Journal articles: 'Cenozoic Era'

1

Jurdy, Donna M., and Michael Stefanick. "Plate-driving forces over the Cenozoic Era." Journal of Geophysical Research 93, B10 (1988): 11833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb093ib10p11833.

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Bibaeva, A. Y. "Transformation of Priolhonye Geosystems in Later Cenozoic Era." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences 23 (2018): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2018.23.28.

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3

Zeebe, Richard E., and Lucas J. Lourens. "Geologically constrained astronomical solutions for the Cenozoic era." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 592 (August 2022): 117595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117595.

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4

Berry, Thomas. "Transition from the cenozoic to the ecozoic era." Environmental Carcinogenesis Reviews 8, no. 2 (January 1990): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10590509009373394.

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MURRAY, D. F. "Papers from Khabarovsk: Beringia in the Cenozoic Era." Science 232, no. 4749 (April 25, 1986): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4749.533.

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Bai, Ying, Hong Liang Wang, Qian Ru Li, and Peng Wu. "Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution and Controlling Factor on Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Southern East China Sea Shelf Basin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1908.

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The East China Sea shelf basin, which is a fault subsidence during the Cenozoic Era, locates in the East China Sea continental shelf. In this paper, balanced section technique has been applied to analyzing the differential evolution in the East China Sea shelf basin south of Cenozoic tectonic and summarizing the control factors of tectonic activities on the petroleum accumulation. Our study results will provide essential data and basis for the distribution of the Cenozoic oil and gas and promote the development of the petroleum exploration in the East China Sea shelf basin.

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Kagale, Sateesh, Stephen J. Robinson, John Nixon, Rong Xiao, Terry Huebert, Janet Condie, Dallas Kessler, et al. "Polyploid Evolution of the Brassicaceae during the Cenozoic Era." Plant Cell 26, no. 7 (July 2014): 2777–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.126391.

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8

Davies, Bethan J., Michael J. Hambrey, John L. Smellie, Jonathan L. Carrivick, and Neil F. Glasser. "Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet evolution during the Cenozoic Era." Quaternary Science Reviews 31 (January 2012): 30–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.10.012.

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Maevskaya, Anna, Nikolay Sheshko, Natalia Shpendik, and Maksim Bogdasarov. "Structural geological mapping of the Cenozoic sediments of the Brest region using GIS technologies." E3S Web of Conferences 212 (2020): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021201010.

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Cenozoic sediments of the territory of the Brest region is the object of research in this work. The aim of this work is to detail the structure of the Cenozoic stratigraphic deposits by creating a set of structural geological maps. The process of creating maps included several sequential stages implemented using the ArcGIS 10.5 software product. In general, a set of maps for each period of the Cenozoic era was made according to the implemented method. As a result of mapping, the features of the geological structure of the Cenozoic sediments were detailed (based on the use of the most complete materials on the drilling exploration of the territory during the construction). The use of geoinformation systems in the process of building will allow for quick updating of cartographic materials in the future.

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Head, Martin J., Marie-Pierre Aubry, Mike Walker, Kenneth G. Miller, and Brian R. Pratt. "A case for formalizing subseries (subepochs) of the Cenozoic Era(a)." Episodes 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2017/v40i1/017004.

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Van Tuyll, C. I., R. S. W. Van De Wal, and J. Oerlemans. "The response of a simple Antarctic ice-flow model to temperature and sea-level fluctuations over the Cenozoic era." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871413.

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AbstractAn ice-flow model is used to simulate the Antarctic ice-sheet volume and deep-sea temperature record during Cenozoic times. We used a vertically integrated axisymmetric ice-sheet model, including bedrock adjustment. In order to overcome strong numerical hysteresis effects during climate change, the model is solved on a stretching grid. The Cenozoic reconstruction of the Antarctic ice sheet is accomplished by splitting the global oxygen isotope record derived from benthic foraminifera into an ice-volume and a deep-sea temperature component. The model is tuned to reconstruct the initiation of a large ice sheet of continental size at 34 Ma. The resulting ice volume curve shows that small ice caps (<107 km3) could have existed during Paleocene and Eocene times. Fluctuations during the Miocene are large, indicating a retreat back from the coast and a vanishing ice flux across the grounding line, but with ice volumes still up to 60% of the present-day volume. The resulting deep-sea temperature curve shows similarities with the paleotemperature curve derived from Mg/Ca in benthic calcite from 25 Ma till the present, which supports the idea that the ice volume is well reproduced for this period. Before 34 Ma, the reproduced deep-sea temperature is slightly higher than is generally assumed. Global sea-level change turns out to be of minor importance when considering the Cenozoic evolution of the ice sheet until 5 Ma.

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Berggren, William A. "The Cenozoic Era: Lyellian (chrono)stratigraphy and nomenclatural reform at the millennium." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 143, no. 1 (1998): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1998.143.01.10.

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13

Westerhold, Thomas, Norbert Marwan, Anna Joy Drury, Diederik Liebrand, Claudia Agnini, Eleni Anagnostou, James S. K. Barnet, et al. "An astronomically dated record of Earth’s climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years." Science 369, no. 6509 (September 10, 2020): 1383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6853.

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Much of our understanding of Earth’s past climate comes from the measurement of oxygen and carbon isotope variations in deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Yet, long intervals in existing records lack the temporal resolution and age control needed to thoroughly categorize climate states of the Cenozoic era and to study their dynamics. Here, we present a new, highly resolved, astronomically dated, continuous composite of benthic foraminifer isotope records developed in our laboratories. Four climate states—Hothouse, Warmhouse, Coolhouse, Icehouse—are identified on the basis of their distinctive response to astronomical forcing depending on greenhouse gas concentrations and polar ice sheet volume. Statistical analysis of the nonlinear behavior encoded in our record reveals the key role that polar ice volume plays in the predictability of Cenozoic climate dynamics.

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14

Singh, H. P. "Cenozoic plant fossils and the Himalayan orogeny." Journal of Palaeosciences 40 (December 31, 1991): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1991.1782.

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Selected palyno- and megafloras from the Cenozoic Era of extrapeninsular India have been examined in the orogenic context of the Himalaya. Distribution of vegetations and variation in climates are in conformity with the periodic phases of the Himalayan uplift. Continued rise of the Himalaya acted as a barrier for the flow of moisture resulting in lesser precipitation, higher snow cover and increased aridity. In response to the topographical and climatic variations a progressive change occurred in the composition of vegetations during the past 60 Ma. The ancestral tropical floras inhabited the lower slopes, whereas the temperate floras colonized the higher slopes. Altitudinal segregation of floras is clearly evident from the Mid-Miocene orogeny. Palaeocene to Mid-Pleistocene plant diversity generally varies from evergreen, semi-evergreen, dry/moist deciduous, warm temperate to temperate forest types. Migrations/immigrations and extinctions of plant taxa were largely influenced by physiographical and climatic changes. Enrichment and diversification of the Neogene Himalayan floras have also been brought in through the process of evolution. Cult-historical evidences point out that the Himalayan range continued to rise even after the advent of man.

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Jan-Lange, Michael, Nadine Janetschke, Martin Kaden, and Marvin Preusse. "Landscape development in the Dresden area – sedimentation, volcanism and tectonics during Cenozoic era." Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins 97 (March 11, 2015): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/jmogv/97/0004.

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Vermeij, Geerat J. "Shifting sources of productivity in the coastal marine tropics during the Cenozoic era." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1716 (December 22, 2010): 2362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2362.

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Changes in the rates and sources of marine primary production over time are difficult to document owing to the absence of direct estimates of past productivity. Here, I use the maximum body sizes of the largest species in each of 23 tropical shallow-water marine molluscan guilds (groups of species with similar habits and trophic roles) to trace the relative importance of planktonic and benthic primary productivity from the Eocene (55 Ma) onwards. The largest members of guilds are least constrained in exploiting resources and therefore reflect the availability and accessibility of those resources most accurately. Maximum sizes of suspension-feeders and predators increased by a factor of 2.3 and 4.0, respectively, whereas those in four out of five herbivorous guilds declined. I interpret these patterns, which are discernible throughout the coastal tropics, to mean that primary production in the Eocene marine tropics was concentrated on the seafloor, as is the case today on offshore reefs and islands, and that the Miocene to the recent interval witnessed a dramatic increase in planktonic productivity along continental margins. The rise in planktonic fertility is best explained by an increase in nutrient supply from the land associated with intense global tectonic activity and more vigorous ocean mixing owing to cooling.

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Arnscheidt, Constantin W., and Daniel H. Rothman. "Asymmetry of extreme Cenozoic climate–carbon cycle events." Science Advances 7, no. 33 (August 2021): eabg6864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg6864.

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The history of Earth’s climate and carbon cycle is preserved in deep-sea foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotope records. Here, we show that the sub-million-year fluctuations in both records have exhibited negatively skewed non-Gaussian tails throughout much of the Cenozoic era (66 Ma to present), suggesting an intrinsic asymmetry that favors “hyperthermal-like” extreme events of abrupt global warming and oxidation of organic carbon. We show that this asymmetry is quantitatively consistent with a general mechanism of self-amplification that can be modeled using stochastic multiplicative noise. A numerical climate–carbon cycle model in which the amplitude of random biogeochemical fluctuations increases at higher temperatures reproduces the data well and can further explain the apparent pacing of past extreme warming events by changes in orbital parameters. Our results also suggest that, as anthropogenic warming continues, Earth’s climate may become more susceptible to extreme warming events on time scales of tens of thousands of years.

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Halder, Kalyan, and Piyali Sinha. "Some Eocene Cerithioids (Gastropoda, Mollusca) from Kutch, Western India, and Their Bearing on Palaeobiogeography of the Indian Subcontinent." Paleontology Journal 2014 (August 6, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/673469.

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The cerithioids are a diverse group of gastropods found globally as fossil and living animals during the Cenozoic Era. Their systematics is riddled with problems stemming from large morphological variability, homoplasy, and wide geographical distribution. Six cerithioid species are described here from the lower Middle Eocene of Kutch, Gujarat, western India. All but two are new species. They are Palmerella kutchensis, Tenagodus? sowerbyi, Potamides archiaci, and Cerithium harudiensis. The rest are new records from Kutch and were known only from Pakistan. A palaeobiogeographical review based on major published records of benthic molluscs from Pakistan reveals strong endemism. The cerithioid faunas from different parts of Pakistan and this report from Kutch also show strong endemism and often quite localized development. It is argued here that unhindered faunal mixing was not possible in this province since these newly evolved basins were restricted in nature in their Lower Cenozoic history.

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Xu, Bo Hui, Shu Li Ding, and Dong Wang. "The Distribution Characteristics of Total Sulfur Content of Coals Formatting in Different Geological Age, Guangxi Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.486.

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The era distribution characteristics of total sulfur content of coals formatting in Early Carboniferous, Later Permian, Early Jurassic and Cenozoic in Guangxi,China, were studied by basing the statistics and analysis of total sulfur content of 19 important coals producing area including 173 exploration area and mining area. The results show that the coals of Early Carboniferous are mainly high sulfur coal and sub-high sulfur coal and the total sulfur content is high around the centered area around Liucheng Guilin - Xinan area and gradually decrease along south and north sides. The sulfur content of Late Permian coals are very high and reach to 5%-8% in some area and there is great difference among sulfur content in different area. The sulfur in Early Jurassic coals have great difference in distribution and are up to 10% in Northeast Guangxi area but less than 0.5% in Southeast Guangxi area. The coals of Cenozoic are low sulfur coal in common.

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Maccracken, S. Augusta, Ian M. Miller, and Conrad C. Labandeira. "Late Cretaceous domatia reveal the antiquity of plant–mite mutualisms in flowering plants." Biology Letters 15, no. 11 (November 2019): 20190657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0657.

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Mite houses, or acarodomatia, are found on the leaves of over 2000 living species of flowering plants today. These structures facilitate tri-trophic interactions between the host plant, its fungi or herbivore adversaries, and fungivorous or predaceous mites by providing shelter for the mite consumers. Previously, the oldest acarodomatia were described on a Cenozoic Era fossil leaf dating to 49 Myr in age. Here, we report the first occurrence of Mesozoic Era acarodomatia in the fossil record from leaves discovered in the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation (76.6–74.5 Ma) in southern UT, USA. This discovery extends the origin of acarodomatia by greater than 25 Myr, and the antiquity of this plant–mite mutualism provides important constraints for the evolutionary history of acarodomatia on angiosperms.

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Cermeño, Pedro, Paul G. Falkowski, Oscar E. Romero, Morgan F. Schaller, and Sergio M. Vallina. "Continental erosion and the Cenozoic rise of marine diatoms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 14 (March 23, 2015): 4239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412883112.

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Marine diatoms are silica-precipitating microalgae that account for over half of organic carbon burial in marine sediments and thus they play a key role in the global carbon cycle. Their evolutionary expansion during the Cenozoic era (66 Ma to present) has been associated with a superior competitive ability for silicic acid relative to other siliceous plankton such as radiolarians, which evolved by reducing the weight of their silica test. Here we use a mathematical model in which diatoms and radiolarians compete for silicic acid to show that the observed reduction in the weight of radiolarian tests is insufficient to explain the rise of diatoms. Using the lithium isotope record of seawater as a proxy of silicate rock weathering and erosion, we calculate changes in the input flux of silicic acid to the oceans. Our results indicate that the long-term massive erosion of continental silicates was critical to the subsequent success of diatoms in marine ecosystems over the last 40 My and suggest an increase in the strength and efficiency of the oceanic biological pump over this period.

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Yu, Fusheng, Ruifeng Zhang, Jiafu Yu, Yidan Wang, Shuguang Chen, Jing Liu, Chenlin Wu, et al. "Meso-Cenozoic negative inversion model for the Linhe Depression of Hetao Basin, China." Geological Magazine 159, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 535–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756821001138.

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AbstractThe Linhe Depression is the largest tectonic unit in the Hetao Basin. The recently discovered commercial oil flow in the structural trap of wells JH2X and S5 has proved that the Meso-Cenozoic strata in the Linhe Depression have great exploration potential. Research on the kinematic model for the Mesozoic–Cenozoic Linhe Depression is important for analysing the geological conditions of hydrocarbon accumulation. In this study, field observations, seismic interpretation and scaled analogue modelling are performed. The results prove that the Linhe Depression experienced different stages of tectonic evolution, such as compressional depression (K1l), conversion from contraction to uniform subsidence (K1g), extensional rifting (E2–N2) and strike-slip deformation (Q), during the Mesozoic–Cenozoic eras. The kinematic model of negative inverted basins was first established with the early differential compression superimposed by the late extension. The seismic interpretation and analogue modelling results show that Jilantai Sag in the southern part of the Linhe Depression was subjected to compression from the Bayanwulashan fold–thrust belt on the NW side and the Helanshan fold–thrust belt on the SE side during Early Cretaceous time. Meanwhile, the Hanghou Sag in the northern part of the Linhe Depression was only compressed by the Langshan fold–thrust belt from the NW direction. The rifted structure generated by the extension from the SE direction during the Cenozoic Era resulted in the negative inversion of the pre-existing thrusts in different patterns. The intensity of negative inversion is controlled by several key factors, such as dip angle and the patterns of thrust faults, along with different basement textures. The morphological changes in the forebulge zone developed during Early Cretaceous time are responsible for the development of the segmented Central fault zones in the Hanghou Sag.

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WANG, Guocan, Kai CAO, An WANG, Tianyi SHEN, Kexin ZHANG, and Liquan WANG. "On the Geodynamic Mechanism of Episodic Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic Era." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 88, no. 2 (April 2014): 699–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12223.

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Walsh, Stephen L. "Hierarchical subdivision of the Cenozoic Era: A venerable solution, and a critique of current proposals." Earth-Science Reviews 78, no. 3-4 (October 2006): 207–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.05.003.

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Ding, Xiaonan, Ling Fu, Ping Guan, and Daowei Zhang. "The Southwestern Boundary of Cenozoic Qaidam Basin: Constraints from Heavy Mineral Analysis." Minerals 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2022): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12060768.

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The formation of the Qaidam Basin plays an important role in unraveling the growth history of the Tibetan plateau. An extraordinary thick Cenozoic sedimentary succession of the Qaidam Basin is a great contributor to the study of the basin’s evolution history. To date, there has been disagreement on the southwestern boundary of the Paleogene Qaidam Basin. In this study, the method of heavy mineral analysis was adopted to reconstruct the southwestern boundary of the Qaidam Basin. The stable heavy minerals which represent the maturity of detrital sediments can roughly reflect the distance between the source and the deposit area. Therefore, the isogram of the stable heavy mineral index (ZTR = 20) was compiled to infer the location of the source area of the southwestern Qaidam Basin. The isogram shows that the boundary of the southwestern Qaidam Basin stretched southwesterly to the present-day Qiman Tagh Eastern Kunlun Mountains during the Paleogene. Additionally, the isolines present a remarkable northward migration since the late Eocene, which indicates the boundary of the Cenozoic Qaidam Basin that withdrew northward since the late Eocene. The specific location of the southern source area of the Qaidam Basin can be deduced at the Adatan fault, the middle of the present-day Eastern Kunlun Mountains. This result also supports the idea that the Qaidam Basin was an independent basin during the early Cenozoic era, and the Eastern Kunlun Mountains have already been exhumed during that time, serving as a prominent source of clastic sediments in the southwestern Qaidam Basin.

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Mao, Liguang, Ancheng Xiao, Hongwei Zhang, Zhankui Wu, Liqun Wang, Ya Shen, and Lei Wu. "Structural deformation pattern within the NW Qaidam Basin in the Cenozoic era and its tectonic implications." Tectonophysics 687 (September 2016): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.09.008.

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27

Glišović, Petar, and Alessandro M. Forte. "Two deep-mantle sources for Paleocene doming and volcanism in the North Atlantic." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 27 (June 13, 2019): 13227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816188116.

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The North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) erupted in two major pulses that coincide with the continental breakup and the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean over a period from 62 to 54 Ma. The unknown mantle structure under the North Atlantic during the Paleocene represents a major missing link in deciphering the geodynamic causes of this event. To address this outstanding challenge, we use a back-and-forth iterative method for time-reversed global convection modeling over the Cenozoic Era which incorporates models of present-day tomography-based mantle heterogeneity. We find that the Paleocene mantle under the North Atlantic is characterized by two major low-density plumes in the lower mantle: one beneath Greenland and another beneath the Azores. These strong lower-mantle upwellings generate small-scale hot upwellings and cold downwellings in the upper mantle. The upwellings are dispersed sources of magmatism and topographic uplift that were active on the rifted margins of the North Atlantic during the formation of the NAIP. While most studies of the Paleocene evolution of the North Atlantic have focused on the proto-Icelandic plume, our Cenozoic reconstructions reveal the equally important dynamics of a hot, buoyant, mantle-wide upwelling below the Azores.

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Thorson, Robert M. "Beringia in the cenozoic era, V.L. Kontrimavichus (Editor), 1986, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 724 + xv pp., $78.50 (clothbound)." Geoarchaeology 4, no. 1 (1989): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.3340040106.

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Gomes, Weliton Augusto, Marcio Fraiberg Machado, and Everton Fernando Alves. "Exceptional preservation of nonmineralized biomaterials in Cenozoic fossils of the Mammalia clade." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 14 (November 5, 2022): e533111436739. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i14.36739.

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The members of the Mammalia class experienced high ecological, morphological and taxonomic diversification during the Cenozoic Era. With technological advances in molecular paleontology in recent decades, many claims for the exceptional preservation of nonmineralized biomaterials have been made for this clade. However, these data are scattered in the literature and have associated such reports with unique and rare events. This study presents a review of the literature published in the last six decades, aiming to investigate the frequency with which vestigial of nonmineralized biomaterials are found in Mammalia fossils. The results identified 79 published studies describing endogenous biocomponents in Metatheria and Theria members. Of these, protein fragments were more frequent in sedimentary deposits (33.3%), and ancient DNA sequences were more frequent in depositional environments more favorable to exceptional preservation (53.1%), such as ice and cave deposits. The data on organic material for mammalian fossils are geographically and taxonomically comprehensive, with the superordinates Laurasiatheria and Afrotheria presenting the largest number of reports. With the emergence and improvement of new techniques for the recovery of organic material, it is believed that paleomolecular information for fossil mammals should increase, in addition to broadening the understanding of taphonomic factors related to exceptional preservation.

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Burbank, Douglas, and Susan Roberts. "The Cenozoic Uplift History of the Teton Range: Calibration and Application of Fission-Track Geothermometry." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 9 (January 1, 1985): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1985.2485.

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The Teton Range has experienced at least two pulses of uplift during the Cenozoic era. The earliest uplift, around 50-60 Myr. ago, was associated with the Laramide Orogeny, and it produced an unknown amount of uplift of the ancestral Teton-Gros Ventre Range. The more recent uplift is a Plio-Pleistocene phenomena, in which several thousand meters of uplift can be documented through offsets of isochronous strata. During these pulses of uplift, the range has been differentially warped, such that the center of the range has been uplifted to a greater extent than the northern and southern terminations of the range. This differential uplift can be easily delineated by tracing the Precambrian-Cambrian unconformity along the axis of the range as it ascends from either end towards its highest point in the center.

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Davies, Bethan J., Michael J. Hambrey, John L. Smellie, Jonathan L. Carrivick, and Neil F. Glasser. "Erratum to “Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet evolution during the Cenozoic Era” [Quat. Sci. Rev. 31 (2012) 30–66]." Quaternary Science Reviews 77 (October 2013): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.005.

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Sharma, Vijay, and Aditya Kumar Verma. "Lithological variations and drainage evolution in a marginal region: A case study from Chandrapur block of the Pranhita-Godavari Basin, Central India." Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists 37, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51710/jias.v37i2.102.

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Field mapping and interpretation of sedimentary structures in Gojoli region of Chandrapur block along the eastern margin of the Pranhita-Godavari valley suggests westward flowing channels during the Neoproterozoic. Present channels in this part of Chandrapur block are south/ southeast flowing and possess clear imprints of the basin-margin faults and lineaments. Drainage parameters in its Neoproterozoic stratigraphic sequence suggest impervious substrates probably due to high degree of consolidation and filling of rock-fractures by hydrothermal solution activities. However, the same for the Gondwana’s friable sandstone (towards western region) and Archaean gneisses (in the eastern part) has been observed consistent probably due to its porous nature and development of thick weathering profile. The affiliation of drainage with tectonism is therefore, from Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic era within contrasting lithology, was out of synchronization intermittently.

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Lundelius,, Ernest L. "Beringia in the Cenozoic Era. Based on a Symposium Held in Khabarovsk, May 10-15, 1973.V. L. Kontrimavichus." Quarterly Review of Biology 61, no. 1 (March 1986): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/414745.

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Zhang, Yu, Meng Wang, Ruli Cheng, Yang Luo, Yingwen Li, Zhihao Liu, Qiliang Chen, and Yanjun Shen. "Mitochondrial characteristics of Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus a protected salamander in China, and biogeographical implications for the family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata)." Zoosystematics and Evolution 98, no. 2 (July 13, 2022): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.66578.

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Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus a provincially-protected salamander species, inhabits mountainous areas of Chongqing and surrounding provinces in China. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of P. flavomaculatus was sequenced and analyzed. The mitogenome is 16,401 bp in length and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a control region. We performed a novel phylogenetic analysis, which demonstrated a sister relationship between P. flavomaculatus and P. jinfo. The 95% confidence interval around our new divergence date estimate suggest that Hynobiidae originated at 101.62–119.84 (mean=110.87) Ma. Species within Hynobiidae diverged successively in the Cenozoic era, and hynobiid speciation coincides primarily with geologic events. Our biogeographical inference demonstrates that nearly all early hynobiids divergences correspond to geological estimates of orogeny, which may have contributed to the notably high dN/dS ratio in this clade. We conclude that orogeny is likely a primary, dynamic factor, which may have repeatedly initiated the process of speciation in the family Hynobiidae.

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Fatdayeva, A. "Systematic Review of the Genus Hypericum L. in Flora of Azerbaijan." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/84/12.

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Among the widespread plant species in Azerbaijan, the genus Hypericum L. which dates back to the Cenozoic era and belongs to the family Hypericaceae takes special place. 80% of the total number of species belonging to the Hypericaceae family are concentrated in the genus Hypericum, which is distinguished by its many-sided areas of application, especially in the pharmaceutical, decorative and dye industries. This genus is considered one of the largest genera of flowering plants in terms of species diversity (22%). Although research on the systematics of the genus Hypericumhas been conducted by many scientists around the world, the general characteristics and taxonomic composition of the species distributed in the flora of Azerbaijan have not been studied for the last 50 years. As a result of our research, it was determined that there are not 15 species, but 19 species, 1 subspecies and 1 variety belonging to the genus in the flora. The characteristics, descriptions and synonyms of sections, species, subspecies were given.

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Van Vliet-Lanoë, Brigitte. "The autocyclic nature of glaciations." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 178, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.178.4.247.

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Abstract The maximum extent of a glaciation is often confused with the coldest part of a glaciation. During the Last Glaciation, the date of the Last Ice Maximum Extent (LIME) is diachronous very early at high latitudes close to the traditional date in the intertropical mountains. The classical Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) never corresponds to the LIME with the exception of intertropical regions. At middle and high latitudes advances of the LGM only correspond to surges of a lately thickened ice sheet. The same structure also exists at the level of the entire Cenozoic of a whole glaciation or of much shorter events as the scale of a whole Bond’s cycle. For each type of event the reactional sequence is autocyclic: a rapid warming ends a slowly cooling trend due to the higher susceptibility of lower latitudes to external forcing (orbital and solar activity). Moisture supply from an ice-free ocean is the sine qua non to build glaciers. The syngenetic extent of the cold desert toward the equator is the limiting factor for ice volume: when glaciations develop in intertropical mountains with the development of sea ice in the polar zones, glaciers recede by precipitation starvation with restricted sedimentation. During a glacial era in parallel with ice cap building, the progressive sea level lowering and the subsequent enhanced aridity counterbalance the generalization of a world-scale glaciation. This concept could be also valid for the Neoproterozoic Glacial era and should probably invalidate the snowball hypothesis.

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Westerhold, T., U. Röhl, T. Frederichs, S. M. Bohaty, and J. C. Zachos. "Astronomical calibration of the geological timescale: closing the middle Eocene gap." Climate of the Past Discussions 11, no. 3 (May 11, 2015): 1665–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-11-1665-2015.

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Abstract. To explore cause and consequences in past climate reconstructions highly accuracy age models are inevitable. The highly accurate astronomical calibration of the geological time scale beyond 40 million years critically depends on the accuracy of orbital models and radio-isotopic dating techniques. Discrepancies in the age dating of sedimentary successions and the lack of suitable records spanning the middle Eocene have prevented development of a continuous astronomically calibrated geological timescale for the entire Cenozoic Era. We now solve this problem by constructing an independent astrochronological stratigraphy based on Earth's stable 405 kyr eccentricity cycle between 41 and 48 million years ago (Ma) with new data from deep-sea sedimentary sequences in the South Atlantic Ocean. This new link completes the Paleogene astronomical time scale and confirms the intercalibration of radio-isotopic and astronomical dating methods back through the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 55.930 Ma) and the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary (66.022 Ma). Coupling of the Paleogene 405 kyr cyclostratigraphic frameworks across the middle Eocene further paves the way for extending the Astronomical Time Scale (ATS) into the Mesozoic.

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Westerhold, T., U. Röhl, T. Frederichs, S. M. Bohaty, and J. C. Zachos. "Astronomical calibration of the geological timescale: closing the middle Eocene gap." Climate of the Past 11, no. 9 (September 23, 2015): 1181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1181-2015.

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Abstract. To explore cause and consequences of past climate change, very accurate age models such as those provided by the astronomical timescale (ATS) are needed. Beyond 40 million years the accuracy of the ATS critically depends on the correctness of orbital models and radioisotopic dating techniques. Discrepancies in the age dating of sedimentary successions and the lack of suitable records spanning the middle Eocene have prevented development of a continuous astronomically calibrated geological timescale for the entire Cenozoic Era. We now solve this problem by constructing an independent astrochronological stratigraphy based on Earth's stable 405 kyr eccentricity cycle between 41 and 48 million years ago (Ma) with new data from deep-sea sedimentary sequences in the South Atlantic Ocean. This new link completes the Paleogene astronomical timescale and confirms the intercalibration of radioisotopic and astronomical dating methods back through the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 55.930 Ma) and the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (66.022 Ma). Coupling of the Paleogene 405 kyr cyclostratigraphic frameworks across the middle Eocene further paves the way for extending the ATS into the Mesozoic.

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Schulz, Eric, Marc Gottschling, Gudrun Wibbelt, Eggert Stockfleth, and Ingo Nindl. "Isolation and genomic characterization of the first Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) papillomavirus and its phylogenetic position within Pipapillomavirus, primarily infecting rodents." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 2609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.012583-0.

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A series of papillomavirus (PV) types have been isolated from different rodent species, and most of them belong to the genus Pipapillomavirus. We isolated and sequenced the complete genome of a novel PV type (designated RnPV) from the oral cavity of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), as well as an L1 gene fragment from hair-follicle cells of the European beaver (Castor fiber). As inferred from amino acid sequence data, RnPV clustered within the β+γ+π+Ξ-PV supertaxon as a member of the genus Pipapillomavirus. The closest relatives of RnPV were McPV-2 and MmPV, and time estimates indicated that the genus Pipapillomavirus originated in the late Cenozoic era. The close relationship of RnPV to other murid PV types supports the hypothesis of co-divergence between members of the genus Pipapillomavirus and their hosts. However, the derived Neogene origin of the genus Pipapillomavirus is much younger than has been considered for the Rodentia as the primary hosts, indicating that alternative interpretations of the phylogenetic trees should be conceived.

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Farlow, James O., and Thomas R. Holtz. "The Fossil Record of Predation in Dinosaurs." Paleontological Society Papers 8 (October 2002): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s108933260000111x.

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Predatory theropod dinosaurs can usually be identified as such by features of their jaws, teeth, and postcrania, but different clades of these reptiles differed in their adaptations for prey handling. Inferences about theropod diets and hunting behavior based on functional morphology are sometimes supported by evidence from taphonomic associations with likely prey species, bite marks, gut contents, coprolites, and trackways. Very large theropods like Tyrannosaurus are unlikely to have been pure hunters or scavengers, and probably ate whatever meat they could easily obtain, dead or alive. Theropods were not the only dinosaur hunters, though; other kinds of large reptiles undoubtedly fed on dinosaurs as well The taxonomic composition of dinosaurian predator-prey complexes varies as a function of time and geography, but an ecologically remarkable feature of dinosaurian faunas, as compared with terrestrial mammalian faunas, is the very large size commonly attained by both herbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs. The K/T extinction event(s) did not end dinosaurian predation, because carnivorous birds remained prominent predators throughout the Cenozoic Era.

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De Boer, B., R. S. W. van de Wal, R. Bintanja, L. J. Lourens, and E. Tuenter. "Cenozoic global ice-volume and temperature simulations with 1-D ice-sheet models forced by benthic δ18O records." Annals of Glaciology 51, no. 55 (2010): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756410791392736.

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AbstractVariations in global ice volume and temperature over the Cenozoic era have been investigated with a set of one-dimensional (1-D) ice-sheet models. Simulations include three ice sheets representing glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere, i.e. in Eurasia, North America and Greenland, and two separate ice sheets for Antarctic glaciation. The continental mean Northern Hemisphere surface-air temperature has been derived through an inverse procedure from observed benthic δ18O records. These data have yielded a mutually consistent and continuous record of temperature, global ice volume and benthic δ18O over the past 35 Ma. The simple 1-D model shows good agreement with a comprehensive 3-D ice-sheet model for the past 3 Ma. On average, differences are only 1.0˚C for temperature and 6.2 m for sea level. Most notably, over the 35 Ma period, the reconstructed ice volume–temperature sensitivity shows a transition from a climate controlled by Southern Hemisphere ice sheets to one controlled by Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. Although the transient behaviour is important, equilibrium experiments show that the relationship between temperature and sea level is linear and symmetric, providing limited evidence for hysteresis. Furthermore, the results show a good comparison with other simulations of Antarctic ice volume and observed sea level.

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Crame, J. Alistair. "Evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients in the marine realm: evidence from the composition of Recent bivalve faunas." Paleobiology 26, no. 2 (2000): 188–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0188:eotdgi>2.0.co;2.

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A major new inventory of living marine Bivalvia (Mollusca) is based on 29 regional faunas. These again pick out strong latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in taxonomic diversity, but there are indications that the patterns are not so regular as previously thought. There are signs of asymmetry between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere latitudinal gradients, with the former tending to be more regular than the latter. Northern gradients are also characterized by a marked inflection at approximately 30°N, and the three Australian provinces seem to form a distinct “hot-spot” in the Southern Hemisphere. The larger of the two tropical high-diversity foci (the southern China-Indonesia-NE Australia one) appears to be much more nearly arcuate in plan view than oval and is closely associated with the world's richest development of coral reefs.A taxonomic and stratigraphic analysis reveals that the steepest latitudinal gradients are associated with the youngest bivalve clades. The most striking pattern is that shown by the heteroconchs, an essentially infaunal taxon that radiated extensively throughout the Cenozoic era. Steep gradients are also characteristic of the relatively young anomalodesmatan and arcoid clades and, somewhat surprisingly, the predominantly epifaunal pteriomorphs. Although the latter taxon falls within an older (i.e., “late Paleozoic-Jurassic”) group of clades, it is apparent that certain elements within it (and in particular the Pectinidae) radiated extensively in the latest Mesozoic-Cenozoic. A small but significant component of the later stages of the adaptive radiation of the Bivalvia comprised epifaunal taxa.The presence of the steepest latitudinal gradients in the youngest clades provides further evidence that the Tropics have served as a major center of evolutionary innovation. Even though some sort of retraction mechanism cannot be completely ruled out, these gradients are most likely the product of primary radiations. Clade history can be an important determinant of contemporary large-scale biodiversity patterns. The markedly lower diversity of some bivalve clades, such as the heteroconchs, in the high-latitude and polar regions may simply reflect the fact that they are not yet fully established there. In a way that is reminiscent of the onshore-offshore radiation of certain benthic marine invertebrate taxa, it may take periods of tens or even hundreds of millions of years for bivalve clades to disseminate fully across the earth's surface.The persistent spread of taxa from low- to high-latitude regions should perhaps come as no great surprise, as the tropical ocean is very much older than either of the polar ones. The late Cretaceous-Cenozoic evolutionary radiation of the Bivalvia was accompanied by a marked deterioration in global climates, and many new groups have yet to be fully assimilated into cool- and cold-water benthic ecosystems.

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Han, L., C. Y. Du, and Z. H. Liu. "NEOTECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE REVEALED BY STREAM LENGTH – GRADIENT INDEX OF THE DAXI RIVER BASIN IN THE SOUTHERN MARGIN OF ORDOS, CHINA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W10 (February 8, 2020): 967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w10-967-2020.

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Abstract. Since the late Cenozoic era, due to the impact of the Indo- Eurasian plate collision and the northeasterward compression of the Tibetan Plateau, a series of extensional sub-basins and tectonic belts have been formed at the periphery of the Ordos block. Watershed geomorphology plays an important role in studying the formation of rock uplift and river erosion, and are recording the surface evidence on landforms evolution. In this paper, twenty-eight sub-basins and tributaries around Daxihe River, locating at the southern margin of Ordos, were extracted from SRTM1 DEM data. Combined with Hack profile and related river parameters, the tectonic and geomorphic morphology were evaluated synthetically. The results show that (1) The mean SL of this area is 93.9, indicating that the tectonic activities are strong in Daxihe River Basin; (2) The SL values of the northern and southern are 58.9–152 and 66–137.4, respectively, showing that the uplift rate of eastern margin larger than the southern margin; (3) There are positive power functions between K and drainage area, also between landform relief and slope. This study plays an auxiliary role in regional geological background, structural activity analysis and disaster prediction.

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Li, Rongquan, and Mingchuan Yang. "Relationship between developments of the Huanghe and Yongding rivers and the evolution of the fossil lakes of the cenozoic era in the drainage area." Chinese Geographical Science 1, no. 3 (September 1991): 234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02664518.

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Aleksandr, Guliaev. "Neotectonics and seismicity of the Urals." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal, no. 2 (April 20, 2022): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2022-2-77-84.

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Introduction. The Ural submeridional mountain belt is an epipaleozoic orogen rejuvenated in the contemporary period (in the Neogene-Quaternary period in the last 20–30 million years). In the pre-Paleozoic era, the Urals developed as a submeridional upland, presumably as a result of the interaction (clash) between the East European and West Siberian plates. In the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, the Urals developed as a submeridional upland. As a result, the Ural Paleozoic orogen was largely (almost completely) destroyed by weathering, but in the second half of the Cenozoic time it was rejuvenated and experienced some growth again. The reason for the rejuvenation of the Urals could be the subhorizontal compression of the Urals crust between the East European (EEP) and West Siberian (WSP) plates, which occurred in the contemporary period (in the last 20–30 million years). The epicenters of contemporary Ural sensible earthquakes are localized in the East European Craton bordering the Urals along the boundaries of the Ufa obduction of the EEP. The intensity of Ural earthquakes ranges from 3–4 to 5–6 according to MSK-64 scale, and their magnitude is estimated in the range from 2.0 to 6.0–6.5. Research objective is to assess the seismicity and seismic activity of the Urals in the contemporary period and the relationship between Ural sensible earthquake epicenters and its rejuvenated tectonic structures. Methods of research. The spacing of sensible earthquake epicenters in the Urals relative to tectonic structures of different age was estimated by comparing the corresponding geological and tectonic schemes of the Urals. Results. The analysis showed that the epicenters of sensible earthquakes are located mainly along the periphery of the Ufa obduction of the EEP, which interacts with the Ural orogen. Most of the epicenters are located in the northeastern boundary of the Ufa obduction of the EEP. Earthquake epicenters are located both within the Ural orogen (in the zone of geodynamic influence of the Serov-Mauk regional submeridional fault), and within the eastern edge of the East European Craton, in the trough of the western piedmont of the Ural Mountains and adjacent areas.

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De Baets, Kenneth, John Warren Huntley, Daniele Scarponi, Adiël A. Klompmaker, and Aleksandra Skawina. "Phanerozoic parasitism and marine metazoan diversity: dilution versus amplification." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1837 (September 20, 2021): 20200366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0366.

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Growing evidence suggests that biodiversity mediates parasite prevalence. We have compiled the first global database on occurrences and prevalence of marine parasitism throughout the Phanerozoic and assess the relationship with biodiversity to test if there is support for amplification or dilution of parasitism at the macroevolutionary scale. Median prevalence values by era are 5% for the Paleozoic, 4% for the Mesozoic, and a significant increase to 10% for the Cenozoic. We calculated period-level shareholder quorum sub-sampled (SQS) estimates of mean sampled diversity, three-timer (3T) origination rates, and 3T extinction rates for the most abundant host clades in the Paleobiology Database to compare to both occurrences of parasitism and the more informative parasite prevalence values. Generalized linear models (GLMs) of parasite occurrences and SQS diversity measures support both the amplification (all taxa pooled, crinoids and blastoids, and molluscs) and dilution hypotheses (arthropods, cnidarians, and bivalves). GLMs of prevalence and SQS diversity measures support the amplification hypothesis (all taxa pooled and molluscs). Though likely scale-dependent, parasitism has increased through the Phanerozoic and clear patterns primarily support the amplification of parasitism with biodiversity in the history of life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.

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Torres-Herrera, Sandra Iliana, Angélica Romero-Osorio, Oscar Moreno-Valenzuela, Guillermo Pastor-Palacios, Yair Cardenas-Conejo, Jorge H. Ramírez-Prado, Lina Riego-Ruiz, Yereni Minero-García, Salvador Ambriz-Granados, and Gerardo R. Argüello-Astorga. "A Lineage of Begomoviruses Encode Rep and AC4 Proteins of Enigmatic Ancestry: Hints on the Evolution of Geminiviruses in the New World." Viruses 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2019): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11070644.

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The begomoviruses (BGVs) are plant pathogens that evolved in the Old World during the Cretaceous and arrived to the New World (NW) in the Cenozoic era. A subgroup of NW BGVs, the “Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) lineage” (S-Lin), includes viruses with unique characteristics. To get clues on the evolutionary origin of this lineage, a search for divergent members was undertaken. Four novel BGVs were characterized, including one that is basal to the group. Comparative analyses led to discover a ~670 bp genome module that is nearly exclusive of this lineage, encompassing the replication origin, the AC4 gene, and 480 bp of the Rep gene. A similar DNA module was found in two curtoviruses, hence suggesting that the S-Lin ancestor acquired its distinctive genomic segment by recombination with a curtovirus. This hypothesis was definitely disproved by an in-depth sequence analysis. The search for homologs of S-Lin Rep uncover the common origin of Rep proteins encoded by diverse Geminiviridae genera and viral “fossils” integrated at plant genomes. In contrast, no homolog of S-Lin Rep was found in public databases. Consequently, it was concluded that the SLCV clade ancestor evolved by a recombination event between a primitive NW BGV and a virus from a hitherto unknown lineage.

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Guo, Zhengfu, and Marjorie Wilson. "Late Oligocene–early Miocene transformation of postcollisional magmatism in Tibet." Geology 47, no. 8 (June 10, 2019): 776–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46147.1.

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Abstract Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is thought to be one of the most important orogenic and climate forcing events of the Cenozoic Era, associated with geodynamic changes related to India-Asia collision and subsequent continental lithosphere subduction. However, the fate and scale of the subducted continental lithosphere segments remain highly controversial. Using a comprehensive compilation of the spatiotemporal distribution of postcollisional magmatic rocks across Tibet, together with new geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data and modeling simulations, we propose a holistic, two-stage evolutionary model to explain the link between genesis of the magmas and continental subduction. The magmatism prior to 25 Ma resulted from continuous upwelling of a carbonate-rich upper-mantle plume induced by northward underthrusting of Indian oceanic and continental lithosphere with its cover of Tethyan platform carbonate sediments, whereas magmatism after 25 Ma was related to opposing north-directed and south-directed continental subduction. Our model indicates a transformation in the distribution and nature of the magmatism in Tibet at ca. 25 Ma, which reflects a significant change in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen and associated mantle dynamic processes in the early Miocene. Understanding this transformation could have important implications for the utility of the Himalayan-Tibetan system as a modern analogue for ancient orogens.

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Osinski, Gordon R., Richard A. F. Grieve, Patrick J. A. Hill, Sarah L. Simpson, Charles Cockell, Gail L. Christeson, Matthias Ebert, et al. "Explosive interaction of impact melt and seawater following the Chicxulub impact event." Geology 48, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46783.1.

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Abstract The impact of asteroids and comets with planetary surfaces is one of the most catastrophic, yet ubiquitous, geological processes in the solar system. The Chicxulub impact event, which has been linked to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction marking the beginning of the Cenozoic Era, is arguably the most significant singular geological event in the past 100 million years of Earth’s history. The Chicxulub impact occurred in a marine setting. How quickly the seawater re-entered the newly formed basin after the impact, and its effects of it on the cratering process, remain debated. Here, we show that the explosive interaction of seawater with impact melt led to molten fuel–coolant interaction (MFCI), analogous to what occurs during phreatomagmatic volcanic eruptions. This process fractured and dispersed the melt, which was subsequently deposited subaqueously to form a series of well-sorted deposits. These deposits bear little resemblance to the products of impacts in a continental setting and are not accounted for in current classification schemes for impactites. The similarities between these Chicxulub deposits and the Onaping Formation at the Sudbury impact structure, Canada, are striking, and suggest that MFCI and the production of volcaniclastic-like deposits is to be expected for large impacts in shallow marine settings.

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Trembath-Reichert, Elizabeth, Jonathan Paul Wilson, Shawn E. McGlynn, and Woodward W. Fischer. "Four hundred million years of silica biomineralization in land plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 17 (March 30, 2015): 5449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500289112.

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Biomineralization plays a fundamental role in the global silicon cycle. Grasses are known to mobilize significant quantities of Si in the form of silica biominerals and dominate the terrestrial realm today, but they have relatively recent origins and only rose to taxonomic and ecological prominence within the Cenozoic Era. This raises questions regarding when and how the biological silica cycle evolved. To address these questions, we examined silica abundances of extant members of early-diverging land plant clades, which show that silica biomineralization is widespread across terrestrial plant linages. Particularly high silica abundances are observed in lycophytes and early-diverging ferns. However, silica biomineralization is rare within later-evolving gymnosperms, implying a complex evolutionary history within the seed plants. Electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy show that the most common silica-mineralized tissues include the vascular system, epidermal cells, and stomata, which is consistent with the hypothesis that biomineralization in plants is frequently coupled to transpiration. Furthermore, sequence, phylogenetic, and structural analysis of nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins from diverse plant genomes points to a plastic and ancient capacity for silica accumulation within terrestrial plants. The integration of these two comparative biology approaches demonstrates that silica biomineralization has been an important process for land plants over the course of their >400 My evolutionary history.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cenozoic Era'

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