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Journal articles on the topic 'Censorship – Great Britain – History'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Murphy, Philip. "Censorship, declassification and the history of end of empire in Central Africa." African Research & Documentation 92 (2003): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00016307.

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There may appear to be little point in an “outsider” attempting to write about the censorship of the historical record. Those employed to vet official records in Great Britain perform their task behind closed doors; and since even the titles of the files they continue to withhold are often kept a secret, scholars have little opportunity to question their decisions. As editor of the Central Africa volume of the British Documents on the End of Empire project (BDEEP), my own status is certainly that of an outsider. Established in 1987, BDEEP seeks to make available an edited and annotated selection of British government documents from The National Archives (TNA), formerly the Public Record Office, charting developments in colonial policy during the decolonisation era. Yet although its volumes are published by the Stationery Office, BDEEP is emphatically not an official publication.

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2

Murphy, Philip. "Censorship, declassification and the history of end of empire in Central Africa." African Research & Documentation 92 (2003): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00016307.

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There may appear to be little point in an “outsider” attempting to write about the censorship of the historical record. Those employed to vet official records in Great Britain perform their task behind closed doors; and since even the titles of the files they continue to withhold are often kept a secret, scholars have little opportunity to question their decisions. As editor of the Central Africa volume of the British Documents on the End of Empire project (BDEEP), my own status is certainly that of an outsider. Established in 1987, BDEEP seeks to make available an edited and annotated selection of British government documents from The National Archives (TNA), formerly the Public Record Office, charting developments in colonial policy during the decolonisation era. Yet although its volumes are published by the Stationery Office, BDEEP is emphatically not an official publication.

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3

van Oort, Thunnis. "Film and Video Censorship in Modern Britain." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 33, no. 2 (June 2013): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439685.2013.793017.

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4

Clogg, Richard. "The ‘Black Hole’ Revisited." Index on Censorship 16, no. 5 (May 1987): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030642208701600507.

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5

Trevor-Roper, Hugh. "Pietro Giannone and Great Britain." Historical Journal 39, no. 3 (September 1996): 657–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00024481.

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ABSTRACTPietro Giannone was a revolutionary thinker who sought in the early decades of the eighteenth century to free Italy from the inveterate, legally entrenched feudal power of the church and then to free Christianity itself from the stifling and corrupting embrace of the political church. This essay tells the improbable story of how his writings were taken up and disseminated in Britain by the non-juring bishop and antiquary Richard Rawlinson, the learned but morally unsound Scottish journalist Archibald Bower, and an odd crew of Jacobites. It is shown that the translations of Giannone got into some very influential hands and represent part of an undervalued Jacobite contribution to the origins of the Scottish Enlightenment and to the thought of Edward Gibbon.

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6

Richards, Stephen. "The SS Great Britain (review)." Technology and Culture 49, no. 1 (2007): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2008.0017.

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7

Stewart Weaver. "Great Britain and the World." Reviews in American History 37, no. 3 (2009): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.0.0112.

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8

Fisher, Patty. "History of School Meals in Great Britain." Nutrition and Health 4, no. 4 (January 1987): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010608700400402.

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This paper describes the early origins of the school meals service, their rapid growth in the second world war, their post war development and their recent retrenchment. The factors contributing to their early success and the problems to be overcome are discussed.

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9

Mitton, D., and R. Ackroyd. "History of photodynamic therapy in Great Britain." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2, no. 4 (December 2005): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00111-0.

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10

Short, K. R. M. "Chaplin's ‘The Great Dictator’ and British censorship, 1939." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 5, no. 1 (March 1985): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439688500260071.

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11

Lowry, Bullitt, and J. M. Bourne. "Britain and the Great War, 1914-1918." Journal of Military History 55, no. 1 (January 1991): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986146.

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12

Goldstein, Erik. "Great Britain and Greater Greece 1917–1920." Historical Journal 32, no. 2 (June 1989): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00012188.

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The First World War saw the collapse of the old order in the Eastern Mediterranean with the disintegration of the Ottoman empire, an event which threatened to create a dangerous power vacuum. Great Britain for the pastcentury had attempted to prevent just such a crisis by supporting the maintenance of the territorial integrity of the Ottoman state. Britain had a number of crucial strategic concerns in the Eastern Mediterranean, in particular the Suez Canal and the Straits. The former was the more critical interest and Britain was determined to keep this essential link to its Indian empire firmly under its own control. As to the Straits Britain, which was concerned about over-extending its strategic capabilities, was content to see this critical waterway dominated by a friendly state. The question inevitably arose therefore as to what would replace the Ottoman empire. One alternative was Greece, a possibility which became increasingly attractive with the emergence of the supposedly pro-British Eleftherios Venizelos as the Greek leader in early 1917.

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13

Wallace, Ian. "GDR Studies in Great Britain." East Central Europe 14, no. 1 (1987): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633087x00025.

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14

Pichkov, O. B. "HISTORY OF POVERTY REDUCTION INITIATIVES IN GREAT BRITAIN." RUDN Journal of Economics 25, no. 2 (2017): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2017-25-2-199-208.

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15

Tannberg, Tõnu. "“Tsensuuri töö on väga vastutusrikas.” Dokumentaalne pilguheit Eesti NSV Glavliti tegevusele aastatel 1941–1948 [Abstract: “The work of censorship carries a great deal of responsibility”. A documentary glimpse of the activity of the Estonian SSR Glavlit]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 4 (September 10, 2019): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2018.4.04.

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Abstract: “The work of censorship carries a great deal of responsibility”. A documentary glimpse of the activity of them Estonian SSR Glavlit in 1941–1948" Censorship was one of the important social control mechanisms of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Main Administration for Literary and Publishing Affairs, or Glavlit (in Russian Glavnoe upravlenie po delam literaturȳ i izdatel’stv), was established under the jurisdiction of the People’s Commissariat for Education on 6 June 1922 by decree of the Russian SFSR Council of People’s Commissars. Its task was to combat the ideological opponents of the Soviet regime. The censorship of essentially all printed works published in the Soviet Union was gradually placed under Glavlit’s jurisdiction. By the end of the 1930s, Glavlit was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Council of People’s Commissars (starting in 1946 the Council of Ministers), but substantially, censorship officials were placed under the direction of subordinate institutions and officials of the Communist Party, and of the state security organs. The same kind of institutions in the Soviet republics and oblasts were subordinated to the central Glavlit of the USSR. The Glavlit of the Estonian SSR was established by decree of the Estonian SSR Council of People’s Commissars on 23 October 1940. The task of Glavlit was to prevent the disclosure in print and in the media of Soviet military, state and economic secrets with the overall objective of banning the publication of all manner of ideas and information that was unacceptable to the regime. It was also to prevent such ideas and information from reaching libraries. To this end, both pre-publication censorship (the review of control copies of printed works before their publication) and post-publication censorship (review of published printed works, the physical destruction or obstruction of access to works that have proven to be unsuitable) were implemented. In order to carry out censorship, lists of banned literature were drawn up in cooperation with the state security organs, along with enumerations of information that was forbidden to publish in print. These formed the basis for the everyday work of Glavlit’s censors, in other words commissioners. Not a single printed work or media publication could be published during the Soviet era without Glavlit’s permission (departmental publishing houses practiced self-censorship). In addition to scrutinising printed works, the monitoring of art exhibitions, theatre productions and concert repertoires, the review of cinema newsreels, and provision of guidelines for publishing houses and libraries also fell within Glavlit’s jurisdiction. Censors also read mail sent by post and checked the content of parcels (first and foremost the exchange of postal parcels with foreign countries). In the latter half of the 1980s, when Mikhail Gorbachev rose to lead the Soviet Union, Glavlit’s control functions in society gradually started receding. State censorship was done away with in the Soviet Union on 12 June 1990, depriving the former censorship office of its substantial functions. Glavlit was disbanded in Estonia on 1 October 1990. The Estonian SSR Glavlit activity overview for the years 1940–1948 is published below. This is a report dated 20 October 1948 from Leonida Päll, the head of the Estonian SSR Glavlit (in office in 1946–1950), to Nikolai Karotamm, the Estonian SSR party boss of that time. This document provides a brief departmental insight into the initial years of the activity of the Estonian SSR Glavlit. It outlines the censorship agency’s main fields of activity, highlights the key figures of that time, and describes the agency’s concrete achievements, including recording the more important works and authors that had been caught between the gearwheels of censorship.

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16

Costu, Mehmet Davut. "Little Turkey in Great Britain." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 46, no. 1 (September 23, 2018): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2018.1507434.

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17

Zimbroianu, Cristina. "The Reception of Olivia Manning’s The Great Fortune in Romania." Connections: A Journal of Language, Media and Culture 2, no. 1 (December 16, 2021): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/connections34.

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Manning’s (1908-1980) novel The Great Fortune (1960) is the first Second World War novel of a six-part novel series titled Fortunes of War. Set in Bucharest, Romania, the novel portrays the historical events of the first year of the war (1939-1940) and how these affect Romanian society and the English community. The novel was well-received in England, and in 1987 was adapted to a television serial issued by BBC. In Romania, the response of the critics after the communist regime was rather harsh, accusing Manning of misinterpreting Romanian reality. Moreover, considering that Manning portrays not only the wealth of high society but also the misery and the political conflicts of those times with the fascist Guard in the background, it could be stated that in 1960 when the novel was reviewed by the censorship board, it might not have been positively evaluated. Therefore, this article analyses the reception of The Great Fortune in Romania during and after the Communist regime from a historical perspective focusing on critics and censors’ responses to determine whether censorship influenced the reception of the novel in Romania. To undertake this study the censorship files located at the National Archives in Bucharest, as well as articles guarded in various libraries in Romania, were consulted. Keywords: Manning, Second World War, Romania, Bucharest, censorship, criticism, history, reception studies

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18

Kiernan, Kathleen E. "Transitions in Young Adulthood in Great Britain." Population Studies 45, no. 1 (March 1991): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145916.

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19

Cronin, James E., and Charles Tilly. "Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28, no. 1 (1997): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/206176.

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20

Buick, A. "The Socialist Party of Great Britain Centenary." History Workshop Journal 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbi029.

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21

Webb, Ross. "Censorship and Surveillance in the First World War." Counterfutures 8 (March 18, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/cf.v8i0.6370.

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22

Carr, W. "Exile in Great Britain. Refugees from Hitler's Germany." German History 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/2.1.67.

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23

Bell, P. M. H. "Censorship, Propaganda and Public Opinion: The case of the Katyn Graves, 1943." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 39 (December 1989): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3678978.

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THE SUBJECT of this paper is not the sombre story of the mass graves at Katyn, filled with the corpses of murdered Polish officers; nor will it deal directly with the question of who killed those officers. I approach these events in the course of research on the relationship between public opinion and foreign policy in Britain during the Second World War, and on the closely related matters of censorship and propaganda as practised by the British government in that period. The diplomatic crisis produced by the affair of the Katyn graves was one in which publicity was freely used as an instrument of policy—indeed sometimes policy and publicity were indistinguishable. Those who controlled British censorship and propaganda, and attempted to guide public opinion, were faced with acute and wideranging problems. It is the object of this paper to analyse those problems, to see how the government tried to cope with them, and to trace the reactions of the press and public opinion, as a case study in the extent and limitations of government influence in such matters.

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24

Dunkley, Peter, and Charles Tilly. "Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834." American Historical Review 102, no. 3 (June 1997): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171560.

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25

Kaczorowski, Jan. "Gdy treść i forma idą w parze. O edytorskich i estetycznych walorach czasopisma „Oficyna Poetów” wydawanego w Londynie w latach 1966–1980." Studia o Książce i Informacji (dawniej: Bibliotekoznawstwo) 36 (July 5, 2018): 151–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7729.36.9.

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When the content and form go hand in hand with one another. Aesthetic and editorial value of “Oficyna Poetów” — a magazine published in London between 1966 and 1980“Oficyna Poetów” was aliterary and cultural magazine published in London by Polish-born émigré couple, Krystyna and Czesław Bednarczyk. After World War II they settled in Great Britain, and almost immediately started private printing press. That periodical was one of their biggest projects. “Oficyna…” was one of few magazines published abroad devoted to Polish literature and art. During communism era it was aplace where Polish authors could publish not being afraid of repercussions or censorship. The magazine also integrated Polish intelligentsia around the world and was some kind of alternative for “Kultura” published in Paris. During the years the owners of “Oficyna Poetów iMalarzy” developed their skills and machine park of the press. Struggling from low budget and lack of support they still managed to maintain very high aesthetical level of their hand-made prints. The article is devoted to graphic and typographic form of the periodical. The Bednarczyks were editors, designers, typesetters and printers at the same time. They put great effort in selection of paper, print quality and acquired the most talented émigré illustrators to cooperate in “Oficyna…”. Aesthetic form of the magazine, as well as its cultural impact on Polish society in Great Britain can be sapid for researchers interested in emigration culture, literary magazines and niche printing movement in Great Britain.

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26

Miziniak, Helena. "Polish Community in Great Britain." Studia Polonijne 43, Specjalny (December 20, 2022): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/sp2243.5s.

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The article presents the activity of Poles in Great Britain in the 20th century, beginning with the end of World War II, when a large group of Polish refugees and veterans settled in the UK. In 1947, the Federation of Poles was established to represent Polish community in Great Britain. The Association of Polish Women (1946) and the Relief Society for Poles (1946) were also formed at the same time. The article shows the involvement of the Polish community in Great Britain in the context of Polish history. This involvement included the organisation of anti-communist protests, carrying out various actions to inform people about the situation in Poland, organising material aid, supporting Poland at the time of the system transformation, and supporting Poland’s accession to the European Union. Over the decades, the Polish community in Great Britain has managed to set up numerous veterans’ and social organisations, Polish schools, it also built churches in order to preserve Polish culture abroad.

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27

van Roon, Ger. "Great Britain and the Oslo States." Journal of Contemporary History 24, no. 4 (October 1989): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002200948902400405.

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28

Martill, David M. "The early history of pterosaur discovery in Great Britain." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 343, no. 1 (2010): 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp343.18.

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29

Eisner, H. S. "A history of mine safety research in Great Britain." Journal of Occupational Accidents 9, no. 2 (August 1987): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-6349(87)90032-0.

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30

Tilly, Charles. "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834." Social Science History 17, no. 2 (1993): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1171282.

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31

Morris, R. J., and Charles Tilly. "Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834." Economic History Review 49, no. 4 (November 1996): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597985.

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32

Williamson, Philip, Kathleen Burk, and Alec Cairncross. "'Goodbye, Great Britain': The 1976 IMF Crisis." Economic History Review 46, no. 3 (August 1993): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598384.

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33

Tilly, Charles. "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758–1834." Social Science History 17, no. 2 (1993): 253–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016849.

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A quick comparison of characteristic British struggles in 1758 and 1833 will show how greatly the predominant forms of popular collective action changed during the intervening 75 years. That change sets a research problem that I have been pursuing for many years: documenting, and trying to explain, changes in the ways that people act together in pursuit of shared interests—changes in repertoires of collective action. This interim report has two complementary objectives: first, to situate the evolving concept of repertoire in my own work and in recent studies of collective action; second, to illustrate its applications to the experience of Great Britain from the 1750s to the 1830s. It will do no more than hint, however, at explanations of the changes it documents.

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34

Hoffman, Philip T. "The Great Divergence: Why Britain Industrialised First." Australian Economic History Review 60, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 126–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12192.

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35

Boyer, George R. "The Evolution of Unemployment Relief in Great Britain." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34, no. 3 (January 2004): 393–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219504771997908.

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The history of unemployment relief in Britain from 1834 to 1911 was not a “unilinear progression in collective benevolence,” culminating in unemployment insurance. The combination of poor relief and private charity to assist cyclically unemployed workers from 1834 to 1870 was more generous, and more certain, than the relief provided for the unemployed under the various policies adopted from 1870 to 1911. A major shift in policy occurred in the 1870s, largely in response to the crisis of the Poor Law in the 1860s. Because the new policy—a combination of self-help and charity—proved unable to cope with the high unemployment of cyclical downturns, Parliament in 1911 bowed to political pressure for a national system of relief by adopting the world's first compulsory system of unemployment insurance.

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36

DOMINTE, Corina. "The Censorship of Books in the Library of “Ştefan cel Mare” National College from Suceava (1860-1990)." Analele Universităţii "Dunărea de Jos" din Galaţi Fascicula XIX Istorie 19 (June 8, 2021): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/history.2020.06.

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This paper aims at presenting the censorship of books and documents at the library from the first high school from southern Bucovina – Griechisch-orientalische kaiserlich-königliche Obergymnasium in Suczawa, a typical high school in which German was the tuition language, founded by imperial decree on the 30th of June 1860, today known as Colegiul Național “Ștefan cel Mare” from Suceava. This study is based on original archive documents, previous studies on the topic and documents from the school library. Relying on historical research approaches, the phenomenon of book censorship is analysed during all political regimes that succeeded in the nearly 160 years of existence of the school library. The paper points out to the restrictions imposed during the Austrian rule (1860-1918), the cleansing and even destruction of the most valuable books belonging to the Romanian heritage during the totalitarian regimes after the Great Union of 1918, the reorganization of the special collections, the restriction of the public accessibility to certain titles. This paper, alongside previous ones on the same topic, is meant to contribute to the understanding of the complex phenomenon of censorship in Romanian libraries.

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37

Sigel, L. Z. "Censorship in Inter-War Britain: Obscenity, Spectacle, and the Workings of the Liberal State." Journal of Social History 45, no. 1 (August 26, 2011): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shr004.

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38

Bogomolov, Igor. "PROVISIONAL REGULATIONS ON MILITARY CENSORSHIP: VERSION 1910." Istoriya: Informatsionno-analiticheskii Zhurnal, no. 3 (2022): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rhist/2022.03.01.

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The article publishes for the first time the draft «Regulations on military censorship», designed to regulate the censorship of the press, postal and telegraph correspondence, speeches and reports in wartime. Its development was led by a meeting that included representatives of various departments of the Russian Empire. This document became the forerunner of the «Provisional Regulations on Military Censorship», adopted on the second day of the First World War. Despite the great importance and significance of the «Provisional Regulations» for the socio-political life of pre-revolutionary Russia, the history of its creation has not yet been elucidated. The publication of the 1910 draft sheds light on the process of creating the «Provisional Regulations» and the general development of military censorship in Russia during the First World War.

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39

Schmidt, Gustav. "Great Britain and Germany in the Age of Imperialism." War & Society 4, no. 1 (May 1986): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/106980486790303907.

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40

Lucas, Colin. "Great Britain and the Union of Norway and Sweden." Scandinavian Journal of History 15, no. 3-4 (January 1990): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468759008579204.

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41

Turner, Ian. "Great Britain and the Post-War German Currency Reform." Historical Journal 30, no. 3 (September 1987): 685–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0002094x.

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British policy towards Germany during the period of occupation aimed at preventing a resurgence of German military might in the future, whilst ensuring stable economic conditions in the short term. By mid 1946, however, the scale of the economic problems confronting the occupying powers in Germany had already manifested itself in the reduction of food rations and the consequent falling off in the output of Ruhr coal. The fragile economy was to suffer an even greater setback during the cruel winter of 1946/7. The immediate restoration of economic activity became imperative, not least because the dollar cost of sustaining the British Zone with imported grain weighed heavily on the British exchequer.

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42

Podolsky, Vadim. "History of the social policy in the United Kingdom." Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990016102-4.

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In the XVII century Great Britain became the first country in the world with a full-scale system of social support, which was regulated at the state level. The “Old Poor Law” of 1601 and the “New Poor Law” of 1834 are well-studied in both foreign and Russian science, but the solutions that preceded them are less known. The aim of this study is to describe the development of social policy in Great Britain up to 1834, when the system of assistance to people in need was redesigned according to the liberal logic of minimal interference of the state. The article is based on comparative and historic approach and analysis of legal documents. It demonstrates the evolution of institutions and practices of social support in Great Britain. In this country social policy grew from church and private charity and developed at local level under centrally defined rules. Consistent presentation of social policy history in Great Britain is valuable for studies of charity, local self-government and social policy.

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43

Cox, Jeffrey. "Provincializing Christendom: The Case of Great Britain." Church History 75, no. 1 (March 2006): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700088351.

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44

Murphy, M. J. "Differential family formation in Great Britain." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 4 (October 1987): 463–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017107.

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SummaryDifferentials in variables concerned with the timing, number, and distribution of fertility by a wide range of socioeconomic, attitudinal, inherited and housing characteristics from the British Family Formation Survey are reported. Variables associated with the couple's housing history and the wife's employment career are becoming more strongly associated with demographic differentials among younger cohorts than traditionally-based ones such as religion or region of residence. Cluster analysis techniques show which groups of family formation variables are strongly associated with particular types of non-demographic ones, and a natural grouping of explanatory variables is derived. The implications of these conclusions for data collection in demographic surveys are discussed.

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45

Altholz, Josef L., and John Wolffe. "The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain, 1829-1860." American Historical Review 98, no. 2 (April 1993): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2166883.

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46

Osborne, John Morton, R. J. Q. Adams, and Philip P. Poirier. "The Conscription Controversy in Great Britain, 1900-18." American Historical Review 94, no. 1 (February 1989): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1862139.

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47

DOMINTE, Corina. "The Censorship of Books in the Library of “Ştefan cel Mare” National College from Suceava (1860-1990)." Analele Universităţii "Dunărea de Jos" din Galaţi Fascicula XIX Istorie 19 (June 8, 2021): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/https://doi.org/10.35219/history.2020.06.

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This paper aims at presenting the censorship of books and documents at the library from the first high school from southern Bucovina – Griechisch-orientalische kaiserlich-königliche Obergymnasium in Suczawa, a typical high school in which German was the tuition language, founded by imperial decree on the 30th of June 1860, today known as Colegiul Național “Ștefan cel Mare” from Suceava. This study is based on original archive documents, previous studies on the topic and documents from the school library. Relying on historical research approaches, the phenomenon of book censorship is analysed during all political regimes that succeeded in the nearly 160 years of existence of the school library. The paper points out to the restrictions imposed during the Austrian rule (1860-1918), the cleansing and even destruction of the most valuable books belonging to the Romanian heritage during the totalitarian regimes after the Great Union of 1918, the reorganization of the special collections, the restriction of the public accessibility to certain titles. This paper, alongside previous ones on the same topic, is meant to contribute to the understanding of the complex phenomenon of censorship in Romanian libraries.

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48

Zaba, Zofia, and Basia Zaba. "The Formation of the Polish Community in Great Britain." Population Studies 45, no. 2 (July 1, 1991): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145586.

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49

Degnen, Cathrine. "Softly, softly." Focaal 2006, no. 48 (December 1, 2006): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/092012906780646299.

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Since the late 1990s genetically modified foods, crops, and products have provoked a great deal of controversy in Britain. This article does not challenge the presence of debate over genetic modification in Britain, but rather calls attention to public silences on genetic modification that have often been overlooked. Drawing on multi-sited fieldwork in two parts of the north of England, I explore the ways in which these silences were not equally present across both fieldsites. I argue that this is partly due to the intersection of local histories with the ideological framing of genetic modification by the British government as a question of and for scientific expertise. I also explore how silence on the topic may be a form of what Sheriff (2000) has termed ‘cultural censorship’. Finally, I discuss the theoretical and methodological difficulties of studying and writing about silence, proposing that silences can importantly highlight issues of political and social salience.

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50

Safford, Jeffrey J., and Lawrence Spinelli. "Dry Diplomacy: The United States, Great Britain, and Prohibition." Journal of American History 76, no. 4 (March 1990): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2936685.

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