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1
Venkatarama Reddy, B. V., and M. S. Latha. "Influence of soil grading on the characteristics of cement stabilised soil compacts." Materials and Structures 47, no. 10 (July 19, 2013): 1633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0142-1.
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Bahar, R., M. Benazzoug, and S. Kenai. "Performance of compacted cement-stabilised soil." Cement and Concrete Composites 26, no. 7 (October 2004): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.01.003.
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Kraszewski, Cezary, Leszek Rafalski, and Beata Gajewska. "Effect of Compaction Ratio on Mechanical Properties of Low-Strength Hydraulically Bound Mixtures for Road Engineering." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041561.
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Road layers should be properly compacted to obtain an adequate bearing capacity and durability. Both the unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures used in the layers require compaction. After compaction and hardening, soil mixed with a binder acquires mechanical features that unbound soil lacks, including tensile strength (Rit) and unconfined compressive strength (Rc). The effect of the compaction ratio (DPr) of the low-strength cement-stabilised soils on these features has rarely been investigated. This study investigates the influence of the compaction ratio on the mechanical properties of hardened, stabilised mixtures of medium-grained sand with 5%, 6.5%, and 8% Portland cement. Cement–soil stabilisation tests showed that compressive strength depends exponentially on the compaction ratio, whereas tensile strength and the stiffness modulus depend linearly on the compaction ratio. For tensile strength and the dynamic stiffness modulus, the effect is not statistically significant, and the usual practice of ignoring compaction dependence is justified. For compressive strength, however, the effect is significant, especially when DPr = 98–100%. When the values of Rc and Rit strengths at various DPr were normalised by those at 100%, it was found that mixtures with higher strengths are the least resistant to changes in the compaction ratio. Knowing the percentage by which the value of a given parameter changes with compaction can be extremely valuable in engineering practice.
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Sharma, Tarun, Sandeep Singh, Shubham Sharma, Aman Sharma, Anand Kumar Shukla, Changhe Li, Yanbin Zhang, and Elsayed Mohamed Tag Eldin. "Studies on the Utilization of Marble Dust, Bagasse Ash, and Paddy Straw Wastes to Improve the Mechanical Characteristics of Unfired Soil Blocks." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 14522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114522.
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Earthen materials are the world’s oldest and cheapest construction materials. Compacted soil stabilised blocks are unfired admixed soil blocks made up of soil plus stabilisers such as binders, fibres, or a combination of both. The manufacturing and usage of cement and cement blocks raises a number of environmental and economic challenges. As a result, researchers are attempting to develop an alternative to cement blocks, and various tests on unfired admixed soil blocks have been performed. This investigation undertakes use of agricultural waste (i.e., paddy straw fiber and sugarcane bagasse ash) and industrial waste (i.e., marble dust) in manufacturing unfired admixed soil blocks. The applicability of unfired soil blocks admixed with marble dust, paddy straw fiber, and bagasse ash were studied. The marble dust level ranged from 25% to 35%, the bagasse ash content ranged from 7.5% to 12.5%, and the content of paddy straw fibre ranged from 0.8% to 1.2% by soil dry weight. Various tests were conducted on 81 mix designs of the prepared unfired admixed soil blocks to determine the mechanical properties of the blocks, followed by modeling and optimization. The characterization of the materials using XRD and XRF and of the specimens using SEM and EDS were performed for the mineral constituents and microstructural analysis. The findings demonstrate that the suggested method is a superior alternative to burned bricks for improving the mechanical properties of unfired admixed soil blocks.
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Lindh, Per, and Polina Lemenkova. "Simplex Lattice Design and X-ray Diffraction for Analysis of Soil Structure: A Case of Cement-Stabilised Compacted Tills Reinforced with Steel Slag and Slaked Lime." Electronics 11, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 3726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223726.
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Evaluating the structure of soil prior to building construction is valuable in a large variety of geotechnical and civil engineering applications. To built an effective framework for assessing the strength of the stabilised soil, the presented workflow includes a complex approach of simplex lattice design and X-ray diffraction for the analysis of soil structure. Different from the traditional in situ measurements, we propose a statistical framework for effective decision-making on binder combination to stabilise soil collected in three localities of Southern Sweden—Bromölla Municipality (Skåne County), Petersborg (Östergötland County) and Örebro (Örebro County). A practical solution is presented that includes the evaluation of strength properties of various types of soil using ordinary Portland cement (OPC), slaked lime and steel slag as pure agents and blended binders. The specimens were collected in Southern Sweden and included sandy silty tills and clay till (clay content 6–18%). The preprocessing included the mineralogical analysis of mineral composition and soil structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a sieve. The soil samples were fabricated, compacted, rammed, stabilised by six binder blends and assessed for uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The moisture condition value (MCV) and water content tests were done for compacted soil and showed variation in the MCV values for different binders. The study determined the effects from binder blends on the UCS gain in three types of soil, measured on days 7, 28 and 90. Positive effects were noted from the steel slag/lime blends on the UCS gain in sandy silty tills. A steel slag/slaked lime mixed binder performed better compared to the pure binders. The effectiveness of the simplex lattice design was demonstrated in a series of ternary diagrams showing soil strength evaluated by adding the stabilising agents in different proportions.
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Dobrzycki, Patryk. "The Impact of Polypropylene Fibre Addition on the CBR Value." Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acee-2023-0017.
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Abstract The classic test for soil or aggregate bearing capacity in road construction is the CBR test. The results of the CBR were determined for gravelly sand and sand with the addition of 1.5% cement, as well as for their mixtures with 18 mm long polypropylene fibres in the amounts of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%. The effect of compaction and time of curing of samples stabilised with hydraulic binder were also determined. The natural soil without cement and fibre additions had relatively high CBR values. The additions of 0.1% and 0.2% polypropylene fibres to the dry mass of the soil resulted in an approximately 2-fold increase in the CBR value for the samples compacted using the standard method. Increasing the amount of fibres to 0.3% caused a reduction in the CBR value to that obtained without fibre addition. For samples compacted using the modified Proctor method, the observations are different. Only the sample with 0.2% fibre addition achieved a slightly higher CBR value. Moreover, the addition of 1.5% cement and the length of treatment increased the CBR values.
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ZAKARIA, ATIQAH, NORAZZLINA M.SA’DON, ABDUL RAZAK ABDUL KARIM, and ZORAN DJUMIC. "STRENGTH PERFORMANCE ON STABILISATION OF SARAWAK SOILS USING GEOCRETE® TECHNOLOGY." JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT 17, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2022.06.013.
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This paper presents a study on the stabilisation performance of Sarawak soils using GeoCrete® Technology. GeoCrete is used for stabilisation treatments where the soils are treated with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a binder and GeoCrete® powder (GCP) as an alkaline additive to improve their strength and elasticity. The use of GCP in soil stabilisation was proven to improve the compressive strength of soils by more than twice the initial strength after 28 days of being treated, with the treatments carried out on three identified soils: Clay, silt and sand. This technique has been successfully implemented on farm roads, rural roads and highways. Thus, further investigation of stabilisation with GCP was conducted on peat, which is known as a material with high permeability and low bearing capacity behaviour. The peat samples collected are mixed at a designated percentage of OPC and 2% of GCP. The compacted and treated peat samples with OPC and GCP were prepared at the optimum moisture content, mixed thoroughly to a uniform condition using a laboratory mixer and air cured for 7 and 28 days in a single batch. The results showed that peat stabilised with GCP has an average of more than 40% of the unconfined compressive strength, qu value after 28 days of curing when compared with peat at the natural state.
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Román Martínez, Carlos, Yamid E. Nuñez de la Rosa, Daniela Estrada Luna, Jair Arrieta Baldovino, and Giovani Jordi Bruschi. "Strength, Stiffness, and Microstructure of Stabilized Marine Clay-Crushed Limestone Waste Blends: Insight on Characterization through Porosity-to-Cement Index." Materials 16, no. 14 (July 13, 2023): 4983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16144983.
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The porosity-to-cement index (η/Civ) has been extensively applied to study the evolution of different types of soil stabilization. However, this index has still not been used to characterize soils cemented with crushed limestone waste (CLW). In this sense, this paper sought to analyze the applicability of the porosity-to-cement index over the unconfined compressive strength (qu) and initial stiffness at small deformations (Go) of clayey soil improved with CLW and Portland cement. In addition, a microstructural analysis (SEM and EDX tests) was also conducted. CLW addition increased soil strength and stiffness over time. Moreover, qu and Go compacted mixtures containing CLW have established a distinctive correlation. Chemical microanalyses have uncovered a complex interfacial interaction between the soil, cement, and fine CLW particles, leading to a notable reduction in porosity.
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Baldovino, Jair A., Ronaldo Izzo, and Abdullah Ekinci. "Strength Relationship Equation for Artificially Stabilized Rammed Sedimentary Soils." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 12, 2022): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091433.
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Soils from the superficial layers of the Guabirotuba formation (in Brazil) are problematic due to their expansive and low-bearing capacity. Stabilizing these soils with a calcium-based binder is a technique that must be explored. Therefore, this study aims to determine the mechanical behavior of stabilized sedimentary silts with cement and binder in various conditions. Four types of fine soils were used in deformed conditions. These soils were mixed with cement and compacted to measure their mechanical behavior. The specimens were tested in unconfined compressive and split tensile tests prepared with respect to several molding conditions: the moisture content, the curing period, durability cycles, the dry unit weight, the cement content, the cement type, and the soil type. This study was also carried out to develop a simplified approach to estimating the unconfined compressive strength (qu or UCS) and split tensile strength (qt or STS) of soil-cement or soil-cement–binder mixes. The results further demonstrate the influence of the porosity/volumetric cement index (η/Civ) on the qu- and qt-adjusted two new parameters—bo = 0.174 (dependent on cement) and k = 2.565 (dependent on the type of soil)—proposed herein for all mixtures studied. Using the proposed new parameters, a unique equation was developed to estimate the strength of the compacted blends as a function of the porosity and binder content, with an acceptance of 93% and an error close to 6%.
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Stracke, Fernanda, Jonatan G. Jung, Eduardo P. Korf, and Nilo C. Consoli. "The Influence of Moisture Content on Tensile and Compressive Strength of Artificially Cemented Sand." Soils and Rocks 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.353303.
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Applying Portland cement to soils is an excellent technique when it is necessary to improve local soil for the construction of stabilized pavement bases and to have a support layer for shallow foundations. Consoli et al. (2007, 2009, 2010) developed a rational dosage methodology for artificially cemented soils based on porosity/cement index, which can be applied to unconfined compressive strength, as well as to splitting tensile strength. Furthermore, a unique qt /qu relationship was found, independent of the cement content and voids ratio. Following the assessment of the main factors that influence the strength of artificially cemented soils, the present research aims to quantify the influence of the moisture content in the tensile and compressive strength of an artificially cemented sand. A program of splitting tensile tests and unconfined compression tests was carried out. There were tested three voids ratio (0.65, 0.73 and 0.81), four cement contents (3%, 5%, 7% and 9%) and five moisture contents (6%, 8%, 10%, 12% and 14%). The results show that the reduction in moisture content of the compacted mixture increases both the tensile and compressive strengths. Furthermore, it has been shown that qt /qu relationship was kept constant, being independent of the porosity/cement ratio and the moisture content.
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Lawton, Evert C., Anagha A. Mokashi, and Nathaniel S. Fox. "Field Tests and Numerical Analyses of Subgrade Soil Reinforced with Grids of Stabilized Granular Columns." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1534, no. 1 (January 1996): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153400111.
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Field tests and numerical analyses conducted to establish the feasibility of reinforcing soft, loose, or otherwise inadequate subgrade soils with a grid of small-diameter, stabilized, vertical granular columns to support traditional pavement systems are described. This technique may prove to be cost-effective if it is used to improve subgrade soils so that the sub-base or base courses can be reduced in thickness or eliminated. Field plate bearing tests were carried out on unreinforced cohesionless silty sand and on the same soil reinforced with vertical reinforcing columns constructed of four materials: crushed granitic gneiss, silica sand, cement-stabilized native soil, and cement-stabilized silica sand. The field tests indicated that the columns made of the two cement-stabilized materials substantially increased the subgrade modulus of the native soil. In contrast, the two unstabilized columnar reinforcing materials produced no substantial improvement in stiffness. The field tests were modeled by using an axisymmetric finite-element (FE) program and hyperbolic constitutive relationships for the native soil and the columnar reinforcing materials. Triaxial tests were performed on reconstituted specimens of the native soil and compacted specimens of cement-stabilized native soil to determine the stress–strain–strength parameters required for the FE analyses. The FE analyses modeled the plate bearing tests on the reinforced soil to a reasonable degree, indicating that the FE method used has the potential to simulate a complete pavement system (including a wearing surface) in which the subgrade soil is reinforced with columns of stabilized granular materials.
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Venkatarama Reddy, B. V., and M. S. Latha. "Retrieving clay minerals from stabilised soil compacts." Applied Clay Science 101 (November 2014): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.08.027.
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Sas, Wojciech, Andrzej Głuchowski, and Alojzy Szymański. "Impact of the stabilization of compacted cohesive soil – sandy clay on yield criterion improvement." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Land Reclamation 46, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sggw-2014-0012.
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Abstract Impact of the stabilization of compacted cohesive soil - sandy clay on yield criterion improvement. Soft soils, exhibiting low strength properties in the case of external load, require improvement. Chemical stabilization is easy in preparing and presents very good results in improving mechanical properties. In this paper, results of CBR and unconfined compressive strength test are presented for cohesive soil - sandy clay. Stabilization medium was Reymix, which is a cement derivative. Conducted tests define the characteristics of mechanical properties improvement and estimate yield criterion for stabilized soil during the time of stabilization, which is different for non-stabilized soils
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Garzón, E., L. Morales, J. Reca, E. Romero, and P. J. Sánchez-Soto. "Physical and geotechnical properties of a silty sand soil treated with calcium carbonate fixing bacteria." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019505002.
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The objective of the present study is to develop a biotechnological tool for a new application of silty sand soil as stabilized materials in linear works replacing chemical stabilizer (e.g. cement and lime) by natural cement, formed by precipitated calcium carbonate generated by microorganisms of the Sporosarcina family. For this purpose, it is conducted a chemical and mineralogical characterization and an examination of physical and geotechnical properties, being very important from the engineering standpoint. The results of different tests are presented here. The data show that the effects of bacteria are reducing the soil specific surface and increasing its plasticity. The reason for this result could be the addition of a plastic component to the natural soil, or the result of the more aggregated structure promoted during the treatment. The pore size distribution of the soil changes in an approximate range 3 - 30 µm, where the pore mode tends to disappear. The change in the pore density function is reflected in the mechanical behaviour of the treated soil, which presents typical features of a less dense soil with respect to the natural untreated one. The friction angle of the treated soil is slightly higher, and its compressibility is consistently lower than that of the natural soil. As the bacteria do not seem to produce any cementation effect on the soil skeleton, collapse upon wetting does not seem to be significantly affected by the treatment. On the contrary, comparison of collapse data shows that occurrence and amount of collapse are ruled by the as-compacted dry density. The tests performed seem to suggest that the microbiological technique may be effective to improve the mechanical characteristics of the compacted soil. For that, it is necessary to provide more energy in compacting the treated soil that it will be stabilized, so as to achieve a high initial dry density. From this viewpoint, it seems that higher compaction effort is even more effective than increasing the amount of bacteria introduced to stabilize the soil.
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Faria, Obede Borges, Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle, and Célia Neves. "Influence of the addition of "synthetic termite saliva" in the compressive strength and water absorption of compacted soil-cement." Ambiente Construído 16, no. 3 (September 2016): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212016000300096.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of adding 0.1 wt% of "synthetic termite saliva" on a fine and clayey sand latosol (76.5% sand) from the region of Bauru, SP (Brazil), stabilized with 1% to 3% of cement. Compacted cylindrical specimens (with standard Proctor energy) were tested to determine their compressive strength and water absorption. The results indicate that the use of the chemical stabilizer increased by at least 35% the compressive strength and reduced by up to 13% the water absorption of the samples. This work contributes to efforts aimed at reducing the consumption of cement through the production of stabilized compressed earth blocks and bricks (CEB) and rammed earth.
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Omowumi, Ademila. "Engineering Structural Strength Properties of Lateritic Soil-Cement Mix for Road Pavement Stability." Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/arees.v9i1.4374.
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Qualitative construction materials in highway pavement prompted addition of cement at different proportion of 2 - 10% to lateritic soils for enhanced performance. Engineering geological tests were performed on the soil-cement mixture to determine their highway pavement suitability for durable road construction. Furthermore, modelling of the strength characteristics of the mixture presents the correlation between the structural properties and cement mix. Thus, increase in soil-cement California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values with higher cement mix of 8%, revealed enhanced soil improvement. The soil strength is also affected by the curing period. Better quality strength characteristics obtained decreases pavement thickness with reduced cost in road construction. Relationship between the soil strength properties and cement mix content are represented by polynomial model. This reveals stronger bearing capacity of soil cement mix cured in 14 days with R2 ≥ 0.8. The lateritic soil cement mix at 8% cement content could serve as highway subbase and base construction materials. Cement mix having positive effects on soil geotechnical properties are indication of its effectiveness in enhancing volume stability of different soils. Prolong curing time is essential for compacted soil cement mix for enhanced geotechnical engineering properties and to improve the quality of lateritic soil used as road construction materials. Thus, cement-stabilized lateritic soil reduces cost of road construction, its persistent failure, human and environmental losses.
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Saranya, S. S. S., S. N. Maya Naik, and Shankara . "Retention Behaviour of Heavy Metals from Industrial Sludge Amended with Admixtures to Use Them as Liners for Landfill Facilities." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 22, no. 1 (March 2, 2023): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i01.009.
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The solidification of contaminants within the soil/waste has proved to be a versatile technique to de-contaminate them and make them usable for several applications. In this method, the development of binder provisions leads to the conversion of the environmentally unstable condition of waste materials into a nearly stable material. Further, these materials pose a minimum threat that can be absorbed into the environment. Normally lime/cement and other pozzolanic materials are used as binder materials. In this work, it is proposed to use the efficiency of binding fly ash to improve the unconfined compressive strength (UCC) of soils, particularly during the curing period. This is because improvement in strength is a reflection of the improvement of bonding soil particles. Fly ash as the main source material, in addition to a minor proportion of cement and lime, is used to determine the strength. UCC test results revealed that as the percentage of fly ash increases there is an increase in compressive strength. It is also observed that with an increase in lime content and an increase in cement content, the UCC strength also increases. The strength in cement-stabilized compacted specimens is more compared to lime-stabilized mixtures. To confirm that the improvement in strength is related to the solidification of contaminated metals, particularly for soils containing copper and chromium, the stabilized mixture is tested for the leaching of these metals. Leaching tests were conducted on various stabilized mixtures at different curing periods. The leachate was examined for metal ion concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The leaching behavior of heavy metals from different proportions of soil matrix revealed that with an increase in lime or cement percentage, a decrease in leachability is observed. It is found that the leaching of heavy metals from cement-stabilized soils was lower than in lime mixture combinations. However, minimum strength improves the solidification and retention of heavy metals effectively.
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Lindh, Per, and Polina Lemenkova. "Geotechnical Properties of Soil Stabilized with Blended Binders for Sustainable Road Base Applications." Construction Materials 3, no. 1 (March 12, 2023): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/constrmater3010008.
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This study aimed at evaluating the effect of blended binders on the stabilization of clayey soils intended for use as road and pavement materials in selected regions of Sweden. The stabilization potential of blended binders containing five stabilizers (cement, bio fly ash, energy fly ash, slag and lime) was investigated using laboratory tests and statistical analysis. Soil samples were compacted using Swedish Standards on UCS. The specimens were stabilized with blended mixtures containing various ratios of five binders. The effects of changed ratio of binders on soil strength was analyzed using velocities of seismic P-waves penetrating the tested soil samples on the day 14 of the experiment. The difference in the soil surface response indicated variations in strength in the evaluated specimens. We tested combination of blended binders to improve the stabilization of clayey soil. The mix of slag/lime or slag/cement accelerated soil hardening process and gave durable soil product. We noted that pure lime (burnt or quenched) is best suited for the fine-grained soils containing clay minerals. Slag used in this study had a very finely ground structure and had hydraulic properties (hardens under water) without activation. Therefore, slag has a too slow curing process for it to be practical to use in real projects on stabilization of roads. The best performance on soil stabilization was demonstrated by blended binders consisted of lime/fly ash/cement which considerably improved the geotechnical properties and workability of soil and increased its strength. We conclude that bearing capacities of soil intended for road construction can be significantly improved by stabilization using mixed binders, compared to pure binders (cement).
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Arrieta-Baldovino, Jair, Ronaldo Izzo, and Carlos Millan-Paramo. "Applying the Porosity-to-Cement Index for Estimating the Mechanical Strength, Durability, and Microstructure of Artificially Cemented Soil." Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): 1023–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-02.
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Fine, expansive, and problematic soils cannot be used in fills or paving layers. Through additions to these soils, they can be converted into technically usable materials in civil construction. One methodology to make them viable for construction is through a stabilization process. Nevertheless, current methodologies regarding dosage based on compaction effort and the volumetric amount of binder used are unclear. Thus, this research describes cement-stabilized sedimentary silt's strength and durability properties from Curitiba (Brazil) for future application in paving. Splitting tensile strength, unconfined compressive strength, and loss of mass against wetting and drying cycles (W-D) were investigated in the laboratory utilizing greenish-gray silt (originating from one of the Guabirotuba Formation layers, Paraná) and high-early strength Portland cement- ARI (CPV). Utilized were cement concentrations (C) of 3, 5, 7, and 9%, molding dry unit weights (d) of 14, 15, and 16 kN/m3, curing periods (t) of 7, 14, and 28 days, and constant moisture content (w) of 23%. With an increase in cement concentration and curing time, the compacted mixes demonstrate an increase in strength, an improvement in microstructure, and a decrease in accumulated mass loss (ALM) and initial porosity (η). Using the porosity/volumetric cement content ratio (η/Civ), the lowest amount of cement required to stabilize the soil in terms of strength and durability was determined. The porosity/cement index provided an appropriate parameter for modeling the mechanical and durability properties, and a unique equation between the strength/accumulated loss of mass and the porosity/binder index was obtained for the curing times studied. Lastly, C = 5% by weight is the minimum acceptable amount for prospective subbase soil application. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-02 Full Text: PDF
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Tchakalova, Boriana. "Effect of natural zeolite on the shear strength of cement stabilized loess soil." Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 83, no. 3 (December 2022): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.263.
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The present study intends to make an initial assessment of the effect of a natural zeolite addition on shear strength of cement stabilized loess soil. Unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression shear tests were performed for zeolite & cement-treated and cement-treated samples. It is found that the addition of natural zeolite does not reduce the shear strength of the cement stabilized loess. It causes only slight changes in shear strength parameters of non-compacted loess-cement. This allows the natural zeolite to be successfully used for an improvement of the durability, impermeability, sorption and retardation characteristics of the loess-cement.
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Akinwumi, Isaac, Oluwatomisin Soladoye, Victor Ajayi, and Promise Epelle. "Experimental Insight into the Containment of Plastic Waste in Cement-Stabilised Soil as a Road Pavement Layer Material." Infrastructures 7, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7120172.
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Plastic waste (PW) constitutes a nuisance to our environment despite several efforts to reduce, reuse and recycle it. This study experimentally explores the possibility of storing plastic waste within a cement-stabilised soil that can be used as a road pavement layer material without adversely affecting the geotechnical characteristics of the stabilised soil. The soil is an A-2-6 soil, according to classification by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Compaction characteristics, the California bearing ratio (CBR) and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of soil with 10% cement were determined for the 0, 2, 5, 10 and 15% addition of PW. The cementing of soil particles, which played a vital role in enhancing its strength on the addition of cement, may have been activated by the pozzolanic reaction between cement and soil particles. However, the addition of PW to this cement-stabilised mix led to a decrease in strength parameters at all variations. The soil with 10% cement and 2% PW yielded higher strength when compared to other mix ratios with PW and is suitable for use as a layer material in road pavement construction. As a sustainable strategy for PW management in developing nations, the usage of PW in cement-stabilised soil layer is recommended.
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Rangkuti, Nuril Mahda. "ANALYZED SOIL IMPROVEMENT BASED GYPSUM AND CEMENT IN SOIL CLAY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 12 (June 8, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i12.2019.295.
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Land is an important element of the structure underneath a construction, so that the soil must have a good carrying capacity. But the reality on the ground is that many soils have low carrying capacity, so it is necessary to stabilize the soil with gypsum and cement. This study aims to determine the effective percentage of gypsum and cement addition and the effect of the addition of Gypsum and Cement to physical changes in clay soil in terms of the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value of the curing time. This research was conducted in the laboratory, by testing the physical properties of the soil and the carrying capacity of the soil (CBR) with variations in the addition of gypsum and cement by 1%, 3%, and 5% with a long curing time of 1, 7, and 14 days . Sample testing is carried out with two treatments, namely soil samples are first cured and then compacted and the sample is solidified first and then cured. From the research results obtained the largest CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value occurs in the variation of the addition of Gypsum and Cement 5% with the length of time for soil specimens to be compacted first before curing is equal to 41.54%, this is due to the mixture of soil with gypsum and cement has been manjai solid before the collection can occur, the cavities between soil particles also become solid, so that the strength also increases. From the California Bearing Ratio results, it can be seen that the addition of gypsum and cement to clay soil shows an increase in the value of California Bearing Ratio on clay.
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Ugbe, F. C., K. N. Nwakaji, and E. A. Emioge. "Influence of Increasing Cement Content on some Geotechnical Properties of selected Lateritic Soils of Western Niger Delta on Sapele-Agbor Road, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 11 (February 10, 2022): 1887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i11.6.
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This study is aimed at determining the influence of stabilization by percentage increase in volume of cement on Geotechnical properties of some lateritic soils obtained from two borrow pits along Agbor-Sapele road, Western Niger Delta, Nigeria. The soils are classified as A-7-6 and A-7-5 with high percentage of Fines, averaging 60.43%. These natural soil samples falls short of the Federal Ministry of Works Standard based on grain size and consistency limits. The values of 1950.91 Kg/m3 and 22.70% obtained for maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) when soil was treated at 10% by volume of cement, reveals the fact that higher unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values would be noticeable at 10% by volume addition of cement with increasing energy level of compaction, than that to be obtained at 5% by volume of addition of cement with MDD of 1933.80 Kg/m3 and OMC 22.78%. When the soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values for treated soils were considered, the reduction in soaked CBR value is minimal at 10%, with an average of 76.33% than that obtained at 5% by volume of cement with an average of 78.45%, compacted at varying energy level. In general, the study result clearly reveals that increasing cement content would result in improved strength characteristics even as permeability decreased from 6.744x10-8 mm/s to 6.129 x 10-8 mm/s across the compaction level of the stabilized soil samples.
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Wang, Yuanlong, Yongqi Zhao, Yunshan Han, and Min Zhou. "The Effect of Circulating Fluidised Bed Bottom Ash Content on the Mechanical Properties and Drying Shrinkage of Cement-Stabilised Soil." Materials 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010014.
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This study aimed to determine the effect of circulating fluidised bed bottom ash (CFB-BA) content on the mechanical properties and drying shrinkage of cement-stabilised soil. Experiments were performed to study the changes in unconfined compressive strength and expansibility of cement-stabilised soil with different CFB-BA contents and the underlying mechanisms based on microscopic properties. The results show that CFB-BA can effectively increase the unconfined compressive strength of the specimen and reduce the amount of cement in the soil. When the combined content of CFB-BA and cement in the soil was 30%, the unconfined compressive strength of the specimen with C/CFB = 2 after 60 days of curing was 10.138 MPa, which is 1.4 times that of the pure cement specimen. However, the CFB-BA does not significantly improve the strength of the soil and cannot be added alone as a cementing material to the soil. Additionally, swelling tests showed that the addition of CFB-BA to cement-stabilised soil can significantly reduce the drying shrinkage. This research project provides reference values for the application of CFB-BA in cement–soil mixing piles, including compressive strength and the reduction in the shrinkage deformation of specimens.
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Venkatarama Reddy, B. V., and P. Prasanna Kumar. "Cement stabilised rammed earth. Part A: compaction characteristics and physical properties of compacted cement stabilised soils." Materials and Structures 44, no. 3 (August 31, 2010): 681–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9658-9.
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Tchakalova, Boriana, and Doncho Karastanev. "Geotechnical parameters of loess-cement mixture for construction of compacted soil-cement cushion." Geologica Balcanica 46, no. 2 (November 2017): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.46.2.117.
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Soil-cement cushions are compacted and stabilized layers of the soil base, built under the foundation. Usually, they are constructed with local soil from the excavation, mixed with Portland cement. In Bulgaria, this soil improvement technique has been applied in foundation works in collapsible loess ground, aiming to replace a part of the collapsible layer, to increase the bearing capacity of the soil base, and/or to play a role of engineering barrier against migration of harmful substances in the geoenvironment. A multi-barrier near-surface short-lived low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste repository is under construction in Bulgaria. A loess-cement cushion beneath repository cells is going to be built by in-situ compacted mixture of local loess and Portland cement. Based on the results from classification and physico-mechanical tests of a set of loess-cement mixtures, it was proposed optimum cement content of the loess-cement cushion beneath the radioactive waste repository to be 5% of Portland cement. The present paper aims to assess the following geotechnical parameters of the selected loess-cement mixture after proper curing: unconfined compressive and flexural strength; shear strength parameters; static and dynamic elastic constants; and hydraulic conductivity. The results obtained prove that the mixture prepared at Wopt and ρds of local loess and 5% (by the dry weight of soil) of Portland cement type CEM I 42.5 N – SR 5 possesses strength and deformation characteristics that completely meet the design stress-strain requirements to the soil-cement cushion beneath the repository foundation.
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Balaji, Nallaval Chinnaswamy, Monto Mani, and Byrasandra Venkataramanappa Venkatarama Reddy. "Thermal conductivity studies on cement-stabilised soil blocks." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 170, no. 1 (February 2017): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.15.00032.
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Zabielska-Adamska, Katarzyna, Patryk Dobrzycki, and Mariola Wasil. "Estimation of Stiffness of Non-Cohesive Soil in Natural State and Improved by Fiber and/or Cement Addition under Different Load Conditions." Materials 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010417.
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The aim of this study was to compare the stiffness of gravelly sand under various load conditions—static conditions using the CBR test and cyclic conditions using the resilient modulus test. The tests were conducted on natural soil and soil improved by the addition of polypropylene fibers and/or 1.5% cement. The impacts of the compaction and curing time of the stabilized samples were also determined. The soil was sheared during the Mr tests, even after fiber reinforcement, so the resilient modulus value for the unbound sand could not be obtained. The cement addition improved Mr, and the curing time also had an impact on this parameter. The fiber addition increased the value of the resilient modulus. The CBR value of the compacted gravelly sand was relatively high. It increased after adding 0.1% fibers in the case of the standard compacted samples. The greater fiber addition lowered the CBR value. For the modified compacted samples, each addition of fibers reduced the CBR value reduced the CBR value. The addition of cement influenced the CBR increase, which was also affected by the compaction method and the curing time. The addition of fibers to the stabilized sample improved the CBR value. The relationship Mr=f(CBR) obtained for all data sets was statistically significant but characterized by a large error of estimate.
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Zheng, Airong. "A new type of inorganic binder curing agent for soft soil." E3S Web of Conferences 283 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128301004.
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Aiming at the defects of traditional curing agent in strengthening soft clay, a new type of inorganic binder type soil curing agent has been developed. Compared with P.O 42.5 cement, the new soil stabilizer has smaller fineness and larger specific surface area. The strength of the soil solidified by the new curing agent is lower at the initial stage, but it increases rapidly after 24 hours. When the dosage is 10%, the 28-day strength of the soil solidified by the new curing agent is 2.1 times that of the soil solidified by cement. The soil solidified by the new curing agent can form more calcium hydroxide crystals and hydrated calcium silicate gel with more compact structure. After solidification, there are fewer fine particles in the soil.
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Karastanev, Doncho, Boriana Tchakalova, and Dimitar Antonov. "Field experiment of cement-modified loess." Geologica Balcanica 51, no. 2 (July 11, 2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.51.2.19.
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The construction of a compacted and stabilized layer with local soil from the excavation, mixed with Portland cement, is a soil improvement technique widely applied in foundation works in collapsible loess ground in Bulgaria. Commonly, the role of that cement-modified layer is to replace a part of the collapsible ground, to increase the bearing capacity of the soil base, and/or to be an engineering barrier against migration of harmful substances in the geoenvironment. A multi-barrier near-surface short-lived low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste repository is under construction in Bulgaria. A cement-modified soil layer beneath the disposal cells is going to be built by in-situ compacted mixture of local loess and Portland cement. The cement-modified layer (indicated as loess-cement cushion) is not a continuation of the foundation, but it is a part of the soil base and performs two main functions: to be an engineering barrier against eventual migration of radionuclides in the geoenvironment and to increase the bearing capacity to restrict deferential settlement of the soil base. The present paper describes a field experiment aiming to verify the strength and deformation characteristics of a selected optimum loess–cement mixture by implementation of in-situ cement-modified loess ground. After 28-day curing at in-situ conditions, the loess-cement did not exhibit any fissuring or other disturbances. The allowable bearing capacity qa of the cement-modified loess ground exceeded 900 kN/m2, and it possessed the following strength and deformation characteristics: deformation (plate) modulus EPLT = 500 MPa; coefficient of sub-grade reaction ks = 2158 МPa/m, and unconfined compressive strength qu = 2.00 MPa.
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Shojaei Baghini, Mojtaba, and Amiruddin Ismail. "Freeze-Thaw Performance and Moisture-Induced Damage Resistance of Base Course Stabilized with Slow Setting Bitumen Emulsion-Portland Cement Additives." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/348691.
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Freeze-thaw (FT) cycles and moisture susceptibility are important factors influencing the geotechnical characteristics of soil-aggregates. Given the lack of published information on the behavior of cement-bitumen emulsion-treated base (CBETB) under environmental conditions, especially freezing and thawing, this study investigated the effects of these additives on the CBETB performance. The primary goal was to evaluate the resistance of CBETB to moisture damage by performing FT, Marshall conditioning, and AASHTO T-283 tests and to evaluate the long-term stripping susceptibility of CBETB while also predicting the liquid antistripping additives to assess the mixture’s durability and workability. Specimens were stabilized with Portland cement (0%–6%), bitumen emulsion (0%–5%), and Portland cement-bitumen emulsion mixtures and cured for 7 days, and their short- and long-term performances were studied. Evaluation results of both the Marshall stability ratio and the tensile strength ratio show that the additions of additives increase the resistance of the mixtures to moisture damage. Results of durability tests performed for determining the resistance of compacted specimens to repeated FT cycles indicate that the specimen with the 4% cement-3% bitumen emulsion mixture significantly improves water absorption, volume changes, and weight losses. This indicates the effectiveness of this additive as a road base stabilizer with excellent engineering properties for cold regions.
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Zabielska-Adamska, Katarzyna, Mariola Wasil, and Patryk Dobrzycki. "Resilient Response of Cement-Treated Coarse Post-Glacial Soil to Cyclic Load." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 6495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216495.
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Stabilisation with cement is an effective way to increase the stiffness of base and subbase layers and to improve the rutting of subgrade. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of different percentages of cement additives (1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0%) on the resilient modulus of coarse-grained soil used on road foundations. The influence of the compaction method, the standard Proctor and the modified Proctor, as well as the sample curing time is analysed. The cement addition significantly increases the resilient modulus and reduces the resilient axial strain. Extending the curing time from 7 to 28 days also improves the resilient modulus. The change in the compaction energy from standard to modified does not increase the resilient modulus of the stabilised gravelly sand due to its compaction characteristics. The test results of the resilient modulus of the gravelly sand stabilised with cement indicate the possibility of using it as a material for the road base and subbase due to meeting the AASHTO requirements. However, the non-stabilised gravelly sand does not meet the above requirements. It has been sheared during cyclic tests at the first load sequence, regardless of the compaction method.
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Liu, Yaxu, Zhuang Liu, Erwin Oh, and Dominic Ek Leong Ong. "Strength and Microstructural Assessment of Reconstituted and Stabilised Soft Soils with Varying Silt Contents." Geosciences 11, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11080302.
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The study of the strength of reconstituted and stabilised soft soils is very important in geotechnical engineering. The soil particles, such as clay, sand, and silt play important roles in determining the behaviour of soils. The behaviour of clay and sand particles are unique; however, the behaviour of silt particles lie in a transitional form between sand and clay. Therefore, this paper seeks to investigate (a) the effect of silt contents on the strength of soft soils; (b) the effect of silt content on the strength of cement-stabilised soft soils; and (c) the microstructure of the soft soil specimens stabilised by cement with varying particle size distribution. A series of tests consisting in consolidated, isotropic undrained (CIU) triaxial tests, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were conducted in this study to achieve these objectives. In conclusion, the relationship between the silt content and critical state behaviour of soft soils (both clay and silt particles) are proposed. For the cement-stabilised specimens, the unconfined compressive strength increases with the increase in silt content when the cement content is 10%. However, the UCS decreases with the increase in silt content when cement content is 30%. With cement content ranging from 15–25%, the UCS increases at first with the increase of silt content but decreases once the silt content reaches a ‘saturation’ point.
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Fang, Y. S., Y. T. Chung, F. J. Yu, and T. J. Chen. "Properties of soil-cement stabilised with deep mixing method." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 5, no. 2 (January 2001): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.2001.5.2.69.
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Lindh, Per, and Polina Lemenkova. "Hardening Accelerators (X-Seed 100 BASF, PCC, LKD and SALT) as Strength-Enhancing Admixture Solutions for Soil Stabilization." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2023-0002.
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Abstract This study is aimed at evaluating the strength of stabilised soil collected from the Port of Norvik, Stockholm, Sweden, where 350,000 m3 of clay had to be stabilized. The tests were performed in the laboratory of the Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI). The soil was stabilised by binder mixtures using Portland cement clinker (PCC) and lime and lime kiln dust (LKD). Accelerators (X-seed 100 BASF, PCC, LKD and salt) were added to the soil samples for quicker stabilization. The strength of the stabilised soil was assessed using resonance frequency measurements of seismic P-waves by an ICP accelerometer in order to estimate the shear strength of the soil and to evaluate the effects from the accelerators, binder ratios, and the curing temperature on the gains in stabilization and strength. Various proportions of the binders were tested, i.e.: 50/50 cement/lime and 50/50 PCC/lime. The temperature was measured using a calorimeter in double experiments. The results showed that the accelerators improve the strength in the stabilized specimens and enhance the soil performance for engineering construction work.
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Tereshchenko, Tatiana, and Serhii Illiash. "CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF SOILS STABILIZED WITH HYDRAULIC BINDER IN ACCORDANCE WITH EUROPEAN STANDARDS." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 1 (261)’2020 (March 20, 2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2020-1-261-40-48.
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Soils being the most widely used materials for road building industry predominantly contribute the improvement of their mechanical and/or technological properties. Relating to the world-wide experience in road building industry, the most effective method for such improvement is treatment of soils with hydraulic binder under optimum water content. Those mixtures being properly compacted set and harden by hydraulic reaction and give stabilized soils. Requirements and classification of hydraulically stabilized soils established by European standards provide wide possibilities for soils application considering their performance in pavement layers. The elaboration of Ukrainian standards identical to the European standards relating hydraulically stabilized soils should permit the elongated life cycle of pavement and also decrease expenses on repairs of road pavements caused by deformation of sub-grade. This article reviews classification and application of hydraulically stabilized soils according to the requirements of European standards. In accordance with European standards, stabilized soils are classified as hydraulically bound mixtures which properties are covered by Specifications on Hydraulically Bound Mixtures (European Standard EN 14227, Part 15). To conform the standard requirements soils should be treated by standard hydraulic binder (or a combination thereof): cement, slag, fly ash, lime, or a standard hydraulic road binder should be applied. Composition and methods of manufacturing (compaction) of specimens of hydraulically stabilized soils give several strength classes of stabilized materials with the highest category characterized by the cubes compressive strength not less than 12 MPa. European standards establish also classification of hydraulically stabilized soils by tensile strength Rt in combination with elastic modulus E; according to that classification the stabilized materials are divided into five categories from T1 to T5. European standards establish also classification of fresh mixtures by immediate bearing index. This value determines the suitability of a compacted layer to support the immediate trafficking. Nevertheless, that requirement may not cover cement-stabilized mixtures for construction of layers which are not intended to be trafficked for 7 days. The in-situ manufacture of stabilized mixtures needs some measures to minimize the inadequacy of properties of a material, or geometry of a layer such as an increased proportion of a binder or an increased layer thickness. Keywords: hydraulically stabilized soils, classification, compressive strength, immediate bearing index, construction of a layer.
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Tamang, Pratistha, Arathany Sriskantharajah, Pedro Ferreira, and Susana Lopez-Querol. "Experimental evaluation of kaolin stabilised with class F fly ash." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 80, no. 9 (July 17, 2021): 6781–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02373-5.
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AbstractThis study aims to investigate the effectiveness of fly ash (FA) in stabilising a kaolin soil through laboratory tests. Kaolin is an example of moderate plasticity clays that require stabilisation methods for construction purposes. The influence of FA on the improvement of kaolin is studied by varying its dosages in the mixtures (0%, 10% to 20%) as well as the cement content, used as an activator in different percentages (5 and 7%). The influence of the dry unit weight and the curing time of the soil mixture is also analysed through unconfined compressive strength and indirect tensile strength tests. The experimental results show that the strength increases linearly with both FA and cement contents. Moreover, higher initial dry unit weights also yield higher final strengths. To further assess the improvement, the application of the porosity over the volumetric cement content ratio, as the main variable, succeeded in attaining a relationship with the strength and the stiffness of the studied soil. Results for the combined effect of the porosity and the volumetric cement on the secant modulus were also determined. Furthermore, a unique relationship was obtained combining porosity, volumetric cement and FA content.
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Benhaoua, W., K. Grine, and S. Kenai. "Performance of Stabilized Earth with Wheat Straw and Slag." MRS Advances 5, no. 25 (2020): 1285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.174.
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ABSTRACTStabilized earth is a very ancient material that has been used in many countries as a low cost, environment friendly construction material. However, its durability under humid environments is low. Stabilization using cement, lime and natural fibres could enhance its durability and lowers the risk of cracking. This paper presents an experimental investigation into the performance of stabilised local soil by either, cement mixed with a proportion of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) /or straw naturel fibres. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS), shrinkage, wetting and drying, capillary absorption and thermal conductivity tests were performed on both untreated soil samples and stabilised soil samples. The results show that stabilising the soil with cement and GBFS increased both compressive strength, durability, thermal conductivity and decreased the capillary absorption and the shrinkage. The addition of natural wheat fibres increased the capillary absorption but leads to a decrease in the thermal conductivity and to a further reduction in the shrinkage and hence a better insulating less prone to cracking material.
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Rochanavibhata, Uthairith, Marupatch Jamnongwong, Supphanut Chuenjaidee, Pitthaya Jamsawang, and Xiao Bin Chen. "Flexural Behavior of Compacted-Cement Sand Reinforced with Geogrid." Key Engineering Materials 856 (August 2020): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.856.360.
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An improvement of flexural strength of cement stabilized soils using geogrid designated as compacted cement-geogrid-sand (CCGS) is investigated in this research. The studied material performance of the CCGS includes postpeak behavior, toughness, and equivalent flexural strength ratio. The geogrid inclusion significantly improves the postpeak flexural behavior, which is a requirement for bound pavement materials. The first peak flexural strength f1 and stiffness of both compacted-cement-sand (CCS) and CCGS are essentially the same for the same cement content. The tested soils were obtained from Ayutthaya province, Thailand, and is commonly used as a construction material for backfill and pavement applications. The backfill soils were used sand. In this study, Type I Portland cement was used as a cementing agent and geogrid two type were used as a reinforcement material. Properties of the cement and the geogrid, which were obtained from the manufacturers. The specimens were subjected to a flexural performance test according to ASTM C1609/C1609M-10 (2010). The results showed that in the flexural performance of the CCGS includeing postpeak behavior, toughness, and equivalent flexural strength ratio depends on the type and shape of apertures of the geogrid. It was found that the triaxial geogrid with shape of triangular apertures was more effective in reinforcing and provided the high equivalent flexural strength over uniaxial geogrid.
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Behnood, Ali, and Jan Olek. "Full-Scale Laboratory Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Subgrade Soil Stabilization Practices for Portland Cement Concrete Pavements Patching Applications." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 5 (May 2020): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120916476.
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Adequate quality of subgrade under patched areas can extend the service life of concrete pavements and reduce their maintenance costs. In this study, the performance of various subgrade stabilization scenarios was evaluated and compared with each other in a full-scale laboratory-based setup. For this purpose, a test box with the footprint of 6 × 6 ft and a height of 4 ft was constructed using C steel channels. The test box was used to investigate the effects of various types of soil stabilization methods, such as chemical (cement) stabilization, use of aggregate base course (ABC), geogrid (GG) and geotextile (GT) with ABC, GT with cement-stabilized soil, GT with in-situ compacted soil, flowable fill, and lean concrete. The test results showed that all stabilization techniques successfully improved the performance of the subgrade layer by decreasing the deformation under the fatigue loading representing a single axle load of 9,000 lbf/tire. The use of GT with aggregate-based layers was found to significantly reduce the amount of settlement. Subgrade layers stabilized with GG also experienced lower values of deformations compared with the unmodified (control) section. However, GG was not as effective as GT. The use of cement-treated aggregate and lean concrete reduced the deformations to negligible levels.
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Walker, P. J. "Strength, durability and shrinkage characteristics of cement stabilised soil blocks." Cement and Concrete Composites 17, no. 4 (January 1995): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0958-9465(95)00019-9.
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Pastor, José Luis, Jinchun Chai, and Isidro Sánchez. "Strength and Microstructure of a Clayey Soil Stabilized with Natural Stone Industry Waste and Lime or Cement." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 2583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042583.
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Industrial waste generated by the natural stone industry when working with limestone and dolostone is mainly composed of calcium carbonate and calcium magnesium carbonate. This mineral composition makes soil stabilization a potential use of the natural stone industry waste. However, much research must be carried out to fully understand the aptitude of this waste for soil improvement. In this work, the strength and microstructure of a clayey soil stabilized using limestone powder waste and lime or cement were studied employing the following techniques: unconfined compressive strength tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the effects of an aggressive environment were simulated using a sodium sulfate solution. Its effects were investigated from 7 days to 6 months. The results obtained show an increase in the unconfined compressive strength and a more compact structure for the samples with the industrial waste. Therefore, limestone powder waste from the natural stone industry can be used as a ternary element with lime and cement in soil stabilization.
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Al-Hadidi, Maysam Th, and Zeina Hamed Nasir AL-Maamori. "Improvement of Earth Canals Constructed on Gypseous Soil by Soil Cement Mixture." Journal of Engineering 25, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2019.03.03.
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The gypseous soil may be one of the problems that face the engineers especially when it used as a foundation for hydraulic structures, roads, and other structures. Gypseous soil is strong soil and has good properties when it is dry, but the problem arises when building hydraulic installations or heavy buildings on this soil after wetting the water to the soil by raising the water table level from any source or from rainfall which leads to dissolve the gypsum content.
Cement-stabilized soil has been successfully used as a facing or lining for earth channel, highway embankments and drainage ditches to reduce the risk of erosion and collapsibility of soil. This study is deliberate the treatment of gypseous soil by using a mixture of soil-cement. Collapsibility and settlement tests were carried out on gypseous soil brought from Karbla Governorate with a gypsum content (42.55%) soil mixed with various amounts of cement (2%,3%,5%,8%,10%,13%,and 15 %) by Wight and compacted to max. dry density 16.5 kN/m3 with O.M.C.( 12.8 % ) . The experimental tests were conducted on a flume with constant velocity (0.148 m/sec) during the test. The results marked that (10) % of cement decreases the collapsibility about 86.54% and the gypsum contained in the soil remain the same nearly after 28 day. Beside that the research shows that the minimum curing time is 14 days.
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Leelarungroj, Kittitat, Suched Likitlersuang, Thanakorn Chompoorat, and Dao Janjaroen. "Leaching mechanisms of heavy metals from fly ash stabilised soils." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 7 (June 12, 2018): 616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18775494.
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Fly ash is an industrial waste material that is repurposed as a soil stabiliser worldwide. In Thailand, many ground improvement projects utilise mixtures of cement and fly ash to stabilise weak soils. In this study, leaching mechanisms of arsenic, chromium, lead, and zinc from cement and fly ash stabilised soils were investigated in the laboratory. Leaching tests were performed, with different leachants and pH conditions, on cement and fly ash stabilised soils used for soil improvement in road embankment construction projects in Northern Thailand. The results suggested that chemical compounds (CaO and MgO) on fly ash surfaces can control the pH of the fly ash and soil leachant. The dissolution of chromium and zinc was found to be amphoteric and controlled by oxide minerals at a high or low pH. Arsenic leaching was found to be oxyanionic where AsO43- prevented the adsorption of arsenic onto the negatively charged fly ash surface. Different types of leachant also leached out in different amounts of heavy metals.
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Lindh, Per, and Polina Lemenkova. "Leaching of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soil Stabilised by Portland Cement and Slag Bremen." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 29, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 537–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2022-0039.
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Abstract Leaching behaviour is an important evidence of soil quality. The assessment of leaching of heavy metals from the contaminated soil is vital for environmental applications. However, leaching may differ in soil stabilised by various ratios of binders. In this study we measured leaching behaviour of soil contaminated by As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, methyl Hg, aliphatic compounds of hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). To evaluate leaching of these substances we tested the effects of changed amount of binder (120 kg and 150 kg) and binder ratios (70/30 %, 50/50 % and 30/70 %) added to soil samples. Soil was dredged from several stations in Ostrand area, SCA Sundsvall Ortvikens Pappersbruk. The results demonstrated a systematically decreasing leaching with the increased slag. The contribution of this research include: (i) devising systematic approach to extract information on leaching from stabilised soil collected from the coastal area of Bothnian Bay, (ii) developing a workflow for stabilising soils by various combination of Portland cement Basement CEM II/A-V (SS EN 197-1) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), Bremen type (SS EN 15167-1), (iii) determining water ratio and density for the untreated and stabilised soil and performing comparative analysis, (iv) evaluating chemical content of pollutants and toxic elements in the aggregated soil samples. Treatment of the contaminated soil by binders improved its parameters by the increased strength and decreased leaching of heavy metals and toxic elements.
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Payá, Jordi, José Monzó, Josefa Roselló, María Victoria Borrachero, Alba Font, and Lourdes Soriano. "Sustainable Soil-Compacted Blocks Containing Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) Activated with Olive Stone BIOMASS Ash (OBA)." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 9824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239824.
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Soil stabilization using cementing materials is a well-known procedure for earth-based building blocks preparation. For the selected binding materials, innovation usually focuses on low carbon systems, many of which are based on alkaline activation. In the present paper, blast furnace slag (BFS) is used as a mineral precursor, and the innovative alkali activator was olive stone biomass ash (OBA). This means that the most important component in CO2 emissions terms, which is the alkali activator, has been replaced with a greener alternative: OBA. The OBA/BFS mixture was used to prepare compacted dolomitic soil blocks. These specimens were mechanically characterized by compression, and water strength coefficient and water absorption were assessed. The microstructure of blocks and the formation of cementing hydrates were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetry, respectively. The final compressive strength of the 120-day cured blocks was 27.8 MPa. It was concluded that OBA is a sustainable alkali activator alternative for producing BFS-stabilized soil-compacted blocks: CO2 emissions were 3.3 kgCO2/ton of stabilized soil, which is 96% less than that for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) stabilization.
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Araújo, Nuno, Manuela Corrêa-Silva, Tiago Miranda, António Topa Gomes, Fernando Castro, Tiago Teixeira, and Nuno Cristelo. "Unsaturated Response of Clayey Soils Stabilised with Alkaline Cements." Molecules 25, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 2533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112533.
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The influence of suction on the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated chemically stabilised soils is still mostly unknown and unquantified. This is also motivated by the difficulties associated with the experimental procedure required to fully characterise the unsaturated response of the soil, including its direct influence on traditional strength tests. The present paper presents the soil water retention curves obtained for a Portuguese soil before and after being stabilised with Portland cement (OPC) and an alkali-activated cement (AAC). Saturated undrained triaxial tests were also performed for the same curing conditions (0, 28, and 90 days). Previous attempts to characterise the retention curve of soils stabilised with AAC are unknown, and the results showed that the pore volume structure is already formed after 28 days, prior to the full development of the gel matrix responsible for the strength increase between 28 and 90 days. The curve changed after stabilisation, and with each binder, as the OPC presented a higher air-entry value and a narrower suction range compared to the AAC solution. The significant differences between the curves obtained from each binder suggest the future development of a methodology to assess the quality of the AAC stabilisation.
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Salimzadehshooiili, Maysam. "Investigation of the effect of frequency on shear strength and damping of pure sand and sand stabilised with rice husk ash using cyclic triaxial tests." Advances in Civil and Architectural Engineering 14, no. 26 (March 4, 2023): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.13167/2023.26.3.
Full textAbstract:
Rice husk ash (RHA), owing to its pozzolanic properties and wide abundance, is an additive that can be used as an alternative to cement to improve a variety of soils. Damping and shear modulus are two important soil dynamic parameters used to predict soil behaviour under dynamic loading. Therefore, in this study, materials were prepared and their specifications were determined. A cyclic triaxial device was used to determine the dynamic parameters (stress control). Subsequently, the results related to shear modulus and damping calculated for pure sand before and after stabilisation were analysed according to different percentages of stabilisers for two frequencies of 0.5 and 1 Hz. The results revealed the effect of different frequencies on the damping of pure sand, which differed for stabilised sand. In all stabilised specimens, the shear modulus decreased with increasing frequency. Additionally, the damping decreased with increasing frequency in the stabilised samples. The shear modulus increases with the increase in the amount of stabilisers. The results also showed the positive effect of partially replacing cement with RHA.
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Ghorbani, Ali, Maysam Salimzadehshooiili, Jurgis Medzvieckas, and Romualdas Kliukas. "Strength Characteristics of Cement-Rice Husk Ash Stabilised Sand-Clay Mixture Reinforced with Polypropylene Fibers." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 13, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): 447–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2018-13.428.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, stress-strain behaviour of sand-clay mixture stabilised with different cement and rice husk ash percentages, and reinforced with different polypropylene fibre lengths are evaluated. Mixtures are widely used in road construction for soil stabilisation. It is observed that replacing half of the cement percentage (in high cement contents) with rice husk ash will result in a higher unconfined compressive strength. In addition, the presence of 6 mm polypropylene fibres will help to increase the unconfined compressive strength of stabilised samples, while larger fibres cause reverse behaviour. In addition, introducing a new index for assessing the effect of curing days. Curing Improvement Index it is obtained that larger fibres show higher Curing Improvement Index values. Results gained for the effects of curing days, and fibre lengths are further discussed and interpreted using Scanning Electron Microscopy photos. Based on the conducted Unconfined Compressive Strength, Indirect Tensile Strength, and Flexural Strength tests and using evolutionary polynomial regression modelling, some simple relations for prediction of unconfined compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, and flexural strength of cement-rice husk ash stabilised, and fibre reinforced samples are presented. High coefficients of determination of developed equations with experimental data show the accuracy of proposed relationships. Moreover, using a sensitivity analysis based on Cosine Amplitude Method, cement percentage and the length of polypropylene fibres used to reinforce the stabilised samples are respectively reported as the most and the least effective parameters on the unconfined compressive strength of specimens.
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Olugbenga Oludolapo Amu, Christopher Ehizemhen Igibah, Bamitale Dorcas Oluyemi-Ayibiowu, and Lucia Omolayo Agashua. "Effect of triaxial and CBR Scrutiny on mechanical strength and microstructure of kaolin clay powder mixed SSA geopolymer and its performance at various percentages." World Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 011–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53346/wjetr.2022.1.1.0024.
Full textAbstract:
The stabilization capability of kaolin clay powder (KCP), Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and rice husk ash (RHA) was scrutinized using laboratory scrutiny. This was meant at assessing the effect of KCP, OPC and RHA on the stabilization of three lateritic soils for use as sub-base pavement layer materials. Three soils (Soil A, B and C) were improved with various percentages (via weight of dry soil) at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% for all stabilizing agents and compacted via BSL (British Standard light) energy. Their impacts were assessed on the strength physiognomies such as UCS (unconfined compressive strength), OMC (optimum moisture content), and California bearing ratio (CBR), and MDD (maximum dry density tests based on ASTM (American Standard Testing Materials) codes. The result reveals that MDD improved with increase in the quantities of all the additive (SSA, KCP and geopolymer) content, while OMC for KCP reduces from 18.65% at 0% to 14.02%. Both SSA and geopolymer increase from 18.65% at 0% to 18.86% and 22.20% at 10%. Similarly it displays highest CBR of the soil from 10.88% at 0% to 12.84%, 112.95% and 144.45% for (SSA, KCP and geopolymer, this specify that lateritic soil treated with 2% stabilizer yielded CBR values of more than 405%.