using multivariable-adjusted linear and logistic regression models. Then, we conducted a pathway overrepresentation analysis to examine which key biological pathways may be linked to serum HMGB2 in young adults with HMOD. Results: Among the 988 untreated young adults, we identified four distinct hypertension phenotypes: normotension (40.0%), white-coat hypertension (16.0%), masked hypertension (20.9%), and sustained hypertension (23.1%). High levels of serum HMGB2 were related to increased carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI), higher cf-PWV and blood pressure, and a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Linear regression analysis showed that serum HMGB2 was positively associated with cf-PWV and negatively associated with eGFR in all patients. Multivariate analysis showed that high levels of serum HMGB2 were associated with high odds of subclinical HMOD (damage in at least one organ). Biological pathway analysis indicated that patients with high serum HMGB2 levels had increased activity of pathways, related to endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory processes, and atherosclerosis. Conclusion: High serum concentrations of HMGB2 are associated with an increased risk of subclinical HMOD in untreated young adults.

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Rogowska, Anna, Łukasz Obrycki, Zbigniew Kułaga, Claudia Kowalewska, and Mieczysław Litwin. "Remodeling of Retinal Microcirculation Is Associated With Subclinical Arterial Injury in Hypertensive Children." Hypertension 77, no. 4 (April 2021): 1203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16734.

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The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between hypertensive target organ damage and vessel density (VD), foveal thickness, thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell complex, and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) using optical coherence tomography angiography in a nonselected group of hypertensive children. One hundred fifty-seven children (56 girls) in mean age 14.9±2.9 years, in whom arterial hypertension was ultimately diagnosed were included in the study. FAZ, whole, fovea, parafovea superficial VD, whole, fovea, parafovea deep VD, foveal thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer, and ganglion cell complex were taken into analysis. Both absolute and standardized values of carotid intima-media thickness correlated with the larger FAZ area ( P =0.035, r =0.17; P =0.01, r =0.2, respectively). Subjects with increased carotid intima-media thickness had significantly larger FAZ ( P =0.024), reduced fovea superficial VD ( P =0.039), and foveal thickness ( P =0.007). Left ventricular hypertrophy and increased carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity were not associated with optical coherence tomography angiography parameters. Multiple linear regression revealed that the only determinant of FAZ and foveal thickness was higher carotid intima-media thickness–SD score, and for fovea superficial VD, the only determinant was central systolic blood pressure. In conclusion, hypertensive children present with signs of remodeling of microcirculation and decreased neural layer of retina associated with hypertensive macrocirculation remodeling expressed as increased carotid intima-media thickness and elevated central systolic blood pressure.

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Iureva, T. N., and A. A. Zaika. "The concept of comorbidity of dyscirculatory encephalopathy and vascular optical neuropathy (literature review)." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 7, no. 6 (December 29, 2022): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2022-7.6.18.

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The analysis of literature data on ischemic damage to the brain and the organ of vision was carried out in order to study etiological factors, pathogenetic processes, parallel flow and mutual influence of two nosological forms: dyscirculatory encephalopathy and vascular optic neuropathy. According to the World Health Organization, there is much more people suffering from cardiovascular diseases: atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. These diseases result in ischemic damage to a number of vital organs, including the central nervous system and the visual analyzer. Chronic vascular pathology of both the brain and the eye is one of the leading causes of patients’ life quality decrease of and their disability. The “triggering” causes of brain and eye damage, according to researchers, are cerebral atherosclerosis, elevating/fluctuating blood pressure, coronary heart disease, and carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Disorders of the systemic blood supply caused by these etiological factors lead to a progressive lack of oxygen supply to organs and tissues, followed by the development of intracellular and cellular hypoxia, and an ischemic intracellular cascade of biochemical disorders leading to dysfunction and sometimes cell death.In addition to direct hypoxic-ischemic damage of the nervous and visual systems cells, endothelial dysfunction contributes to the progression of these diseases, leading to a pronounced change in the wall at the level of small vessels, a change in its reactivity and a violation of the coagulation properties of blood, and as a consequence, to a gradual accumulation of ischemic and secondary degenerative changes in brain and eye cells.Knowledge of etiological factors and patterns of development of brain and eye combined ischemic damage can allow clarifying the complex of diagnostic measures, developing preventive measures, as well as prescribe pathogenetically justified treatment of existing pathology.

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Marčun Varda, Nataša, and Mirjam Močnik. "Pulse Wave Velocity, Central Haemodynamic Parameters, and Markers of Kidney Function in Children." Kidney and Blood Pressure Research 47, no. 1 (October 15, 2021): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000519340.

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Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Studies in adults have demonstrated the association between mildly decreased kidney function or even normal values of markers of kidney function to pulse wave velocity (PWV), a measure of arterial stiffness and a predictor of cardiovascular events. Our study aimed to evaluate associations between markers of CKD, PWV, and central haemodynamic parameters in children and adolescents at risk of subclinical kidney damage. Methods: 182 children and adolescents with hypertension, obesity, or hypercholesterolaemia (risk factors for subclinical kidney damage) were included in the study. The subjects were subdivided into 4 groups comprising children and adolescents with hypertension (group 1), obesity (group 2), hypercholesterolaemia (group 3), and a group with a combination of risk factors, such as obesity-related hypertension and metabolic syndrome (group 4). The study groups were compared to a group of healthy controls (group 5). PWV was measured by applanation tonometry (SphygmoCor, SCOR-Vx, Sydney, NSW, Australia) and laboratory parameters (serum creatinine, serum cystatin C, and microalbuminuria) were collected. Results: Pearson’s correlation coefficient demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between PWV and serum creatinine in group of all subjects (r = 0.220, p = 0.002). Further subdivision showed the correlation was significant in group 4 (r = 0.370, p = 0.002). In group 2 a correlation between PWV and cystatin C was found (r = −0.535, p = 0.009). In multiple regression analysis of all subjects with PWV as the dependent variable, age and diastolic blood pressure were statistically significant. Correlations between markers of kidney function and central haemodynamic parameters also showed significant correlations between serum creatinine and heart rate (HR) (r = −0.476, p < 0.001) as well as associated parameters (augmentation index, standardized at HR 75/min, ejection duration, and subendocardial viability ratio). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated a correlation between serum creatinine and PWV in children with combined risk factors for atherosclerosis and probable subclinical kidney damage. Further prospective research is needed to confirm the findings, and thus the preventive role of PWV determination in paediatric nephrology.

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Avdeeva, M. V. "Complex assessment of cardiovascular risk factors at Health Centres." Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 11, no. 3 (June 20, 2012): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2012-3-47-52.

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Aim. To assess the potential of Health Centres in identification of individuals at higher cardiovascular risk. Material and methods. In total, 1583 individuals (mean age 51,79±14,75 years) participated in a complex screening programme, including laboratory and instrumental examination. Results. The screening resulted in identification of individuals with high normal blood pressure (HNBP) and newly diagnosed arterial hypertension (AH) (prevalence 21%). In participants with HNBP, a combination of 2 risk factors (RFs) was the most prevalent (37,79%), while in people with newly diagnosed AH, a combination of 3 RFs was the most common (39,88%). The prevalence of autonomic dysfunction or “Myocardium” parameter increase, as an isolated RF, reached 8,84% and 9,45%, respectively. Abnormal ankle-brachial index (ABI) values were registered in 29,66% of the participants. In 18,97%, ABI values exceeded 1,3, while in 10,69%, they were under 0,9. ABI screening identified 11% of asymptomatic individuals with increased cardiovascular risk. Conclusion. A screening programme could identify individuals with preAH, primary autonomic dysfunction, functional myocardial instability, or subclinical atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries. Therefore, all subjects with increased cardiovascular risk require lifestyle modification and additional laboratory and instrumental examination, in order to assess the target organ damage and the need for pathogenetic therapy.

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Häcker, Anna-Luisa, Barbara Reiner, Renate Oberhoffer, Alfred Hager, Peter Ewert, and Jan Müller. "Increased arterial stiffness in children with congenital heart disease." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 25, no. 1 (October 23, 2017): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487317737174.

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Objective Central systolic blood pressure (SBP) is a measure of arterial stiffness and strongly associated with atherosclerosis and end-organ damage. It is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality than peripheral SBP. In particular, for children with congenital heart disease, a higher central SBP might impose a greater threat of cardiac damage. The aim of the study was to analyse and compare central SBP in children with congenital heart disease and in healthy counterparts. Patients and methods Central SBP was measured using an oscillometric method in 417 children (38.9% girls, 13.0 ± 3.2 years) with various congenital heart diseases between July 2014 and February 2017. The test results were compared with a recent healthy reference cohort of 1466 children (49.5% girls, 12.9 ± 2.5 years). Results After correction for several covariates in a general linear model, central SBP of children with congenital heart disease was significantly increased (congenital heart disease: 102.1 ± 10.2 vs. healthy reference cohort: 100.4 ± 8.6, p < .001). The analysis of congenital heart disease subgroups revealed higher central SBP in children with left heart obstructions (mean difference: 3.6 mmHg, p < .001), transpositions of the great arteries after arterial switch (mean difference: 2.2 mmHg, p = .017) and univentricular hearts after total cavopulmonary connection (mean difference: 2.1 mmHg, p = .015) compared with the reference. Conclusion Children with congenital heart disease have significantly higher central SBP compared with healthy peers, predisposing them to premature heart failure. Screening and long-term observations of central SBP in children with congenital heart disease seems warranted in order to evaluate the need for treatment.

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Belden, Zachary, Jeffrey A. Deiuliis, Mirela Dobre, and Sanjay Rajagopalan. "The Role of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Inflammation: Focus on Kidney and Vasculature." American Journal of Nephrology 46, no. 4 (2017): 298–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000480652.

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Background: The remarkable success of clinical trials in mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) inhibition in heart failure has driven research on the physiological and pathological role(s) of nonepithelial MR expression. MR is widely expressed in the cardiovascular system and is a major determinant of endothelial function, smooth muscle tone, vascular remodeling, fibrosis, and blood pressure. An important new dimension is the appreciation of the role MR plays in immune cells and target organ damage in the heart, kidney and vasculature, and in the development of insulin resistance. Summary: The mechanism for MR activation in tissue injury continues to evolve with the evidence to date suggesting that activation of MR results in a complex repertoire of effects involving both macrophages and T cells. MR is an important transcriptional regulator of macrophage phenotype and function. Another important feature of MR activation is that it can occur even with normal or low aldosterone levels in pathological conditions. Tissue-specific conditional models of MR expression in myeloid cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes have been very informative and have firmly demonstrated a critical role of MR as a key pathophysiologic variable in cardiac hypertrophy, transition to heart failure, adipose inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Finally, the central nervous system activation of MR in permeable regions of the blood-brain barrier may play a role in peripheral inflammation. Key Message: Ongoing clinical trials will help clarify the role of MR blockade in conditions, such as atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease.

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Zota, Ioana Mădălina, Cristian Stătescu, Radu Andy Sascău, Mihai Roca, Larisa Anghel, Ovidiu Mitu, Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc, et al. "Arterial Stiffness Assessment Using the Arteriograph in Patients with Moderate–Severe OSA and Metabolic Syndrome—A Pilot Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 4238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184238.

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Background: Both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and metabolic syndrome (MS) promote arterial stiffening. As a basis for this study, we presumed that arterial stiffness could be assessed using the Arteriograph (TensioMed, Budapest, Hungary) to detect early modifications induced by continuous positive airway therapy (CPAP) in reversing this detrimental vascular remodeling. Arterial stiffness is increasingly acknowledged as a major cardiovascular risk factor and a marker of subclinical hypertension-mediated organ damage. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the arterial stiffness changes in patients with moderate–severe OSA and MS after short-term CPAP use. Methods: We performed a prospective study that included patients with moderate–severe OSA and MS who had not undergone previous CPAP therapy. All subjects underwent clinical examination and arterial stiffness assessment using the oscillometric technique with Arteriograph (TensioMed, Budapest, Hungary) detection before and after 8-week CPAP therapy. Results: 39 patients with moderate–severe OSA were included. Eight weeks of CPAP therapy significantly improved central systolic blood pressure (Δ = −11.4 mmHg, p = 0.009), aortic pulse wave velocity (aoPWV: Δ = −0.66 m/s, p = 0.03), and aortic augmentation index (aoAix: Δ = −8.25%, p = 0.01) only in patients who used the device for a minimum of 4 h/night (n = 20). Conclusions: Arterial stiffness was improved only among CPAP adherent patients and could be detected using the Arteriograph (TensioMed, Budapest, Hungary), which involves a noninvasive procedure that is easy to implement for the clinical evaluation of arterial stiffness.

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Ostroumova, O. D., I. A. Alyautdinova, S. N. Litvinova, A. V. Arablinskij, and A. A. Kirichenko. "Optimization of Pharmacotherapy Within the Framework of a Patient-oriented Approach in the Treatment of Hypertension in Multimorbidity Patients (Clinical Case and Literature Review)." Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology 17, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20996/1819-6446-2020-11-07.

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Arterial hypertension (AH) remains one of the main causes of disability and death worldwide, including in Russia. At the same time, the risks of coronary and cerebrovascular events increase in the presence of additional risk factors. The most common modifiable risk factors are metabolic disorders, including pre-diabetes, dyslipidemia, peripheral arterial atherosclerosis, and obesity, which also imposes certain features on the choice of optimal pharmacotherapy. Currently, the terminology of comorbid conditions continues to be discussed depending on their pathogenesis and the presence or absence of dominance of one disease over others, i.e. polymorbidity, comorbidity and multimorbidity. At the same time, “associative polymorbidity” is distinguished with a certain set of diseases that often occur in conjunction with each other with individual susceptibility of the body. One of the most common phenotypes of polymorbidity occurring in all age groups in both sexes is cardiometabolic, which is based on the formation of insulin resistance, sympathetic overactivity and chronic inflammation. This article provides a clinical example of the use of a fixed combination of angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan and calcium channel blocker amlodipine with the addition of an I1-imidazoline receptor agonist moxonidine in real clinical practice in a polymorbid cardiometabolic patient with target organ damage (left ventricular hypertrophy and microalbuminuria). High antihypertensive (favorable effect on 24-hour blood pressure, especially in the early morning) and organoprotective effectiveness of this combination, its possibilities in correcting additional risk factors (reduced heart rate, body weight and a positive effect on metabolic parameters), due to a synergistic effect on the central pathogenetic mechanisms of hypertension and obesity – insulin resistance and sympathetic overactivity.

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Colunga Blanco, S., C. Gonzalez Matos, A. Angelis, P. G. Dinis, M. Chinali, A. Toth, M. G. Andreassi, et al. "Poster session 5The imaging examinationP1097Correlation between visual and quantitative assessment of left ventricle: intra- and inter-observer agreementP1099Incremental prognostic value of late gadolinium-enhanced by cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with heart failureAnatomy and physiology of the heart and great vesselsP1100Left ventricular geometry and diastolic performance in erectile dysfunction patients; a topic of differential arterial stiffness influenceAssessment of diameters, volumes and massP1101Impact of the percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect on the right heart "remodeling"P1102Left Ventricular Mass Indexation in Infants, Children and Adolescents: a Simplified Approach for the Identification of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Clinical PracticeP1103Impact of trabecules while quantifying cardiac magnetic resonance exams in patients with systemic right ventricleP1104Detection of subclinical atherosclerosis by carotid intima-media thickness: correlation with leukocytes telomere shorteningAssessments of haemodynamicsP1105Flow redirection towards the left ventricular outflow tract: vortex formation is not affected by variations in atrio-ventricular delayAssessment of systolic functionP1106Reproducibility and feasibility of cardiac MRI feature tracking in Fabry diseaseP1107Normal left ventricular strain values by two-dimensional strain echocardiography; result of normal (normal echocardiographic dimensions and functions in korean people) studyP1108Test-retest repeatability of global strain following st-elevation myocardial infarction - a comparison of tagging and feature trackingP1109Cardiotoxicity induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)P1110Finite strain ellipses for the analysis of left ventricular principal strain directions using 3d speckle tracking echocardiographyP1111Antihypertensive therapy reduces time to peak longitudinal strainP1112Right ventricular systolic function as a marker of prognosis after inferior myocardial infarction - 5-year follow-upP1113Is artery pulmonary dilatation related with right but also early left ventricle dysfunction in pulmonary artery hypertension?P1114Right ventricular mechanics changes according to pressure overload increasing, a 2D-speckle tracking echocardiographic evaluationAssessment of diastolic functionP1115Paired comparison of left atrial strain from P-wave to P-wave and R-wave to R-waveP1116Diagnostic role of Tissue Doppler Imaging echocardiographic criteria in obese heart failure with preserved ejection fraction patientsP1117Evaluation of diastolic function of right ventricle in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertensionP1118Severity and predictors of diastolic dysfunction in a non-hypertensive non-ischemic cohort of Egyptian patients with documented systemic autoimmune disease; pilot reportP1119correlation between ST segment shift and cardiac diastolic function in patients with acute myocardial infarctionIschemic heart diseaseP1120Computed tomography coronary angiography verSus sTRess cArdiac magneTic rEsonance for the manaGement of sYmptomatic revascularized patients: a cost effectiveness study (STRATEGY study)P1121Utility of transmural myocardial mechanic for early infarct size prediction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in STEMI patientsP1122Progressive Improvements of the echocardiographic deformation parameters in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction after five years follow-upP1123Long-term prognostic value of left ventricular dyssynchrony as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance feature-tracking imaging after a first st-segment elevation myocardial infarctionP1124Differences in mitral annulus remodeling in acute anterior ST elevation and acute inferior ST elevation myocardial infarctionP1125Reduction of microvascular injury using a novel theragnostic ultrasound strategy: a first in men feasibility and safety studyP1126Impact of focused echocardiography in clinical decision of patient presented with st elevation myocardial infarction underwent primary angioplastyHeart valve DiseasesP1127Aortic valve area calculation in aortic stenosis: a comparison among conventional and 3D-transesophageal echocardiography and computed tomographyP1128Myocardial fibrosis and microRNA-21 expression in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis and preserved ejection fraction: a 2D speckle tracking echocardiography, tissutal and plasmatic studyP1129Quantification of calcium amount in a new experimental model: a comparison between calibrated integrated backscatter of ultrasound and computed tomographyP1130Altered diffusion capacity in aortic stenosis: role of the right heartP1131Osteoprotegerin predicts all-cause mortality in calcific aortic stenosis patients with preserved left ventricle ejection fraction in long term observationP1132Mitral regurgitation as a risk factor for pulmonary hypertension in patients with aortic stenosisP1133The relationship between the level of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide and mitral stenosisP1134Aortic regurgitation, left ventricle mechanics and vascular load: a single centre 2d derived-speckle tracking studyP1135Feasibility and reproducibility issues limit the usefulness of quantitative colour Doppler parameters in the assessment of chronic aortic and mitral regurgitation severityP1136Predictors of postoperative outcome in degenerative mitral regurgitationP1137Left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony in patients with severe mitral regurgitation of rheumatic etiology; three dimensional echocardiography studyP1138Functional mitral regurgitation and left atrial dysfunction concur in determining pulmonary hypertension and functional status in subjects with left ventricular systolic dysfunctionP11393D echocardiography allows more effective quantitative assessment of the severity of functional tricuspid regurgitation than conventional 2D/Doppler echocardiographyP1140Prosthetic valve thrombosis: still a severe disease? 10-years experience in a university hospitalP1141Validity of echocardiography in the hospital course of patients with feverP1142Do baseline 3DTEE characteristics of mitral valve apparatus predict long term result in patients undergoing percutaneous valve repair for degenerative regurgitation?P1143Influence of baseline aortic regurgitation on mitral regurgitation change after transcatheter aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosisP1144Prevalence of echocardiography detected significant valvular regurge in subclinical rheumatic carditis in assiut childrenCardiomyopathiesP1145Can we early detect left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy using global longitudinal strain assessment?P1146Prevalence of isolated papillary muscle hypertrophy in young competitive athletesP1147Troponin release after exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: associations with clinical and mr imaging characteristicsP1148Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: can we score the risk?P1149Impact of hypertrophy on multiple layer longitudinal deformation in hypertrophy cardiomyopathy and cardiac amyloidosis compared to controlsP1150Functional evaluation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy combining cardiopulmonary exercise testing combined with exercise-echocardiographyP1151Refinement of the old diagnostic criteria of left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) based on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)P1152Differences of clinical characteristics and outcomes between acute myocarditis with preserved and reduced left ventricular systolic functionP1153Value of longitudinal strain for distinguishing left ventricular non-compaction from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathyP1154Speed of recovery of left ventricular function is not related to the prognosis of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. A Portuguese multicentre studyP1155Predictors of in-hospital left ventricular systolic function recovery after admission with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Portuguese multicentre studyP1156Mid-ventricular takotsubo detected by initial echocardiogram associates with recurrence of takotsubo cardiomyopathy - a portuguese multicentre studySystemic diseases and other conditionsP1157Relations between left ventricle remodelling and expression of angiotensin 2 AT2R1 geneP1158Impact of renal denervation on long-term blood pressure variability and surrogate markers of target organ damage in individuals with drug-resistant arterial hypertensionP1159Greater improvement of coronary artery function, left ventricular deformation and twisting by IL12/23 compared to TNF-a inhibition in psoriasisP1160Advanced glycation end products play a role in adverse LV remodeling following MIP1161Incidence of subclinical myocardial dysfunction in patients with systemic sclerosis and normal left ventricular systolic and diastolic functionP1162Left atrial remodeling and dysfunction occur early in patients with systemic sclerosis and normal left ventricular functionP1163Intrinsic vortex formation : a unique performance indicatorP1164P-wave morphology is unaffected by training-induced biatrial dilatation: a prospective, longitudinal study in healthy athletesP1165Usefulness of transthoracic echocardiography in diagnosis of young patients with ischemic strokeP1166Primary cardiac lymphoma: role of echocardiography in the clinical managementP1167Abnormal echocardiographic findings in cancer patients before chemotherapyMasses, tumors and sources of embolismP1168Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography of the left atrial appendage reduces rate of postpone electrical cardioversionP1169Detection of ventricular thrombus by cmr after reperfused st-segment elevation myocardial infarction correlated with echocardiographyP1170Clinical and transthoracic echocardiographic predictors of left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillationStress echocardiographyP1171Pharmacological stress echocardiography complications: a 4-year single center experienceP1172Myocardial functional and perfusion reserve in type I diabetesP1173Feasibility of incorporating 3D Dobutamine stress echocardiography into routine clinical practiceP1174Right ventricular isovolumic acceleration at rest and during exercise in children after heart transplantP1175Right ventricular systolic and diastolic response to exercise in children after heart transplant -a bicycle exercise studyP1176Determinants of functional capacity in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fractionP1177Handgrip stress echocardiography with emotional component compared to conventional isometric exercise in coronary artery disease diagnosisP1178The relationship between resting transthoracic echocardiography and exercise capacity in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillationP1179Correlation between NT-proBNP and selected echocardiography parameters at rest and after exercise in patients with functional ischemic mitral regurgitation qualified for cardiosurgical treatmentReal-time three-dimensional TEEP1180Vena contracta area for severity grading in functional and degenerative mitral regurgitation: A study based on transesophageal 3D colour Doppler in 419 patientsP1181Proximal flow convergence by 3D echocardiography in the evaluation of mitral valve area in rheumatic mitral stenosisP1182Quantification of valve dimensions by transesophageal 3D echocardiography in patients with functional and degenerative mitral regurgitationTissue Doppler and speckle trackingP1183Automatic calculation of left ventricular volume changes over a cardiac cycle from echocardiography images by nonlinear dimensionality reductionP1184Effect of the mitral valve repairs on the left ventricular blood flow formationP1185Quantification of left atrial strain using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. a comparison between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and healthy controlsP1186The role of early systolic lengthening in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome and its relation to syntax scoreP1187Different standard two dimensional strain methods to quantity left ventricular mechanicsP1188Atrial function and electrocardiography caracteristics in sportsmen with or without paroxysmal atrial fibrillationP1189Right ventricular outflow premature contractions induce regional left ventricular dysfunctionP1190Ultrasound guided venous access for pacemaker and defibrillators. Randomized TrialP1191Atrial function analysis correlates with symptoms and quality of life of heart failure patientsP1192The use of tissue doppler echocardiography in myocardial iron overload in patients with thalassaemia majorP1193Independent association between pulse pressure and left ventricular global longitudinal strainP1194Global and regional longitudinal strain identifies the presence of coronary artery disease in patients with suspected reduction of coronary flow reserve and absence of wall motion abnormalitiesP1195Prognostic value of invasive and noninvasive parameters of right ventricular function in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension receiving specific vasodilator therapyP1196Myocardial deformation analysis to improve arrhythmic risk stratificationP1197Quantitative assessment of regional systolic and diastolic function parameters for detecting prior transient ischemia in normokinetic segmentsP1198Left atrial function in patients with corrected tetralogy of Fallot - a three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographic studyP1199Left atrial ejection force correlates with left atrial strain and volume-based functional properties as assessed by three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiographyP1200Acute angulation of the aortic arch late after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries: impact on cardiac mechanicsP1201Circumferential deformation of the ascending thoracic aorta in hypertensive patients by three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiographyCardiac Magnetic ResonanceP1202The incremental value of cardiac magnetic resonance on diagnosis myocardial infarction and non-obstructed coronary arteriesP1204Reference ranges of global and regional myocardial T1 values derived from MOLLI and shMOLLI at 3TComputed Tomography & Nuclear CardiologyP1205Deformation of the left atrial appendage after percutaneous closure with the Amplatzer cardiac plugP1206Prognostic impact of non-obstructive coronary artery disease on coronary computed tomographic angiography: A single-center study." European Heart Journal – Cardiovascular Imaging 16, suppl 2 (December 2015): S183—S209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev275.

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Haberka, M., A. Garcia Martin, P. Barbier, M. Pellegrino, A. Angelis, PJ Howlett, M. Madeira, et al. "Poster session 1GENERAL PRINCIPLESP194Ultrasound indexes of adipose tissue and lipid goals attainment in high and very high cardiovascular risk patientsTHE IMAGING EXAMINATIONP195Right ventricular global longitudinal strain provides higher prognostic value than right free wall longitudinal strain in patients with left heart diseaseP196Normal values of echocardiographlc left and right cardiac chambers dimensions as multifactorially determined by sex, level of physical activity, age, BMI, systolic blood pressure and heart rateAnatomy and physiology of the heart and great vesselsP197Echocardiographic phenotypes according to levels of oxygen consumption at peak exercise: findings from the EURO(pean) EX(ercise) population-based studyAnatomy and physiology of the heart and great vesselsP198Systemic vascular resistance and central arterial stiffness in relation to left ventricular geometry and diastolic function in essential hypertensionAssessment of diameters, volumes and massP199Left atrial diameter predicts a new diagnosis of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in a population presenting with palpitationsP200Interventricular septum thickness and acute coronary syndromes: small differences, big prognostic influence?P201Detection of abdominal aortic aneurysm in a population referred for an ultrasonographyAssessments of haemodynamicsP202The ultrasound vector velocity method transverse oscillation validated in a flowrig with constant and pulsatile flow and in-vivo of blood flow in the ascending aortaASSESSMENT OF SYSTOLIC FUNCTIONP203Different types of left ventrical remodeling in children with arterial hypertensionP204Assessment of myocardial performance index in hypertensive patients with or without hyperuricemiaP205Strain echocardiography detects mild impairment of systolic function in patients with frequent premature ventricular contractionsP206Speckle tracking strain correlates better with functional capacity and hemodynamic burden than ejection fraction in patients with severe heart failureP207Prognostic value of 2D and 3D echocardiographic volumes, ejection fraction and strain as markers of abnormal left ventricular performanceP208Long-term prognostic value of left ventricular ejection fraction assessed by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging after acute STEMIP209Assessment of left ventricular function after percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occluded coronary artery by speckle tracking and cardiac magnetic resonanceP210Physiologic variations of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in healthy subjects: clinical and echocardiographic correlatesP211Predictors of incipient ventricular dysfunction with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in metastatic renal cell carcinomaAssessment of diastolic functionP212Disagreement between the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and gastroenterology-based guidelines for the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction among patients with advanced liver diseaseP213Nomograms for mitral inflow doppler and tissue doppler velocities in caucasian childrenP215Diastolic function is impaired in women with angina pectoris and no obstructive coronary artery disease independently of coronary microvascular functionP216Clinical value of myocardial performance index in patients with isolated diastolic dysfunctionIschemic heart diseaseP217Cardiac imaging strategy is clinically more effective and at lower cost than traditional ETT strategy for the diagnosis of stable coronary artery diseaseP218Does the ESC clinical pretest probability score stratify our patients correctly? Validation with stress echocardiographyP219Incremental value of exercise echocardiography over exercise electrocardiography in a chest pain unit: a decision curve analysisP220A bedside echocardiographic score for risk stratification of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary interventionP221Interventricular and intraventricular dyssynchrony in patients with Q-wave acute myocardial infarctionP222Comparison of tagging and tissue tracking for myocardial strain assessment at 1.5T and 3.0T following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctionP223Left atrial strain rate evaluated by two-dimensional speckle tracking is predictor of left ventricular arrhythmias in STEMI patients treated by primary PCIP224Impact of percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total oclussion on left ventricular function using speckle tracking and cardiac magnetic resonanceHeart valve DiseasesP225Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with low flow severe aortic stenosis and preserved ejection fractionP226Ventricular-arterial interplay in patients with severe aortic stenosis: additional role of wave intensity analysisP227Degenerative aortic stenosis: don't forget the vascular componentP228Reclassifying low gradient aortic stenosis with 3D transesophageal echocardiography and global longitudinal strainP229Importance of mitral regurgitation on pre- and postoperative clinical status and echocardiographic findings in patients with severe aortic stenosis admitted for aortic valve replacementsP230Aorto-septal angle and degenerative aortic stenosis: a case-control study stenosisP231Difference of sST2 level in mitral stenosis compare with control subjectsP232Velocity-time integral of aortic regurgitation: a novel echocardiographic marker in the evaluation of aortic regurgitation severityP233Color doppler 3D echocardiography-derived regurgitant volume in primary mitral regurgitation: a comparison of different techniques with magnetic resonanceP234Outcome of surgery for degenerative mitral regurgitationP235Mitral valve repair or replacement for functional regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction: clinical and echocardiographic outcomeP236Prevalence, characteristics and prognosis of moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation in patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertensionP237Management of late bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosisP238Relationship between pulmonary venous flow and prosthetic mitral valve thrombosisP239Transcatheter aortic valve implantation does not reduce acutely valvuloarterial impedance in an elderly population with degenerative calcific aortic valve stenosisP240Influence of type of prosthesis on mitral regurgitation change after transcatheter aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosisP241The prevalence of valve disease in patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablationCardiomyopathiesP242The prognostic value of lung ultrasound at discharge in heart failureP243Prognostic value of global longitudinal strain in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathyP244Additional effect of high intensity exercise training to cardiac resynchronization in heart failure: the reduction on left venticular massP245Dobutamine-induced changes of longitundinal strain predicts longterm mortality in severe heart failureP246Myocardial fibrosis is not related to two-dimensional longitudinal strain in dilated cardiomyopathyP247Echocardiographic parameters are predictors of positive genetic study in a Portuguese population with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a multicentre studyP248Myocardial deformation techniques for the evaluation of the right ventricle in fabry diseaseP249Borderline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or athlete's heart: what is the role for genetic testing in athletes?P250Isolated papillary muscle hypertrophy. Clinical, electrocardiographic and morphologic characteristicsP251Prognostic value of the assessment of left atrial deformation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathyP252Assessment of subtle echocardiographic changes may improve risk stratification of arrhythmias in early stages of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)P253Long-term correlation of electrocardiography with structural echocardiography changes in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathyP254Right ventricular strain and dyssynchrony assessment in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a cardiac magnetic resonance feature-tracking studyP255Association of non compaction and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, Noonan and long QT syndromesP256Predictors of mortality in patients with acute myocarditisP257Clinical characteristics and natural history of acute myocarditisP258One-beat 3dimensional echocardiography for the assessment of right ventricular function in heart transplant recipientsP259Hemodynamically irrelevant, non-surgery related pericardial effusion is a predictor of mortality in heart transplanted patientsSystemic diseases and other conditionsP260Left ventricular function as a cardiac marker of target organ damage in non-diabetic, never treated hypertensive patients: Camparison with microalbuminuriaP261Subclinical myocardial dysfunction in hypertensive patients with hyperuricemiaP262Can deformation indices (strain/strain rate) establish differential diagnosis in infiltrative cardiomyopathies?P263Prevalence and factors associated with inappropriately high left ventricular mass in patients with rheumatoid arthritisP264Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with end-stage liver disease, the importance of follow up after liver transplantationP265Cardiovasclular involvement in asymptomatic juvenile localized scleroderma patientsP267Can the left ventricular mechanics using speckle tracking echocardiography in pregnancy predict the new onset heart failure?P268What causes impaired exercise tolerance in HFpEF? Relative contribution from LV filling pressure and other factorsCongenital heart diseaseP269Pregnancy in patients with Ebsteins anomaly - echocardiographic and clinical studyP270Double aortic arch anomalies in clinical practiceP271Echocardiography as the essential imaging modality in congenital heart disease - first one to begin with and the one who staysMasses, tumors and sources of embolismP272Can the reduction of wall shear stress in diskinetic myocardial wall segments be used to predict trombogenicity?Diseases of the aortaP273The role of modified transoesophageal echocardiography for optimal access decision making for transcatheter aortic valve replacement proceduresStress echocardiographyP274Is aortic valve resistance different in patients with severe aortic stenosis and left ventricular fraction below 40% with low or high gradient?P275Does wall motion score index in dobutamine stress echocardiography predict syntax score in catheterization lab?P276Sex-related differences in peak stress left ventricular global longitudinal strain during dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with significant coronary artery diseaseP277Exercise stress echocardiography complications: a 4-year single center experienceP278Reduced baseline left ventricular longitudinal systolic function is a marker of inducible myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing exercise echocardiographyP279Estimation of mean pulmonary arterial pressure based on right ventricle systolic pressure observed from exercise echocardiography among non-pulmonary hypertension with systemic sclerosisTransesophageal echocardiographyP280Transoesophageal echocardiography in patients with neuroendocrine tumour and carcinoid symptoms is safe without intravenous octreotideP281The feasibility and the clinical benefit of the cognitive-behavioral intervention for preparing patients for transesophageal echocardiographic studyP282Dynamic changes of mitral annulus shape in different types of mitral valve prolapse. A three-dimensional transoesophageal studyReal-time three-dimensional TEEP283Severe aortic stenosis: evaluation of effective and anatomy valve by 2D transthoracic echocardiography and 3D transesophageal echocardiographyP2843D-transeosphageal echocardiography usefulness for assessment of cardiac output in intensive care unit: an ultrasound versus thermodilution comparative study for patients under mechanical ventilationP285The predictive value of three-dimensional vena-contracta in determining the number of MitraClip devices needed during the procedure in functional mitral regurgitationTissue Doppler and speckle trackingP286Should the septum be included in the assessment of right ventricular longitudinal strain?P287Can machine learning help to identify heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?P288Concordance of atrial function measurement by 3D volumetric echocardiography and speckle tracking deformation imagingP289Heterogonous regional diastolic function revealed by 2D speckle tracking echocardiography identifies patients with ischemic etiology of left ventricular systolic dysfunctionP290The values from Real time 3-dimensional strain is not independent from preload changesP291Risk stratification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. a potential role for speckle-tracking parameters by cardiac magnetic resonanceP292Abnormal longitudinal peak systolic strain in asymptomatic patients with type-I diabetes mellitusP294Strain evaluation of subclinical cardiac dysfunction in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1P295Heart function assessment in perinatal asphyxia; speckle tracking indices from greyscale recordings perform better than from tissue Doppler recordings, fractional shortening and tissue Doppler indicesP297Longitudinal strain assessed by automatic function imaging - a useful tool in significant coronary artery disease detection in patients with low risk anginaP298Global 2-Dimensional strain as a predictor of mortality in heart transplant patients with cardiac allograft vasculopathyP299Two-dimensional longitudinal strain and strain rate in asymptomatic middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus - a pilot study resultsP300Limited accuracy of myocardial deformation imaging in diagnosis of left ventricular segmental dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction: is it only a limitation of the strain software?Computed Tomography & Nuclear CardiologyP301Evaluation of the actual prevalence of myocardial ischemia in patients prior to performing a peripheral vascular surgeryP302Prognostic value of myocardial ischemia detected by myocardial perfusion imaging in asymptomatic patients with diabetes type 2P303Economic cost analysis derived by coronary computed tomography angiography inappropriate indications to rule out coronary heart disease." European Heart Journal – Cardiovascular Imaging 16, suppl 2 (December 2015): S15—S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev263.

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Strijdom, H., M. F. Essop, N. Goswami, P. De Boever, I. Webster, F. Everson, F. M. Kamau, S. Charania, and T. S. Nawrot. "P5340HIV-infected participants on combination ART (tenofovir, emtricitabine, efavirenz) have improved endothelial function and smaller retinal venular calibers compared to treatment naive participants." European Heart Journal 40, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz746.0308.

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Abstract Background Cumulative data from several studies suggest that HIV-infected populations have a 2-fold increased cardiovascular risk. Evidence is also pointing to a link between HIV and early vascular changes, including endothelial dysfunction and subclinical atherosclerosis. There is a paucity of data from sub-Saharan Africa (the epicenter of the global HIV burden and a region with a rapidly increasing cardiovascular disease [CVD] incidence); furthermore, the contribution of specific combination ART (c-ART) regimens to HIV-related CVD and early vascular changes remain unclear. Purpose To investigate the association between HIV-infection, c-ART (TDF+FTC+EFV), CVD risk and vascular markers of CVD in an adult cohort in South Africa. Methods Cross-sectional study, participants assigned to 3 groups: HIV-free (HIV−), HIV-infected ART naïve (HIV+/−) and HIV-infected on ART (HIV+/+). Data collection: demographic information, anthropometrics, CVD risk factors, and blood chemistry. Vascular endpoints assessed: brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) and retinal microvascular calibers. Results Cohort size: n=427 (HIV− n=148; HIV+/− n=69; HIV+/+ n=210), mean age: 39.4 years, 68.9% females. Analysis of cardiovascular risk showed no differences in smoking and alcohol consumption, and blood pressure was unaffected by HIV-status. The untreated HIV group had a high % participants with clinically low HDL-cholesterol levels, whereas c-ART seemed to reduce the prevalence (HIV+/−: 58% vs 31% in HIV− and 26% in HIV+/+; p<0.01). Prevalence of hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia were similar. High sensitivity CRP levels were unaffected by HIV-status. Markers of end-organ damage showed renal involvement in the HIV+ groups (median regression of urine albumin-creatinine ratio in HIV+/+ and HIV+/− vs HIV−: Beta±SEM: 0.5±0.3 and 0.8±0.2 in HIV+/+ and HIV+/− respectively, p=0.02; adjusted for age, gender and ethnicity), as well as hepatic injury in the treated group (gamma-GT in HIV+/+ vs HIV−: Beta±SEM: 23.3±4.4, p<0.01, adjustment as above). Multiple regression of vascular markers showed increased FMD in HIV+/+ vs HIV+/− (Beta±SEM: 1.8±0.8, p=0.01; adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and BMI), and decreased central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) in HIV+/+ vs HIV+/− (Beta±SEM: −11.9±3.8, p=0.002) and vs HIV− (Beta±SEM: −7.1±3.2, p=0.03), adjustment as above. Carotid IMT was not affected by HIV or treatment status. Conclusions Combination ART consisting of TDF+FTC+EFV conferred vascular protection in HIV-infected participants as shown by improved endothelial function (increased FMD) and smaller CRVE compared to ART naïve counterparts. There was no evidence of subclinical atherosclerosis involvement (C-IMT). The vasculoprotective effects in the treated group were supported by a favourable HDL-cholesterol profile, despite unchanged inflammation (hs-CRP), and evidence of renal and hepatic impairment. Acknowledgement/Funding Dept of Science and Technology (South Africa); National Research Foundation (South Africa); Belgian Science Policy, Belgium; Austrian Grants Agency.

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Tagetti, Angela, Claudia A. Piona, Denise Marcon, Alice Giontella, Lorella Branz, Stefano Bortolotti, Anita Morandi, Claudio Maffeis, and Cristiano Fava. "Central Systolic Blood Pressure Is Associated With Early Vascular Damage in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes." Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 8 (September 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.606103.

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Objective of the study: This study aimed to test the effect of multiple cardiovascular risk factors on subclinical indices of atherosclerosis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D).Methods: Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), carotid distensibility coefficient (cDC), and carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured in children and adolescents with T1D, in a follow-up at the outpatient clinics of Verona. Blood pressure (BP; both central and peripheral), metabolic and other cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated in multivariate linear regressions to assess the association with the measured indices of subclinical vascular damage.Results: One hundred and twenty-six children and adolescents were included. cIMT was above the 95th percentile for age and height in 60.8% of the population, whereas 26% of the sample had cDC impairment (less than the 5th percentile) and 4.8% had an elevated PWV. Independent determinants of cIMT according to the regression models were only gender type of glucose monitoring and central systolic BP (cSBP). PWV was associated with age, sex, heart rate, and cSBP; cDC with age and both cSBP and, alternatively, peripheral BP (pBP). Neither pBP nor any of the tested metabolic parameters, including glycated hemoglobin, was associated with PWV and cIMT.Conclusions: A high proportion of early vascular damage, especially an increased cIMT, is present in children and adolescents with T1D in whom cSBP seems to be a common determinant. In children and adolescents with T1DM, a special focus should be on hemodynamic risk factors beyond metabolic ones.

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Jujic, A., L. Malan, C. Mels, P. M. Nilsson, and M. Magnusson. "3044Exploration of biomarkers for subclinical atherosclerosis in an African population using a proteomics chip targeted at inflammation and cardiovascular disease." European Heart Journal 40, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0011.

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Abstract Introduction The evolving use of multiplex proteomic platforms provides an excellent tool for investigating associations between multiple proteins and subclinical atherosclerotic disease. In this study, we evaluated the impact of a multiplex protein panel, on carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. Purpose We used a multiplex proteomic platform to identify possible associations between proteins and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis as measured by carotid ultrasound in an African population. Methods In the Sympathetic Activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans (SABPA) study, 92 proteins from the Proseek Multiplex CVD III 96×96 (Olink Bioscience, Sweden) were analyzed in 378 participants (mean age 44.7±9.6 years, 50.6% women, 10.8% with known cardiovascular disease). Carotid ultrasound was performed for measurements of the carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT, mean 0.663±0.127 mm) and calculation of cross-sectional wall area (CSWA, mean 13.5±4.4mm2), a measure of target organ damage. Possible associations between the proteins, and cIMT and CSWA, respectively, were explored using linear regression models. A two-sided Bonferroni corrected P-value of 0.05/92=5.4x10–4 was considered statistically significant in the crude analysis. Results Of 18 proteins (1 standard deviation of change of ln-transformed values) that were Bonferroni-corrected (p≤5.4x10–4) significantly associated with cIMT and/or CWAS in crude analyses, the following remained significant after further adjustment for age, sex, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, smoking and total cholesterol: growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF15; β 0.017, p=0.050), E-selectin (SELE; β 0.019, p=0.017), carboxypeptidase A1 (CPA1; β 0.019, p=0.019), C-C motif chemokine 15 (CCL15; β 0.031, p<0.001), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1; β 0.021, p=0.007), the hemoglobin scavenger receptor (CD163; β 0.021, p=0.008) and osteoprotegerin (OPG; β 0.022, p=0.004). As for target-organ damage defined by CSWA, SELE (β 0.459, p=0.018), CCL15 (β 0.398; p=0.032) and CD163 (β 0.541, p=0.005) showed multivariate adjusted significant associations. Conclusion In an African population, we could confirm five proteins (GDF15, SELE, CHI3L1, CD163 and OPG) associated with cIMT, but in addition identified two proteins (CPA1 and CCL15) with novel associations with cIMT and/or CSWA. Acknowledgement/Funding North-West University; National Research Foundation (NRF); Medical Research Council (MRC-SA); Department of Education North-West Province; ROCHE

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Angelis, A., K. Aggeli, N. Ioakeimidis, Y. Dimitroglou, C. Georgakopoulos, K. Zisimos, K. Aznaouridis, et al. "P2642Optimal blood pressure control in relation to target organ physiology in hypertensive men with erectile dysfunction." European Heart Journal 40, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz748.0963.

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Abstract Background Target organ damage (TOD) in essential hypertension relates to an adverse prognosis. Middle aged men are considered a population group where cardiovascular risk typically augments and erectile dysfunction (ED) that frequently accompanies both entities refers to a subclinical vascular damage process. Purpose To identify the optimal blood pressure (BP) levels in middle aged hypertensive males with ED in relation to TOD. Methods 258 ED males (mean age: 56 yo) with essential hypertension under medical treatment enrolled the study. All underwent 2D echocardiography and carotid ultrasound evaluation to determine left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and intima – media thickness (IMT) respectively. Carotid – femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx) were also assessed as indices of central vascular stiffness and wave reflection physiology (complior & sphygmocor devices). Office brachial blood pressure (BP) measurements where performed according to the current guidelines and an average of three consecutive values was computed. Erectile dysfunction was assessed by using the SHIM-5 score (range 0–25, lower values display a pronounced dysfunction). Results In bivariate analysis brachial systolic blood pressure (bSAP) was positively and strongly associated with LVMI (r=0,6), PWV (r=0,65), AIx (r=0,67, all p<0,001) and IMT (p<0,05, r=0,55). Erectile performance as assessed by the SHIM-5 score was negatively related to PWV, AIX and IMT (r=−0,58, r=−0,45 and r=−0,65 all p<0,001) pointing out the underlying vascular detriment. Interestingly, there were no such correlations regarding the diastolic blood pressure values. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed and the relation of bSAP with LVMI, PWV, AIx and IMT remained significant after adjustment for age, BMI, smoking habits and presence of diabetes mellitus (all p<0,05). We further subdivided our population into three groups according to the values of office bSAP for normal blood pressure (≤129mmHg, n=143,55%), high normal (130–139mmHg, n=59, 23%) and high (≥140mmHg, n=56,22%). In patients with high-normal bSAP, the parameters of PWV and LVMI were significantly higher than in patients with normal BP (independent sample t-test, p: 0,032 and 0,016 respectively). Patients of the high bSAP group as expected, had more extensive cardiac and vascular damage (LVMI, PWV and AIx). Conclusion In essential hypertensive middle aged men with erectile dysfunction, guiding therapy toward normal systolic blood pressure values as compared to the high normal benefits target organ physiology. It is clinically important to identify this vascular patients group in order to adjust regimens and further therapeutic strategies.

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Sultan, El-Zahraa M., Hoda Rabea, Ahmed A. Elberry, and Hesham B. Mahmoud. "Effect of Amlodipine/Nebivolol combination therapy on central BP and PWV compared to Amlodipine/Valsartan combination therapy." Egyptian Heart Journal 74, no. 1 (March 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43044-022-00254-0.

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Abstract Background Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central blood pressure (CBP) have been intoduced into managment of hypertensive patients. PWV is positively correlated with arterial wall stiffness while central aortic pressure becomes better predictor of cardiovascular outcome than peripheral pressure. Reduction in CBP provides protective properties against subclinical organ damage. This work aims to investigate the effect of a new combination therapy of Amlodipine/Nebivolol (A/N) on central BP, peripheral BP and PWV. The results of using this combination will be compared to the well-established fixed-dose combination of Amlodipine/Valsartan (A/V). The study conducted between October 2018 and August 2020. One hundred and two hypertensive patients were assigned for Amlodipine 10 mg/Valsartan 160 mg combination therapy (A/V, n = 52) or Amlodipine 10 mg/Nebivolol 5 mg combination therapy (A/N, n = 50) by simple 1:1 randomization. Office, central blood pressure and PWV were measured on first (0 week), second (4–8 weeks) and third visit (10–12). Difference in BP (in each arm and between arms) was calculated along all visits. Results No statistical significant difference was found between A/V and A/N regarding age, gender, BMI and CV history. OBP, CBP and PWV were significantly reduced in each arm, but no differences were found when comparing both arm results to each other. Recorded side effects were insignificant. Conclusions The new combination therapy Amlodipine/Nebivolol (A/N) affords a significant reduction in CBP, PBP and PWV with minor and tolerable side effects. It has provided comparable results to Amlodipine/Valsartan (A/V) combination therapy.

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Mok, Yejin, Corinne Joshu, Elizabeth Platz, Patricia Chang, Christie M. Ballantyne, Lena Mathews, and Kuni Matsushita. "Abstract MP78: Heart Failure And The Subsequent Risk Of Lymphedema In The Community." Circulation 145, Suppl_1 (March 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.145.suppl_1.mp78.

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Background: Lymphedema, abnormal lymphatic fluid accumulation in tissues, results in serious complications such as ulceration and reduces quality of life. Cancer treatment, through damage to lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels, is recognized as the main risk factor of lymphedema. However, understanding other risk factors is crucial for the prevention of lymphedema since there is no established curative treatment. Heart failure (HF) is considered an emerging risk factor for lymphedema through increased central and peripheral venous pressure, but the association of HF with incident lymphedema has not been systematically studied. Methods: In the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, we included 9,895 individuals without prevalent lymphedema and cancer at visit 4 (1996-98) (n=9362 with no HF and n=533 with HF). Lymphedema was defined as two outpatient encounters (at least a week apart) or inpatient diagnoses through 2015 (ICD-9: 457.1 and ICD-10: I89.0). Participants without prevalent HF were categorized into two groups according to NT-proBNP, a marker of cardiac volume overload (>125 vs. ≤125 pg/mL [reference]), to acknowledge potential contribution of subclinical cardiac overload. Results: During a median follow-up of 17.7 (IQI 14.1-18.7) years, 149 participants developed lymphedema. 15-y cumulative incidence was higher in participants with HF and no HF with elevated NT-proBNP than those with no HF and non-elevated NT-proBNP (5.2% vs. 2.0% vs. 0.7%, respectively) ( Figure ). After accounting for potential confounders (e.g., body mass index, blood pressure, diabetes), the associations remained consistent (hazard ratios: 3.07 [95% CI 1.86, 5.08] for HF and 1.95 [1.33, 2.87] for no HF with elevated NT-proBNP). Results were consistent when using HF as a time-varying variable and censoring incident cancer. Conclusions: HF and subclinical elevation of NT-proBNP were associated with incident lymphedema, supporting the contribution of HF to the development of lymphedema.

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Gosai, Dhara, Bela Shah, Kiran Chaudhary, and Amit Das. "Childhood Hypertension: An Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Centre, Gujarat, India." JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2022/52626.16036.

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Introduction: Childhood hypertension is an underestimated problem in India and other developing countries. It often leads to Hypertension in adult. Hypertensive children, although usually asymptomatic, already manifest evidence of target organ damage. Many of hypertensive children have left ventricular hypertrophy and increased carotid intima-media thickness, a marker of early atherosclerosis. Hypertensive children are very prone to develop target organ damage like retinopathy, renal damage, cardiac complications if remains undiagnosed and untreated for long. Other risk factors like cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia must also be looked for in hypertensive children. Aim: To study the prevalence, clinical profile, aetiology and to analyse various management protocol, complications, and early outcomes of hypertension in hospitalised children aged between 5-10 years. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, observational analytical study conducted in the Department of Paediatrics of a Tertiary Care Centre at Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, from 1st October 2017 to 30th September 2019. Blood pressure was measured by mercury sphygmomanometer using auscultatory method in all admitted patients in Paediatrics Department between the age of 5-10 years as a part of vital monitoring. A total of 103 patients having average systolic blood pressure and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95th percentile for that age, sex and height on three or more occasions were included in the study and their comprehensive details were recorded in prestructured proforma. The outcome was recorded as data in excel sheet and arranged in tables. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 0.96%. The mean age of the study population was 8 years, and the male:female ratio was 1.09:1. Vomiting was the most common presenting complaint followed by fever and puffiness of eyes. A higher incidence of fever on presentation was due to the associated infective pathology of Central Nervous System (CNS). Pallor was the most common finding on general examination. Neurological deficit was observed in patients with hypertensive encephalopathy and stroke. Overall, 21 (20.38%) patients were in stage 2 hypertension, amounting to hypertensive emergencies, 48 (46.6%) patients with hypertension had an underlying renal disorder, followed by CNS disorder in 47 (45.6%). Amlodipine (26.21%) was the most common drug used in hypertensive patients. Most common complication of the present study was hypertensive retinopathy seen in 14 patients (13.59%). Conclusion: In hospitalised patients, the prevalence of hypertension was 0.96% with a male preponderance. On admission, the most prevalent complaints were vomiting and fever; pallor and puffiness of eyes were the most common general examination findings, and ascites was the most common systemic examination result. The most common secondary cause of hypertension was renal disease, with acute glomerulonephritis as most prevalent

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Norby, Faye L., Lin Y. Chen, Elsayed Z. Soliman, Rebecca F. Gottesman, Thomas H. Mosley, and Alvaro Alonso. "Abstract P016: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy is Associated With Incident Dementia: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities - Neurocognitive Study." Circulation 135, suppl_1 (March 7, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.135.suppl_1.p016.

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Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is most commonly an indicator of target organ damage due to hypertension and may serve as a marker for chronicity of blood pressure elevation and as an indicator of the long-term burden of vascular risk factors. We assessed whether LVH measured by 12-lead ECG was associated with incident dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities – Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS). Methods: Our analysis included 12,665 individuals (23% black race, 56% female, mean age 57) who attended visit 2 in 1990-92. Cornell voltage (SV3 + RaVL) was derived from 12-lead ECG at visit 2 (1990-92), visit 3 (1993-95) and visit 4 (1996-98) as a continuous variable, and the gender-specific Cornell voltage criteria (SV3 + RaVL > 28mm for men, and >22mm for women) was used to define LVH as a dichotomous variable. Incident dementia was defined using a validated algorithm consisting of a full neuropsychological assessment, interviews, informant interviews, hospital discharge codes, or diagnostic codes from death certificates. A cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association between LVH and incident dementia. LVH and Cornell voltage were modeled as time-dependent variables and covariates were updated at each visit. Follow-up time was from baseline until date of dementia, end of follow-up, or the end of 2013, whichever came first. Results: During a mean follow-up of 18 years, we identified 544 participants with LVH and 1195 incident dementia cases. LVH was associated with a higher risk of dementia: multivariable hazard ratio (HR) 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.48-2.46 (Table). A 1-standard deviation increase in Cornell voltage (5 mm) was associated with a higher risk of dementia, HR (95% CI) = 1.10 (1.04-1.17). Conclusion: In this large population-based study, LVH measured in mid-life was associated with an increased risk of dementia. Additional research should confirm this association, and these results underscore the need for hypertension control to prevent subclinical brain injury.

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Meyer, Michelle L., Priya Palta, Hirofumi Tanaka, Jennifer A. Deal, Jacqueline Wright, Clifford Jack, David Knopman, Michael Griswold, Thomas H. Mosley, and Gerardo Heiss Heiss. "Abstract MP56: Association of Arterial Stiffness and Pressure Amplification with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study - Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS)." Circulation 133, suppl_1 (March 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.133.suppl_1.mp56.

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Background: As a high-flow, low-impedance organ, the brain is sensitive to excessive pressure and flow pulsatility. Increased pulsatility and arterial stiffness are hypothesized to contribute to cerebral microvascular damage linked to cognitive impairment. The association of arterial stiffness with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in a biethnic population is not well characterized, and the association of pressure amplification with MCI and dementia is relatively unexplored. Objectives: To quantify the cross-sectional association of arterial stiffness, measured by aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), and pressure amplification with MCI and dementia in a biethnic population of older adults. Methods: We included 4,945 adults (2,903 females; 1,069 African Americans; mean age 75 years) from the population-based ARIC-NCS. The Omron VP-1000 plus system was used to measure arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV)) and pressure amplification measures (central systolic blood pressure (cSBP), central pulse pressure (cPP), and pulse pressure amplification (PPA)). A neurologist and neuropsychologist classified MCI and dementia using psychometric assessments, medical history, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, and physical examinations, with adjudication by a third reviewer. We used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate associations of race-specific 25th percentile cut points of PWV and pressure amplification with normal cognition (reference), MCI and dementia. We stratified by race and adjusted for age, sex, and heart rate, ApoE4, education, smoking status, and study center. Results: There were 760 Caucasians with MCI and 110 with dementia, and 201 African Americans with MCI and 47 with dementia. Among Caucasians, those with lower PPA had a higher prevalence of dementia, odds ratio (OR)=1.84 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 2.97), comparing participants below the 25th percentile to those above it, and those with higher cSBP had a higher prevalence of MCI, OR=1.33 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.63), comparing participants above the 75th percentile to those below it. Also among Caucasians, those with higher cPP had a higher prevalence of MCI, OR=1.25 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.55), and dementia, OR=1.66 (95% CI: 1.00, 2.73), comparing participants above the 75th percentile to those below it. There were no statistically significant associations with cfPWV, among African Americans, and no evidence for effect modification by hypertension or diabetes. Conclusion: Arterial stiffness and components of pressure amplification were associated with MCI and dementia in Caucasians but not in African Americans, possibly due to the limited sample size. Longitudinal characterization of the observed associations is warranted to determine whether these measures are independent predictors of MCI and dementia among Caucasian and African American older adults.

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Snyder, Michelle L., Barbara E. Klein, Ronald Klein, A. Richey Sharrett, Vijay Nambi, Tien Y. Wong, Priya Palta, and Hirofumi Tanaka. "Abstract P323: Arterial Stiffness and Retinal Vessel Diameters: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study - Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS)." Circulation 129, suppl_1 (March 25, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.p323.

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Background: The retinal microvasculature measured non-invasively by fundus photography enables examination of the role of small blood vessels in cerebrovascular disease since changes in retinal vessels may mimic that of cerebral arterioles. The association of arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and retinal vessel diameters in a population sample is unknown, and evaluation of segment-specific PWV and retinal vessel diameters has not been conducted. Objectives: To quantify the cross-sectional association of PWV with retinal vessel diameters in a population of older adults. Methods: We examined data on PWV and retinal photography in 1,538 adults (853 females; mean age 77 years) from the population-based ARIC-NCS after excluding 43 participants with retinal diseases and 46 with missing covariates. Technicians used the Omron VP-1000 plus system following a standardized protocol to measure carotid femoral (cfPWV), brachial-ankle (baPWV), heart-femoral (hfPWV) and femoral-ankle (faPWV) twice and averaged the results. Non-mydriatic retinal fundus photography of both eyes were obtained and digital images were centrally processed with computer software to calculate central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE), which reflect diameters of retinal arterioles and venules, respectively. We used data from a randomly selected eye, and if missing, the non-missing eye was used (n=490). The relationship of PWV and CRAE and CRVE was assessed by multivariable linear regression adjusted for age, gender, race, hypertension, diabetes and smoking (current or former vs. never). Results: PWV was not associated with CRAE. The association of faPWV and CRVE was modified by gender. Among males, faPWV (cm/sec) was negatively associated with CRVE (beta= -0.01 μm, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.02 to -0.006). This pattern was not observed among females. The association of baPWV and CRVE was modified by gender and smoking in which baPWV was only associated with CRVE in male smokers (current and former). Among male smokers, baPWV (cm/sec) was negatively associated with CRVE (beta= -0.002 μm, CI: -0.02 to -0.008). Interactions were robust to additional adjustment for systolic blood pressure, heart rate and body mass index. No association was observed between cfPWV and hfPWV with CRVE. Conclusion: Arterial stiffness was not associated with retinal arteriole diameters in older adults, but peripheral measures of arterial stiffness were associated with retinal venular diameters in males and male smokers. Whether peripheral stiffness plays a role in microvascular changes or has a shared mechanistic pathway with smoking among males requires additional investigation. The different associations of PWV and retinal measures suggest diverse pathogenic processes are involved in macrovascular and microvascular changes preceding end-organ damage.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Central blood pressure, atherosclerosis, subclinical organ damage'

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