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ZELLER, M., T. B. H. REUSCH, and W. LAMPERT. "Small effective population sizes in two planktonic freshwater copepod species (Eudiaptomus) with apparently large census sizes." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21, no. 6 (November 2008): 1755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01589.x.
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Luhman, K. L. "A Census of the Stellar Populations in the Sco-Cen Complex*." Astronomical Journal 163, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac35e2.
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Abstract I have used high-precision photometry and astrometry from the early installment of the third data release of Gaia (EDR3) to perform a survey for members of the stellar populations within the Sco-Cen complex, which consist of Upper Sco, UCL/LCC, the V1062 Sco group, Ophiuchus, and Lupus. Among Gaia sources with σ π < 1 mas, I have identified 10,509 candidate members of those populations. I have compiled previous measurements of spectral types, Li equivalent widths, and radial velocities for the candidates, which are available for 3169, 1420, and 1740 objects, respectively. In a subset of candidates selected to minimize field star contamination, I estimate that the contamination is ≲1% and the completeness is ∼90% at spectral types of ≲M6–M7 for the populations with low extinction (Upper Sco, V1062 Sco, UCL/LCC). I have used that cleaner sample to characterize the stellar populations in Sco-Cen in terms of their initial mass functions, ages, and space velocities. For instance, all of the populations in Sco-Cen have histograms of spectral types that peak near M4–M5, which indicates that they share similar characteristic masses for their initial mass functions (∼0.15–0.2 M ⊙). After accounting for incompleteness, I estimate that the Sco-Cen complex contains nearly 10,000 members with masses above ∼0.01 M ⊙. Finally, I also present new estimates for the intrinsic colors of young stars and brown dwarfs (≲20 Myr) in bands from Gaia EDR3, the Two Micron All Sky Survey, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, and the Spitzer Space Telescope.
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Howell, Carrie R., Carmen Louise Wilson, Yutaka Yasui, Deo Kumar Srivastava, Wei Liu, Kari L. Bjornard, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, et al. "Neighborhood effects and obesity in adult survivors of pediatric cancer: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e23051-e23051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e23051.
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e23051 Background: Survivors of childhood cancer are at risk for obesity and associated chronic health conditions - risks that are potentially modifiable if survivors adopt a lifestyle with adequate physical activity and a healthy diet. Neighborhoods where survivors reside may influence uptake of health behaviors. We examined associations between neighborhood factors and obesity in survivors. Methods: Adult survivors participating in the St. Jude Lifetime cohort with addresses available for geocoding were eligible for analysis [N = 2265, mean assessment age 32.5 (SD 9.1) years, 46% female, and 85% white]. Survivors completed questionnaires regarding individual behaviors; percent body fat was assessed via dual x-ray absorptiometry (obesity: ≥25% males; ≥35% females); and neighborhood effects were characterized using census tract of residence (e.g. neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), rurality). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to determine associations between neighborhood effects, physical activity, diet, smoking, treatment exposures, and obesity. Results: Obese survivors (n = 1420, 62.7%) lived in neighborhoods with less access to exercise opportunities (63% vs 66%, p = 0.01) and lower SES (22% vs 18%, p < 0.001); and were more likely to live in small town/rural areas (14% vs 10%, p = 0.04) compared to non-obese survivors. Obese survivors who lived in the lowest SES neighborhoods were more likely to be CNS tumor survivors (17% vs 12%, p = 0.02) and received higher mean doses of cranial radiation (CRT) (15Gy vs 11Gy, p = 0.02) than obese survivors living in higher SES neighborhoods. Resource poor neighborhoods (standardized effect: 0.09, p < 0.001) and CRT (0.14, p < 0.001) had direct effects on percent body fat. Associations between neighborhood of residence and percent body fat were attenuated (-0.02, p < 0.001) among individuals with a better diet. Conclusions: The neighborhood in which a childhood cancer survivor resides as an adult is associated with obesity, and obese survivors treated with CRT are more likely to live in neighborhoods with lower SES. Interventions targeting survivors should incorporate strategies that address environmental influences on obesity.
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Zager, Daniel, Herbert Kellman, and Suparmi Elizabeth Saunders. "Census-Catalogue of Manuscript Sources of Polyphonic Music, 1400-1550, vol. 4: V-Z and Supplement." Notes 47, no. 3 (March 1991): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/941867.
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Imaizumi, Yoko. "Estimated Number of Multiplets Under 16 Years Using Two Sets of Census Data in Japan: 1990 and 1995." Twin Research 4, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.4.4.232.
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AbstractData for sets of multiples under 16 years of age were obtained from the population censuses of Japan in 1990 and 1995. These numbered 147,188 twin pairs, 1410 sets of triplets, 59 sets of quadruplets, and 3 sets of quintuplets in 1990, with the corresponding numbers in 1995 being 141,354, 2,211, 136 and 12, respectively. The total number of sets of multiples was 148,660 in 1990 and 143,713 in 1995. Twinning, triplet, quadruplet and quintuplet rates were estimated for each age. Rates of monozygotic twins and triplets remained constant age by age up to 15 years, while the dizygotic twinning rate, and rates of di- and tri-zygotic triplets decreased over the same period. Quadruplet and quintuplet rates also decreased. The accuracy of estimating number of multiples from census data is discussed using data on vital statistics.
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Smith, Gillian, Chris W. Bower, Scott Fridkin, and Jesse T. Jacob. "1425. Impact of Social Determinants on Racial Differences in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Incidence, Atlanta, 2012-2018." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S718—S719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1607.
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Abstract Background Public health prioritizes addressing social determinants of health to promote health equity. We hypothesized that social determinants of health, including poverty, are associated with racial disparity in the incidence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Methods The Georgia Emerging Infections Program conducted CDC-funded, active population-based CRE surveillance in metropolitan Atlanta (2017 population: 3.9 million) from 2012-2018. CRE cases were defined as Atlanta residents with a urine or normally sterile specimen growing E. coli, Klebsiella spp., or Enterobacter spp. resistant to ≥ 1 carbapenems (excluding ertapenem) and all third generation cephalosporins tested. Poverty, education and insurance levels by census tract of residence were obtained from the US Census Bureau’s 2017 American Community Survey. Race and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were determined from chart review, and primary care provider (PCP) shortage area was obtained from the Health Resources and Services Administration. Age-adjusted incidence rate ratios were individually calculated using direct age standardization. Covariates were considered for inclusion in a multivariable Poisson regression model for the expected rate of CRE. Results Adjusting for age, CRE incidence was three times higher in blacks than whites. Higher CRE incidence was also observed among cases assigned > 40% below poverty level, > 15% below high school education, > 10% uninsured, and in a PCP shortage area (Table 1). CRE incidence was 58 times higher among ESRD cases than non-ESRD cases. In the multivariable model (Figure 1) addition of education, poverty or ESRD (p< 0.001), but not PCP access (p = 0.61) and insurance status (p=0.19), significantly reduced the racial difference in CRE incidence compared to race and age alone. Although controlling for age and either education, poverty level or ESRD reduced CRE among blacks, CRE incidence in blacks remained double that of whites. Figure 1. Comparison of race CRE incidence rate ratio adjusting for age alone (red line) to adjusting for age and individual social determinants (blue bars)” Table 1. Social Determinants Distribution and Age-Adjusted CRE Incidence Rate Ratio (N = 378) Conclusion Poverty level, ESRD and education only partially account for the racial differences seen in CRE incidence. While ESRD suggests a possible biologic component, persistent racial differences indicate the need for targeted public health interventions to address social determinants of health. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Addo-Nkrumah, Betty K. "Effectiveness of Staff Union’s Participation in Decision-Making at the University of Cape Coast." Journal of Educational Management 10, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/jem.v10i.1424.
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This study examines the Effectiveness of the Stajf Union’s Participation in Decision Making at the University of Cape Coast (UCC) using descriptive survey design. The population for the study consisted of Ghana Association of University Administrators (GA UA), University Teachers* Association of Ghana (UTAG), Senior Staff Association (SSA) and Tertiary Education Workers’ Union (TEWU) members. Census technique was used to select all the staff unions at UCC while proportional stratified sampling method was used to select one hundred and fifteen (115) respondents from the unions. William Kahn’s Theory of Employee Engagement was used as the theoretical basis for the study. Data were obtained using self-structured questionnaire and analysed using frequency and percentages. Results reveal that employee unions' participation in decision-making is less organised, union executives exercise control over union decisions and management is unwilling to share decision-making with employees. Additionally, management is identified as an authoritarian imposing decision on unions. Finally, management sees employees as antagonists because of the fear of the unknown on the part of employees. Consequently, the study recommends that the management of the University should interact with employees to deliberate on issues in the organisation and develop a policy to ensure all staff sentiments and opinions are subject to merit.
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BEN LAMINE, EMNA, PAOLO GUIDETTI, MOHAMED SALAH ROMDHANE, and PATRICE FRANCOUR. "Fish assemblages along the coasts of Tunisia: a baseline study to assess the effectiveness of future Marine Protected Areas." Mediterranean Marine Science 19, no. 1 (May 23, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.14206.
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The present study investigated coastal fish assemblages, using Underwater Visual Census (UVC) transects, in Tunisia (south Mediterranean basin). The rationale behind this work is to get i) a suggestive evidence about the status of fish assemblages, and ii) baseline data at 3 locations in Tunisia where 3 MPAs will be established, before the implementation of protection measures. At each location, we used a sampling design where fish censuses were performed in two types of zone: zones that will be inside MPAs, and zones that will remain outside. On the whole, 49 taxa belonging to 19 families were censused. Data reveal clear symptoms of overfishing, especially in terms of dominance of small- and medium-sized individuals of commercially relevant species. Our analyses, moreover, did not show any significant difference in whole fish assemblage structures (considering both density and biomass), patterns of average species richness, total fish density and biomass, density and biomass of different trophic categories of fishes, size distribution of commercially relevant species, between future-protected and unprotected zones. Overall, results suggest that 1) current fish assemblages at the three studied locations are likely to be seriously impacted by fishing activities, and 2) these data could be used as reliable baselines to assess the effectiveness of protection measures within the MPAs that will be established in the future. Our study is the first in Tunisia, and in North African coasts, that assessed distribution patterns of coastal fish assemblages by means of UVC, using a formal spatially replicated sampling design for resource management.
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Strohm, Reinhard. "Review: Census-Catalogue of Manuscript Sources of Polyphonic Music, 1400-1550 by The University of Illinois Musicological Archives for Renaissance Manuscript Studies." Journal of the American Musicological Society 48, no. 3 (1995): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3519835.
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N. N., Samuel, and Uduimoh A. A. "CSR Performance of Listed Firms: Booster to Nigerian Economy (2012-2021)." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation 7, no. 3 (2024): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ijebi-rplvm7np.
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This paper examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance of listed companies in Nigeria. The study used correlational research designs within positive accounting theory. The study utilized secondary data collected from the annual report and accounts of twenty-three (23) sampled listed companies for a period of 10 years (2012-2021). The sample of the companies was arrived at using census sampling technique in which all the elements of the population were used for the study. The data were analyzed using regression analysis (GLS Fixed Effect) with the aid of Stata Version 14.0. The study concludes that the involvement in CSR is also one way of meeting the requirement for good citizenship where a company is expected to be socially responsible to the environment in which it operates. The study therefore recommends, among others, that regulatory authorities such as SEC and NSE should improve on their monitoring and supervisory functions to make listed companies in Nigeria to comply strictly with the code of CSR.
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Stamilio, David M., David Kline, Allie Sakowicz, Anna Miller-Fitzwater, Elizabeth T. Jensen, and Anna C. Cochrane. "Living in a Neighborhood With Limited Access to Broadband Internet Is Associated With Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes [ID 2683563]." Obstetrics & Gynecology 143, no. 5S (May 2024): 63S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0001013820.53269.ea.
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INTRODUCTION: The internet is an essential tool for ensuring health care access and delivery. We aimed to estimate the association between living in an area with limited broadband internet access and specific adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: We performed an electronic health record-based retrospective cohort study of pregnant people who delivered at a referral medical center between September 1, 2019, and June 1, 2022. Primary outcomes were preterm birth, low birth weight (less than 2,500 g) and birth weight z-score for gestational age. Neighborhood internet access was defined as the proportion of residents with internet access in the pregnant person’s census tract of residence, based on the 2020 American Community Survey estimate and determined by geocoding. We used multivariable logistic or linear regression analysis to estimate the independent effect of internet access and computed adjusted odds ratios (aOR) or mean differences with 95% CIs for a 5-unit increase in the proportion with internet access for a given census tract. RESULTS: Among 5,190 pregnant people included, 885 (17.1%) had a preterm birth, 728 (14.0%) delivered a low-birth weight neonate, and 515 (9.9%) had a small-for-gestational age neonate. After adjusting for relevant confounders, increasing internet access was associated with reduced odds of preterm birth (aOR 0.97; 95% CI, 0.93–1.00; P=.048), reduced odds of low birth weight (aOR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91–0.98), and increasing birth weight z-score (Beta 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01–0.03). CONCLUSION: Living in neighborhoods with better broadband internet coverage was associated with reduced odds of preterm birth, decreased odds of delivering a low-birth weight neonate, and increasing birth weight.
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Zahari, Madiha, Rostam Affendi Hamzah, Nurulfajar Abd Manap, and Adi Irwan Herman. "Stereo matching algorithm based on combined matching cost computation and edge preserving filters." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 26, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v26.i3.pp1415-1422.
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The stereo matching <span>process is one of the key areas that impact the stereo vision technologies which are commonly used in the application of three-dimensional reconstructions. The accuracy of the depth information used in three-dimensional reconstruction is directly proportional to the accuracy of the disparity obtained from stereo matching. The challenging issue in the stereo matching process is to determine the accurate corresponding point between the left image and right image, especially for image pairs that have different exposure such as different illumination and image pair with less texture region. In order to increase the accuracy of disparity value, a new stereo matching algorithm is proposed based on the combination of Sum of absolute different and census transform at matching cost computation. guided filter was used in the matching cost aggregation in order to remove noise and preserve the edge of the image. In the optimization step, the winner take all strategy is used to select the minimum matching cost. Finally, a median filter is applied to the initial disparity map for refinement purposes. The experimental results show that the algorithm is effective in reducing the error and improving the accuracy of the disparity map in different illumination regions, less textured regions and different environmental exposure.</span>
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Nakajima, Kaori, Shuichi Kitada, Yoko Habara, Shoko Sano, Emi Yokoyama, Takuma Sugaya, Akio Iwamoto, Hirohisa Kishino, and Katsuyuki Hamasaki. "Genetic effects of marine stock enhancement: a case study based on the highly piscivorous Japanese Spanish mackerel." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 2 (February 2014): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0418.
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We used a before–after control–impact design to quantify the genetic effects of the large piscivorous Japanese Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) stock enhancement program on wild populations in the Seto Inland Sea. Samples of 1424 wild and 230 hatchery fish collected from 13 sites around Japan were genotyped using five microsatellite markers. A total of 758 wild and 103 hatchery fish were sequenced for the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. The population structure of Japanese Spanish mackerel was panmictic around Japan. Hatchery fish had significantly lower genetic diversity indices than did wild fish. However, there was no significant change in any of the diversity indices in the Seto Inland Sea, despite the substantial genetic mixing proportion of hatchery-origin genes (7.8%–14.5% from releases in 2001 and 2002), a conclusion supported by simulations. The estimated effective population size was surprisingly small (∼430–970) but stable in the Seto Inland Sea compared with the large census size. A Ryman–Laikre effect was not likely in the Japanese Spanish mackerel.
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Momen Majumder, Muhammad Shoaib, Ferdous Hakim, Iftekhar Hussain Bandhan, Mohammad Abdur Razzaque, Ahmad Zahid-Al-Quadir, Shamim Ahmed, Minhaj Rahim Choudhury, Syed Atiqul Haq, and MM Zaman. "Low back pain in the Bangladeshi adult population: a cross-sectional national survey." BMJ Open 12, no. 9 (September 2022): e059192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059192.
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ObjectiveLow back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder. This study aims to determine the residence-specific and sex-specific prevalence and the factors associated with LBP in Bangladesh.MethodsThe study subjects (aged ≥18 years) were identified from 20 primary sampling units of the national census following a cross-sectional multistage stratified sampling design. We considered the mechanical type of LBP for this study. A Bangla version of the modified Community Oriented Programme for Control of Rheumatic Disorders questionnaire was used. A team of trained field workers, rheumatology residents and rheumatologists collected the data. Analysis was done using weighted data.ResultsTwo thousand subjects were approached, but 1843 could be screened. Among them, 561 had musculoskeletal disorders, and 343 were diagnosed with LBP. The weighted prevalence of LBP was 18.5% (95% CI: 11.8% to 25.2%) and age-standardised prevalence of LBP was 19.4% (95% CI: 14.0% to 24.8%), which was higher in women (27.2%, 19.3% to 35.1%) than men (14.0%, 8.7% to 19.3%). The prevalence persistently increased from age group 18–34 years (10.5%, 5.7 to 15.4) to ≥55 years (27.8%, 16.1% to 39.5%). People with no education had the highest prevalence (31.3%, 22.3% to 40.4%). The prevalence did not differ between urban and rural residential locations. Four factors were significantly associated with LBP: age (adjusted odds ratio: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.7 to 3.4), female sex (2.2, 1.5 to 3.3), absence of formal education (2.3, 1.6 to 3.3) and hypertension (1.7, 1.1 to 2.6).ConclusionLBP is a common problem in Bangladeshi adults. The factors identified are age, female sex, no formal education and hypertension. These should be addressed adequately to prevent and treat LBP.
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Poh, Christina, John D. McPherson, Joseph Tuscano, Qian Li, Arti Parikh-Patel, Christoph F. Vogel, Myles Cockburn, and Theresa Keegan. "Effect of Pesticide Exposure on Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Incidence and Survival in California." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 5006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-147012.
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Abstract Introduction: While previous studies propose pesticide exposure to be a risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) development, results are inconclusive. In addition, the impact of pesticide exposure on NHL survival is not well-established. Therefore, we identified NHL patients from the California Cancer Registry and linked these patients with the statewide pesticide use reporting database to determine the impact of pesticide exposure on NHL-related incidence and outcomes. Methods: Using the California Cancer Registry, we identified patients with a first primary diagnosis of NHL from 2010-2016 and linked these patients with CalEnviroScreen 3.0 to obtain production agriculture pesticide exposure to 70 chemicals from the state mandated Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR) by census tract from 2012-2014. In addition, data from PUR was integrated into a geographic information system that employs land use data to estimate cumulative exposure to specific pesticides previously associated with NHL (glyphosate, organophosphorus, carbamate, phenoxyherbicide and 2,4-dimethylamine salt) between 10 years prior up to 1 year after NHL diagnosis. SEER*Stat software was used to calculate NHL subtype incidence rates by census tract pesticide use level. Multivariable cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the impact of total pesticide exposure from CalEnviroScreen 3.0 and individual pesticide exposure from geographic land use data on lymphoma-specific and overall survival. Results: Among 35,808 NHL patients identified, 44.2% were exposed to pesticide in their census tract of residence. Pesticide exposure was higher in Hispanic/Latino (46.5%) and non-Hispanic white (45.6%) then Asian/Pacific Islander (37.2%) and African American (34.9%) patients with NHL. Glyphosate, organophosphorus, carbamate, phenoxyherbicide and 2,4-dimethylamine salt exposure was reported in 34.1%, 26.0%, 10.6%, 14.0% and 12.8% of NHL patients, respectively. Pesticide exposure was not associated with increased NHL incidence by NHL subtype or subgroups defined by sociodemographic factors. Total pesticide exposure at time of diagnosis was not associated with lymphoma-specific or overall survival. In addition, no association was consistently found between glyphosate, organophosphorus, carbamate, phenoxyherbicide and 2,4 dimethylamine salt exposure and lymphoma-specific or overall survival. Conclusion: In this large population-based study of neighborhood agricultural pesticide exposure, pesticide exposure was noted to be prevalent among patients diagnosed with NHL, with high pesticide exposure particularly observed in Hispanics/Latinos and non-Hispanic whites. However, pesticide exposure was not consistently associated with increased NHL incidence or worse NHL lymphoma-specific or overall survival. Disclosures Poh: Acrotech: Honoraria; Incyte: Research Funding; Morphosys: Consultancy. Tuscano: BMS: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; Acrotech: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding.
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Fabricant, Peter D., Joash R. Suryavanshi, Jacob G. Calcei, Robert G. Marx, Roger F. Widmann, and Daniel W. Green. "The Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS): Normative Data." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 5 (March 7, 2018): 1228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518756349.
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Background: Recent data have shown an increase in youth sports participation at younger ages, which may be linked to greater musculoskeletal injury risk. The Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS) is a validated 8-item instrument designed to quantify the activity of children between 10 and 18 years old. Normative data on pediatric and adolescent activity level are unknown. Purpose: To establish normative activity-level data for American youth and to determine if there is a natural decrease in activity level during adolescence. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A cross-sectional investigation was performed among 2002 US children and adolescents equally split by sex and age and representing census-weighted distributions of state of residency, race/ethnicity, and health insurance status. Respondents completed the HSS Pedi-FABS, as well as survey questions on demographics and sports participation. Normative data were reported with descriptive statistics. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine if there was an effect of age on activity level during adolescence. Results: A total of 2002 respondents completed the survey; the mean age of the respondents at the time of survey completion was 14.0 ± 2.6 years. Mean weekly amount of reported physical activity was 9.3 ± 8.4 hours. HSS Pedi-FABS scores were normally distributed with a mean of 15.4 ± 8.5 points (out of 30 possible points). There was a modest but statistically significant decrease in HSS Pedi-FABS activity scores with increasing age ( r = −0.175, P < .001), corresponding to a linear decrease in activity scores by 27% on average from age 10 to 18 years. Conclusion: The current study provides baseline normative data for activity level in a census-weighted representative population sample of 2002 American youth through the use of a validated activity score (HSS Pedi-FABS). There was a modest but statistically significant decrease in activity scores with increasing age. These results will aid future research by providing normative, representative population-level activity data and will help to quantify the natural rate of decreased activity during adolescence.
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Kovács, Gyula. "A 2021. januári vízimadár-felmérés eredményei a Balatonon és a környező vizesélőhelyeken." Magyar Vízivad Közlemények, no. 37 (December 1, 2023): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17242/mvvk_37.15.
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Results of the January 2021 waterbird census at Lake Balaton and its surrounding wetlands. Waterbird census was carried out on 59 survey plots around Lake Balaton and its surrounding wetlands on 17th January 2021, like in previous years (KOVÁCS, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2013d, 2015; KOVÁCS & HAJDU, 2015a, 2015b; KOVÁCS & BRUCKNER 2022a, 2022b, 2022c) by BirdLife Hungary South-Balaton Local Group. A total of 37 waterbird species from 8 orders and 8 families were observed (Table 1.). The highest number (>5700 ind.) was counted at Királyszentistván, the highest species richness was found at Balatonfűzfő. We counted more than 1000 individuals in further 9 plots (Table 2, Map 1.), while species richness was exceeded 10 in 21 survey plots (Map 2.). On the fishponds and marshes, the dominant (D>5%) species were the Black-headed Gull, the Yellow-legged/Caspian Gull and the Mallard; on Lake Balaton the Eurasian Coot, the Mallard, the Tufted Duck, the Common Pochard, the Black-headed Gull and the Common Goldeneye. The highest abundance of Eurasian Coots (>8500 ind.) was observed, but also Mallards (~6400 ind.), Black-headed Gulls (~5900 ind.), Tufted Ducks (>3600 ind.), Common Pochards (>3000 pd), Yellow-legged/Caspian Gulls (~2700 ind.), Common Goldeneyes (>2200 ind.), Great Cormorants (>1400 ind.) and Pygmy Cormorants (>1000 ind.) were also significant throughout the survey area. Another remarkable record was the total number of Common Merganser 164. Interesting faunistic result was the occurrence of the Greater Scaup (1-1-1-2 ind. at Fonyódliget, Balatonszemes, Balatonszárszó, Szántód), Common Scoter (1 ind. at Balatonfenyves); Red-breasted Merganser (1-4-2-4-4 ind. at Fonyód, Balatonlelle, Balatonkenese, Balatonfűzfő Tobruk, Alsóörs); Red-necked Grebe (3-3-2 ind. at Balatonfűzfő Tobruk, Alsóörs, Balatonfüred MVM port); Black-necked Grebe (14-1-1-1 ind. at Fonyód, between Balatonkenese-Balatonfűzfő, Örvényes, Keszthely). However, not a single loon could be observed on the given day, although the observation conditions were not optimal.
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Mendiola Iparraguirre, Andrea Patricia, Maria Restrepo-Toro, Natalia Gomez, Mark Costa, and Esperanza Diaz. "Learning and Teaching Latino Mental Health, Social Justice and Recovery to Visiting Students: A Pilot Study." Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología 14, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33881/2027-1786.rip.14204.
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Almost 18% of the U.S. population is estimated to be Hispanic (United States Census Bureau, 2019), and of that, 15% had a diagnosable mental illness in the past year (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020); still, Latinos receive half as often mental health services compared to Caucasians (Office of Mental Health, 2020). Evidence suggests that minority ethnic groups may receive more inferior care standards due to biased beliefs or attitudes held by health professionals (Shepherd et al., 2018). The number of Latino Psychiatrists is not enough to care for the on-growing Latino population in the U.S. (Alarcón, 2001; American Psychiatric Association, 2017). There is a need to train medical students and residents in cultural competencies pertained to the Latino Culture and Health Services (Alarcón, 2001). We developed a pilot study of a curriculum created by Latino bilingual and bicultural mental health providers. The course lessons include (a) Health Disparities and Implicit Bias, (b) Recovery in Mental Health, (c) Immigration and Acculturation, (d) Cultural Formulation Interview, (e) Latino Values, and (f) Mental Health Systems. All topics focused on Latino Mental Health and used the “reverse classroom” teaching technique with interactive exercises. We measured the impact on knowledge, attitudes, and comfort level related to the concept taught in the lessons of this course. Teaching Latino Mental Health has a positive impact on improving the comfort level and knowledge of students. Nevertheless, there are not enough educational opportunities and information about these topics. Therefore, replicating this curriculum and expanding the education in Latino Mental Health will improve the health services provided to this community.
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Ahmed, Naveed, Mohammad Tahir Yousafzai, and Farah Naz Qamar. "The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study in Pakistan." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 11, Supplement_1 (March 2024): S113—S120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad651.
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Abstract Background The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study is a longitudinal multicountry study that aims to estimate incidence rates and document consequences of Shigella diarrhea within 7 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In addition to a high incidence of childhood diarrhea, Pakistan is facing a problem of antimicrobial resistance in urban and peri-urban areas of Karachi. Methods In Pakistan, EFGH will be conducted in Karachi, which is one of the metropolitan cities bordering the Arabian Sea and has a diverse population of 1.6 million according to the 2017 population census. The study aims to enroll 1400 children aged 6–35 months over 2 years (2022–2024) from 6 health care facilities (Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Khidmat-e-Alam Medical Centre, Sindh Government Hospital Korangi 5, Sindh Government Hospital Ibrahim Hyderi, Ali Akbar Shah VPT Center, and Bhains Colony VPT Center) situated in Nazimabad and Bin-Qasim town. Moreover, population enumeration and health care utilization surveys from a defined catchment area of health facilities will be conducted to estimate the Shigella diarrhea incidence rates. Conclusions The study will provide critical data to policy-makers about the burden of Shigella and antimicrobial resistance, which is essential for planning Shigella vaccine trials.
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Zahran, Sammy, Shawn P. McElmurry, Paul E. Kilgore, David Mushinski, Jack Press, Nancy G. Love, Richard C. Sadler, and Michele S. Swanson. "Assessment of the Legionnaires’ disease outbreak in Flint, Michigan." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 8 (February 5, 2018): E1730—E1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718679115.
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The 2014–2015 Legionnaires’ disease (LD) outbreak in Genesee County, MI, and the outbreak resolution in 2016 coincided with changes in the source of drinking water to Flint’s municipal water system. Following the switch in water supply from Detroit to Flint River water, the odds of a Flint resident presenting with LD increased 6.3-fold (95% CI: 2.5, 14.0). This risk subsided following boil water advisories, likely due to residents avoiding water, and returned to historically normal levels with the switch back in water supply. During the crisis, as the concentration of free chlorine in water delivered to Flint residents decreased, their risk of acquiring LD increased. When the average weekly chlorine level in a census tract was <0.5 mg/L or <0.2 mg/L, the odds of an LD case presenting from a Flint neighborhood increased by a factor of 2.9 (95% CI: 1.4, 6.3) or 3.9 (95% CI: 1.8, 8.7), respectively. During the switch, the risk of a Flint neighborhood having a case of LD increased by 80% per 1 mg/L decrease in free chlorine, as calculated from the extensive variation in chlorine observed. In communities adjacent to Flint, the probability of LD occurring increased with the flow of commuters into Flint. Together, the results support the hypothesis that a system-wide proliferation of legionellae was responsible for the LD outbreak in Genesee County, MI.
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Kaye, Keith S., Vikas Gupta, Aruni Mulgirigama, Ashish V. Joshi, Nicole Scangarella-Oman, Kalvin Yu, Anthony Boyles, and Fanny S. Mitrani-Gold. "187. Regional Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Outpatient Urine e. Coli Isolates in US Females ≥12 Years of age: a Multicenter Evaluation in 2019." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.497.
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Abstract Background The 2019 CDC Threats Report lists extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacterales as a serious health threat. While the clinical epidemiology of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (uUTI) has remained stable, there has been a notable increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among community-acquired uUTIs. Urine cultures are seldom ordered for uUTI as treatment is often empiric; local surveillance data may therefore be lacking. The study objective was to determine the prevalence and geographic distribution of AMR in urine E. coli isolates from females in the US outpatient setting. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study of E. coli ambulatory urine isolates identified from females (≥ 12 years of age) at 296 facilities, with ≥ 1 quarter of data in 2019 (BD Insights Research Database, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Initial isolates representing each distinct susceptibility pattern within 30 days of index urine were included. E. coli isolates were identified as not-susceptible (NS) if intermediate/resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), fluoroquinolone (FQ), nitrofurantoin (NFT), ESBL+ (by commercial panels or intermediate/resistant to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime or cefepime), and multi-drug resistant, defined as NS to ≥ 2 or ≥ 3 of FQ, TMP-SMX, NFT or ESBL+. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate resistance prevalence and variation across US census regions. Results Of 267,524 non-duplicate E. coli isolates evaluated, 25.1% (67,189) were TMP-SMX NS, 20.3% (54,359) were FQ NS, 7.3% (19,576) were ESBL+, 3.5% (9,453) were NFT NS, 14.0% (37,328) were NS to ≥ 2 drugs and 4.0% (10,814) were NS to ≥ 3 drugs. For all phenotypes, there was significant variation in resistance across census regions (all P< 0.001) with the highest in the East South Central region and lowest in the New England region of the US (Table). The figure shows regional prevalence of ESBL+ E. coli in 2019. Table. Antimicrobial resistance data from 30-day non-duplicate urine E. coli isolates in females ≥12 years old in 2019, by US census region. Figure. Heat map of the overall US geographic distribution of ESBL+ E. coli (30-day non-duplicate urine isolates) from females across 296 acute care facilities in 2019. Conclusion The 2019 prevalence of AMR in non-duplicate ambulatory E. coli urine isolates was notable: TMP-SMX NS and FQ NS were > 20%. In addition, there were significant regional differences in resistance, with the highest in the East South Central region of the US, for all NS phenotypes. These analyses inform, and may optimize, empiric treatment of uUTI and patient outcomes. Disclosures Vikas Gupta, PharmD, BCPS, Becton, Dickinson and Company (Employee, Shareholder)GlaxoSmithKline plc. (Other Financial or Material Support, Funding) Aruni Mulgirigama, MBBS, GlaxoSmithKline plc. (Employee, Shareholder) Ashish V. Joshi, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline plc. (Employee, Shareholder) Nicole Scangarella-Oman, MS, GlaxoSmithKline plc. (Employee, Shareholder) Kalvin Yu, MD, Becton, Dickinson and Company (Employee)GlaxoSmithKline plc. (Other Financial or Material Support, Funding) Anthony Boyles, MSc, Becton, Dickinson and Company (Employee)GlaxoSmithKline plc. (Other Financial or Material Support, Funding) Fanny S. Mitrani-Gold, MPH, GlaxoSmithKline plc. (Employee, Shareholder)
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Mansouri, Ismail, Driss Ousaaid, Wafae Squalli, Abdelbari El Agy, Abderahim EL-Hassani, Mohamed Mounir, Lahsen Elghadraoui, and Mohamed Dakki. "New Data on Migration Time, Breeding Phenology, and Breeding Success of European Turtle Doves in Their Highest Breeding Habitats in North Africa." International Journal of Zoology 2021 (March 23, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6629285.
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The migration dates, breeding phenology, and reproductive success of the European turtle doves were studied in the highest breeding habitats at Midelt (1400 to 1600 m), Morocco. Data were recorded from March to October between 2015 and 2018, using the Common Bird Census methodology. Results showed that, at high-altitude breeding sites (n = 20), turtle doves arrived on 28.25 ± 2.05 March, while departure dates were on 28.00 ± 1.47 September. On the other hand, nesting activity began on 26.5 ± 0.64 April, and laying dates were only two days after the nest construction date on 28.00 ± 0.7 April. First fledged chicks were 17.50 ± 2.72 May, and chicks started flying on 3.50 ± 2.33 June. In addition, breeding chronology, including nesting and chick’s flight, was influenced by altitude and rainfall and more particularly controlled by temperature. For breeding success, among the 467 monitored nests, 73.87% survived during the nesting period and 71.16% of eggs have survived during incubation. Chicks' survival rate was higher with 79.56%. Failure factors during breeding success were diverse. Predation caused the loss of 18.89% of eggs during incubation periods and 10.54% of chicks during the nestling phase. A few portions, including 4.41% of eggs and 4.39% of chicks, were deserted by their dove parents. Finally, our study highlights that the turtle dove breeds in high-altitude habitats with late and shorter breeding periods, which might allow this bird to avoid the vigorous climate conditions at mountains and their effect on reproductive success.
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Gutierrez, Angela, Cory Cronin, Berkeley Franz, and Graciela Muniz-Terrera. "US HOSPITAL INFRASTRUCTURE: ARE ALZHEIMER’S CENTERS PREPARED TO ADDRESS DEMENTIA NATIONWIDE?" Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.2902.
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Abstract Evidence on the U.S. hospital infrastructure to address dementia is scant, obscuring health improvement efforts. This study investigates the availability of Alzheimer’s Centers (ACs) in U.S. hospitals. Data come from the: (1) 2010 – 2021 American Hospital Association Annual Survey; (2) 2020 Area Health Resource File; and (3) 2020 U.S. Census. Utilizing data from U.S. general hospitals (n = 3,251), we employed multivariable logistic regression to examine hospital (size, ownership, teaching status), county (metropolitan, poverty, racial/ethnic county composition), and regional (U.S. region) predictors of AC availability (Yes/No). ACs in U.S. hospitals increased from 4.5% in 2010 to 5.9% in 2020. Large hospitals (>399 beds) had approximately 14 times higher odds of having an AC than small hospitals (< 50 beds; OR = 14.0; 95% CI = 6.44 – 30.46). Counties with a higher proportion of Latinx residents, relative to non-Latinx Whites, had lower odds of having an AC (OR = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.01 – 0.41). Northeastern (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.15 – 3.22) and Midwestern (OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.34 – 3.37) hospitals had higher odds of having an AC than Southern hospitals. Findings extend our understanding of U.S. hospital capacity to address dementia. Although ACs have increased over time, hospitals in non-metropolitan and Southern counties, and those in counties with a high proportion of Latinx adults are less likely to have an AC. To address dementia needs fully, investment in a national infrastructure is critical.
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Marxen, Troy, Chris Stewart, Amir Razavi, Sam Payne, and Paul Ghareeb. "Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Time to Surgery for Distal Radius Fractures." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 12, no. 5 (May 2024): e5838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000005838.
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Background: Delay in care secondary to socioeconomic status (SES) and demographic factors represents an area for potential improvement. Reducing time to surgery in distal radius fracture (DRF) fixation may improve outcomes while reducing cost. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of SES on time to surgery in our study population. Methods: Patients undergoing outpatient DRF surgery within an academic healthcare system during a 4-year period were reviewed. Time to surgery and demographic factors were analyzed. The US Census Bureau was used to determine median household income (MHI) for a patient’s ZIP code; patients were stratified into three groups based on MHI. Results: A total of 413 patients met inclusion criteria. SES (14.7 d in the low-SES group, 14.0 d in the mid-SES group, and 11.1 d in the high-SES group, P = 0.00063), insurance (11.7 d for insured versus 16.3 d for Medicaid/uninsured, P < 0.0001), race (non-White group: 15.2 d versus White group: 10.9 d, P < 0.0001), and treatment facility (16.2 d at county hospital versus 10.9 d at university hospital, P < 0.0001) were associated with time to surgery in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis found that only treatment facility was associated with time to surgery. Conclusions: Non-White, uninsured/Medicaid individuals residing in low-SES areas may be more likely to receive care at a safety-net facility and are at greatest risk for delay in time to surgery. Measures aimed to reduce barriers to care, increase healthcare coverage, and improve patient education should be initiated to mitigate these disparities.
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Ferguson, Isobel, Stephanie Moor, Chris Frampton, and Steve Withington. "Rural youth in distress? Youth self-harm presentations to a rural hospital over 10 years." Journal of Primary Health Care 11, no. 2 (2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc19033.
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ABSTRACT IntroductionDespite growing awareness of increasing rates of youth suicide and self-harm in New Zealand, there is still little known about self-harm among rural youth. AimThis study compared: (1) rates of youth self-harm presentations between a rural emergency department (ED) and nationally available rates; and (2) local and national youth suicide rates over the decade from January 2008 to December 2017. MethodsData were requested on all presentations to Ashburton Hospital ED coded for ‘self-harm’ for patients aged 15–24 years. Comparative data were obtained from the coroner, Ministry of Health and the 2013 census. Analyses were conducted of the effects of age, time, repetition, method, ethnicity and contact with mental health services on corresponding suicide rates. ResultsSelf-harm rates in Ashburton rose in the post-earthquake period (2013–17). During the peri-earthquake period (2008–12), non-Māori rates of self-harm were higher than for Māori (527 vs 116 per 100000 youth respectively), reflecting the national trend. In the post-earthquake period, although non-Māori rates of self-harm stayed stable (595 per 100000), there was a significant increase in Māori rates of self-harm to 1106 per 100000 (Chi-squared = 14.0, P < 0.001). Youth living within the Ashburton township showed higher rates than youth living more rurally. DiscussionYouth self-harm behaviours, especially self-poisoning, have increased since the Canterbury earthquakes in the Ashburton rural community. Of most concern was the almost ninefold increase in Māori self-harm presentations in recent years, along with the increasing prevalence among teenagers and females. Possible explanations and further exploratory investigation strategies are discussed.
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Nafiza Mat-Nasir, Mohamad-Rodi Isa, Farnaza Ariffin, Mazapuspavina Md Yasin, Fadhlina Abd-Majid, Benjamin Palafox, and Martin McKee. "Comparative study on the rural-urban employment status of low-income individuals (B40 group) with hypertension in Malaysia: The RESPOND study." International Journal of Life Science Research Archive 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijlsra.2023.4.1.0027.
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Background: There is a relationship between poor people being more likely to develop non-communicable diseases. This study was conducted to compare the socio-demographic differences mostly looking at the employment status between urban and rural low-income individuals (B40 group) with hypertension in Malaysia. Material and Methods: The communities were selected from rural and urban populations in four peninsular states. Following a multistage sampling approach, communities in each stratum were selected according to probability proportional to the size and identified based on national census data. Households were randomly selected. Eligible individuals were those aged between 35 and 70 years old, self-reported or identified as hypertensive at screening. Informed consent was taken. A survey using validated questionnaires was conducted. Results: A total of 611 respondents were involved in this study. 308 (49.6%) were from urban and 308 (50.4%) were from rural areas. The characteristics of the sociodemographic from both locations were comparable (p>0.05) except for the job description (p<0.001). There were around 50% worked full-time employment and 75.8% disagree that they lost their job within 6 months. There was no significant difference in household income between urban and rural respondents (p=0.550). Unfortunately, there was only a third of them received regular cash transfers, subsidies or payments through B40 Malaysia and 14.0% of the respondents had no more income after deducting taxes. Conclusion: There were not so many differences in the characteristics of the respondents in both locations except for the job description. It might be helpful for the government in the formulation the policies to reduce the poverty and assist this population to receive medical treatment to control their hypertension.
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Villanueva Castro, Richard Kevin, Ramiro Norberto Quintana Otero, Marco Antonio Tejada Mendoza, and Quiterio Trujillo Reyna. "Factores personales asociados a la evaluación formativa virtual de los estudiantes universitarios." Revista de Climatología 24 (March 12, 2024): 1429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.59427/rcli/2024/v24cs.1429-1435.
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Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la asociación de los Factores Personales con la evaluación formativa virtual de los estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional. El estudio sigue un diseño no experimental de corte transversal, con una población censal de 98 estudiantes seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Estos estudiantes completaron un cuestionario cuyos datos del último paso se recopilaron a través de herramientas en línea. La investigación destaca una variable conformada de factores sociales seleccionados para estudiantes de esta universidad y una segunda variable que influye en la implementación exitosa de la evaluación formativa virtual: retroalimentación, innovación y regulación. La investigación teórica sobre los factores sociales dominantes en la evaluación formativa virtual contribuirá a mejorar la calidad de la evaluación en entornos virtuales e identificar prácticas efectivas y recursos tecnológicos para fortalecer su eficacia. Los resultados demostraron que existe una asociación significativa de los factores personales con la evaluación formativa virtual. Abordar los desafíos relacionados con la retroalimentación y la aplicación del conocimiento sentará una base sólida para mejorar las prácticas de evaluación formativa virtual y beneficiar tanto a los maestros como a los estudiantes.
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Harlow, Alyssa F., Richard A. Miech, and Adam M. Leventhal. "Adolescent Δ8-THC and Marijuana Use in the US." JAMA 331, no. 10 (March 12, 2024): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.0865.
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ImportanceGummies, flavored vaping devices, and other cannabis products containing psychoactive hemp-derived Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are increasingly marketed in the US with claims of being federally legal and comparable to marijuana. National data on prevalence and correlates of Δ8-THC use and comparisons to marijuana use among adolescents in the US are lacking.ObjectiveTo estimate the self-reported prevalence of and sociodemographic and policy factors associated with Δ8-THC and marijuana use among US adolescents in the past 12 months.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis nationally representative cross-sectional analysis included a randomly selected subset of 12th-grade students in 27 US states who participated in the Monitoring the Future Study in-school survey during February to June 2023.ExposuresSelf-reported sex, race, ethnicity, and parental education; census region; state-level adult-use (ie, recreational) marijuana legalization (yes vs no); and state-level Δ8-THC policies (regulated vs not regulated).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was self-reported Δ8-THC and marijuana use in the past 12 months (any vs no use and number of occasions used).ResultsIn the sample of 2186 12th-grade students (mean age, 17.7 years; 1054 [48.9% weighted] were female; 232 [11.1%] were Black, 411 [23.5%] were Hispanic, 1113 [46.1%] were White, and 328 [14.2%] were multiracial), prevalence of self-reported use in the past 12 months was 11.4% (95% CI, 8.6%-14.2%) for Δ8-THC and 30.4% (95% CI, 26.5%-34.4%) for marijuana. Of those 295 participants reporting Δ8-THC use, 35.4% used it at least 10 times in the past 12 months. Prevalence of Δ8-THC use was lower in Western vs Southern census regions (5.0% vs 14.3%; risk difference [RD], −9.4% [95% CI, −15.2% to −3.5%]; adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 0.35 [95% CI, 0.16-0.77]), states in which Δ8-THC was regulated vs not regulated (5.7% vs 14.4%; RD, −8.6% [95% CI, −12.9% to −4.4%]; aRR, 0.42 [95% CI, 0.23-0.74]), and states with vs without legal adult-use marijuana (8.0% vs 14.0%; RD, −6.0% [95% CI, −10.8% to −1.2%]; aRR, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.35-0.91]). Use in the past 12 months was lower among Hispanic than White participants for Δ8-THC (7.3% vs 14.4%; RD, −7.2% [95% CI, −12.2% to −2.1%]; aRR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.34-0.87]) and marijuana (24.5% vs 33.0%; RD, −8.5% [95% CI, −14.9% to −2.1%]; aRR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.59-0.94]). Δ8-THC and marijuana use prevalence did not differ by sex or parental education.Conclusions and RelevanceΔ8-THC use prevalence is appreciable among US adolescents and is higher in states without marijuana legalization or existing Δ8-THC regulations. Prioritizing surveillance, policy, and public health efforts addressing adolescent Δ8-THC use may be warranted.
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Giri, Anil. "Self-Harm Behavior among Adolescent Students of Higher Secondary Schools of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 10, no. 1 (May 22, 2020): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37107/jhas.149.
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Introduction: A sizable amount of adolescents do self-harm, but most cases do not reach medical services as well as the attention of college administration and parents, making such a study essential to be carried out. The prevalence of suicidal thoughts and deliberate self-harm behavior remains largely unexplored. In this study, self-harm behaviors among adolescents studying at higher secondary schools were evaluated in selected schools of Kathmandu Valley in Nepal.
Methods: The purposive sampling of five different higher secondary schools in the Kathmandu valley were taken as a study area and the census was done to select the sample population of the selected higher secondary school. A crosssectional analysis of self-administered questionnaire data was collected aftertaking informed and assent consent from participants (n= 243)14-19 years old.
Results: The prevalence of lifetime self-harm was approximately 55.6%. The most commonly used self-harm method was scratching the skin intensely (14.5%) and was followed by carving words or other marks on the skin (14.0%). Of those who reported self-harm, 34.8%, intentionally hurt themselves to get the attention of others and 17.8% to punish themselves. Concurrent alcohol consumption (OR=3.660), cigarette smoking (OR=2.50), and depression (OR= 3.01) were associated with a significantly increased risk of self-harm. Similarly, problems with various social relationships were associated with the risk of self-harm. 68.1% knew other people harming themselves before they were involved in self-harm and 19.6% were influenced by family, friends, and media to harm themselves.
Conclusions: Self-harm behaviors are common among adolescents. Although the majority of self-harm behavior is not accompanied by a desire to die (serious attempt), all self-harm regardless of motivation is associated with an increased risk of deliberately harming when it is carried out repeatedly.
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Haenssgen, Marco J., Nutcha Charoenboon, Thipphaphone Xayavong, and Thomas Althaus. "Precarity and clinical determinants of healthcare-seeking behaviour and antibiotic use in rural Laos and Thailand." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 12 (December 2020): e003779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003779.
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BackgroundThe social determinants of health are a decisive yet persistently understudied area for tackling global health challenges like antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Precarity is one determinant whose importance is increasingly recognised, which we define here as ‘a form of pernicious self-dependence that undermines individuals’ control over their own lives and limits their ability to flexibly respond to crises’. We aimed to assess the relationship between precarity, other forms of deprivation and healthcare-seeking behaviour by asking, ‘What is the impact of precarity, marginalisation and clinical presentation on healthcare-seeking behaviour?’ and ‘Do patients experiencing precarious livelihoods have clinically less advisable healthcare-seeking behaviour?’MethodsWe used healthcare-seeking behaviour census survey data from rural Thailand and Laos, wherein five rural communities were surveyed two times over a period of 3 months (2-month recall period). Using descriptive statistical and multivariate logistic regression analysis on the illness level, we studied precarity alongside clinical presentation, marginalisation and facilitating solutions during an illness (eg, health-related phone use) as determinants of healthcare-seeking behaviour in the form of healthcare access and antibiotic use.ResultsThe data included 1421 illness episodes from 2066 villagers. Patients in precarious circumstances were up to 44.9 percentage points more likely to misuse antibiotics in the presence of situational facilitators (predicted antibiotic misuse: 6.2% (95% CI: 0.9% to 11.4%) vs 51.1% (95% CI: 16.6% to 85.5%) for precarious circumstances with/without facilitation). Marginalisation was linked to lower antibiotic use, but this did not translate into clinically more advisable behaviour. Clinical presentation played only a minor role in determining healthcare access and antibiotic use.ConclusionsThis study underlines the importance of context and local livelihoods in tackling drug resistance. While supporting the growing emphasis on AMR-sensitive development policy, we call for future research to study systematically the healthcare-seeking behaviour impact of precarious livelihoods, social policy and community development initiatives.Trial registration numberNCT03241316.
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Ulumiah, Miftachul, Mirni Lamid, Koesnoto Soepranianondo, M. Anam Al-arif, Moch Amin Alamsjah, and Soeharsono Soeharsono. "Manajemen Pakan dan Analisis Usaha Budidaya Udang Vaname (Litopanaeus vannamei ) pada Lokasi yang Berbeda di Kabupaten Bangkalan dan Kabupaten Sidoarjo." Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health 9, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jafh.v9i2.15783.
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Asian white shrimp or can be called vannamei shrimp has the Latin name Litopenaeus vannamei has native habitat in coastal waters and American sea waters. This research was carried out in September 2018 in the Asian white shrimp farming business unit Tanjung Putih Village Sepulu District Bangkalan District and in Penatar Sewu Village Tanggulangin District Sidoarjo Regency. This study population used 3 pond plots in Asian white shrimp culture in Tanjung Putih Village, Sepulu District, Bangkalan District and in Penatar Sewu Village Tanggulangin District Sidoarjo Regency. Sample size is determined from the amount of shrimp fry capacity stocked. The sampling technique was carried out by researchers by following activities in the field, census and visiting respondents directly on the farm or in the farmer's group home to obtain the information and data needed. The results showed that the best feed management was obtained the best results on the 4 sample ponds in Sidoarjo with an average final weight growth rate of 9.73 grams at the first partial harvest, 83% Feed Efficiency, and a 90% survival rate. As for the lowest feed management results obtained in sample ponds 1 Bangkalan with a yield of 6.98% growth, feed efficiency by 71% and survival rate of 86%. As for the results of the analysis of vannamei shrimp aquaculture business at different locations in Bangkalan and Sidoarjo districts, it was concluded that the best Production BEP was obtained in Sidoarjo's 4 sample ponds, amounting to 1427 kg. The best R / C ratio and Payback period is the average sample obtained in Sidoarjo. The conclusion of the best feed management and business analysis results is on the sidoajo sample ponds, the sidoarjo sample shows decent and efficient results.
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Davis, Katherine, Louisa Moorhouse, Rufurwokuda Maswera, Phyllis Mandizvidza, Tawanda Dadirai, Tafadzwa Museka, Constance Nyamukapa, Mikaela Smit, and Simon Gregson. "Associations between HIV status and self-reported hypertension in a high HIV prevalence sub-Saharan African population: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 13, no. 1 (January 2023): e067327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067327.
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ObjectivesThis study examined whether HIV status and antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposure were associated with self-reported hypertension in Zimbabwe.DesignStudy data were taken from a cross-sectional, general population survey, which included HIV testing (July 2018–December 2019).SettingThe data were collected in Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe.Participants9780 people aged 15 years and above were included.Outcome measureSelf-reported hypertension was the outcome measure. This was defined as reporting a previous diagnosis of hypertension by a doctor or nurse. After weighting of survey responses by age and sex using household census data, χ2tests and logistic regression were used to explore whether HIV status and ART exposure were associated with self-reported hypertension.ResultsThe weighted prevalence of self-reported hypertension was 13.6% (95% CI 12.9% to 14.2%) and the weighted prevalence of HIV was 11.1% (10.4% to 11.7%). In univariable analyses, there was no evidence of a difference in the weighted prevalence of self-reported hypertension between people living with HIV (PLHIV) and HIV-negative people (14.1%, 11.9% to 16.3% vs 13.3%, 12.6% to 14.0%; p=0.503) or between ART-exposed and ART-naive PLHIV (14.8%, 12.0% to 17.7% vs 12.8%, 9.1% to 16.4%,p=0.388). Adjusting for socio-demographic variables in logistic regression did not alter this finding (ORs:HIV status:0.88, 0.70 to 1.10, p=0.261; ART exposure:0.83, 0.53 to 1.30, p=0.411).ConclusionsApproximately one in seven PLHIV self-reported having hypertension, highlighting an important burden of disease. However, no associations were found between HIV status or ART exposure and self-reported hypertension, suggesting that it will be valuable to focus on managing other risk factors for hypertension in this population. These findings should be fully accounted for as Zimbabwe reorients its health system towards non-communicable disease control and management.
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Lolong, Dina Bisara, Ni Ketut Aryastami, Ina Kusrini, Kristina L. Tobing, Ingan Tarigan, Siti Isfandari, Felly Philipus Senewe, et al. "Nonadherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment, reasons and associated factors among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the communities in Indonesia." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 8, 2023): e0287628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287628.
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Background Tuberculosis (TB) is the world’s major public health problem. We assessed the proportion, reasons, and associated factors for anti-TB treatment nonadherence in the communities in Indonesia. Methods This national coverage cross-sectional survey was conducted from 2013 to 2014 with stratified multi-stage cluster sampling. Based on the region and rural-urban location. The 156 clusters were distributed in 136 districts/cities throughout 33 provinces, divided into three areas. An eligible population of age ≥15 was interviewed to find TB symptoms and screened with a thorax x-ray. Those whose filtered result detected positive followed an assessment of Sputum microscopy, LJ culture, and Xpert MTB/RIF. Census officers asked all participants about their history of TB and their treatment—defined Nonadherence as discontinuation of anti-tuberculosis treatment for <6 months. Data were analyzed using STATA 14.0 (College Station, TX, USA). Results Nonadherence to anti-TB treatment proportion was 27.24%. Multivariate analysis identified behavioral factors significantly associated with anti-TB treatment nonadherence, such as smoking (OR = 1.78, 95% CI (1.47–2.16)); place of first treatment received: government hospital (OR = 1.45, 95% CI:1.06–1.99); private hospital (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.38–2.72); private practitioner (OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.56–3.23); socio-demographic and TB status included region: Sumatera (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.05–1.98); other areas (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.30–2.61); low level of education (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.27–2.03); and current TB positive status (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.26–3.73). Conclusions Nonadherence to anti-TB drugs was highly related to the personal perception of the respondents, despite smoking, current TB status, a place for the first treatment, education, and region. The position of the first TB treatment at the private practitioner was significantly associated with the risk of Nonadherence to treatment.
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Bhandari, Rita. "Socio-Economic Status and Fertility Behavior among Tamang Women in Bhaktapur." DMC Journal 8, no. 7 (December 31, 2023): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dmcj.v8i7.62435.
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This study "Socio-Economic Status and Fertility Behavior among Tamang Women in Bhaktapur District" was carried out with the main objective of to identify the socio-economic status and fertility behavior among the Tamang women in the study area. The study included 169 married Tamang women of reproductive age group selected from census method. By conducting this research it is concluded that most of the women get married at the age of 15-20 years. Which was 48.5 percent of the total in the same way education, economic status, religion, occupation and family income were the dominant socio-economic factors of affecting the fertility behavior. Out of 169 respondents in the study area, 69.82 percent respondents were literate and 30.17 percent population was illiterate. Out of 169 respondents 60 percent were engaged in the agriculture sector, followed by 25 percent of hose hold workers. Most of the respondents were using family planning method for limiting birth. From the viewpoint of effects of socio-economic variables on fertility behavior, medium income group was 66.27 percent, low income 19.52 percent and high income was 14.20 percent. In education field, illiterate 30.17 percent, secondary level 79.66 percent and higher level 20.33 percent. In occupation involved in agriculture was 60.35 percent, household chose 24.85 percent, business 16.05 percent and other 4.73 percent. Similarly this study had found that the total number of respondents with their average CEB was 2.52 per family. High fertility culture was shown by these people. Lower fertility, behavior was associated with literacy and having higher age at marriage. It is argued that fertility remains high due to high child mortality. High fertility has ensured high dependency and family burden. Similarly current skewed distribution of population towards the younger ages would result high fertility level in the years to come.
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Boghossian, Nansi S., Marco Geraci, Ciaran S. Phibbs, Scott A. Lorch, Erika M. Edwards, and Jeffrey D. Horbar. "Trends in Resources for Neonatal Intensive Care at Delivery Hospitals for Infants Born Younger Than 30 Weeks’ Gestation, 2009-2020." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 5 (May 5, 2023): e2312107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.12107.
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ImportanceIn an ideal regionalized system, all infants born very preterm would be delivered at a large tertiary hospital capable of providing all necessary care.ObjectiveTo examine whether the distribution of extremely preterm births changed between 2009 and 2020 based on neonatal intensive care resources at the delivery hospital.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted at 822 Vermont Oxford Network (VON) centers in the US between 2009 and 2020. Participants included infants born at 22 to 29 weeks’ gestation, delivered at or transferred to centers participating in the VON. Data were analyzed from February to December 2022.ExposuresHospital of birth at 22 to 29 weeks’ gestation.Main Outcomes and MeasuresBirthplace neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) level was classified as A, restriction on assisted ventilation or no surgery; B, major surgery; or C, cardiac surgery requiring bypass. Level B centers were further divided into low-volume (&lt;50 inborn infants at 22 to 29 weeks’ gestation per year) and high-volume (≥50 inborn infants at 22 to 29 weeks’ gestation per year) centers. High-volume level B and level C centers were combined, resulting in 3 distinct NICU categories: level A, low-volume B, and high-volume B and C NICUs. The main outcome was the change in the percentage of births at hospitals with level A, low-volume B, and high-volume B or C NICUs overall and by US Census region.ResultsA total of 357 181 infants (mean [SD] gestational age, 26.4 [2.1] weeks; 188 761 [52.9%] male) were included in the analysis. Across regions, the Pacific (20 239 births [38.3%]) had the lowest while the South Atlantic (48 348 births [62.7%]) had the highest percentage of births at a hospital with a high-volume B– or C-level NICU. Births at hospitals with A-level NICUs increased by 5.6% (95% CI, 4.3% to 7.0%), and births at low-volume B–level NICUs increased by 3.6% (95% CI, 2.1% to 5.0%), while births at hospitals with high-volume B– or C-level NICUs decreased by 9.2% (95% CI, −10.3% to −8.1%). By 2020, less than half of the births for infants at 22 to 29 weeks’ gestation occurred at hospitals with high-volume B– or C-level NICUs. Most US Census regions followed the nationwide trends; for example, births at hospitals with high-volume B– or C-level NICUs decreased by 10.9% [95% CI, −14.0% to −7.8%) in the East North Central region and by 21.1% (95% CI, −24.0% to −18.2%) in the West South Central region.Conclusions and RelevanceThis retrospective cohort study identified concerning deregionalization trends in birthplace hospital level of care for infants born at 22 to 29 weeks’ gestation. These findings should serve to encourage policy makers to identify and enforce strategies to ensure that infants at the highest risk of adverse outcomes are born at the hospitals where they have the best chances to attain optimal outcomes.
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Susak, Ya M., R. Ya Palitsa, L. Yu Markulan, and M. V. Maksуmenko. "Infection of the biliary tract during palliative drainage in patients with hilar malignant jaundice." EMERGENCY MEDICINE 17, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.17.2.2021.230653.
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Background. Hilar malignant biliary obstruction in about 80 % of patients is not subject to radical treatment. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) eliminates jaundice syndrome but is associated with bile loss. External-internal drainage is intended to eliminate this disadvantage, however, the balance between its benefits and the risk of complications, in particular cholangitis, has not yet been determined. The aim was to compare the rate of cholangitis and survival after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and external-internal suprapapillary drainage treatment in patients with hilar malignant jaundice. Materials and methods. Fifty patients with hilar malignant jaundice were prospectively examined. Patients who underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage were included in the PTBD group (n = 24); patients who underwent external-internal suprapapillary biliary drainage (EISBD) treatment were included in the EISBD group (n = 26). The endpoints of the study were the rate of cholangitis, cholangitis duration index (number of cholangitis-days per 100 patient-days in a group), and cumulative survival. Results. Cholangitis during the entire follow-up period occurred in 7 (14.0 %) patients: in 3 (11.5 %) patients in the EISBD group, in 4 (16.7 %) patients in the PTBD group; p = 0.602. Taking into account the census data (patients who died during this period), the difference in the cumulative frequency of cholangitis was more significant (25.6 % in the EISBD group, 49.1 % in the PTBD group); p = 0.142. The average time of the onset of cholangitis from the beginning of the operation was 68.8 ± 14.7 days in the PTBD group, 90.7 ± 42.0 days in the EISBD group; p = 0.601. In the EISBD group, the cholangitis duration index was less than in the PTBD group: 0.46 versus 1.4 cholangitis-days per 100 patient-days, respectively, p = 0.001. Patients of the EISBD group had a greater cumulative survival rate compared with the PTBD group: the median survival was 90 days (95% CI: 70.0–109.9 days) and 75 days (95% CI: 51.1–98.9 days), respectively; p = 0.033. Conclusions. For palliative management of hilar malignant jaundice, EISBD treatment should be the priority over PTBD treatment.
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Orwig, David A., Jason A. Aylward, Hannah L. Buckley, Bradley S. Case, and Aaron M. Ellison. "Land-use history impacts spatial patterns and composition of woody plant species across a 35-hectare temperate forest plot." PeerJ 10 (January 3, 2022): e12693. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12693.
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Land-use history is the template upon which contemporary plant and tree populations establish and interact with one another and exerts a legacy on the structure and dynamics of species assemblages and ecosystems. We use the first census (2010–2014) of a 35-ha forest-dynamics plot at the Harvard Forest in central Massachusetts to describe the composition and structure of the woody plants in this plot, assess their spatial associations within and among the dominant species using univariate and bivariate spatial point-pattern analysis, and examine the interactions between land-use history and ecological processes. The plot includes 108,632 live stems ≥ 1 cm in diameter (2,215 individuals/ha) and 7,595 standing dead stems ≥ 5 cm in diameter. Live tree basal area averaged 42.25 m2/ha, of which 84% was represented by Tsuga canadensis (14.0 m2/ ha), Quercus rubra (northern red oak; 9.6 m2/ ha), Acer rubrum (7.2 m2/ ha) and Pinus strobus (eastern white pine; 4.4 m2/ ha). These same four species also comprised 78% of the live aboveground biomass, which averaged 245.2 Mg/ ha. Across all species and size classes, the forest contains a preponderance (> 80,000) of small stems (<10-cm diameter) that exhibit a reverse-J size distribution. Significant spatial clustering of abundant overstory species was observed at all spatial scales examined. Spatial distributions of A. rubrum and Q. rubra showed negative intraspecific correlations in diameters up to at least a 150-m spatial lag, likely indicative of crowding effects in dense forest patches following intensive past land use. Bivariate marked point-pattern analysis, showed that T. canadensis and Q. rubra diameters were negatively associated with one another, indicating resource competition for light. Distribution and abundance of the common overstory species are predicted best by soil type, tree neighborhood effects, and two aspects of land-use history: when fields were abandoned in the late 19th century and the succeeding forest types recorded in 1908. In contrast, a history of intensive logging prior to 1950 and a damaging hurricane in 1938 appear to have had little effect on the distribution and abundance of present-day tree species. Our findings suggest that current day composition and structure are still being influenced by anthropogenic disturbances that occurred over a century ago.
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Smith, Gillian S., Michael Fleming, Deborah Kinnear, Angela Henderson, J. P. Pell, Craig Melville, and Sally-Ann Cooper. "Rates and causes of mortality among children and young people with and without intellectual disabilities in Scotland: a record linkage cohort study of 796 190 school children." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e034077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034077.
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ObjectivesTo investigate mortality rates and causes in children and young people with intellectual disabilities.DesignRetrospective cohort; individual record linkage between Scotland’s annual pupil census and National Records of Scotland death register.SettingGeneral community.ParticipantsPupils receiving local authority-funded schooling in Scotland, 2008 to 2013, with an Additional Support Need due to intellectual disabilities, compared with other pupils.Main outcome measuresDeaths up to 2015: age of death, age-standardised mortality ratios (age-SMRs); causes of death including cause-specific age-SMRs; avoidable deaths as defined by the UK Office of National Statistics.Results18 278/947 922 (1.9%) pupils had intellectual disabilities. 106 died over 67 342 person-years (crude mortality rate=157/100 000 person-years), compared with 458 controls over 3 672 224 person-years (crude mortality rate=12/100 000 person-years). Age-SMR was 11.6 (95% CI 9.6 to 14.0); 16.6 (95% CI 12.2 to 22.6) for female pupils and 9.8 (95% CI 7.7 to 12.5) for male pupils. Most common main underlying causes were diseases of the nervous system, followed by congenital anomalies; most common all-contributing causes were diseases of the nervous system, followed by respiratory system; most common specific contributing causes were cerebral palsy, pneumonia, respiratory failure and epilepsy. For all contributing causes, SMR was 98.8 (95% CI 69.9 to 139.7) for congenital anomalies, 76.5 (95% CI 58.9 to 99.4) for nervous system, 63.7 (95% CI 37.0 to 109.7) for digestive system, 55.3 (95% CI 42.5 to 72.1) for respiratory system, 32.1 (95% CI 17.8 to 57.9) for endocrine and 14.8 (95% CI 8.9 to 24.5) for circulatory system. External causes accounted for 46% of control deaths, but the SMR for external-related deaths was still higher (3.6 (95% CI 2.2 to 5.8)) for pupils with intellectual disabilities. Deaths amenable to good care were common.ConclusionPupils with intellectual disabilities were much more likely to die than their peers, and had a different pattern of causes, including amenable deaths across a wide range of disease categories. Improvements are needed to reduce amenable deaths, for example, epilepsy-related and dysphagia, and to support families of children with life-limiting conditions.
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Goulart, Bernardo H. L., Shasank Chennupati, Kathryn Egan, Catherine R. Fedorenko, and Scott David Ramsey. "Predictors of delays in initiation of oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in EGFR and ALK positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 27_suppl (September 20, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.27_suppl.134.
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134 Background: Molecular testing practices and cost-sharing policies may result in delayed initiation of TKI therapy. We assessed predictors of delayed initiation of TKIs in metastatic EGFR+ or ALK+ NSCLC. Methods: We identified patients with EGFR+ and ALK+ NSCLC diagnosed between 01/01/2010 and 12/31/2016 in the Washington State SEER registry using validated natural language processing methods. We linked registry records to commercial and Medicare (including part D) claims. Eligible patients had stage IV NSCLC, sensitizing EGFR mutations or ALK+ by FISH, ≥ 1 pharmacy claims for EGFR or ALK TKIs, and ≥12 months of insurance enrollment post-diagnosis. Potential predictors included age, sex, race, Census-level median household income, urban status, insurance type, comorbidity, histology, mutation type, and receipt of chemotherapy prior to first TKI claim (pre-TKI chemo). We defined time to TKI initiation as the interval from diagnosis to first pharmacy claim for EGFR or ALK TKIs. We fitted Cox regression models to identify predictors of delays in TKI initiation, defining covariates with a P < 0.05 in a final multivariate model as independently associated with delays. Results: For 122 patients (median age 70; 65% female; 74% White; median income $66,580; 98% metropolitan; 35% Medicare; 80% EGFR+; 12% using pre-TKI chemo), the median time to TKI initiation was 6.7 weeks (IQR = 3.9 to 14.0). Independent predictors of TKI delays included male sex (HR = 0.51; 95%CI = 0.34; 0.76); Medicare insurance (HR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.20; 0.53) and pre-TKI chemo (HR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.20; 0.66). Median time to TKI initiation was 9.7 vs. 5.8; 7.8 vs. 4.1; and 16.0 vs. 6.3 weeks in male vs. female, Medicare vs. commercial insurance, and pre-TKI chemo (yes vs no), respectively. Conclusions: Male sex, Medicare insurance, and chemotherapy prior to TKI are associated with delays in TKI initiation for EGFR+ and ALK+ stage IV NSCLC patients. Possible explanations include higher prevalence of smoking in males resulting in lower priority for molecular testing, high cost-sharing policies for TKIs in Medicare patients, and prolonged time to obtain molecular test results leading patients to start chemotherapy first.
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Sutcliffe, Catherine, Ryan M. Close, Anne M. Davidson, Angelina Reid, Dianna Quay, Katherine Nicolet, Laura B. Brown, et al. "453. High Burden of Invasive and Severe Group A Streptococcus Disease Among Native Americans on the White Mountain Apache Tribal Lands." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.526.
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Abstract Background Native Americans are overrepresented in outbreaks of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) in the United States (US). In 2016, several invasive cases of GAS were detected at the Whiteriver Indian Health Service (IHS) Hospital in Arizona that primarily serves the White Mountain Apache (WMA) Tribe. The objective of this study was to determine the burden of invasive and severe GAS disease among Native Americans on the WMA Tribal lands. Methods Prospective population and laboratory-based surveillance for invasive and severe GASinfections was conducted for two years from March 2017 through February 2019. A case was defined as a Native American individual living on or around WMA Tribal lands with GAS isolated from a normally sterile body site (invasive) or from a non-sterile site (e.g., wound, throat, ear) requiring hospitalization (severe). Incidence rates were calculated using the IHS User Population as the denominators. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated using US Census data from 2015 as the reference group. Results 157 cases were identified (Year 1: 85; Year 2: 72), including 42 (27%) invasive and 115 (73%) severe cases. Most cases were adults (88.5%; median age: 40.5 years) and had ≥1 underlying medical condition (99.4%), including alcoholism (57.1%), hypertension (37.2%), and diabetes (34.0%). 47.8% of cases had a trigger in the past two weeks, including penetrating trauma (31.8%) and blunt force trauma (14.0%). For 72.9% of cases, a co-infection was detected (most commonly Staphylocccus aureus: 96.8%). 4.5% of cases required amputation and 1.9% died within 30 days of initial culture. The incidence of invasive and severe GAS was 460.9 per 100,000 persons (95% confidence interval: 394.3, 538.8), with no significant difference by year. The incidence was highest among adults ≥65 and lowest among children 5–17 years of age. Age-standardized incidence rates of invasive and severe GAS and invasive only GAS are presented in the Figure. Conclusion The WMA community has experienced disproportionately high rates of invasive and severe GAS for over two years. Studies to determine the reservoirs for transmission are urgently needed, as are interventions to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with these infections. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Wolfson, Julie A., Smita Bhatia, Lindsey Hageman, Elizabeth Schlichting, Nora Balas, Liton F. Francisco, Erin Funk, et al. "Association between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Health Status/Healthcare Utilization in Survivors of Blood or Marrow Transplantation (BMT) - a BMTSS Report." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-144535.
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Abstract Background: Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood (reflecting neighborhood-level social determinants of health) is associated with poor health outcomes. BMT survivors remain at a high risk of long-term and late-occurring chronic health conditions that require anticipatory management. We hypothesized that neighborhood disadvantage would be associated with poor health status as reported by the BMT survivors, as well as poor utilization of the healthcare system. Methods: We leveraged data from BMTSS - a retrospective cohort study examining long-term outcomes among individuals who survived ≥2y following BMT performed at three institutions between 1974 and 2014. Participants in this analysis underwent a single BMT and completed the BMTSS survey, which captures sociodemographic characteristics and chronic health conditions. We graded chronic health conditions using CTCAE v5.0, and calculated a summative index that takes into account the number and grades of the conditions, where a higher score indicates more/worse conditions. The survey also captured self-reported health status ("In general would you say your health is: excellent, very good, good, fair or poor?") and healthcare utilization ("When was your most recent routine check-up? <1y ago, 1-2y ago, 2-5y ago, ≥5y ago, never"). Neighborhood disadvantage was measured using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a validated composite indicator based on 17 US Census measures and percentiled as 0 (least deprived) to 100 (most deprived). BMT survivors were linked to ADI via census block group using home address at survey completion. Using multivariable ordered logit regression, we modeled the association between ADI and the odds of worse self-reported health or a longer time since a routine healthcare visit. Models were adjusted for available clinical factors (primary cancer diagnosis, donor source, conditioning intensity, chronic health conditions, chronic graft vs. host disease (GvHD), time from BMT) and individual-level sociodemographic characteristics (age at survey, sex, payor, race/ethnicity, education, income, marital status). Results: The cohort included 2,893 BMT survivors; median age at BMT was 47y (IQR: 30-58); median follow-up time was 9y (IQR: 5-16). Table 1 summarizes patient characteristics. Median ADI ranged from 14.0 in patients rating their health as excellent to 28.5 in those rating their health as poor, and from 21.0 in patients with visits <1y ago to 34.0 in patients reporting no visits [Fig 1]. In multivariable analyses, the odds of reporting worse health were higher for patients residing in more disadvantaged neighborhoods (OR per_unit_higher_ADI=1.005, p=0.003). Thus, for our cohort, a patient living in the most disadvantaged neighborhood (ADI=100) had 1.65 times the odds of reporting poor health compared to a patient living in the least disadvantaged neighborhood (ADI=1). Further, the odds of a longer time since the last routine physician visit were higher for patients living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods (OR per_unit_higher_ADI=1.007, p<0.001). Thus, a patient living in the most disadvantaged neighborhood had twice the odds (OR=2.06) of reporting no visits compared to a patient living in the least disadvantaged neighborhood. Conclusions: Conditional on surviving 2 or more years after BMT, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood was associated with poorer self-reported health and a longer time interval since a routine healthcare visit, after adjusting for self-reported individual socioeconomic indicators and chronic health conditions. The significant association between area deprivation and poorer self-reported health persisted after controlling for prior health care utilization. Our findings suggest that health status and access to healthcare are associated with characteristics of the built and social environment and deserve detailed examination in order to inform multi-level interventions that include policy. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Arora: Syndax: Research Funding; Kadmom: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding.
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Schachne, Jonathan M., Colleen Wixted, Daniel W. Green, Roger F. Widmann, and Peter D. Fabricant. "THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BACK PAIN IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF 2,001 AMERICAN YOUTH." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00062.
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Background: Back pain is a common condition that affects millions of Americans each year, including both adult and pediatric populations. To our knowledge, there has been no study that has epidemiologically studied back pain in a representative cohort of American children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of back pain in American children and adolescents 10-18 years old and investigate for any demographic or physical activity predictors of increased risk. Methods: A cross-sectional survey-based investigation was performed in 2,001 children and adolescents, equally split by age and sex, and representing census-weighted distributions of state of residence, race/ethnicity, and health insurance status. Overall prevalence of back pain (at present and any time in past year) was calculated, and comparative analyses were performed to investigate any relationship between back pain and age, sex, backpack use, race/ethnicity, BMI, insurance status, and level of activity. Results: Two thousand and one subjects completed the survey of which 1,000 were male (50%) and 1,001 were female (50%). The mean age of the respondents was 14.0±2.6 years and the mean BMI was 22.4±8.1. A majority of subjects (1,633; 81.6%) stated that they participated in a sport or physical activity, with basketball being the most common sport followed by soccer, baseball, dance, and football. In total, 743 subjects (37.1%) stated that they had back pain within the last year, most commonly in the lumbar region (64.9%). The mean age of the subjects with back pain was significantly higher than those who did not experience back pain in the previous year (14.76±2.4 vs. 13.6±2.6 years old, P<0.001). Regression analysis demonstrated that the proportion of subjects who experienced back pain within the previous year increased linearly by age from 10 to 16 years old before plateauing just under 50% from age 16 to 18 (Figure 1). Age accounted for 94% of the variation of the response data for back pain in the past year, and 84% for those currently experiencing back pain (P<0.001 for both). Subjects with back pain had greater BMI than those without back pain (23.5±9.5 vs. 21.8±7.0, P<0.001). Subjects that used backpacks with two straps were least likely to have back pain (33.0%), while those who used rolling backpacks (57.1%), backpacks with two straps and the waistband fastened (55.9%), and backpacks with one strap (46.9%) were more likely to have back pain (P<0.05 for all). Females were more likely to have had back pain than males in the previous year (41.5% vs. 32.8%, P<0.001). Varsity and national/internationally competitive athletes demonstrated the highest rate of back pain in the previous year (51.0% and 49.2%, respectively). This was significantly higher than the prevalence of back pain in recreational, local/community, and junior varsity athletes (33.5%, 29.7%, 44.4%, respectively, P<0.05 for all pairwise comparisons). No associations were found between subjects’ health insurance status or race/ethnicity and occurrence of back pain. Conclusions/Significance: The current study quantifies the prevalence of back pain in an epidemiologic, census-derived sample of 2,001 American children and adolescents. There was a statistically significant linear increase by age from 10 to 16 years old before plateauing just under 50% from age 16 to 18. Additional statistically significant associations between presence of back pain in the previous year and BMI, backpack use, sex, and level of athletic participation were discovered. No association between insurance status or race and back pain was reported. These results will aid in future research and clinical care by demonstrating the epidemiology of back pain within the 10-18 year old American pediatric population. Figure Legend: [Figure: see text]
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Nikzat, F., C. E. Ferreira Lopes, M. Catelan, R. Contreras Ramos, M. Zoccali, A. Rojas-Arriagada, V. F. Braga, D. Minniti, J. Borissova, and I. Becker. "The VVV survey: Long-period variable stars." Astronomy & Astrophysics 660 (April 2022): A35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141805.
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Context. Long-period variable stars (LPVs) are pulsating red giants, primarily in the asymptotic giant branch phase, and they include both Miras and semi-regular variables (SRVs). Their period-age and period-luminosity relations enable us to trace different stellar populations, as they are intrinsically very bright and cover a wide range in distances and ages. Aims. The purpose of this study is to establish a census of LPV stars in a region close to the Galactic center, using the six-year database of the Vista Variables in the Vía Láctea (VVV) ESO Public Survey, as well as to describe the methodology that was employed to search for and characterize LPVs using VVV data. Near-IR surveys such as VVV provide a unique opportunity to probe the high-extinction innermost regions of the Milky Way. The detection and analysis of the intrinsically bright Miras in this region could provide us with an excellent probe of the properties of the Milky Way far behind its bulge. Methods. We used point-spread function photometry for all available Ks-band images in ten VVV tiles, covering 16.4 deg2 in total, overlapping fields observed in the course of the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE)-III survey. We designed a method to select LPV candidates, and we used the known variables from OGLE-III and other known variables from the literature to test our approach. The reduced χ2 statistic, along with the flux-independent index K(fi), were used in our analysis. The Lomb-Scargle period search method, Fourier analysis, template fitting, and visual inspection were then performed to refine our sample and characterize the properties of the stars included in our catalog. Results. A final sample of 130 Mira candidates, of which 129 are new discoveries, was thus obtained, with periods in the range between about 80 and 1400 days. Moreover, a sample of 1013 LPV candidates is also presented, whose periods are however not sufficiently constrained by the available data. A fraction of the latter may eventually turn out to be SRVs. Ages are measured for these stars based on a reassessment of the period-age relations available in the literature. The Miras in our catalog include 18 stars satisfying the requirements to serve as reliable distance indicators and which are not saturated in the VVV Ks-band images. Their distances are accordingly derived and discussed. A number of objects that are seemingly placed far behind the Milky Way’s bulge was detected.
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Fleszar, Laura G., Allison S. Bryant, Catherine O. Johnson, Brigette F. Blacker, Aleksandr Aravkin, Mathew Baumann, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, et al. "Trends in State-Level Maternal Mortality by Racial and Ethnic Group in the United States." JAMA 330, no. 1 (July 3, 2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.9043.
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ImportanceEvidence suggests that maternal mortality has been increasing in the US. Comprehensive estimates do not exist. Long-term trends in maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) for all states by racial and ethnic groups were estimated.ObjectiveTo quantify trends in MMRs (maternal deaths per 100 000 live births) by state for 5 mutually exclusive racial and ethnic groups using a bayesian extension of the generalized linear model network.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsObservational study using vital registration and census data from 1999 to 2019 in the US. Pregnant or recently pregnant individuals aged 10 to 54 years were included.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMMRs.ResultsIn 2019, MMRs in most states were higher among American Indian and Alaska Native and Black populations than among Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander; Hispanic; and White populations. Between 1999 and 2019, observed median state MMRs increased from 14.0 (IQR, 5.7-23.9) to 49.2 (IQR, 14.4-88.0) among the American Indian and Alaska Native population, 26.7 (IQR, 18.3-32.9) to 55.4 (IQR, 31.6-74.5) among the Black population, 9.6 (IQR, 5.7-12.6) to 20.9 (IQR, 12.1-32.8) among the Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander population, 9.6 (IQR, 6.9-11.6) to 19.1 (IQR, 11.6-24.9) among the Hispanic population, and 9.4 (IQR, 7.4-11.4) to 26.3 (IQR, 20.3-33.3) among the White population. In each year between 1999 and 2019, the Black population had the highest median state MMR. The American Indian and Alaska Native population had the largest increases in median state MMRs between 1999 and 2019. Since 1999, the median of state MMRs has increased for all racial and ethnic groups in the US and the American Indian and Alaska Native; Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander; and Black populations each observed their highest median state MMRs in 2019.Conclusion and RelevanceWhile maternal mortality remains unacceptably high among all racial and ethnic groups in the US, American Indian and Alaska Native and Black individuals are at increased risk, particularly in several states where these inequities had not been previously highlighted. Median state MMRs for the American Indian and Alaska Native and Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander populations continue to increase, even after the adoption of a pregnancy checkbox on death certificates. Median state MMR for the Black population remains the highest in the US. Comprehensive mortality surveillance for all states via vital registration identifies states and racial and ethnic groups with the greatest potential to improve maternal mortality. Maternal mortality persists as a source of worsening disparities in many US states and prevention efforts during this study period appear to have had a limited impact in addressing this health crisis.
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Zorina, Svetlana Yu, Lada G. Sokolova, Sergey G. Kazanovsky, and Nikolai V. Dorofeev. "PLANT COMPOSITION AND SOIL PROPERTIES DURING POSTAGROGENIC EVOLUTION IN THE CIS-BAIKAL FOREST-STEPPE ZONE." Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture 15, no. 5 (November 1, 2023): 74–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-6649-2023-15-5-927.
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Purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine the features of the restoration of plant communities and some properties of gray forest soils, including the humus state, during their post-agrogenic transformation in the conditions of the Cis-Baikal forest-steppe zone.
Materials and methods. The study was carried out using the post-agrogenic chronosequences, including arable land, abandoned soils of different ages, and natural cenoses (meadow and forest). Traditional methods of phytocenology were applied to study the plant composition. Mixed soil samples from three trenches were collected from the former arable layer of 0–20 cm. The content of organic carbon (Corg), total nitrogen (N), and the C/N ratio, the pH(H2O) and pH(KCL) values, as well as soil density and the reserves of Corg were determined. The statistical processing of data was performed using One Way ANOVA (Sigma Plot from Windows Version 14.0).
Results. It was shown that plant vegetation being typical for the Baikal forest-steppe zone was recovering after the cessation of plowing. At the same time, the several ruderal species were preserved in the plant composition during a long period. This specific phenomenon could be the cause for inhibition of terminal phytocenoses formation. Along with the change in the vegetation, a significant increase in the organic carbon content was revealed in the soils of chronosequences. At the later stages of post-agrogenic succession the carbon reserves in soil were 1.5 times higher than those in arable soil. The humus content in the soils increased with age of the abandoned lands, but no cardinal changes in its qualitative composition were observed. The data indicated the stable functioning of the system of humus substances in the gray forest soils of the Baikal forest-steppe zone during their post-agrogenic evolution.
Conclusion. The results can be used for the forecast of post-agrogenic soil changes under various scenarios of land use in conditions of the Baikal region.
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Canney, Mark, Lee Er, John Antonsen, Michael Copland, Rajinder Suneet Singh, and Adeera Levin. "Maintaining the Uptake of Peritoneal Dialysis During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Research Letter." Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease 8 (January 2021): 205435812098626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2054358120986265.
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Background: Due to inherent challenges in maintaining physical distancing in hemodialysis units, the Canadian Society of Nephrology has recommended peritoneal dialysis as the preferred modality for patients requiring maintenance dialysis during the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, pursuing peritoneal dialysis is not without risk due to the requirement for in-person contact during catheter insertion and training, and there is a paucity of data regarding the experience of peritoneal dialysis during the early phases of the pandemic. Objective: To examine the incidence and outcomes of peritoneal dialysis between March 17 and June 01, 2020 compared to the same time period in preceding years. Design: Retrospective observational study. Setting: British Columbia, Canada. After the pandemic was declared on March 17, 2020, patients continued to be trained in peritoneal dialysis. In an effort to limit time spent in hospital, patients were preferentially trained in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, training times were truncated for some patients, and peritoneal dialysis catheters were inserted by a physician at the bedside whenever feasible. Patients: All patients aged >18 years who started chronic maintenance dialysis during the period March 17 to June 01 in the years 2018 to 2020 inclusive. The time period was extended to include the years 2010 to 2020 inclusive to evaluate longer term trends in dialysis incidence. Measurements: A provincial clinical information system was used to capture the date of commencing dialysis, dialysis modality, and complications including peritonitis. Overall uptake of peritoneal dialysis included new starts and transitions to peritoneal dialysis from in-center hemodialysis during the observation period. Methods: The incidence of dialysis during the specified time period, overall and by modality, was calculated per million population using census figures for the population at risk. Patients were followed for a minimum of 30 days from the start of peritoneal dialysis to capture episodes of peritonitis and COVID-19. Results: A total of 211 patients started maintenance dialysis between March 17 and June 01, 2020. The incidence dialysis rate (41.3 per million population) was lower than that expected based on the 10-year trend from 2010 to 2019 inclusive (expected rate 45.7 per million population, 95% confidence interval 41.7 to 50.1). A total of 93 patients started peritoneal dialysis, including 32 patients who transitioned from in-center hemodialysis, contributing to a higher overall uptake of peritoneal dialysis compared to preceding years. The incidence rate for peritoneal dialysis of 18.2 per million population was higher than that expected (16.3 per million population, 95% confidence interval 14.0 to 19.0). Half of patients (48%) underwent a bedside peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion by a physician. During 30 days of follow-up, 2 (2.2%) patients experienced peritonitis and no patients were diagnosed with COVID-19. Limitations: Results are short term and generalizable only to regions with similarly low community rates of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Conclusions: These preliminary findings indicate that peritoneal dialysis can be safely started and perhaps expanded as a means of mitigating the anticipated surge in in-center hemodialysis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Important contributors to the uptake of peritoneal dialysis in British Columbia were bedside catheter insertions and expediting transitions from in-center hemodialysis to peritoneal dialysis.
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Yin, Shuiqing, Zhengyuan Zhu, Li Wang, Baoyuan Liu, Yun Xie, Guannan Wang, and Yishan Li. "Regional soil erosion assessment based on a sample survey and geostatistics." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 3 (March 8, 2018): 1695–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1695-2018.
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Abstract. Soil erosion is one of the most significant environmental problems in China. From 2010 to 2012, the fourth national census for soil erosion sampled 32 364 PSUs (Primary Sampling Units, small watersheds) with the areas of 0.2–3 km2. Land use and soil erosion controlling factors including rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length, slope steepness, biological practice, engineering practice, and tillage practice for the PSUs were surveyed, and the soil loss rate for each land use in the PSUs was estimated using an empirical model, the Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE). Though the information collected from the sample units can be aggregated to estimate soil erosion conditions on a large scale; the problem of estimating soil erosion condition on a regional scale has not been addressed well. The aim of this study is to introduce a new model-based regional soil erosion assessment method combining a sample survey and geostatistics. We compared seven spatial interpolation models based on the bivariate penalized spline over triangulation (BPST) method to generate a regional soil erosion assessment from the PSUs. Shaanxi Province (3116 PSUs) in China was selected for the comparison and assessment as it is one of the areas with the most serious erosion problem. Ten-fold cross-validation based on the PSU data showed the model assisted by the land use, rainfall erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), slope steepness factor (S), and slope length factor (L) derived from a 1 : 10 000 topography map is the best one, with the model efficiency coefficient (ME) being 0.75 and the MSE being 55.8 % of that for the model assisted by the land use alone. Among four erosion factors as the covariates, the S factor contributed the most information, followed by K and L factors, and R factor made almost no contribution to the spatial estimation of soil loss. The LS factor derived from 30 or 90 m Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) data worsened the estimation when used as the covariates for the interpolation of soil loss. Due to the unavailability of a 1 : 10 000 topography map for the entire area in this study, the model assisted by the land use, R, and K factors, with a resolution of 250 m, was used to generate the regional assessment of the soil erosion for Shaanxi Province. It demonstrated that 54.3 % of total land in Shaanxi Province had annual soil loss equal to or greater than 5 t ha−1 yr−1. High (20–40 t ha−1 yr−1), severe (40–80 t ha−1 yr−1), and extreme (> 80 t ha−1 yr−1) erosion occupied 14.0 % of the total land. The dry land and irrigated land, forest, shrubland, and grassland in Shaanxi Province had mean soil loss rates of 21.77, 3.51, 10.00, and 7.27 t ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Annual soil loss was about 207.3 Mt in Shaanxi Province, with 68.9 % of soil loss originating from the farmlands and grasslands in Yan'an and Yulin districts in the northern Loess Plateau region and Ankang and Hanzhong districts in the southern Qingba mountainous region. This methodology provides a more accurate regional soil erosion assessment and can help policymakers to take effective measures to mediate soil erosion risks.
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Beesley, R., K. Hyrich, and J. Humphreys. "POS0745 THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS DIFFERS BETWEEN ETHNIC GROUPS IN ENGLAND." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (May 30, 2023): 663.2–663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.482.
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BackgroundJuvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a heterogenous group of autoimmune disorders characterised by chronic joint inflammation, affecting children and young people (CYP) under the age of 16. Recent analysis in the UK has updated estimates of the incidence and prevalence of JIA, but the association between ethnicity and JIA has not been investigated in the UK context. Differential rates between ethnic groups could be indicative of underlying biological differences and/or health inequities.Health inequities (avoidable systemic differences in health outcomes for different population groups) may lead to specific ethnic groups being less likely to be referred resulting in delays in diagnosis and apparent differences in incidence rates.ObjectivesTo calculate and compare the incidence and prevalence rates of JIA in different ethnic groups in England.MethodsCYP with JIA were identified in anonymised electronic primary care records (the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum database) using pre-defined read code lists between 1995 and 2011. Cases were further validated through linked Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data with either >=3 outpatient specialist care (rheumatology/paediatric rheumatology) appointments or a HES inpatient admission coded with JIA, prior to age 16. Ethnic group was extracted from CPRD/HES records and aggregated to broad ethnic groups, as defined by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Incidence and prevalence rates by broad ethnic group were calculated using CYP under the age of 16 in CPRD, as of December 2011. Indirect standardisation was performed by age and region using ONS Census 2011 data, to account for varying ethnic make-up across different age groups and regions of England. The distribution of observed JIA cases across ethnic groups was subsequently compared with the expected distribution based on population statistics using Chi2.ResultsA total of 314 incident cases were identified in CYP <16y between January 1995 and December 2011 using code lists. The overall age and region indirectly standardised incidence rate was 4.3 per 100,000 population age <16y, varying from 4.7 for White CYP to 1.1 for CYP with Mixed ethnic group.A total of 268 HES-validated cases were identified, giving an indirectly standardised incident rate of 4.3 per 100,000 population age <16y, varying from 4.8 for White CYP to 0.9 for CYP with Mixed ethnic group.In December 2011 there were 471 prevalent cases from code lists (381 validated using HES). The indirectly standardised prevalence rate was 35 per 100,000 CYP under the age of 16 (31 for validated cases), varying from 38 (34) for White CYP to 11 (11) for CYP with Mixed ethnic group.Table 1.Standardised incidence and prevalence of JIA in CYP by ethnic group in EnglandEthnic groupAllWhiteMixedAsianBlackProportion of CYP <16y:England general 2011, %-78.15.410.25.0JIA, % (95% CI) †-86.9(83.2, 90.7)1.3(0.0, 2.5)7.0(4.2, 9.8)1.9(0.4, 3.4)Observed:Expected ratio1.10.30.70.4Incidence per 100,000 person years CYP <16y, 2011 (95% CI)4.3(3.8, 4.8)4.7(4.1, 5.3)1.1(0.3, 2.8)*3.0(1.9, 4.6)1.7(0.6, 3.7)*Prevalence per 100,000 CYP <16y, 2011 (95% CI)35.1(32.0, 38.5)38.3(34.7, 42.3)10.8(4.6, 21.4)*24.3(16.8, 33.9)*24.1(14.0, 38.6)* Statistically significant when compared to ‘White’ ethnic group (p<.05). † Statistically significant when compared to ethnic group distribution in general population, p<.001 Chi-Square.ConclusionThe incidence and prevalence of JIA amongst CYP in England differs by ethnic group, being highest amongst ‘White’ CYP and lower amongst other ethnic groups, and is not in keeping with the known distribution of ethnic groups in the <16y England population. Understanding whether this reflects a health inequity or differences in the underlying biology of JIA needs further evaluation.REFERENCES:NIL.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.
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Afsahhosseini, Fatemehalsadat. "Forecasting housing units in Iran." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 12, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 644–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-06-2018-0041.
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Purpose The theory of competitiveness of cities is based on Porter’s Diamond Theory. There is a relation between housing and urban competitiveness. The adequacy of land supply and allocation of land for new housing development is integral. This paper aims to estimate the required number of housing units to secure housing needs in Tehran for the next four years in 1400 H.Sh (2021 A.D.). The research methodology is carried out using qualitative and quantitative approaches based on the given data. First, the population of Tehran in 1400 H.Sh was predicted using nonlinear quadratic polynomial, Gompertz and logistic models. Then, a Logistic model is proposed to estimate the number of housing units in Tehran. The calculations of residential units related to the population obtained from the Gompertz model equivalent to 663141 is suggested as a criterion for local authority to future decision making and planning for urban development. Design/methodology/approach The present research is an applied research in terms of the purpose a descriptive research in terms of the nature and methodology and a descriptive-analytical research in terms of attitude and approach toward the research problem (Hafeznia, 2013, 58, 63 and 71). To provide the required information for the analytical stage, a documentary method, related to the use of internal and external books and papers, has been applied. First, the population of Tehran in 1400 H.Sh is estimated using three nonlinear models of quadratic polynomials, Gompertz and logistic. Then, among them, the options that were more consistent with the estimation of the new comprehensive plan of Tehran (1386 H.Sh), which is the most important plan of this city, were chosen. After that, by using the logistic model, which is an appropriate expression of saturable phenomena and a suitable method of estimating the number of residential units in a city and based on the past trend, the future of housing is predicted, and the number of required residential units is determined. Findings Any city for competitiveness must seek the search and development of a set of unique strategies and practices that will shape its status from other cities. No single action for all cities is feasible. In fact, the most important challenge is to propose a unique value proposition and to formulate a strategy that distinguishes that city from the rest. Among the measures taken around the world is attention to infrastructure. From the point of view of competitiveness, different types of investment in infrastructure are important for different types of cities and in different stages of development of a city. Large cities need targeted investments in housing issues to overcome the segments associated with the poorer neighborhoods. Without investment in desirable housing, there will be holes in competitive advantage. In this paper, the number of residential units in Tehran was projected for 2021. The city’s population was originally estimated for 2021. In addition to the models used to predict and estimate necessary, it is necessary to consider the area, land use map, future development lines and […] city. To this end, the city can continue to meet the needs of residents’ diversification and the city’s needs. We cannot accept any predictions about the population and, consequently, the number of residential units. Providing predictions can provide the most predictive, or more prudent, and different scenarios that can emerge, which will lead to flexibility in the presentation of plans and programs. Among the models that were used to predict the population, the result obtained from second-order polynomial and Gompartz models was found to be appropriate for the estimation of the new comprehensive design of Tehran (2007). But the prediction of the population of the logistic model was beyond the prediction of the new comprehensive plan of Tehran (2007) and thus was not considered appropriate. The number of residential units required according to the predicted population of the second order polynomial models, Gompartz and the population considered in the new comprehensive plan of Tehran (2007). After the finalization of the proposed population, using the logistic model, the number of residential units needed in Tehran was projected for 2021. Since these three estimates are somewhat close to each other, it is suggested that Gompertz model calculations, equivalent to 663,141 residential units, are proposed, and according to that, local authorities are planning to supply land to achieve economic competitiveness (urban). As it is shown in the conceptual model of the paper in Figure 1, after determining the need for housing, it is necessary to ask whether the adequacy of the supply and allocation of land, as well as the importance of maintaining it for the development of housing by local authorities, is clear. Also, is there any suitable planning for that? Despite the severe shortage of ready-made land for the city of Tehran, a large volume of land is a large area owned by natural and legal persons, and, in particular, state-owned enterprises of semipublic and public institutions, which have been abandoned in cities for years without use and in the form of barren. According to municipal management laws, municipalities can receive land, taxes and fees that are included in the annual budget of the Tehran Municipality. According to the figure obtained from this study, which states that 663,141 residential units are needed for Tehran in 2021, large landowners in Tehran need to supply their land to the market. According to the Population and Housing Census in Tehran in 2011, there are 245,769 inhabited vacancies in Tehran; hence there are two scenarios for the provision of residential units in the city of Tehran in 2021, assuming that these units in the housing market require 417,372 units Another residence will be for Tehran, otherwise 663141 residential units will be needed for Tehran in 2021. Other possibl Originality/value Tehran is the largest city and the capital of Iran, and it is also the capital of the province Tehran. In the southern foothills of the Alborz Mountains within a longitude of 51 degrees and 2 minutes East to 51 degrees and 36 minutes East, with an approximate length of 50 kilometers and latitude 35 degrees and 34 minutes North to 35 degrees and 50 minutes North with an approximate width of 30 kilometers. The area of this city is 730 km2. This is one of the largest cities in West Asia, the 25th the most populous city, and the 27th greatest city to the world. The administrative structure of Iran has been concentrated in this city. The city has been divided into 22 zones, 134 areas (including Rey and Tajrish), and 370 districts (Wikipedia). The problem of housing in the city of Tehran has always been one of the important issues that less has been planned for it. The result is housing shortage, high housing prices and so on, due to the excessive expansion of the city, its population increase and so on.
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Hernández-Gallegos, Oswaldo, Ana Esthela López-Moreno, José Fernando Méndez-Sánchez, Justin Lloyd Rheubert, and Fausto Roberto Méndez-de la Cruz. "Ámbito hogareño de Aspidoscelis cozumela (Squamata: Teiidae): una lagartija partenogenética microendémica de Isla Cozumel, México." Revista de Biología Tropical 63, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v63i3.15871.
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<p>El ámbito hogareño es el área dentro de la cual un individuo se mueve para adquirir recursos que incrementen su supervivencia. El ámbito hogareño puede variar, intra e interespecíficamente, por factores bióticos y abióticos. En este trabajo se estudió el ámbito hogareño de la lagartija partenogenética <em>Aspidoscelis cozumela</em>, una especie de forrajeo amplio, con alta preferencia por las playas y microendémica de Isla Cozumel, México. El ámbito hogareño de <em>A</em>. <em>cozumela</em> se comparó con otras especies de <em>Aspidoscelis</em> (gonocóricas y partenogenéticas) y con otras lagartijas que ocupan hábitats costeros. Además, se discuten los factores bióticos y abióticos que lo moldean. La zona de estudio fue una playa (con un área de 4 000 m<sup>2</sup>), que se encuentra al Este de la isla y que presenta vegetación halófita (expuesta a altos niveles de insolación). De 1999 al 2001 se realizaron nueve censos que cubrieron la época de sequía, de lluvias y la época de “nortes” de la zona y la temporada de reproducción de <em>A</em>. <em>cozumela</em>. Durante cada censo, se realizó captura-marcaje-recaptura y se registró: fecha, hora del día, longitud hocico-cloaca (LHC) al milímetro más cercano. Los individuos fueron ubicados en el área de estudio por bi-coordenadas usando estacas como referencia. El ámbito hogareño se calculó con el método del polígono convexo con el programa McPaal, adicionalmente se calculó el solapamiento del ámbito hogareño. Se relacionó la LHC con el ámbito hogareño. Para el cálculo del ámbito hogareño se consideraron las hembras con tres o más recapturas. Se obtuvieron 20 ámbitos hogareños, que promediaron 45.1 ± 14.0 m<sup>2</sup>. No se encontró relación de la LHC con el ámbito hogareño (p = 0.9229, n = 20). Sin embargo, un análisis que excluyó los individuos con los ámbitos hogareños extremos, mostró que el ámbito hogareño de <em>A</em>. <em>cozumela</em> se relacionó de manera positiva con la LHC (p = 0.0072, n = 18), las hembras más grandes tuvieron ámbitos hogareños más amplios. El solapamiento del ámbito hogareño fue de 22.9 ± 5.7%. El ámbito hogareño de <em>A</em>. <em>cozumela</em> es el más pequeño que se ha documentado en el género <em>Aspidoscelis</em> (incluyendo especies partenogenéticas y gonocóricas) y se contrapone con las predicciones teóricas que establecen ámbitos hogareños amplios para especies de forrajeo amplio. Beneficios de la termorregulación y una elevada densidad poblacional pueden explicar la elevada residencia en las playas y ámbito hogareño reducido de <em>A</em>. <em>cozumela</em>. La lagartija partenogenética <em>A</em>. <em>cozumela</em> está bien adaptada a las condiciones ambientales en las playas, sin embargo las afectaciones severas en las playas por el desarrollo de la infraestructura turística pueden poner en riesgo su existencia en Isla Cozumel.<strong></strong></p>