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Journal articles on the topic 'Cellulose nanofibril (CNF)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 26 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Lafia-Araga, Ruth Anayimi, Ronald Sabo, Omid Nabinejad, Laurent Matuana, and Nicole Stark. "Influence of Lactic Acid Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanofibrils on the Properties of Cellulose Nanofibril Films and Cellulose Nanofibril–Poly(lactic acid) Composites." Biomolecules 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2021): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11091346.

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In this study, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were modified by catalyzed lactic acid esterification in an aqueous medium with SnCl2 as a catalyst. Films were made from unmodified and lactic acid-modified CNF without a polymer matrix to evaluate the effectiveness of the modification. Ungrafted and lactic acid-grafted CNF was also compounded with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to produce composites. Mechanical, water absorption, and barrier properties were evaluated for ungrafted CNF, lactic acid-grafted CNF films, and PLA/CNF composites to ascertain the effect of lactic acid modification on the properties of the films and nanocomposites. FTIR spectra of the modified CNF revealed the presence of carbonyl peaks at 1720 cm−1, suggesting that the esterification reaction was successful. Modification of CNF with LA improved the tensile modulus of the produced films but the tensile strength and elongation decreased. Additionally, films made from modified CNF had lower water absorption, as well as water vapor and oxygen permeability, relative to their counterparts with unmodified CNFs. The mechanical properties of PLA/CNF composites made from lactic acid-grafted CNFs did not significantly change with respect to the ungrafted CNF. However, the addition of lactic acid-grafted CNF to PLA improved the water vapor permeability relative to composites containing ungrafted CNF. Therefore, the esterification of CNFs in an aqueous medium may provide an environmentally benign way of modifying the surface chemistry of CNFs to improve the barrier properties of CNF films and PLA/CNF composites.

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2

Park, Ji-Soo, Chan-Woo Park, Song-Yi Han, Eun-Ah Lee, Azelia Wulan Cindradewi, Jeong-Ki Kim, Gu-Joong Kwon, et al. "Preparation and Properties of Wet-Spun Microcomposite Filaments from Various CNFs and Alginate." Polymers 13, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111709.

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We aimed to improve the mechanical properties of alginate fibers by reinforcing with various cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Pure cellulose nanofibril (PCNF), lignocellulose nanofibril (LCNF) obtained via deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment, and TEMPO-oxidized lignocellulose nanofibril (TOLCNF) were employed. Sodium alginate (AL) was mixed with PCNF, LCNF, and TOLCNF with a CNF content of 5–30%. To fabricate microcomposite filaments, the suspensions were wet-spun in calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution through a microfluidic channel. Average diameters of the microcomposite filaments were in the range of 40.2–73.7 μm, which increased with increasing CNF content and spinning rate. The tensile strength and elastic modulus improved as the CNF content increased to 10%, but the addition of 30% CNF deteriorated the tensile properties. The tensile strength and elastic modulus were in the order of LCNF/AL > PCNF/AL > TOLCNF/AL > AL. An increase in the spinning rate improved the tensile properties.

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3

Cindradewi, Azelia Wulan, Rajkumar Bandi, Chan-Woo Park, Ji-Soo Park, Eun-Ah Lee, Jeong-Ki Kim, Gu-Joong Kwon, Song-Yi Han, and Seung-Hwan Lee. "Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate Film Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibril." Polymers 13, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 2990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172990.

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In this study, cellulose acetate (CA)/cellulose nanofibril (CNF) film was prepared via solvent casting. CNF was used as reinforcement to increase tensile properties of CA film. CNF ratio was varied into 3, 5, and 10 phr (parts per hundred rubbers). Triacetin (TA) and triethyl citrate (TC) were used as two different eco-friendly plasticizers. Two different types of solvent, which are acetone and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), were also used. CA/CNF film was prepared by mixing CA and CNF in acetone or NMP with 10% concentration and stirred for 24 h. Then, the solution was cast in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dish followed by solvent evaporation for 12 h at room temperature for acetone and 24 h at 80 °C in an oven dryer for NMP. The effect of solvent type, plasticizers type, and CNF amount on film properties was studied. Good dispersion in NMP was evident from the morphological study of fractured surface and visible light transmittance. The results showed that CNF has a better dispersion in NMP which leads to a significant increase in tensile strength and elastic modulus up to 38% and 65%, respectively, compared with those of neat CA. CNF addition up to 5 phr loading increased the mechanical properties of the film composites.

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4

Parvej, M. Subbir, Xinnan Wang, and Long Jiang. "AFM Based Nanomechanical Characterization of Cellulose Nanofibril." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 28 (June 19, 2020): 4487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320933955.

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Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) is the fundamental unit of almost all types of natural fibers and is regarded as one of the main factors that influence their mechanical properties. Besides, owing to having a high aspect ratio, it is increasingly being used in the research of nanocomposite as a reinforcement recently. In order to utilize CNF as reinforcement more effectively, it is important to have a comprehensive idea about the mechanical properties of individual CNFs. Most of the studies are focused on the elastic modulus in the longitudinal direction, but the study of the elastic modulus in the transverse direction is still lacking. In this study, a single strand of CNF was subjected to an atomic force microscopy to characterize the surface morphology of CNF and determine the transverse elastic modulus through nanoindentation. The transverse elastic modulus of CNF was calculated to be 6.9 [Formula: see text] 0.4 GPa using extended JKR model.

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5

Park, Chan-Woo, Ji-Soo Park, Song-Yi Han, Eun-Ah Lee, Gu-Joong Kwon, Young-Ho Seo, Jae-Gyoung Gwon, Sun-Young Lee, and Seung-Hwan Lee. "Preparation and Characteristics of Wet-Spun Filament Made of Cellulose Nanofibrils with Different Chemical Compositions." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 19, 2020): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040949.

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In this study, wet-spun filaments were prepared using lignocellulose nanofibril (LCNF), with 6.0% and 13.0% of hemicellulose and lignin, respectively, holocellulose nanofibril (HCNF), with 37% hemicellulose, and nearly purified-cellulose nanofibril (NP-CNF) through wet-disk milling followed by high-pressure homogenization. The diameter was observed to increase in the order of NP-CNF ≤ HCNF < LCNF. The removal of lignin improved the defibrillation efficiency, thus increasing the specific surface area and filtration time. All samples showed the typical X-ray diffraction pattern of cellulose I. The orientation of CNFs in the wet-spun filaments was observed to increase at a low concentration of CNF suspensions and high spinning rate. The increase in the CNF orientation improved the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the wet-spun filaments. The tensile strength of the wet-spun filaments decreased in the order of HCNF > NP-CNF > LCNF.

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6

Qing, Yan, Yiqiang Wu, Zhiyong Cai, and Xianjun Li. "Water-Triggered Dimensional Swelling of Cellulose Nanofibril Films: Instant Observation Using Optical Microscope." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/594734.

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To understand the swelling behavior of cellulose nanofibril (CNF) films, the dimensional variation of untreated and phenol formaldehyde modified CNF (CNF/PF) films soaked in distilled water was examined in situ with microscopic image recording combined with pixel calculation. Results showed that a dramatic thickness increase exhibited in both CNF and CNF/PF films, despite being at different swelling levels. Compared to thickness swelling, however, the width expansion for these films is negligible. Such significant difference in dimensional swelling for CNF and PF modified films is mainly caused by nanofibril deposition and their mesostructure. However, addition of PF modifier has a positive effect on the constraint of water absorption and thickness swelling, which is strongly dependent on PF loadings.

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7

Liu, Jen-Chieh, Robert J. Moon, Alan Rudie, and Jeffrey P. Youngblood. "Mechanical performance of cellulose nanofibril film-wood flake laminate." Holzforschung 68, no. 3 (April 1, 2014): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0071.

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Abstract Homogeneous and transparent CNF films, fabricated from the (2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxyl (TEMPO)-modified CNF suspension, were laminated onto wood flakes (WF) based on phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin and the reinforcement potential of the material has been investigated. The focus was on the influence of CNF film lamination, relative humidity (RH), heat treatment, and anisotropic properties of WF on the CNF-WF laminate tensile properties (elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, strain to failure). Results demonstrated that CNF-WF laminates had improved mechanical performance as compared to the neat WF. In the WF transverse direction, there were gains of nearly 200% in Young’s modulus and 300% in ultimate tensile strength. However, in the WF axial direction, the reinforcement effect was minor after PF modification of the wood and the presence of the CNF layers. The effective elastic moduli of the CNF-WF laminates were calculated based on the laminated plate theory, and the calculation in both axial and transverse directions were in agreement with the experimental results.

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Chen, Bo, Qifeng Zheng, Jinli Zhu, Jinghao Li, Zhiyong Cai, Ligong Chen, and Shaoqin Gong. "Mechanically strong fully biobased anisotropic cellulose aerogels." RSC Advances 6, no. 99 (2016): 96518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19280g.

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A series of mechanically strong and fully biobased carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/cellulose nanofibril (CNF) hybrid aerogels were produced via an environmentally friendly unidirectional freeze-drying process.

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9

Resende, N. S., G. A. S. Gonçalves, K. C. Reis, G. H. D. Tonoli, and E. V. B. V. Boas. "Chitosan/Cellulose Nanofibril Nanocomposite and Its Effect on Quality of Coated Strawberries." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (July 5, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1727426.

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The aim of this study was to develop a chitosan/cellulose nanofibril (CNF) nanocomposite and evaluate its effect on strawberry’s postharvest quality after coating. From the results of color, thickness, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and permeability to water vapor analyses, the best film formulation for coating strawberries was determined. Three coating formulations were prepared: 1% chitosan, 1% chitosan + 3% CNF, and 1% chitosan + 5% CNF. The strawberries were immersed in the filmogenic solutions and kept under cold storage (1 ± 1°C). The color of the film was not affected by increased concentration of cellulose nanofibrils; however, the thickness and water vapor permeability were affected by the CNF addition. The coating with the highest CNF concentration performed better in reducing fruit mass and firmness loss. The color was positively influenced by the addition of the coating, regardless of formulation, as well as soluble solid content, PG enzymatic activity, and the fruit appearance. The pH and titratable acidity showed no significant difference among treatments. It was observed that the vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and anthocyanin content, as well as the PAL activity and the antioxidant activity (except for % protection), were affected by chitosan coating, however not by the addition of CNFs.

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10

Yildirim, N., S. M. Shaler, D. J. Gardner, R. Rice, and D. W. Bousfield. "Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF) Reinforced Starch Insulating Foams." MRS Proceedings 1621 (2014): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.1.

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ABSTRACTIn this study, biodegradable foams were produced using cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and starch (S). The availability of high volumes of CNFs at lower costs is rapidly progressing with advances in pilot-scale and commercial facilities. The foams were produced using a freeze-drying process with CNF/S water suspensions ranging from 1 to 7.5 wt. % solids content. Microscopic evaluation showed that the foams have a microcellular structure and that the foam walls are covered with CNF`s. The CNF's had diameters ranging from 30 nm to 100 nm. Pore sizes within the foam walls ranged from 20 nm to 100 nm. The materials` densities ranging from 0.012 to 0.082 g/cm3 with corresponding porosities between 93.46% and 99.10%. Thermal conductivity ranged from 0.041 to 0.054 W/m-K. The mechanical performance of the foams produced from the starch control was extremely low and the material was very friable. The addition of CNF's to starch was required to produce foams, which exhibited structural integrity. The mechanical properties of materials were positively correlated with solids content and CNF/S ratios. The mechanical and thermal properties for the foams produced in this study appear promising for applications such as insulation and packaging.

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11

Yildirim, N., S. M. Shaler, D. J. Gardner, R. Rice, and D. W. Bousfield. "Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) reinforced starch insulating foams." Cellulose 21, no. 6 (September 26, 2014): 4337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0450-9.

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12

Arcari, Mario, Robert Axelrod, Jozef Adamcik, Stephan Handschin, Antoni Sánchez-Ferrer, Raffaele Mezzenga, and Gustav Nyström. "Structure–property relationships of cellulose nanofibril hydro- and aerogels and their building blocks." Nanoscale 12, no. 21 (2020): 11638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr01362e.

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Structure-property studies of cellulose nanofibril (CNF) gels revealed the influence of CNF morphology on the gel properties and a transition point in the shear modulus of the gels was exploited to determine the mesh size of the fibril network.

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13

Josefsson, Gabriella, Gary Chinga-Carrasco, and E. Kristofer Gamstedt. "Elastic models coupling the cellulose nanofibril to the macroscopic film level." RSC Advances 5, no. 71 (2015): 58091–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra04016g.

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The elastic properties of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) can be derived from the elastic properties of CNF films by using a suitable micromechanical model. This study investigates four such micromechanical models.

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14

Hoeng, Fanny, Aurore Denneulin, Guillaume Krosnicki, and Julien Bras. "Positive impact of cellulose nanofibrils on silver nanowire coatings for transparent conductive films." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 46 (2016): 10945–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc03629e.

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15

Barnes, Eftihia, Jennifer A. Jefcoat, Erik M. Alberts, Mason A. McKechnie, Hannah R. Peel, J. Paige Buchanan, Charles A. Weiss Jr., Kyle L. Klaus, L. Christopher Mimun, and Christopher M. Warner. "Effect of Cellulose Nanofibrils and TEMPO-mediated Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Cellulose Nanofibril Composites." Polymers 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071091.

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Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are high aspect ratio, natural nanomaterials with high mechanical strength-to-weight ratio and promising reinforcing dopants in polymer nanocomposites. In this study, we used CNFs and oxidized CNFs (TOCNFs), prepared by a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation process, as reinforcing agents in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). Using high-shear mixing and doctor blade casting, we prepared free-standing composite films loaded with up to 5 wt % cellulose nanofibrils. For our processing conditions, all CNF/PVDF and TOCNF/PVDF films remain in the same crystalline phase as neat PVDF. In the as-prepared composites, the addition of CNFs on average increases crystallinity, whereas TOCNFs reduces it. Further, addition of CNFs and TOCNFs influences properties such as surface wettability, as well as thermal and mechanical behaviors of the composites. When compared to neat PVDF, the thermal stability of the composites is reduced. With regards to bulk mechanical properties, addition of CNFs or TOCNFs, generally reduces the tensile properties of the composites. However, a small increase (~18%) in the tensile modulus was observed for the 1 wt % TOCNF/PVDF composite. Surface mechanical properties, obtained from nanoindentation, show that the composites have enhanced performance. For the 5 wt % CNF/PVDF composite, the reduced modulus and hardness increased by ~52% and ~22%, whereas for the 3 wt % TOCNF/PVDF sample, the increase was ~23% and ~25% respectively.

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Pottathara, Y. B., S. Thomas, N. Kalarikkal, T. Griesser, Y. Grohens, V. Bobnar, M. Finšgar, V. Kokol, and R. Kargl. "UV-Induced reduction of graphene oxide in cellulose nanofibril composites." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 2 (2019): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj03563f.

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Borrega, Marc, and Hannes Orelma. "Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF) Films and Xylan from Hot Water Extracted Birch Kraft Pulps." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (August 20, 2019): 3436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163436.

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The effects of xylan extraction from birch kraft pulp on the manufacture and properties of cellulose nanofibril (CNF) films were here investigated. Hot water extractions of bleached and unbleached kraft pulps were performed in a flow-through system to remove and recover the xylan. After the extraction, the pulps were oxidized with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) and fibrillated in a high-pressure microfluidizer. Compared to CNF from bleached kraft pulp, the CNF dispersions obtained from water-extracted pulps were less viscous and generally contained a higher amount of microfiber fragments, although smaller in size. In all cases, however, smooth and highly transparent films were produced from the CNF dispersions after the addition of sorbitol as plasticizer. The CNF films made from water-extracted pulps showed a lower tensile strength and ductility, probably due to their lower xylan content, but the stiffness was only reduced by the presence of lignin. Interestingly, the CNF films from water-extracted bleached pulps were less hydrophilic, and their water vapour permeability was reduced up to 25%. Therefore, hot water extraction of bleached birch kraft pulp could be used to produce CNF films with improved barrier properties for food packaging, while obtaining a high-purity xylan stream for other high-value applications.

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Zhang, Hui, Tianyan Jiang, Xinghua He, Tiantian Chen, Li Fan, Mengxi Gao, and Pengtao Liu. "Preparation and properties of cellulose nanofibril-graphene nanosheets/polyaniline composite conductive aerogels." BioResources 15, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 1828–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.1.1828-1843.

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Polyaniline (PANI) is a conductive polymer that allows cellulose aerogels to achieve high electrical conductivity. However, aerogels containing PANI alone display a low mechanical stability. Graphene nanosheets (GNS) display high conductivity and mechanical strength but are prone to agglomeration, hindering their electroactive sites. To avoid shortcomings of the individual components, a composite aerogel was prepared via addition of graphene nanosheets (GNS) and PANI to a suspension of cellulose nanofibril (CNF). Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the structural morphology of the CNF/GNS/PANI aerogel. The electrochemical properties were analyzed using a four-probe conductivity meter, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A 2:2:1 ratio of CNF/GNS/PANI provided optimal structural and electrochemical results. Incorporation of PANI through in-situ polymerization for 6 h resulted in uniform mixing of the three components. The CNF/GNS/PANI composite aerogel displayed a high electrical conductivity with a specific capacitance of 375 Fg-1 at a current density of 0.2 Ag-1. As a base binder and dispersant, CNF made use of PANI as a conductive medium and of GNS as a conductive reinforcing medium to form a flexible nanocellulose composite conductive material with increased stability and improved performance.

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Wu, Tingting, Zhihui Zeng, Gilberto Siqueira, Kevin De France, Deeptanshu Sivaraman, Claudia Schreiner, Renato Figi, Qinghua Zhang, and Gustav Nyström. "Dual-porous cellulose nanofibril aerogels via modular drying and cross-linking." Nanoscale 12, no. 13 (2020): 7383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr00860e.

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Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) dual-porous aerogel with BET specific surface area up to 430 m² g⁻¹ was prepared via a modular process combining directional freeze-thawing (macro-pores, ca. 50–200 μm) and supercritical drying (meso-pores, ca. 2–50 nm).

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Liu, Xuejiao, Qinfeng Zou, Tianhao Wang, and Liping Zhang. "Electrically Conductive Graphene-Based Biodegradable Polymer Composite Films with High Thermal Stability and Flexibility." Nano 13, no. 03 (March 2018): 1850033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292018500339.

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Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) and graphene (GR) powder were added into polylactic acid (PLA)/polypyrrole (PPy) composite films via a low-cost, eco-friendly, low-temperature, and in-situ polymerization synthesis, which obtain novel flexible and conductive polylacticacid-cellulose nanofibril-graphene/polypyrrole (PLA–CNF–GR/PPy) composite films. The CNF was embedded in the PLA matrix to enhance the mechanical properties. Remarkably, when a few GR (1%) powder was added, the tensile strength of composite films increased by 5.6%, respectively, compared with pure PLA–CNF, and increased by 17.6% compared with the PLA. The GR and CNF had a positive influence on mechanical properties of composite films. In addition, the PLA–CNF–GR/PPy composite films exhibited many unique properties when GR powder was introduced, including high thermal stability, and especially electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of the PLA–CNF–GR/PPy composite films increased from 0.12 to 1.06[Formula: see text]S/cm as the content of GR powder increased from 0 to 10%. The PLA–CNF–GR-10/PPy also demonstrated excellent flexible stability, only 7.5% deviation after over 100 bending cycles. Furthermore, we designed and found that the exploration of a flexible solid-state supercapacitor assembled with PLA–CNF–GR-10/PPy composite electrodes had a capacitance of 30[Formula: see text]F/g at a current density of 0.5[Formula: see text]A/g. Although it was not quite as prominent as the capacitance, it provided an innovative means for preparing the conductive composite films. Based on these advantages the PLA–CNF–GR/PPy could be considered as sensors, flexible electrodes, and flexible displays. It also opens a new field of potential applications of biodegradable materials.

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Yu, Zhencheng, Chuanshuang Hu, Anthony B. Dichiara, Weihui Jiang, and Jin Gu. "Cellulose Nanofibril/Carbon Nanomaterial Hybrid Aerogels for Adsorption Removal of Cationic and Anionic Organic Dyes." Nanomaterials 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10010169.

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Advances in nanoscale science and engineering are providing new opportunities to develop promising adsorbents for environmental remediation. Here, hybrid aerogels are assembled from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and carbon nanomaterials to remove cationic dye methylene blue (MB) and anionic dye Congo red (CR) in single and binary systems. Two classes of carbon nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplates (GnPs), are incorporated into CNFs with various amounts, respectively. The adsorption, mechanics and structure properties of the hybrid aerogels are investigated and compared among different combinations. The results demonstrate CNF–GnP 3:1 hybrid exhibits the best performance among all composites. Regarding a single dye system, both dye adsorptions follow a pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic and monolayer Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The maximal adsorption capacities of CNF–GnP aerogels for MB and CR are 1178.5 mg g−1 and 585.3 mg g−1, respectively. CNF–GnP hybrid show a superior binary dye adsorption capacity than pristine CNF or GnP. Furthermore, nearly 80% of MB or CR can be desorbed from CNF–GNP using ethanol as the desorption agent, indicating the reusability of this hybrid material. Hence, the CNF–GnP aerogels show great promise as adsorption materials for wastewater treatment.

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Wang, Miao, Ilya V. Anoshkin, Albert G. Nasibulin, Robin H. A. Ras, Nonappa Nonappa, Janne Laine, Esko I. Kauppinen, and Olli Ikkala. "Electrical behaviour of native cellulose nanofibril/carbon nanotube hybrid aerogels under cyclic compression." RSC Advances 6, no. 92 (2016): 89051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra16202a.

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23

Arola, Suvi, Mahmoud Ansari, Antti Oksanen, Elias Retulainen, Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos, and Harry Brumer. "The sol–gel transition of ultra-low solid content TEMPO-cellulose nanofibril/mixed-linkage β-glucan bionanocomposite gels." Soft Matter 14, no. 46 (2018): 9393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01878b.

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24

Zhang, Lianming, Lei Guo, and Gang Wei. "Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Environmental Science Applications of Cellulose Nanofibril-Based Functional Materials." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 5390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185390.

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Cellulose is one of the important biomass materials in nature and has shown wide applications in various fields from materials science, biomedicine, tissue engineering, wearable devices, energy, and environmental science, as well as many others. Due to their one-dimensional nanostructure, high specific surface area, excellent biodegradability, low cost, and high sustainability, cellulose nanofibrils/nanofibers (CNFs) have been widely used for environmental science applications in the last years. In this review, we summarize the advance in the design, synthesis, and water purification applications of CNF-based functional nanomaterials. To achieve this aim, we firstly introduce the synthesis and functionalization of CNFs, which are further extended for the formation of CNF hybrid materials by combining with other functional nanoscale building blocks, such as polymers, biomolecules, nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and two-dimensional (2D) materials. Then, the fabrication methods of CNF-based 2D membranes/films, three-dimensional (3D) hydrogels, and 3D aerogels are presented. Regarding the environmental science applications, CNF-based nanomaterials for the removal of metal ions, anions, organic dyes, oils, and bio-contents are demonstrated and discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and outlooks in this promising research field are discussed. It is expected that this topical review will guide and inspire the design and fabrication of CNF-based novel nanomaterials with high sustainability for practical applications.

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Im, Wanhee, Shin Young Park, Sooim Goo, Simyub Yook, Hak Lae Lee, Guihua Yang, and Hye Jung Youn. "Incorporation of CNF with Different Charge Property into PVP Hydrogel and Its Characteristics." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020426.

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Cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-added polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) hydrogels were prepared using different types of CNFs and their properties were investigated. CNFs with different morphology and surface charge properties were prepared through quaternization and carboxymethylation pretreatments. The quaternized CNF exhibited the narrow and uniform width, and higher viscoelastic property compared to untreated and carboxymethylated CNF. When CNF was incorporated to PVP hydrogel, gel contents of all hydrogels were similar, irrespective of CNF addition quantity or CNF type. However, the absorptivity of the hydrogels in a swelling medium increased by adding CNF. In particular, the quaternized CNF-added PVP hydrogel exhibited the highest swelling ability. Unlike that of hydrogels with untreated and carboxymethylated CNFs, the storage modulus of PVP hydrogels after swelling significantly increased with an increase in the content of the quaternized CNF. These indicate that a PVP hydrogel with a high absorptivity and storage modulus can be prepared by incorporating the proper type of CNF.

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Lee, Ji Young, Hae Min Jo, Kyung Min Kim, Su Ho Kim, and Chul Hwan Kim. "Fundamental Study on the Cellulose Nanofibril Manufacture from Paper Mulberry Fiber." Journal of Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry 51, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7584/jktappi.2019.06.51.3.45.

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Mianehrow, Hanieh, Giada Lo Re, Federico Carosio, Alberto Fina, Per Tomas Larsson, Pan Chen, and Lars A. Berglund. "Strong reinforcement effects in 2D cellulose nanofibril–graphene oxide (CNF–GO) nanocomposites due to GO-induced CNF ordering." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 34 (2020): 17608–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta04406g.

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Zeng, Jinsong, Lu Liu, Jinpeng Li, Jiran Dong, and Zheng Cheng. "Properties of cellulose nanofibril produced from wet ball milling after enzymatic treatment vs. mechanical grinding of bleached softwood kraft fibers." BioResources 15, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): 3809–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.3809-3820.

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Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) is a class of promising and renewable nanocellulosic material due to its unique dimensional characteristics and appealing properties. CNF preparations based on TEMPO pretreatment followed by high-pressure homogenization have been studied intensively, while the high energy consumption and the environmental issues remain challenges to their application. Mechanical refining processes have been commonly applied at the academic and industrial relevant scales for CNF production. In this study, bleached softwood kraft pulp was subjected to high-efficiency wet ball milling (following enzymatic pretreatment) and mechanical grinding to obtain CNF. The effects of ball milling time, grinding gap, and grinding passes on structure and properties of CNF were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed that the diameter of CNF was decreased with the increment of ball milling time and number of grinding passes. The results indicated that ball milling time, grinding gap, and grinding passes were important to increase the dispersity of CNF suspensions. The degree of polymerization and crystallinity index of CNF decreased with increasing ball milling time and grinding passes.

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Wang, Jin, Qiufang Yao, Chengmin Sheng, Chunde Jin, and Qingfeng Sun. "One-Step Preparation of Graphene Oxide/Cellulose Nanofibril Hybrid Aerogel for Adsorptive Removal of Four Kinds of Antibiotics." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5150613.

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Via a one-step ultrasonication method, cellulose nanofibril/graphene oxide hybrid (GO-CNF) aerogel was successfully prepared. The as-prepared GO-CNF possessed interconnected 3D network microstructure based on GO nanosheets grown along CNF through hydrogen bonds. The aerogel exhibited superior adsorption capacity toward four kinds of antibiotics. The removal percentages (R%) of these antibiotics were 81.5%, 79.5%, 79.1%, and 73.9% for Doxycycline (DXC), Chlortetracycline (CTC), Oxytetracycline (OTC), and tetracycline (TC), respectively. Simultaneously, the adsorption isotherms were well fitted to Langmuir model and kinetics study implied that the adsorption process was attributed to pseudo-second-order model. The maximum theoretical adsorption capacities of GO-CNF were 469.7, 396.5, 386.5, and 343.8 mg·g−1 for DXC, CTC, OTC, and TC, respectively, calculated by the Langmuir isotherm models. After five cycles, importantly, the regenerated aerogels still could be used with little degradation of adsorption property. Consequently, the as-synthesized GO-CNF was a successful application of effective removal of antibiotics.

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Xu, Jingyuan, Elizabeth F. Krietemeyer, Veera M. Boddu, Sean X. Liu, and Wen-Ching Liu. "Production and characterization of cellulose nanofibril (CNF) from agricultural waste corn stover." Carbohydrate Polymers 192 (July 2018): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.017.

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Fu, Jingjing, Chunxia He, Jingda Huang, Zhilin Chen, and Siqun Wang. "Cellulose nanofibril reinforced silica aerogels: optimization of the preparation process evaluated by a response surface methodology." RSC Advances 6, no. 102 (2016): 100326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20986f.

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Xu, Wenlong, Binjie Xin, and Xue Yang. "Carbonization of electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/cellulose nanofibril (CNF) hybrid membranes and its mechanism." Cellulose 27, no. 7 (February 10, 2020): 3789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03006-y.

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Zhao, Jiangqi, Xiaofang Zhang, Xu He, Meijie Xiao, Wei Zhang, and Canhui Lu. "A super biosorbent from dendrimer poly(amidoamine)-grafted cellulose nanofibril aerogels for effective removal of Cr(vi)." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 28 (2015): 14703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta03089g.

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Zheng, Qifeng, Zhiyong Cai, and Shaoqin Gong. "Green synthesis of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–cellulose nanofibril (CNF) hybrid aerogels and their use as superabsorbents." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 9 (2014): 3110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta14642a.

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PVA/CNF aerogels produced by an environmentally friendly freeze-drying process followed by thermal chemical vapor deposition of methyltrichlorosilane exhibit excellent oil and solvent absorption and remarkable heavy metal ion scavenging capability.

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Clarkson, Caitlyn M., Sami M. El Awad Azrak, Reaz Chowdhury, Shoumya Nandy Shuvo, James Snyder, Gregory Schueneman, Volkan Ortalan, and Jeffrey P. Youngblood. "Melt Spinning of Cellulose Nanofibril/Polylactic Acid (CNF/PLA) Composite Fibers For High Stiffness." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 1, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.8b00030.

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Huang, Lijie, Hanyu Zhao, Tan Yi, Minghui Qi, Hao Xu, Qi Mo, Chongxing Huang, Shuangfei Wang, and Yang Liu. "Preparation and Properties of Cassava Residue Cellulose Nanofibril/Cassava Starch Composite Films." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040755.

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Because of its non-toxic, pollution-free, and low-cost advantages, environmentally-friendly packaging is receiving widespread attention. However, using simple technology to prepare environmentally-friendly packaging with excellent comprehensive performance is a difficult problem faced by the world. This paper reports a very simple and environmentally-friendly method. The hydroxyl groups of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were modified by introducing malic acid and the silane coupling agent KH-550, and the modified CNF were added to cassava starch as a reinforcing agent to prepare film with excellent mechanical, hydrophobic, and barrier properties. In addition, due to the addition of malic acid and a silane coupling agent, the dispersibility and thermal stability of the modified CNFs became significantly better. By adjusting the order of adding the modifiers, the hydrophobicity of the CNFs and thermal stability were increased by 53.5% and 36.9% ± 2.7%, respectively. At the same time, the addition of modified CNFs increased the tensile strength, hydrophobicity, and water vapor transmission coefficient of the starch-based composite films by 1034%, 129.4%, and 35.95%, respectively. This material can be widely used in the packaging of food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and medical consumables.

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Guo, Aofei, Zhihui Sun, Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh, and Hu Feng. "A Review on the Application of Nanocellulose in Cementitious Materials." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 2476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122476.

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The development of the concrete industry is always accompanied by some environmental issues such as global warming and energy consumption. Under this circumstance, the application of nanocellulose in cementitious materials is attracting more and more attention in recent years not only because of its renewability and sustainability but also because of its unique properties. To trace the research progress and provide some guidance for future research, the application of nanocellulose to cementitious materials is reviewed. Specifically, the effects of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), cellulose nanofibril (CNF), bacterial cellulose (BC), and cellulose filament (CF) on the physical and fresh properties, hydration, mechanical properties, microstructure, rheology, shrinkage, and durability of cementitious materials are summarized. It can be seen that the type, dosage, and dispersion of nanocellulose, and even the cementitious matrix type can lead to different results. Moreover, in this review, some unexplored topics are highlighted and remain to be further studied. Lastly, the major challenge of nanocellulose dispersion, related to the effectiveness of nanocellulose in cementitious materials, is examined in detail.

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Zheng, Qifeng, Alexander Kvit, Zhiyong Cai, Zhenqiang Ma, and Shaoqin Gong. "A freestanding cellulose nanofibril–reduced graphene oxide–molybdenum oxynitride aerogel film electrode for all-solid-state supercapacitors with ultrahigh energy density." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 24 (2017): 12528–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03093b.

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Ufodike, Chukwuzubelu, Sean Jackson, Nydeia Bolden, and Tarik Dickens. "Synthesis and characterization of extruded cellulosic fibrils for enhanced reinforced/filamentary textiles." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 5 (December 12, 2016): 520–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516681964.

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Polystyrene matrixes containing cellulose nanofibril (CNF) with fiber content of 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 wt% were successfully hydrophobized by silylation and extruded into single filaments using both single and dual heat extrusion processing. The fiber–matrix bonding was examined using a scanning electron microscope. With further characterization, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed a formation of Si-O-C bonds, indicating better fiber–matrix adhesion. Raman spectroscopy showed disruption of hydrogen bonding, which indicates interference of parallel nanocellulose fiber adhesion to neighboring fibrils. Thermogravimetric analysis suggests that the thermal stability of the functionalized CNF is higher than that of the corresponding neat sample, which is resultant of stable Si bond formation. Results from dynamic mechanical analysis showed an increasing ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus, with peak values attributed to the dual heat processing with up 112 MPa and 10.8 GPa for the UTS and modulus, respectively. The increase is assumed to be as a result of the linear arrangement of the CNF in the Polystyrene (PS) matrix during the extrusion process. Micromechanics modeling calculations suggest the increase is moving towards the fiber properties. The results revealed the strong reinforcing ability of CNFs and their compatibility with the thermoplastic matrix if functionalized.

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Zheng, Qifeng, Huilong Zhang, Hongyi Mi, Zhiyong Cai, Zhenqiang Ma, and Shaoqin Gong. "High-performance flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators consisting of porous cellulose nanofibril (CNF)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) aerogel films." Nano Energy 26 (August 2016): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.06.009.

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41

Hong, Hye-Jin, Garram Ban, Hee Seo Kim, Hyeon Su Jeong, and Min Sang Park. "Fabrication of cylindrical 3D cellulose nanofibril(CNF) aerogel for continuous removal of copper(Cu2+) from wastewater." Chemosphere 278 (September 2021): 130288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130288.

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42

Zheng, Qifeng, Alireza Javadi, Ronald Sabo, Zhiyong Cai, and Shaoqin Gong. "Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–cellulose nanofibril (CNF)–multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) hybrid organic aerogels with superior mechanical properties." RSC Advances 3, no. 43 (2013): 20816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ra42321b.

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43

Jiang, Shuai, Meiling Zhang, Mengmeng Li, Liu Liu, Lifang Liu, and Jianyong Yu. "Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) based aerogels prepared by a facile process and the investigation of thermal insulation performance." Cellulose 27, no. 11 (May 19, 2020): 6217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03224-4.

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44

Medina-Jaramillo, Carolina, Carmen Quintero-Pimiento, Catalina Gómez-Hoyos, Robin Zuluaga-Gallego, and Alex López-Córdoba. "Alginate-Edible Coatings for Application on Wild Andean Blueberries (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz): Effect of the Addition of Nanofibrils Isolated from Cocoa By-Products." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 5, 2020): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040824.

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Edible coatings and films are appealing strategies for the postharvest management of blueberries. In the current work, alginate and alginate/cellulose nanofibril (CNF) edible coatings crosslinked with calcium chloride were developed for application on Andean blueberry (a promissory wild blueberry). Cocoa by-products were valorized through the isolation of their CNFs, and these were incorporated in the edible coatings. Edible coating formulations were based on blends of alginate (2% w/v), CNFs (0%, 0.1%, or 0.3%), glycerol, and water. In addition, stand-alone films were prepared, and their light and water vapor barrier properties were studied before applying the coating on the fruit surface. The results show that the addition of CNFs caused a significant decrease in the transparency and the water vapor permeability of the alginate films. After applying on the Andean blueberry fruits, the alginate and alginate/CNF coatings enhanced the appearance and the firmness of the fruits. Moreover, they significantly reduced the respiration rate and the water loss of the Andean blueberries throughout the 21 days of refrigerated storage. Alginate and alginate/CNFs coatings may be considered a useful alternative for the delay of the postharvest deterioration of Andean blueberries.

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Onyianta, Amaka J., Mark Dorris, and Rhodri L. Williams. "Aqueous morpholine pre-treatment in cellulose nanofibril (CNF) production: comparison with carboxymethylation and TEMPO oxidisation pre-treatment methods." Cellulose 25, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): 1047–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1631-0.

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46

Temirel, Mikail, Christopher Hawxhurst, and Savas Tasoglu. "Shape Fidelity of 3D-Bioprinted Biodegradable Patches." Micromachines 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12020195.

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There is high demand in the medical field for rapid fabrication of biodegradable patches at low cost and high throughput for various instant applications, such as wound healing. Bioprinting is a promising technology, which makes it possible to fabricate custom biodegradable patches. However, several challenges with the physical and chemical fidelity of bioprinted patches must be solved to increase the performance of patches. Here, we presented two hybrid hydrogels made of alginate-cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) (2% w/v alginate and 4% w/v CNC) and alginate-TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibril (T-CNF) (4% w/v alginate and 1% w/v T-CNC) via ionic crosslinking using calcium chloride (2% w/v). These hydrogels were rheologically characterized, and printing parameters were tuned for improved shape fidelity for use with an extrusion printing head. Young’s modulus of 3D printed patches was found to be 0.2–0.45 MPa, which was between the physiological ranges of human skin. Mechanical fidelity of patches was assessed through cycling loading experiments that emulate human tissue motion. 3D bioprinted patches were exposed to a solution mimicking the body fluid to characterize the biodegradability of patches at body temperature. The biodegradation of alginate-CNC and alginate-CNF was around 90% and 50% at the end of the 30-day in vitro degradation trial, which might be sufficient time for wound healing. Finally, the biocompatibility of the hydrogels was tested by cell viability analysis using NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. This study may pave the way toward improving the performance of patches and developing new patch material with high physical and chemical fidelity for instant application.

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Tang, Juntao, Yang Song, Feiping Zhao, Stewart Spinney, Juliana da Silva Bernardes, and Kam Chiu Tam. "Compressible cellulose nanofibril (CNF) based aerogels produced via a bio-inspired strategy for heavy metal ion and dye removal." Carbohydrate Polymers 208 (March 2019): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.079.

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Mazhari Mousavi, Seyyed Mohammad, Elyas Afra, Mehdi Tajvidi, Douglas W. Bousfield, and Mohammadreza Dehghani-Firouzabadi. "Application of cellulose nanofibril (CNF) as coating on paperboard at moderate solids content and high coating speed using blade coater." Progress in Organic Coatings 122 (September 2018): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.05.024.

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Shen, Zhenghui, Kyudeok Oh, Soojin Kwon, Martti Toivakka, and Hak Lae Lee. "Use of cellulose nanofibril (CNF)/silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) composite in salt hydrate phase change material for efficient thermal energy storage." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 174 (March 2021): 402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.183.

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I.P., Mahendra, Wirjosentono B., Ismail H., and Mendez J.A. "Thermal and Morphology Properties of Cellulose Nanofiber from TEMPO-oxidized Lower part of Empty Fruit Bunches (LEFB)." Open Chemistry 17, no. 1 (August 12, 2019): 526–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0063.

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AbstractCellulose nanofiber (CNF) gel has been obtained from TEMPO-oxidized differently treated lower part of empty fruit bunches (LEFB) of oil palm. Three kinds of materials were initially used: (i) α-cellulose, (ii) raw LEFB fiber two-times bleaching, and (iii) raw LEFB three-times bleaching. The obtained nanofibers (CNF1, CNF2 and CNF3, respectively) were then characterized using several methods, e.g. FT-IR, SEM, UV-Visible, TEM, XRD and TGA. The LEFB at different levels of bleaching showed that the Kappa number decreased with the increase of the bleaching levels. The decrease of lignin and hemicellulose content affected the increase of the yield of fibrillation and optical transmittance of CNF2 and CNF3 gels. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of lignin and hemicellulose in the CNF2 and CNF3 film. Based on TEM analysis, the lignin and hemicellulose content significantly affected the particle structure of CNFs, i.e. CNF1 was found as a bundle of fibril, while the CNF2 and CNF3 were visualized as individual fibers and interwoven nanofibril overlapping each other, respectively. The XRD data of the CNF’s film showed that CNF2 and CNF3 have a lower crystallinity index (CI) than CNF1. The presence of lignin and hemicellulose in the CNFs decreased its decomposition temperature.

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