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1
Lane, J. M. "Solid state NMR studies of cellulose and cellulose acetate." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374690.
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Samios, Eleftherios. "The microbial degradation of cellulose acetate." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1995. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11195.
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Cellulose acetate is a chemical of great industrial importance. Its uses range from the manufacture of textiles to cigarette filters. Cellulose acetate is not biodegraded easily. The aim of this project was to identify, micro-organisms that would attack cellulose acetate and to propose a possible mechanism for the biodegradation process. Discarded cigarette filters were taken from the street and they were plated onto Sabouraud medium, a selective medium for fungi. The growth observed was on the outside of the filters. The middle portion of discarded cigarette filters was opened asceptically, and added in flasks containing nutrient broth. Eighty percent of the flasks showed no signs of bacteriological growth after 24 hours, showing that the inside of the filters was sterile. It would appear, that cigarette filters are a very effective barrier towards microbial penetration. Cigarette filters were laid on potting compost, sand and tile surfaces, in order to monitor their progress over a period of 12 months. These experiments took place under moist and warm conditions, in order to enhance biological growth. The sand and tile experiments were abandoned after a relatively short period as no obvious changes could be seen. The experiments on compost did not show any visible signs of biodegradation for 7 months. After that period, algal growth developed on the filters exposed to light, and a slight decrease in the degree of substitution (the average number of acetyl groups per anhydroglucose unit) was observed. Cellulose acetates with varying degrees of substitution were synthesised and used as carbon source for the growth of the fungus Aspergillus jilmigatus, a common soil species. Previous experiments had shown that this species was the predominant one growing on the filters. It was found that biodegradability varied with the degree of substitution. The higher the degree of substitution, the slower the biodegradation. Biodegradation could not be shown in cellulose acetate with a degree of substitution of 2.5, the material from which cigarette filters are made. The degradation products were analysed by means of FTIR spectroscopy, IH and \3C NMR, solution viscosity and GPC. From the results obtained, it could be deduced that the biodegradation proceeded by a mild de-acetylation (esterase) prior to de-polymerisation (cellulase).
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Garcia, Thomas Patrick. "Ester hydrolysis of cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate phthalate in aqueous suspension and solution and solid state /." Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI, 1989. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/016067193.pdf.
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Heyman, Nils. "High Resolution 3D Printing with Cellulose Acetate." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nanoteknologi och funktionella material, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413853.
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In this project, an additive manufacturing technique called Direct Ink Writing has been used to 3D print structures from polymer solutions containing cellulose acetate. Cellulose acetate is a synthetic compound derived from plants. The intended application involves protein separation filters for medical purposes. The printing has been performed in a lab environment with focus on high resolution, with less than 10 micrometers in fibre size. Glass capillaries with an inner diameter of 3-10 micrometers were used as nozzles. Three-dimensional structures with a height of 100 micrometers and a fibre thickness of 2 micrometers were made. The results indicates that cellulose acetate is a promising polymer for Direct Ink Writing in high resolution. Improvements are needed in the ink design and/or the technical construction of the printer to avoid clogging of the nozzle.
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El-Taki, Wassim. "Cellulose acetate metal-impregnated membranes for air separations." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10221.
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Polymeric membranes are widely used in the oxygen enrichment of air for medical purposes and in the preparation of nitrogen for use in blanketing applications. Membranes having both high selectivity and permeability are essential for these applications. In this work, several membranes were prepared by the phase inversion technique. Casting solutions containing cellulose acetate, EDTA and acetone were spread onto a backing material and gelled in iced water. The membranes were then subjected to several post-treatments such as annealing, silver impregnation and silver impregnation followed by reduction to silver metal. The effects of EDTA and film post-treatments were determined with respect to air permeability and oxygen concentration in the permeate. The porosity of the resulting membranes were determined using gas sorption techniques. The presence of EDTA in the casting solution increased the entrapment of silver within the membrane. The air permeability of the membrane and oxygen concentration of the permeate were individually normalized. An objective function was defined as the product of the normalized air permeability and the normalized oxygen concentration in the permeate. The objective function exhibited an optimum at the solubility limit of 2% EDTA in water. However, the excessive presence of EDTA reduced both membrane air permeability and oxygen separation. The presence of silver in the membrane caused the blockage of pores in the 30-100 A diameter range. The pore size distributions of the membranes, measured using gas sorption techniques, provided a good explanation for the observed air permeability and oxygen separation of the membranes.
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Bao, Congyu. "Cellulose acetate / plasticizer systems : structure, morphology and dynamics." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10049/document.
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Les polysaccharides sont l'une des principales options à retenir pour progresser dans l'utilisation ou la conception de polymères renouvelables. Depuis les années cinquante, le développement industriel de ce type de polymères s'était considérablement réduit du fait de l'avènement des polymères synthétiques. Cependant, cet intérêt a cru considérablement ces dernières années en raison de la sensibilisation du public sur la limite des ressources fossiles. Ces biopolymères sont donc devenus un sujet d'importance, tant sur le plan industriel que sur celui de la recherche fondamentale. Toutefois, les systèmes à base de polysaccharides sont le plus souvent transformés via l'utilisation d'importantes quantités de solvants (y compris l'eau), ce qui globalement pénalise le procédé associé en l'affligeant d'une charge environnementale supplémentaire. Par la voie ‘fondue', le développement de polymères thermoplastiques à base de dérivés de la cellulose est un véritable défi, qui concerne autant le mode de transformation de ces systèmes que le niveau des propriétés du matériau final. Pour exemple, la température de dégradation de l'acétate de cellulose (CA) (dont le degré de substitution 2,5 est développé par le Groupe Solvay) est si proche de sa température de fusion que son procédé de mise en oeuvre ne peut être envisagé qu'avec l'ajout d'une quantité importante de plastifiants externes (entre 20 et 30 en poids selon le type d'additif). Le comportement d'un mélange CA-plastifiant est principalement régi par un «réseau» de très fortes interactions polaires, dont la force et la densité dépendent de 3 paramètres spécifiques: le degré de substitution de CA, la typologie de plastifiant et la quantité de plastifiant. Pour expliquer les différents mécanismes de plastification, il est donc important pour nous d'étudier et de comprendre les propriétés dynamiques (en ce qui concerne les phénomènes de relaxation) de ce type de systèmes et comment les trois leviers que nous avons identifiés peuvent influencer ou moduler les différentes interactions échangées dans les mélangesPolysaccharides are one of the main options to the on-going move towards the use of renewable polymers. The industrial interest in this type of polymers drastically shrunk by the advent of synthetic polymers in the fifties, but is currently reviving due to the public awareness on the limit of fossil resources. These biopolymers are nowadays offering a challenging and industrially profitable playground for researchers. However, current polysaccharides based materials are mostly processed with extensive use of solvents (including water) making the total process an environmental burden despite the advantage of the starting material. Development of thermoplastic cellulose-based materials is very challenging regarding both final material properties and polymer processing. The degradation temperature of Cellulose Acetate (CA) (degree of substitution 2.5) is so close to its melting temperature that it can only be processed with a significant amount of external plasticizers (between 20 et 30 wt.% depending on the type of the additive). Behavior of a CA-plasticizer blend is mainly governed by a ‘network’ of high polar interactions, the strength and the density of which clearly depend of 3 specific parameters: the CA’s degree of substitution, the typology of the plasticizer, the amount of plasticizer. In an attempt to explain the different plasticization mechanisms, it is thus of utmost importance for us to study and understand the dynamic properties (regarding the relaxation phenomena) of this kind of systems and how the three levers that we identified can influence or modulate the different interactions exchanged within the blends
7
Wilburn, Daniel Scott. "A new method for the production of cellulose acetate." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9127.
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Williamson, Diana Michelle. "The degradation of cellulose acetate base motion picture film." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359295.
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The natural degradation of processed black and white cellulose acetate based 35mm motion picture film material has been investigated using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. According to current standards only this material is considered to be an archival recording medium. It has been recognised that understanding the relationship between structure and physical properties would provide knowledge to help inhibit motion picture film degradation. A correlation between observed changes in molecular structure and physical property changes namely, % moisture regain, acidity and viscosity has been obtained. Results of these studies indicate that the primary mode of degradation is hydrolysis of ester groups leading to deacetylation of the C6 acetyl group in the polymer chain. On further deactylation, the C3 acetyl group is lost in preference to the C2 acetyl group. Therefore, it can be concluded that a decrease in viscosity retention and an increase in acidity concurs with deacetylation of the polymer chain. On this basis mechanisms of deacetylation would predominate since oxidative chain-scission would take place through the C2 acetyl group which is less accessible. NMR spectroscopy also reveals that the plasticisers, namely triphenyl phosphate and diethyl phthalate incorporated into cellulose acetate base, influence its stability. Under archival conditions the triphenyl phosphate plasticiser appears not to undergo degradation but becomes increasingly incompatible with the cellulose acetate base. Diethyl phthalate however was seen to degrade as the cellulose acetate base itself degrades. A more detailed understanding of the macromolecular structure of cellulose acetate based motion picture film has been obtained with the use of Molecular Modelling and Graphics studies using QUANTA software. This supports the NMR study indicating that the C6 and C3 acetyl groups are clearly more exposed in the polymer matrix and therefore, are more likely to be lost as hydrolysis of the polymer chain occurs. Modelling studies also supported reduced stability of the polymer in the presence of plasticisers. When plasticisers were docked within the polymer matrix distortions of the polymers chains were observed as chains were pushed apart and dihedral angles altered. The role of the emulsion in film degradation was also examined by electrophoresis. This separation of proteins has shown that under archival conditions, naturally aged gelatin emulsion layers show a decrease in molecular weight. This has been attributed to the acid catalysed deacetylation of the cellulose acetate base lowering the pH of the film and inducing hydrolysis of gelatin. Only when considerable amounts of acid have been evolved are changes to the emulsion observed. Finally, the effects of storage containers were characterised using viscosity and acidity measurements. Accelerated ageing studies at 50%RH 70°C to emulate archival storage conditions revealed that in the early stages of degradation polyethylene and polypropylene cans were more detrimental to film stability than the more traditional metal can. The plastic cans were shown to promote oxidative degradation of the film and polypropylene was shown to lead to higher levels of peroxide in films than polyethylene
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Tawari, Akram. "Development of a cellulose acetate hollow-fine-fibre membrane." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4253.
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Thesis (MScEng (Process Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The goal of this study is to produce cellulose acetate (CA) hollow-fine-fibre membranes with good water flux performance in the 95 – 96% salt retention range for brackish water desalination from first principles. First, the acceptable range of fibre dimensions was determined by means of a collapse pressure calculation using the elastic buckling pressure equation (thin shell assumption). Second, the pressure drop across the fibre wall in the hollow-fine fibre was determined by using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, in order to determine how this would affect the chosen fibre dimensions. It was determined that the acceptable range of fibre dimensions was 222 – 247 m, and the wall thickness was 50 m. Fibres with these dimensions exhibited a high resistance to brackish water operating pressure of 20 – 25 bar, without collapse. The pressure drop calculations of these dimensions showed a sufficiently low pressure drop across the fibres. A dry-wet spinning technique was used for the preparation of the hollow-fine-fibre membranes. Hollow-fine fibres were spun using CA dissolved in a suitable solvent and non-solvent mixture comprising acetone and formamide. The effects of the dope composition and spinning parameters such as solvent to non-solvent ratio, bore fluid ratio, take-up speed, dope extrusion rate and heat treatment on the membrane morphology and performance were investigated. The spun fibres showed a good morphological structure, with no macrovoids (sponge-like structure), which is favourable for reverse osmosis (RO) applications. The hollow-fine-fibre membranes showed a good brackish water desalination performance within brackish water operating conditions. Statistical analysis was used to generate a fabrication formulation for producing cellulose acetate hollow-fine-fibre membrane for brackish water desalination with improved salt retention and flux. A three-level three-factor factorial was used to the study of the effect of spinning parameters (solvent to non-solvent ratio, bore fluid ratio and air gap distance). A regression equation was successfully established and was used to predictably produce membranes with good performance within the limits of the factors studied. RO performance of these hollow-fine-fibre membranes was good: The salt retention ranged from 96 to 98% and the permeate flux ranged from 60 to 46 L/m2.d (2 000 ppm, NaCl, 20 bar, 24 oC).
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie het ten doel gehad om selluloseasetaat holveselmembrane vanaf eerste beginsels vir brakwaterontsouting te ontwikkel. Die ontsoutingsvlakke van die membrane moet tussen 95 en 96% lê met ’n aanvaarbare waterproduksievermoë. Aanvaarbare deursneë vir die holvesels is eerstens bepaal deur platval-berekeninge met behulp van die inmekaarvouvergelyking uit te voer (dunwand aanname). Hierna is drukval oor die wand van die holvesel met behulp van die Hagen-Poiseuille vergelyking bepaal ten einde vas te stel hoe dit die gekose dimensies sal beïnvloed. Daar is vasgestel dat vesel deursneë tussen 222 en 247 um met ’n 50 um wand aanvaarbaar is. Vesels met hierdie dimensies het ’n hoë weerstand teen inval getoon by brakwater opereringsdrukke tussen 20 en 25 bar. ’n Droë-nat spintegniek is in die voorbereiding van die holveselmembrane gebruik. Holvesel membrane is met ’n selluloseasetaat stroop gespin wat uit ’n oplosmiddel (asetoon) en nieoplossmiddel (formamied) bestaan het. Die effek van die spinstroop samestelling en spinparameters soos die oplosmiddel tot nieoplosmiddel verhouding, lumen-vloeistof verhouding, opneemspoed, spinstroop ekstrusie tempo en hittebehandeling op membraan morfologie en werkverrigting is ondersoek. Die gespinde vesels toon ’n sponsagtige struktuur sonder die teenwoordigheid van enige mikroleemtes wat voordelig is vir tru-osmose toepassings. Die holvesel membrane het aanvaarbare brakwater ontsoutings werkverrigting. Statistiese analise is gebruik in die generasie van produksieformulasies vir die produksie van brakwater ontsoutingsmembrane met verbeterde retensie en vloed. ’n Drie-vlak driefaktoriaal ontwerp is tydens die studie gebruik om die effek van spinparameters (oplosmiddel tot nie-oplosmiddel verhouding, lumen vloeistof verhouding, en lug-gaping) te ondersoek. ’n Regressie vergelyking is suksesvol daargestel en gebruik om voorspelbaar membrane met goeie werkverrigting binne die limiete van die studie te produseer. Die tru-osmose werkverrigting van die membrane was goed: die sout retensie het tussen 96 en 98% gelê en die permeaatvloed tussen 60 en 46 L/m2.d (2 000 ppm NaCl, 20 bar, 24oC).
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Yang, Yan. "Characterization of polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose acetate and their blends." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03302010-020651/.
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Del, Río De Vicente José Ignacio. "Cellulose nanocrystals functionalized cellulose acetate electrospun membranes for adsorption and separation of nanosized particles." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Materialvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85516.
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Filtration and separation technologies remain as one of the biggest challenges humanity currently faces. The separation of different elements such as bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, particles, and chemical agents require the development of multifunctional membranes. In membrane technology, one of the most promising fabrication techniques is electrospinning, which can produce highly tailored non-woven fibrous multifunctional membranes with a high surface area. On the other hand, cellulose derivatives, like cellulose acetate, have many beneficial properties for filtering technology such as high availability and easy functionalization. Likewise, cellulose nanocrystals are used to improve mechanical properties and functionalize membranes. In this project, a cellulose nanocrystal (CNCs) functionalized cellulose acetate electrospun multifunctional membrane is developed for adsorption and separation of nanosized particles. In this work, cellulose acetate (CA) fibers with an average fiber diameter of approximately 900 nm were electrospun and tested as membranes for size and affinity based filtration. First, the electrospinning process was optimized regarding solution and process parameters. As a result, solution parameters were found to be 12 wt% solid content CA dissolved in a 1:1 acetone:acetic acid solution. Regarding process parameters, the suitable electrospinning parameters were found to be 18 kV applied voltage, a feeding rate of 5 mL/h, and a tip-to-collector distance of 20 cm. The electrospun CA membrane was coated with cationic (+) and anionic (-) cellulose nanocrystals up to a 25 wt% concentration. The incorporation of CNCs, of either anionic or cationic surface charge, affected membrane wettability. The neat CA membrane had a hydrophobic behavior with a contact angle of 110°. The addition of CNCs decrease contact angle, to 31.5° for CA-CNCs(-) and 50° for CA-CNCs(+), which resulted in functionalized membranes with a hydrophilic behavior. Both functionalized membranes managed to maintain high flux values. CA-CNCs(-) maintained a flux of 9500 Lm−2h−1, while CA-CNCs(+) maintained a flux of 6700 Lm−2h−1. The addition of cellulose nanocrystals improved the mechanical properties of the CA membranes. The tensile strength increases from 410 kPa to 4990 kPa for CA-CNCs(-) membranes and 3010 MPa for CA-CNCs(+) membranes, and is accompanied by an increase in Young’s modulus as well. To evaluate the adsorption efficiency and size-exclusion filtration, an anionic dye (Congo red), a cationic dye (Victoria blue), and 500 nm model particles were used. CA-CNC(-) membranes achieved a removal efficiency of 96% of 500 nm particles with an affinity-based dye removal of 63% of Victoria blue dye. On the other hand, CA-CNC(+) membranes achieved a removal efficiency of 43% of 500 nm particles with a dye removal of 27% of Congo red dye. In this regard, CA-CNC(-) membranes were the best candidate for size-exclusion filtration, while also maintaining a good level of adsorption. Cellulose based composite membranes were successfully produced as multifunctional filters that could act in both size-exclusion regime and affinity-based regime. A cellulose acetate fibrous membrane was produced by electrospinning, tuning for fiber size and porosity, while the incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals functionalizes the membranes and enhance mechanical properties, and wettability.
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Gill, Azam. "The conversion of cellulose to chemical feedstocks by Clostridium thermocellum." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270878.
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Doyle, S. E. J. "The physical characteristics and dielectric behaviour of cellulose acetate polymers." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371938.
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Khalf, Abdurizzagh. "Production of hollow fibers by co-electrospinning of cellulose acetate." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1908.
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Thesis (MScEng (Process Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.The study concerns the use of the electrospinning technique for the formation of cellulose acetate hollow nanofibers. These hollow fibers are used to manufacture hollow fiber membranes. Important properties that should be inherent to these hollow-nanofibers include excellent permeability and separation characteristics, and long useful life. They have potential applications in filtration, reverse osmosis, and the separation of liquids and gases. It is apparent from the available literature on electrospinning and co-electrospinning that the diameter and the morphology of the resulting fibers are significantly influenced by variations in the system and process parameters, which include the solution concentration, solvent volatility, solution viscosity, surface tension and the conductivity of the spinning solution. The materials used include cellulose acetate (CA) (concentration = 11~14 wt %), (feed rate = 1~3 ml/h), acetone:dioxane (2:1) and mineral oil (feed rate = 0.5~1 ml/h) with core and shell linear velocity of 2 and 0.7 mm/min respectively. These materials were used as received without further purification. The co-electrospinning setup used comprised a compound spinneret, consisting of two concentric small-diameter capillary tubes/needles, one located inside another (core-shell/co-axial design). The internal and external diameters of the inside and outside needles were 0.3 and 1.2 mm respectively (0.3 mm shell/core gap space). The liquids CA (shell) and mineral oil (core) are pumped to the coaxial needle by a syringe pump, forming a compound droplet at the tip of the needle. A high voltage source is used to apply a potential of several kilovolts over the electrospinning distance. One electrode is placed into the spinning solution and the other oppositely charged (or neutral) electrode attached to a conductive collector. If the charge build up reaches approximately 15 kV the charged compound droplet, (poorly conductive polymer solution) deforms into a conical structure called a Taylor cone. On further increasing, the charge at the Taylor cone to some critical value (unique to each polymer system) the surface tension of the compound Taylor cone is broken and a core-shell jet of polymer solution ejects from the apex of the Taylor cone. This jet is linear over a small distance, and then deviates in a course of violent whipping from bending instabilities brought about by repulsive charges existing along the jet length. The core-shell jet is stretched and solvent is evaporated and expelled, resulting in the thinning and alignment of the fiber. Ultimately dry (most solvent having been removed) submicron fibers are collected in alignment form in a simple collector design (water bath). The shell to core solution flow rate ratio was chosen according to the parameter response of shell-core diameter of the resulting fibers in order to achieve an optimal hollow structure after removal of the mineral oil core. The mineral oil of the dry collected core-shell fibers is removed by immersion in octane. The aforementioned response is determined by measurement of core-shell diameters using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The obtained results showed that the ability of the spinning solution to be electrospun was directly dependent on its concentration and the feed rate of the spinning solution and also parameters such as the spinning distance and type of solvents used. The preferable polymer solution concentration is 14 wt %, shell feed rate of 3 ml/hr, core feed rate of 0.5 ml/hr (2 and 0.7 mm/s core and shell linear velocity respectively), applied voltage of 15 KV, spinning distance of 8 cm and coaxial spinnerets having internal diameters of 0.3 mm and 1.2 mm core and shell needles respectively (0.3 mm shell/core gap space) have been found to make uniform cellulose acetate hollow fibers with an average inside and outside diameter of approximately 495 and 1266 nm, respectively.
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Leggio, Angeletta, and n/a. "An investigation into the use of digital techology to manage deteriorating cellulose acetate negatives." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050627.152525.
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This thesis aims to examine the issues involved in utilising digital images and
assess whether image processing techniques can be used as a cost-effective
method of reconstructing the image found in a deteriorated cellulose acetate
negative.
Negatives affected by the vinegar syndrome are found in large numbers within
Australian institutions. This was confirmed by a survey (using a questionnaire)
undertaken at the National Library of Australia in 2000. The survey also found
that although these collections are large, and hence the level of deterioration
variable, little could be done to restore any of the negatives once deterioration had
begun.
Storing negatives at low temperature and low relative humidity slows down the
breakdown of cellulose acetate; however, it cannot reverse the process once it has
commenced. Although removing the gelatine pellicular from the deteriorated
cellulose acetate support (making the image easier to view) a possible method of
restoration, this becomes unfeasible when dealing with a large collection. As a
result, how to manage cellulose acetate negatives once they have deteriorated
becomes problematic.
Image-processing techniques used to digitally restore these negatives were
examined via a series of case studies. These examinations were undertaken using
two software packages-the Image Processing Tool kit (IPTK) and OPTIMAS.
Deteriorated cellulose acetate negatives were scanned, then a number of program
filters were applied to the digital image to determine whether disfiguring elements
(referred to as channelling elements) resulting from the deteriorated support could
be digitally removed.
IPTK and OPTIMAS were not completely successful in removing the deteriorated
elements from the digital version. The results highlighted that a number of issues
relating to the use of digital technology needed to be addressed. These issues
included knowledge of basic technical terms, an understanding of digital
language, and how to include the use of digital technology into a long-term
strategy for archiving a digitised collection.
This thesis showed that issues relating to utilising digital systems could be
addressed by implementing a preservation management plan. A preservation
management plan can be used to incorporate the goals of digitising, the long-term
issues of retaining digital files, ongoing access relating to the digital file, hardware
and software, and the importance of having the relevant expertise when
undertaking such a project.
Due to the limitations of the printed hardcopy displaying features in a number of
the images (figures) outlined in this thesis, a compact disk (CD) has been included
with this submission and can be found at the end of this document.
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Seavey, Kevin Christopher. "Lyocell Fiber-Reinforced Cellulose Ester Composites - Surface and Consolidation Considerations, and Properties." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35601.
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The objective of this thesis was to further develop the polymer composite system consisting of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and high modulus, continuous, regenerated cellulose fiber (lyocell). Of particular concern were both the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and matrix and the consolidation process in the manufacture of these composite materials.
Interfacial adhesion was found to be substantial due to the relative lack of the fiber pull-out phenomenon observed after tensile failure in the unmodified fiber composites. This result was then supported in the second study in which similar unmodified fiber composites experienced very little fiber pull out with evidence of a large amount of cohesive failure of the matrix accompanied by matrix particles adhering to the fiber surfaces.
Void volume formation was mitigated to a small extent by the use of optimal consolidation conditions. Composites formed at moderate temperature (200 °C), low consolidation pressure (11.8 p.s.i.) and high consolidation time (13 min.) were found to have the lowest void volume formation of ca. 2.8 %. These composites were generally found to have the highest interfacial shear strength, ca. 16 MPa. A tensile modulus of 22 GPa and an ultimate strength of 246 MPa was obtained for this composite having a fiber volume content of ca. 62 %.Master of Science
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Furlan, Daiana Maria. "Ésteres de celulose: síntese e posterior preparação de filmes com incorporação de nanopartículas de magnetita." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75134/tde-09022015-155905/.
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Considerando o grande interesse na produção de materiais provenientes de fontes renováveis, biocompatíveis e que combinem as propriedades de dois ou mais componentes em um único material, buscou-se contribuir para com estudos sobre a incorporação de nanopartículas (NPs) de magnetita (Fe3O4) em filmes preparados a partir de polpa celulósica de sisal e de acetatos obtidos usando esta polpa. Pretendeu-se obter filmes compósitos com boas propriedades magnéticas e com propriedades mecânicas similares ou melhores que aquelas dos filmes puros. Optou-se por polpa celulósica de sisal pelo fato de a planta ser largamente produzida no país, além de ter rápido crescimento e fibras com alto teor de celulose. A magnetita foi escolhida devido a sua baixa toxicidade quando comparada as NPs metálicas e pelo seu potencial de aplicação em diversas áreas, incluindo a médica. A magnetita foi obtida por decomposição térmica (método do poliol) e caracterizada via microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), difração de raios X (DRX) e por magnetometria via SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device). Os resultados indicaram que as NPs preparadas corresponderam a um sistema de partículas esféricas e monodispersas, com diâmetro médio de 5,1 ± 0,5 nm e comportamento superparamagnético a temperatura ambiente. Os filmes foram preparados a partir da dissolução da polpa celulósica (2 g) em dimetilacetamida/cloreto de lítio (DMAc/LiCl), a 160 °C, com ou sem NPs (0,5; 1,4 e 3,0 g L-1) e caracterizados quanto a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios X (EDX), DRX, propriedades de tração e magnetometria de amostra vibrante (VSM, Vibrating Sample Magnetometry). Resultados de absorção atômica (Li) e análise elementar (N) mostraram que LiCl e DMAc foram praticamente eliminados dos filmes. O aumento da concentração das NPs de magnetita nos filmes compósitos tornou-os menos rígidos, com maior resistência à tração e maior alongamento quando comparado ao filme de celulose. A magnetização de saturação dos filmes compósitos (23; 31; 37 emu g-1) se correlacionou positivamente com o aumento da concentração de NPs. A ausência de histerese e coercividade indicaram que a temperatura ambiente os filmes compósitos são superparamagnéticos. Posteriormente, a celulose foi acetilada em DMAc/LiCl, a 110 °C por 4 h, e acetatos com diferentes graus de substituição (GS) foram obtidos.Filmes compósitos a partir destes acetatos foram obtidos em DMAc/LiCl (condições similares aquelas dos filmes de celulose), na ausência e na presença de NPs (3,0 g L-1). A caracterização destes filmes foi feita por DRX, MEV, EDX, TG e DSC, ensaio de tração e VSM. As imagens MEV mostraram que os filmes de acetatos com diferentes GS apresentaram morfologias distintas e que a introdução das NPs nas matrizes dos diferentes acetatos não teve efeito sobre a morfologia dos filmes. Filmes a partir de acetatos de GS maior ou igual a 2,0 apresentaram microesferas em sua superfície. Filmes de acetatos mais substituídos foram menos resistentes à tração que os filmes de acetatos mais substituídos e a inserção de NPs nessas matrizes levou a filmes menos rígidos. No geral, filmes compósitos apresentaram menores índices de cristalinidades e decomposição térmica com início a temperaturas inferiores (entre 220 e 270 °C) em relação ao respectivo filme de acetato (controle, entre 280-300 °C), mas sem comprometer as possibilidades de aplicação. Os filmes compósitos baseados nos acetatos de celulose apresentaram comportamento superparamagnético a temperatura ambiente, com temperatura de bloqueio de 14 K e boa magnetização de saturação (27-46 emu.g-1). Não foi observado correlação entre GS e propriedades magnéticas dos filmes, as quais mostraram certa dependência da presença ou não de microesferas. A associação das NPs de magnetita nas matrizes poliméricas, tanto de celulose como de acetato de celulose, levou a filmes poliméricos com boas propriedades magnéticas e mecânicas.Considering the great interest in the production of materials from renewable sources and biocompatible ,and that combining the properties of two or more components in a single material, the aim was to contribute to studies on the incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) (Fe3O4) in films produced from sisal pulp or acetates from this pulp. To obtain composite films with good magnetic properties, as well as mechanical properties similar or better than those of the pure films was also intended. The sisal pulp was chosen due to the fact that the plant is widely produced, not to mention its rapid growth and fibers with a high cellulose concentration. Magnetite was chosen due to its low toxicity when compared with metallic NPs and its potential application in several areas, including the medical area. The magnetite was obtained by thermal decomposition (polyol method) and characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by SQUID magnetometry (superconducting quantum interference device).The results showed that the prepared NPs correspond to a system of spherical and monodisperse particles with a mean diameter of 5.1 ± 0.5nm and superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. The films were prepared by dissolving cellulosic pulp (2 g) in dimethylacetamide/lithiumchloride (DMAc/LiCl) to 160°C, with or without NPs (0.5, 1.4 and 3.0 g g L-1) and characterized by electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDX), XRD, tensile properties and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Results of atomic absorption (Li) and elemental analysis (N) showed that LiCl and DMAc were practically eliminated from the films. Increasing the concentration of magnetite NPs in the composite films made them less rigid, with higher tensile strength and elongation when compared to the cellulose film. The saturation magnetization of the composite films (23, 31, and 37 emu g-1) was positively correlated with the concentration of NPs. The lack of hysteresis and coercivity indicated that the composite films are superparamagnetic at room temperature. Subsequently, cellulose was acetylated in DMAc/LiCl, at 110°C for 4h, and acetates with different degrees of substitution (DS) were obtained. Composite films from these acetates were obtained in DMAc/LiCl (conditions similar to those of the cellulose films) in the absence and presence of NPs (3.0 g L-1).The characterization of these films was performed by XRD, SEM, EDX, TG and DSC, tensile testing and VSM. SEM images showed that acetate films with different DS exhibited different morphologies and that the introduction of NPs in the matrices of different acetates had no effect on the morphology of the films. Films from acetates of DS greater than or equal to 2.0 showed microspheres on its surface. Acetate films more substituted were less resistant to traction than acetate films less substituted and the inclusion of NPs in these matrices led to less rigid films. Overall, composite films exhibited lower levels of crystallinity and thermal decomposition starting at lower temperatures (between 220-270°C) compared to the corresponding acetate film (control) (between 280-300°C), but without compromising the ability of application. The composite films based on cellulose acetate showed superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature with blocking temperature of 14 K and good saturation magnetization (27-46 emu.g-1). No correlation between DS and the magnetic properties of the films was observed, which showed some dependence on the presence or absence of microspheres. The association of the NPs in the polymeric matrices of both cellulose and cellulose acetate led to polymeric films with good magnetic and mechanical properties.
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Kimura, Hajime. "A novel cellulose acetate hollow fibre haemodialysis membrane : preparation and evaluation." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396694.
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McGath, Molly Kathleen. "Investigation of Deterioration Mechanisms of Cellulose Acetate Compounded with Triphenyl Phosphate." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265818.
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The mechanisms of the deterioration of cellulose acetate compounded with triphenyl phosphate were investigated. A key peak shift of 726cm⁻¹ to 718cm⁻¹ in the Raman spectrum of triphenyl phosphate (726cm-1 uncompounded) when compounded in cellulose acetate (718cm⁻¹) was tied to the action of C-O bonds in triphenyl phosphate. The molecular bonds responsible for the 726cm⁻¹ peak were identified by collecting and examining spectra of chemicals with functional groups similar to triphenyl phosphate. Initially it was hypothesized that triphenyl phosphate acts as nucleophilic catalyst of deacetylation. This mechanism was evaluated by dissolving triphenyl phosphate in solvents that served as functional group analogues of cellulose acetate. These liquid-solution systems have a faster rate of reaction and complete mixing with triphenyl phosphate compared with what is seen in cellulose acetate solid-solution systems. The results of the cellulose acetate analogue experiments did not support the hypothesis of triphenyl phosphate acting as a nucleophilic catalyst of deacetylation. The results instead support a new theory of deterioration induced by the recrystallization of triphenyl phosphate. Additionally, the prevailing theory of triphenyl phosphate induced deterioration as proposed by Shinagawa et al. in 1992 was reviewed. The experiments conducted here do not support Shinagawa's theory.
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Romero, Rafaelle Bonzanini. "Nanocompositos de acetato de celulose/montmorillonita." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248734.
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Orientador: Maria do Carmo GonçalvesTese (doutorado) - Universadade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: Nanocompósitos de biopolímeros com silicatos lamelares podem ser desenvolvidos para criar uma nova classe de materiais eco-friendly, podendo contribuir para aplicações inovadoras de polímeros. Esses materiais têm despertado grande interesse, devido principalmente à facilidade de obtenção, bem como às suas propriedades químicas, físicas e mecânicas. Neste trabalho foram preparados nanocompósitos de acetato de celulose pelos métodos de intercalação em solução e no estado fundido, onde os efeitos de diferentes solventes, de agentes modificadores da argila e de condições de processamento foram investigados nas suas propriedades estruturais, morfológicas, térmicas e mecânicas. No método de intercalação em solução, os resultados obtidos indicaram que a dispersão e delaminação da argila são alcançadas somente quando ocorreram interações favoráveis entre o solvente, a argila e o polímero. Neste caso, os nanocompósitos apresentaram melhores propriedades térmicas e dinâmico-mecânicas em relação ao acetato de celulose puro. No método de intercalação no estado fundido, os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a intercalação do acetato de celulose entre as lamelas da argila, promovida pela afinidade química favorável entre o polímero, o plastificante e a argila. Além disso, as estruturas intercaladas foram parcialmente delaminadas sob ação do cisalhamento imposto durante o processo de extrusão, resultando em nanocompósitos com partículas intercaladas e também esfoliadas. Devido a estas características, os nanocompósitos obtidos apresentaram propriedades mecânicas e de barreira superiores às apresentadas pelo acetato de celulose puro. Baseado nos dois métodos investigados neste trabalho, pode-se concluir que a escolha apropriada dos aditivos e das condições de preparação é extremamente importante para promover interações favoráveis entre as partículas de argila e o polímero, que por sua vez são necessárias para a desejada melhora nas propriedades finais desses materiais
Abstract: Nanocomposites of bio-based polymers with layered silicates can be used to create new eco-friendly materials, and can open ways towards the innovative applications of polymers. These materials are interesting, mainly due to their easy preparation, as well as their chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Cellulose acetate nanocomposites was prepared in this work by using solution and melt intercalation methods, where the effect of the different solvents, clay modified agents and processing conditions were investigated in terms of their structural, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties. The obtained results, in the solution intercalation method, showed that the dispersion and delamination of the clay were reached only when favorable interactions were promoted between the solvent, clay and polymer. In this case, the nanocomposites presented enhanced thermal and dynamic-mechanical properties in relation to the pure cellulose acetate. The results obtained in the melt intercalation method showed the intercalation of the cellulose acetate chains into the silicate platelets, which was promoted by the favorable chemical affinity between the polymer, plasticizer and clay. Apart from this, the intercalated structures were partially delaminated by the shearing imposed during the extrusion process, resulting in nanocomposites formed by intercalated as well as exfoliated clay particles. Due to these characteristics, the nanocomposites presented enhanced mechanical and barrier properties compared to pure cellulose acetate. Based on the two methods investigated in this work, it can be concluded that the appropriate choice of additives and preparation conditions of preparation is extremely important to promote favorable interactions between the clay particles and the polymer, that in turn are necessary for the desired enhancement in the final properties for these materials
Doutorado
Físico-Química
Doutor em Ciencias Quimicas
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Brandão, Larissa Reis 1978. "Preparação e caracterização de compósitos de acetato de celulose/polisiloxano e de nanocompósitos all cellulose." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248732.
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Orientador: Maria do Carmo GonçalvesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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Resumo: Neste trabalho foram preparados compósitos de acetato de celulose e polissiloxano, usando 3-isocianatopropiltrietoxissilano como agente de acoplamento em dois solventes distintos: tetrahidrofurano e N,N-dimetilformamida. A estrutura, os comportamentos térmico e dinâmico-mecânico, e a morfologia dos compósitos obtidos foram investigados. Inicialmente, o acetato de celulose foi modificado com o agente de acoplamento, por meio da reação entre os grupos hidroxila presentes na cadeia do acetato de celulose e os grupos isocianato presentes no agente de acoplamento. Os compósitos de acetato de celulose/polissiloxano foram então preparados usando duas etapas: (1) hidrólise seguida pela reação de condensação do acetato de celulose modificado na presença de água e (2) reação de condensação do acetato de celulose modificado na presença de polidimetilssiloxano com terminações silanol. Os compósitos, preparados em ambos solventes, apresentaram separação de fases que foi confirmada pela presença de micro e nanodomínios de siloxano dispersos na matriz de acetato de celulose, com boa adesão interfacial entre as fases. Os resultados demonstraram, para os compósitos preparados em tetrahidrofurano, que a incorporação da fase polissiloxano na matriz de acetato de celulose causou uma diminuição na temperatura de transição vítrea, módulo de armazenamento e dureza e um aumento do caráter hidrofóbico da superfície do acetato de celulose. Por outro lado, para os compósitos em N,N-dimetilformamida, a incorporação da fase polissiloxano causou um aumento na temperatura de transição vítrea, módulo de armazenamento e caráter hidrofóbico. Os compósitos apresentaram estabilidade térmica similar ao acetato de celulose puro, para os compósitos preparados em ambos os solventes. Foram preparados também nanocompósitos de acetato de celulose/nanocristais de celulose, pelo método casting, usando 3-isocianatopropiltrietoxissilano como agente de acoplamento. Os nanocristais de celulose foram obtidos a partir da hidrólise ácida com ácido clorídrico de fibras de algodão. Os nanocristais apresentaram formato de agulha. Os nanocompósitos preparados foram avaliados quanto às suas características estruturais, térmicas, dinâmico-mecânicas e morfológicas. Os nanocompósitos de acetato de celulose/nanocristais de celulose apresentaram uma diminuição na Tg e um aumento no módulo de armazenamento e no caráter hidrofóbico da superfície do acetato de celulose. Por outro lado, o nanocompósito de acetato de celulose modificado/nanocristais de celulose apresentou diminuição do caráter hidrofóbico quando comparado com o compósito acetato de celulose/polissilsesquioxano. Não foi observada variação na estabilidade térmica. Análises de microscopia eletrônica confirmaram a boa dispersão dos nanocristais de celulose na matriz de acetato de celulose, o que foi também confirmada pela transparência dos filmes obtidos. A metodologia proposta é, portanto, conveniente para a preparação de compósitos de acetato de celulose/polissiloxano, bem como nanocompósitos contendo nanocristais de celulose, o que permite obter materiais com propriedades úteis
Abstract: In this work, cellulose acetate and polisiloxane composites were prepared from 3-isocianatepropiltrietoxisilane as a coupling agent in two different solvents: tetrahidrofurane and N,N-dimethilformamide. The structure, thermal and dynamic-mechanical behavior, and morphology of the obtained composites were investigated. Initially, the cellulose acetate was modified with the coupling agent, by means of a reaction between the hydroxyl groups present in the cellulose acetate chain and the isocianate groups present in the coupling agent. The cellulose acetate/polisiloxane composites were prepared using two steps: (1) hydrolysis followed by condensation reaction of the cellulose acetate modified in the presence of water and (2) condensation reaction of the cellulose acetate modified in the presence of the polidimethilsiloxane with silanol endings. The composites prepared in both solvents presented phase separation which was confirmed by siloxane micro and nanodomains dispersed in the matrix of the cellulose acetate with good interfacial adhesion between the phases. The results demonstrated that for the composites prepared in THF, the incorporation of the polisiloxane phase in the cellulose acetate matrix caused a decreasing in the vitreous transition, storage and hardness moduli and an increasing of the hydrophobic character of the surface of the cellulose acetate. On the other hand, for the composites in DMF, the incorporation of the polisiloxane phase caused an increase in the vitreous transition, storage modulus and hydrophobic character. The composites presented thermal stability similar to the pure cellulose acetate for the composites prepared in both solvents. Nanocomposites of cellulose acetate/cellulose nanocrystals were also prepared of by the casting method using 3-isocianatepropiltrietoxisilane as a coupling agent. The cellulose nanocrystals were obtained from an acidic hydrolysis of cotton fibers. The nanocomposites prepared were investigated according to their structural, thermal, dynamic-mechanical and morphological characteristics. The nanocomposites of cellulose acetate/cellulose nanocrystals presented a decrease in the Tg and an increase in the storage modulus in relation to the CA matrix, but it was not observed a variation in the thermal stability. Microscopic analysis confirmed the good dispersion of the cellulose nanocrystals in the cellulose acetate matrix, which it was also confirmed by the transparency of the obtained films. Therefore, the proposed methodology is convenient for the preparation of the cellulose acetates/polisiloxane as well as nanocomposites containing cellulose nanocrystals, which allows to obtain materials with useful properties
Doutorado
Físico-Química
Doutora em Ciências
22
Liu, Jiping. "Applications of cellulose acetate phthalate aqueous dispersion (Aquacoat CPD) for enteric coating." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3034932.
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Tan, Xinyi. "Adsorption of Blood Proteins onto Polysaccharide Surfaces." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78309.
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In this study, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) were combined to investigate the adsorption behavior of two platelet adhesion-related blood proteins, human serum albumin (HSA) and human serum fibrinogen (HSF), on two polysaccharide materials used for hemodialysis membrane applications: regenerated cellulose and cellulose acetate. The study aims to provide insight into the design of novel hemocompatible polysaccharide materials. Information such as real-time adsorption curves, adsorbed amounts, and water contents of the protein layers were obtained and analyzed. The results suggested 1) monolayer adsorption of HSA on both cellulose and cellulose acetate, possibly with different HSA conformations; 2) a multilayer of HSF or some degree of end-on adsorption on both surfaces. The study of HSA adsorption onto cellulose acetate surfaces with different degrees of substitution indicated that the change in content of acetyl groups may not be the main factor governing the adsorbed HSA amount but may affect the conformation of adsorbed HSA molecules.Master of Science
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Nista, Silvia Vaz Guerra 1973. "Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanofibras de acetato de celulose para liberação controlada de fármacos." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266779.
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Orientadores: Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei, Marcos Akira dÁvilaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: Este projeto foi desenvolvido em duas fases, usando a tecnologia de eletrofiação. A primeira fase foi dedicada a obtenção de membranas eletrofiadas com acetato de celulose, as quais formaram nanofibras que foram carregadas com Sulfato de gentamicina, na segunda fase, para estudos da liberação controlada deste fármaco. Na primeira fase as membranas de nanofibras de Acetato de Celulose, chamadas de nanomembranas, foram produzidas utilizando-se quatro misturas de solventes (Acido Acético/Água (75:25 m/m), Acetona/Água (85:15 m/m), Dimetilacetamida (DMAc)/Acetona (1:2 m/m), Dimetilacetamida/Acetona/Água (32/63/5 m/m)). Usando a ferramenta de planejamento de experimentos (DOE), foram definidos os melhores parâmetros para preparação das membranas nanoestruturadas, em cada sistema de solvente. Três variáveis, sendo a distância entre a agulha e o coletor, a concentração de acetato de celulose na solução e a tensão aplicada, em dois níveis (alto e baixo), foram estudadas em cada sistema. As respostas avaliadas para obtenção da melhor condição, em cada caso, foram o diâmetro médio da fibra obtida e aspecto da membrana formada. Foi realizado também, no sistema de solvente Acido Acético/Água (70:30 m/m), um comparativo entre fiação horizontal, utilizando-se uma taxa de alimentação controlada por uma bomba de infusão, e um sistema vertical onde o fluxo era governado pela gravidade e viscosidade da solução. Um estudo da influencia da taxa de alimentação no diâmetro e aspecto da membrana também foi realizado. Todas as soluções foram avaliadas quanto a sua viscosidade, tensão superficial e condutividade elétrica. Nas soluções de cada sistema de solvente, que apresentaram a melhor condição de processabilidade e melhor membrana, foi realizada uma avaliação do comportamento reológico com a construção de uma curva de Viscosidade versus Taxa de cisalhamento. As melhores membranas obtidas para cada sistema de solvente foram submetidas a um teste de Citotoxicidade para confirmar a biocompatibilidade e sua independência com os resíduos dos solventes utilizados. Na segunda fase utilizaram-se as melhores condições obtidas para cada sistema de solvente e incorporou-se o fármaco Sulfato de Gentamicina em duas concentrações 6 e 60% em massa com base no acetato de celulose. Observou-se a influencia da concentração do fármaco no processo de eletrofiação, no aspecto da membrana formada bem como no diâmetro da nanofibra obtida. A melhor membrana obtida nesta etapa foi produzida a partir do sistema de solventes DMAc/Acetona/Água. As condições de processo utilizadas foram 1 ml/h de vazão, 10 cm de distância entre agulha-coletor e 15 kV de tensão e concentração de acetato de celulose de 15%. Este sistema apresentou-se como um processo bastante viável, não havendo alteração na qualidade da membrana e no processo com a variação da concentração do fármaco. À membrana obtida nestas condições, foi adicionado 50% do fármaco e realizado um teste de liberação com o objetivo de verificar o perfil de liberação do mesmo. Foi realizado um comparativo entre o perfil de liberação desta membrana com o de outras membranas preparadas por casting e com recobrimento de HPMC, Eudragit® L100 e nanofibra eletrofiada de acetato de celulose. O melhor perfil obtido, onde ocorreu uma redução no efeito burst, foi com a membrana revestida com nanofibra, onde foi obtido um ganho de liberação de 9 horas em relação às demais. A melhor membrana obtida também foi submetida a uma análise microbiológica, onde se verificou que o fármaco não perdeu suas propriedades com o processo de eletrofiação
Abstract: This project was developed in two phases, using the technology of electrospinning. The first phase was devoted to obtaining electrospun membranes with cellulose acetate, which formed nanofibers that were loaded with Gentamicin sulphate, in the second phase, for the studies of this drug release. In the first step, these membranes were composed of electrospun nanofibers made of cellulose acetate, here called nanomembranes, using four solvents mixtures (acetic acid/water (75:25 w/w) acetone/water (85:15 w/w), dimethylacetamide(DMAC)/acetone (1:2 w/w), DMAc/acetone/water (32/63/5 w/w). Using the tool for design of experiment (DOE), the best parameters for preparation of nanostructured membranes in each solvent system were fixed. Three variables, such as the distance between the needle and the collector, the concentration of cellulose acetate in solution and the applied voltage, in two levels (high and low), were used in each system. The responses evaluated to obtain the best condition, in each case, were the average diameter of the fiber obtained and the aspect of the membrane formed. In the solvent system formed by acetic acid/water (70:30 w/w), a comparison was carried out between horizontal electrospinning, using an infusion pump to control the feed rate, and a vertical system, whose flow was governed by both gravity and viscosity of the solution. A study of the influence of feed rate on the diameter and aspect of the membranes was done. The viscosity, surface tension and electrical conductivity of all solutions were evaluated. For each system of solvent used, the best parameters of processing ant the best membrane aspect obtained were the chosen for the studies of the rheological behavior of the system by plotting a curve of Viscosity versus Shear rate. The best membranes obtained, for each mixture of solvent used, were submitted to a cytotoxicity test to confirm their biocompatibility and if the residues of any solvent could influence on this test. In the second step of the project, the best conditions obtained for each solvent system were used to electrospun the membranes loaded with gentamicin sulfate in two concentrations, i.e. 6 and 60 wt%, based on cellulose acetate. We observed the influence of the drug concentration in the electrospinning process, as well as the aspect of the membrane formed and the diameters of the nanofibers formed. The best membranes obtained in this step were produced using the solvent system DMAC/acetone/water. The process conditions used were 1 ml/h flow rate, 10 cm distance between needle-collector, 15 kV voltage and 15% cellulose acetate concentration in the solution. This system proved to be a quite feasible process, with no change in the membrane aspect or in the process, for several drug's concentration. To the membrane obtained in these conditions, 50% of the drug was added and the profile of its delivery was observed. A comparison of the releasing profile was also done among this membrane and other membranes prepared by casting and by coating with HPMC, Eudragit ® L100 and electrospun nanofibers of cellulose acetate. The best delivery profile obtained was the membrane coated with nanofiber of acetate solution in DMAC/acetone/water since there was a reduction in the burst effect and a gain in the releasing of 9 hours over the others. The best membrane obtained was also submitted to a microbiological analysis, in which it was verified that the drug did not lose its function during the electrospinning process
Mestrado
Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Dantas, Patrícia Allue. "Géis superabsorventes de propionato acetato de celulose e acetato de celulose: síntese, caracterização e liberação controlada de pesticida." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1166.
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Previous issue date: 2011-12-16Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Hydrogels derived from cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) and cellulose acetate (CA) were synthesized with the cross-linking agents PMDA (Pyromellitic Dianhydride) and BTDA (Dianhydride 3, 3 ', 4, 4' Benzophenone Tetracarboxylated) with 3:1 stoichiometry in relation to the mass of the crosslinker agent x mass of available hydroxyls in the polymer chain. The gels were obtained in the form of films and particles, the raw materials were characterized with Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Spectroscopy in Region of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and in relation to the degree of substitution (GS). The gels synthesized were characterized using FTIR techniques in order to show the esterification, TGA and DSC to perform comparative analysis and study of thermal properties between the CAP and CA reagents and gels, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used for observation of the gels synthesized and the geometry of the particles obtained, the porosity of observation and observation of surface changes, was performed to determine the crosslinking density of the second theory of Flory Rehner, study the density of the gels, and degree of swelling of the study best solvent for swelling of the gels. Gels derived from CAP were tested in the adsorption studies and controlled release of the herbicide paraquat. For the phenomenon of controlled release, we studied the phenomena of transport and release curves. The release profiles were studied by using the mathematical model published by Korsmeyer-Peppas and the mainly results has showed that model was appropriated for process data analysis of controlled release in long periods.
Hidrogéis derivados de Propionato Acetato de Celulose (CAP) e Acetato de Celulose (CA) foram sintetizados com os agentes reticuladores PMDA (Dianidrido Piromelítico) e BTDA (Dianidrido 3, 3´, 4, 4´ Benzofenona Tetracarboxílico), com estequiometrias 3:1 em relação à massa do agente reticulador x massa de hidroxilas disponíveis na cadeia polimérica, com obtenção de géis em formato de filmes e particulados; as matérias-primas foram caracterizadas com Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e em relação ao Grau de Substituição (GS). Os géis sintetizados foram caracterizados utilizando as técnicas de FTIR, para evidenciação da esterificação; TGA e DSC para realização de análise comparativa e estudo das propriedades térmicas entre os reagentes CAP e CA e os géis obtidos; e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), utilizada para observação dos géis sintetizados em relação à geometria das partículas obtidas, observação da porosidade e observação de alterações superficiais; foi realizada a determinação da densidade de ligações cruzadas segundo a Teoria de Flory Rehner; estudo da densidade dos géis, que variaram de 0,4 a 1,51 g/cm3; grau de inchamento que obteve variações entre os diferentes géis de 6,53 à 11,8; e o estudo do melhor solvente para intumescimento dos géis. Nos géis derivados de CAP, foram realizados ensaios de adsorção e liberação controlada do herbicida Paraquat. Para o fenômeno de liberação controlada, foram estudados os fenômenos de transporte e as curvas de liberação; os perfis de liberação foram estudados pelo modelo matemático de Korsmeyer-Peppas; e apresentaram como o gel com maior porcentagem de adsorção e melhor potencial para liberação controlada por longos períodos o gel CAP 3B1.
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Gutiérrez, Miguel Chávez. "Biocompósitos de acetato de celulose e fibras curtas de Curauá." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248795.
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Orientadores: Maria Isabel Felisberti, Marco-Aurelio De PaoliTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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Resumo: Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos biocompósitos baseados em acetato de celulose e fibras curtas de Curauá. Os compósitos foram preparados por extrusão em escala laboratorial e piloto, sendo estudada a influência do processamento, teor de fibras, teor e tipo de plastificante e tratamento das fibras, sobre as propriedades mecânicas e térmicas. As fibras foram tratadas com solução alcalina ou submetidas à extração com acetona. O tratamento das fibras com solução alcalina resultou em mudanças na rugosidade e do diâmetro das fibras, além da remoção parcial de hemicelulose e lignina. Já as fibras extraídas com acetona apresentaram principalmente uma diminuição do diâmetro. Biocompósitos reforçados com fibras tratadas apresentaram maior modulo elástico e maior condutividade térmica com relação aos compósitos reforçados com fibras não tratadas, sendo este efeito atribuído a uma melhor adesão interfacial. Dentre os plastificantes utilizados, o ftalato de dioctila (DOP) ou citrato de trietila (TEC), o DOP mostrou-se mais eficiente, causando uma diminuição mais acentuada da temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) e do módulo elástico, resultando em materiais com maior resistência ao impacto em relação as formulações plastificadas com TEC. Os biocompósitos preparados em escala piloto apresentaram maior ganho do módulo elástico com relação à matriz plastificada e maior resistência ao impacto, que aqueles que foram preparados em escala laboratorial, associado principalmente a fibrilação e a diminuição da razão de aspecto das fibrilas. Devido a este fato, o modelo modificado da regra das misturas (ROM) mostrou-se mais adequado para prever o comportamento do módulo elástico dos biocompósitos preparados em escala piloto. A análise termogravimétrica mostrou que a presença das fibras não modifica o comportamento termo-oxidativo do acetato de celulose plastificado. Por último, biocompósitos de acetato de celulose plastificados com DOP apresentaram maior coeficiente de expansão térmica com relação às formulações com TEC, a temperaturas abaixo e acima da Tg. Acima da Tg, biocompósitos reforçados com fibras tratadas apresentaram maiores coeficientes de expansão térmica, devido a capacidade das fibras tratadas em sorver água
Abstract: In this work, biocomposites based on cellulose acetate and short Curaua fibers were prepared by extrusion in pilot and laboratory scale. The influence of processing method, content of fiber, content and type of plasticizer and treatment of the fibers were studied. The fibers were treated with alkali or extracted with acetone. Mercerization may result in partial hemicellulose and lignin extraction and decrease of the roughness and diameter of the fibers. Fiber s extracted with acetone had lower diameter. Biocomposites with treated fibers show higher Young modulus and lower thermal conductivity than composites with pristine fibers, due to better interfacial adhesion. Cellulose acetate was plasticized with dioctyl phthalate (DOP) or triethyl citrate (TEC). DOP is a better plasticizer for cellulose acetate, exhibiting lower glass transition (Tg), lower Young modulus and higher impact strength than formulations with TEC. Biocomposites prepared in pilot scale showed higher Young modulus with respect to the matrix and lower impact strength than composites prepared in laboratory scale, due to fibrilation and decrease in the aspect ratio. From this, the model of the modified rule of mixtures (ROM) was more efficient to predict the results of the Young modulus for composites prepared in pilot scale. In the thermogravimetric analysis, the Curaua fibers do not change the thermo-oxidative behavior of plasticized cellulose acetate. Cellulose acetate biocomposites with DOP showed higher thermal expansion coefficient than formulations with TEC, below and above Tg. Above Tg, biocomposites with treated fibers showed higher thermal expansion coefficients than biocomposites with pristine fibers, due to the ability of treated fibers to absorb water
Doutorado
Físico-Química
Doutor em Ciências
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Abdellah, Ali Salah Fawzi. "The Properties of Novel Biodegradable Polymer Blends of Polycaprolactone, Starch and Cellulose Acetate Butyrate." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503258.
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Pully, Thomas C. "Investigation of biological phosphorous removal for the treatment of a cellulose acetate manufacturing wastewater." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43922.
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The use of a two Stage Biological Phosphorus Removal (BPR) system to treat a high strength, low pH industrial wastewater was evaluated. A laboratory scale BPR system was continuously operated and fed the industrial wastewater. Effective utilization or removal of carbonaceous material as measured by Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was attained, but BPR was not achieved. Other advantages of BPR and its anaerobic-aerobic sequencing were also monitored. While the loading on the aerobic zone was reduced 10 to 20% by the anaerobic zone, there was no noticeable improvement in secondary settling or effluent quality.
Efforts to supplement the industrial wastewater influent with phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and iron did not produce any significant improvements. Mixtures of the industrial wastewater, municipal wastewater, and supplements were also used as influent to the system. This indicated that the laboratory BPR system was capable of BPR when provided with an appropriate influent.
Information characterizing the influent and system operation were collected. Loading and operating parameters were computed with these data. When compared with phosphorus removal data, little was revealed and the results varied. The information did indicate that pH was an important factor in achieving BPR. The industrial wastewater pH of 4.4 to 4.8 resulted in a pH of 5.5 in the anaerobic zone, and this prevented the establishment of BPR.Master of Science
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Childress, Jason R. "Identification of micropterus salmoides floridanus populations in barrow pit ponds using cellulose acetate electrophoresis." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0004481.
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Perez, de Albeniz Naia Gandiaga. "Luminescent composites bsed on bacterial celullose and lanthanides." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12602.
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Mestrado em QuímicaThe development of innovative bio-based materials has gained considerable attention during the last decades because of the increasing society awareness regarding environmental issues and sustainable development. Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer and therefore represents one of the most relevant raw materials from renewable resources. For example, the combination of natural polymers, as cellulose, with inorganic compounds with specific properties is a quite interesting and versatile strategy for the design of novel functional materials. In this context, the aim of this work was to prepare and characterize novel luminescent organic-inorganic hybrid films obtained by combination of cellulose acetate (prepared by almost complete acetylation bacterial cellulose nanofibrils) and a lanthanide ß-diketone complex (Tb(acac)3). All the obtained films were very homogeneous and transparent and displayed improved thermal and mechanical properties, in comparison with the undoped cellulose acetate films. The photoluminescence analysis confirmed the high ability of lanthanides to provide luminescence properties to different materials. Finally, the addition of partially acetylated bacterial cellulose nanofibrils to the films improved the mechanical properties without affecting the transparency and luminescence in a great extent.
O desenvolvimento de materiais inovadores baseados em biomassa tem ganho uma atenção considerável durantes as últimas décadas devido à crescente consciencialização da sociedade em relação às questões ambientais e de desenvolvimento sustentável. A celulose é o polímero natural mais abundante e, por conseguinte, representa uma das matérias primas provenientes de fontes renováveis mais relevantes. Por exemplo, a combinação de polímeros naturais, como a celulose, com compostos inorgânicos com propriedades específicas é uma estratégia interessante e versátil para a criação de novos materiais funcionais. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi preparar e caracterizar novos filmes híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos luminescentes obtidos pela combinação de acetato de celulose (preparado por acetilação completa de nanofibrilas de celulose bacteriana) e um complexo ß-dicetona de lantanídeo (Tb(acac)3). Todos os filmes obtidos eram bastantes homogéneos e transparentes e demonstraram propriedades mecânicas e térmicas melhoradas, em comparação com os filmes de acetato de celulose não dopados. A análise de fotoluminescência confirmou a elevada capacidade dos lantanídeos para proporcionar propriedades de luminescência quando combinados com outros materiais. Finalmente, a adição de nanofibrilas de celulose bacteriana parcialmente acetiladas aos filmes melhorou as suas propriedades mecânicas sem afectar extensivamente a sua transparência e luminescência.
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Silva, Cristiane Aparecida da. "Hibridos de acetato de celulose e polissiloxanos : preparação, propriedades e morfologia." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248725.
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Orientador: Maria do Carmo GonçalvesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: O tema central deste trabalho foi a preparação, a caracterização morfológica e a avaliação das propriedades físicas de híbridos de acetato de celulose e polissiloxanos utilizando o processo sol-gel. Inicialmente, foram sintetizadas unidades funcionais a partir da reação dos monômeros orgânicos pentaeritritoltriacrilato (PETA) ou trisisocianurato (TI) com aminopropiltrietoxissilano (APTS). Estas unidades foram utilizadas como agentes modificadores das cadeias de acetato de celulose (AC). Os híbridos foram preparados através de reações de hidrólise e condensação das unidades funcionais na presença do acetato de celulose. A caracterização morfológica dos híbridos foi feita utilizando microscopias eletrônicas de varredura e de transmissão. As propriedades físicas foram avaliadas por termogravimetria, calorimetria diferencial de varredura e análise dinâmico-mecânica. Os principais resultados obtidos são os seguintes: (i) as análises dos espectros de infravermelho permitiram acompanhar as reações de formação das unidades funcionais APTS-PETA e APTS-TI; (ii) os filmes híbridos apresentaram estabilidade térmica comparável ao acetato de celulose, segundo análises efetuadas por termogravimetria; (iii) a análise por espectroscopia de energia dispersiva acoplada à microscopia eletrônica de varredura confirmou a distribuição uniforme de silício em todos os filmes híbridos obtidos; (iv) a morfologia desses híbridos foi caracterizada por nanodomínios formados pela condensação das unidades funcionais, ricos em siloxano, dispersos na matriz de acetato de celulose; (v) a distribuição desses nanodomínios ricos em polissiloxanos na matriz de AC explica a complexidade do comportamento dinâmico-mecânico desses híbridos e (vi) o efeito da reticulação das cadeias de AC promoveu a estabilização no módulo de armazenamento com o aumento de temperatura. Concluindo, a modificação do acetato de celulose com polissiloxanos, a partir da técnica sol-gel, permitiu obter materias híbridos com características interessantes que permitem estender o uso deste polímero em aplicações que requerem menor caráter hidrofílico.
Abstract: The main purpose of this work was to prepare, to morphologically characterize and to evaluate the physical properties of cellulose acetate and polysiloxane hybrids, by using the sol-gel process. Initially, functional units were obtained from the reaction between pentaerytritoltriacrylate (PETA) or tris-isocianurate (TI) and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS). These units were used as an inorganic network precursor for the modification of the cellulose acetate (CA) chains. The CA-modified hybrids were prepared via both hydrolysis and condensation reactions of the functional units in the presence of cellulose acetate. The morphology of the hybrids was investigated by transmission and scanning electron microscopies. The physical properties were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The main results were as follows: (i) infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the reaction formation of the APTS-PETA or APTS-TI functional units; (ii) the hybrid films showed thermal stability similar to pure CA; (iii) energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis in the scanning electron microscope confirmed the uniform dispersion of Si in the hybrid films; (iv) the morphology of theses hybrids was characterized by inorganic nanodomains dispersed in the CA matrix; (v) the polydispersion of these inorganic nanodomains explained the complex dynamic mechanical behavior of these hybrids and (vi) the crosslinking effect of the CA chains promoted storage module stabilization with the temperature increase. The modification of the cellulose acetate with polysiloxanes, via sol-gel process, resulted in hybrid materials with interesting characteristics that suggested the use of this polymer in applications that require lower hydrophilic properties.
Mestrado
Físico-Química
Mestre em Química
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Mahieux, Patrick. "Les comprimés osmotiques : étude des films isolés à base d'acétate de cellulose." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P161.
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Hsieh, Chia-wen Carmen. "Effect of molecular structure on the viscoelastic properties of cellulose acetate in a ternary system." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30515.
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A series of ternary systems composed of cellulose acetate (CA), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), and water were prepared by varying the mixing temperature, order of component addition, and polymer substitution pattern with increasing water content. The viscoelastic properties of the resulting ternary systems were measured using steady state and dynamic rheology. The CA/DMA/H₂O mixture formed physical gels at 17.5 and 19 wt% nonsolvent concentrations after heating to 50 and 70/90°C respectively. Gel formation was characterized by the loss of a Newtonian plateau in the steady state as well as the transition of the elastic (G') modulus becoming greater than the viscous (G") modulus in the dynamic state.
The molecular structure of the polymer influenced the viscoelastic properties of the resulting gel. Commercially available CA was found to be partially acetylated at the C2, C3, and C6 positions and contained a total degree of substitution (DS) of 2.47. As CA cluster size in solution decreases with increasing temperature, viscosity measurements showed higher viscosity for samples heated at 50°C, where the loss of the linear stress-strain relationship occurred at 17.5 wt% water. In the dynamic state, higher heating temperature produced higher elastic moduli with a longer linear viscoelastic region (LVR), indicative of a stable system. Changing the sequence of polymer addition by adding CA to a DMA/H₂O solution resulted in lower overall viscoelastic moduli as compared to adding water to a CA/DMA solution.
CA that was regioselectively synthesized to a DS of 2.4 showed different viscoelastic behaviour than the commercial CA. This polymer was completely acetylated at C2 and C3 and partially acetylated at position 6. The system underwent phase separation induced gelation at much lower nonsolvent content. Stress sweep experiments confirmed a shorter LVR and higher G' than commercial CA. Increasing the DS of the regioselective polymer to 2.8 led to a longer LVR and higher G' than all other polymers at the same nonsolvent content. The enhanced steady shear viscosity and dynamic viscoelastic properties were a result of the intensification of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between the polymer, solvent, and nonsolvent.
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Ballany, Jane M. "An investigation of the factors affecting the degradation of cellulose acetate artefacts in museum collections." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27542.
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Plastics have had an increasing influence on human activity since the early years of the 20th century and as such are becoming an increasingly important part of museum collections. These plastics are already exhibiting signs of degradation, which raises the question of how they should be stored and treated. However, little is known about the specific degradation processes which occur. Further research is required because the lack of information is hindering the correct approach to plastic conservation. Current interest concerns the degradation of cellulose acetate artefacts; the work carried out and reported here examines this problem by studying artefacts of various ages and degrees of degradation using accelerated ageing and comparing these results to those for naturally aged samples. Initial work has been carried out to investigate the plastic each artefact is made from and also its chemical composition. Various analytical techniques have been used to investigate the additives, impurities and degradation products that may be present. The results from these techniques and further work are discussed. Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy has been found to be an excellent technique for the identification of the base polymer in a plastic artefact, as minute samples are used. It has also been used to monitor changes in the base polymer of the plastic artefacts. Ion chromatography has been used to study levels of water-extractable acetate and oxalate as well as other significant anions. The presence of oxalate in degraded samples indicates chain scission occurring and high levels of acetate indicate deacetylation is occurring. Non-destructive and destructive sampling for ion chromatography have been used to explore if this is a viable screening process to identify artefacts in the early stages of degradation. Chain scission has been investigated further using gel permeation chromatography. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy results indicate that trace levels of Se may be important in preventing the initiation of degradation, as so far it has only been detected in undegraded artefacts. Results indicate that deacetylation is the predominant process; while chain scission is secondary or a possible surface reaction. Another factor is plasticiser loss.
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Hassan, Hassan Abdellatif Faten. "Grafted cellulose acetate derivatives for the purification of biofuels by a sustainable membrane separation process." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0015/document.
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Lors de la production industrielle du biocarburant éthyl tert-butyl éther (ETBE), cet éther forme un azéotrope contenant 20 % d'éthanol. Comparé à la distillation ternaire utilisée pour la purification de l'ETBE, le procédé membranaire de pervaporation pourrait offrir une alternative intéressante et d'importantes économies d'énergie. Des membranes cellulosiques ont principalement été décrites pour cette application. En particulier, la sélectivité de l'acétate de cellulose (CA) était extrêmement élevée mais son flux trop faible. Dans cette thèse, différentes stratégies de greffage ont été explorées pour améliorer ses propriétés membranaires. La première a mis en œuvre la chimie "click" pour le greffage d'oligomères polylactide, conduisant à des membranes bio-sourcés originales pour cette application. Le greffage de liquides ioniques (LIs) a ensuite été étudié, initialement par chimie "click" (échec dû à des réactions secondaires) puis par une autre stratégie en 2 étapes impliquant une simple substitution nucléophile. Une seconde série de matériaux cellulosiques a été obtenue avec des LIs contenant un même anion bromure et différents cations (imidazolium, pyridinium ou ammonium) de polarité croissante. Une troisième série de nouveaux matériaux membranaires a ensuite été développée en échangeant l'anion bromure par différents anions Tf2N-, BF4-, and AcO-. Les propriétés membranaires de tous les matériaux greffés ont finalement été évaluées sur la base du modèle de sorption-diffusion, révélant que la sorption et la pervaporation étaient conjointement améliorées par les différentes stratégies de greffage développéesDuring the industrial production of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) biofuel, this ether forms an azeotropic mixture containing 20 wt% of ethanol. Compared to the ternary distillation currently used for ETBE purification, the pervaporation membrane process could offer an interesting alternative and important energy savings. Cellulosic membranes have been mainly reported for this application. In particular, the selectivity of cellulose acetate (CA) was outstanding but its flux was too low. In this work, different grafting strategies were developed for improving the CA membrane properties for ETBE purification. The first strategy used "click" chemistry to graft CA with polylactide oligomers leading to original bio-based membranes for the targeted application. The grafting of ionic liquids onto CA was then investigated first by "click" chemistry (unsuccessful due to side reactions) and then by another two-step strategy implying simple nucleophilic substitution. A second series of cellulosic materials was obtained by grafting different ionic liquids containing the same bromide anion and different cations (imidazolium, pyridinium or ammonium) with increasing polar feature. A third series of new membrane materials was finally developed by exchanging the bromide anion with different anions Tf2N-, BF4-, and AcO-. The membrane properties of all grafted CA membranes were finally assessed on the basis of the sorption-diffusion model, which revealed that both sorption and pervaporation properties were improved by the different grafting strategies
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Shah, Anal Shirish. "The effect of fixed film pretreatment on activated sludge stability during the treatment of cellulose acetate wastewater." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05092009-040748/.
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Leite, Liliane Samara Ferreira 1988. "Preparação e caracterização de compósitos de acetato de celulose e nanocristais de celulose." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248727.
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Orientador: Maria do Carmo GonçalvesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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Resumo: Nesse trabalho, nanocristais de celulose (CNC) foram obtidos por hidrólise de fibras de algodão, utilizando-se três diferentes ácidos: ácido sulfúrico, clorídrico e fosfórico. Micrografias obtidas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e transmissão (TEM) confirmaram que as condições de hidrólise empregadas foram adequadas para isolar seus nanocristais. No entanto, foi também possível observar a presença de uma pequena fração de fibras não totalmente hidrolisadas em todas as amostras analisadas. Imagens de microscopia óptica por luz polarizada (PLM) revelaram que o processo de secagem por liofilização dos CNC conduz à formação de aglomerados com dimensões micrométricas. Modificações químicas nas superfícies dos CNC, empregando-se ácido acético e cloreto de hexanoíla, foram conduzidas com o objetivo de diminuir o seu caráter hidrofílico. As modificações foram confirmadas por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e por imagens de PLM das suspensões dos CNC. Compósitos de acetato de celulose (CA), reforçados com CNC, foram preparados por extrusão, utilizando-se dois procedimentos para a incorporação da carga na matriz: mistura direta e masterbatch, sendo esse último conduzido na tentativa de evitar a etapa de liofilização, onde ocorre a formação de aglomerados de nanocristais. Ensaios mecânicos mostraram que não houve aumento significativo nas propriedades mecânicas para os compósitos preparados por mistura direta. Entretanto, compósitos preparados por masterbatch apresentaram aumento no módulo de Young em torno de 5% e 14%, para composições contendo 10 e 15 % nanocristais em massa, respectivamente. Esses resultados evidenciam a importância das condições de hidrólise para obtenção das nanopartículas, como também da escolha do método de preparação do compósito de forma a promover a menor formação de aglomerados e melhor dispersão da carga na matriz
Abstract: In this work, cotton fiber cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were obtained by acid hydrolysis using three different acids: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron micrographs confirmed that the acid hydrolysis conditions used were efficient to isolate their nanocrystals. However, in all samples analyzed, it was possible to observe the presence of some partially hydrolyzed fibers. Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) showed that the freeze-drying process led to the formation of small CNC agglomerates with micron dimensions. CNC surface functionalization was carried out with the purpose of reducing the hydrophilic character, by using acetic acid and hexanoyl chloride. Chemical modifications at the surface were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and the hydrophilic character decrease was confirmed by PLM images of the functionalized CNC. Cellulose acetate composites, reinforced with CNC, were obtained by melt extrusion using two techniques for the introduction of reinforcing agent: direct mixing and masterbatch. The latter were carried out prevent CNC agglomeration formation due to the freeze-drying process. Mechanical tests showed that there was no significant increase in of the composites prepared by direct mixing mechanical properties. However, composites prepared from masterbatch showed a 5% and 14% increase in Young's modulus for 10 and 15 wt% CNC content, respectively. These results show the importance of the hydrolysis conditions on the nanoparticle synthesis, as well as the choice of an appropriate reinforcing agent load method so as to avoid agglomeration and increase load dispersion in the matrix
Mestrado
Mestra em Química
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Malheiro, João Paulo Tavares. "Síntese, caracterização e aplicação do acetato de celulose a partir da palma forrageira (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller) para liberação modificada de fármacos." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2378.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The application of polymers in modified release of drugs is already a reality in the pharmaceutical field. The polymers obtained from plants, especially cellulosic derivatives, are among the most used in the production of new release systems groups and the origin of the raw material, a critical factor in the quality and the final properties of polymer and systems. This work aimed to produce and characterize cellulose acetate extracted from cactus pear and apply it to modified release of drugs. The botanical collection and identification of Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller was held at National Institute for the Semiarid. The plant was dried, pulverized and subjected to successive chemical treatments for obtain/pulp and purification production of acetylated derivative. The extraction yield of cellulose by the method adopted was 8,41%. The polymer and the acetylated derivative were characterized by Spectroscopies of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Forrier Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy with energy dispersive (SEM-XRD), and analytical techniques, analyses which confirmed their identities and quality. The microparticles were produced by emulsification / solvent evaporation, presenting itself as spherical structures, in micrometer range (2-7μm), with roughness on the surface and the presence of small pores. The method of quantification by spectrophotometry of sodium diclofenac (drug model) has been validated, being considered: linear, selective, exact and precise, according to requirement of RE. 899/2003. obtained approximately 57% of sodium diclofenac encapsulated in the system, with release maintained constant the concentration percentage average of 57-62% in the range of 8-64hs. it is therefore concluded that the cellulose acetate obtained from forage palm presented excellent technological properties for application in the production of micro-particles with good results on the drug release kinetics model and favourable prospects for future applications of other drugs in this system, adding even greater value to cactus pear culture.
A aplicação de polímeros na liberação modificada de fármacos já é uma realidade no campo farmacêutico. Os polímeros obtidos a partir de plantas, com destaque para os derivados celulósicos, estão entre os grupos mais utilizados na produção dos novos sistemas de liberação, sendo a origem da matéria prima, um fator crítico na qualidade e nas propriedades finais do polímero e do sistema. Este trabalho teve como objetivo produzir e caracterizar acetato de celulose a partir da celulose extraída da palma forrageira, e aplicá-lo para liberação modificada de fármacos . A coleta e identificação botânica da Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller foi realizada no INSA. A planta foi seca, pulverizada e submetida a tratamentos químicos sucessivos para obtenção/ purificação da celulose e produção do derivado acetilado. O rendimento da extração da celulose pelo método adotado foi de 8,41%. O polímero e o derivado acetilado foram caracterizados por Espectroscopias de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) e de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourrier (FTIR), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com sonda de Energia Dispersiva de Rios-X (MEV-EDS), Difração de Raios-X (DRX) e técnicas analíticas, análises que confirmaram suas identidades e qualidade. As micropartículas foram produzidas por emulsificação/evaporação de solvente, apresentando-se como estruturas esféricas, em escala micrométrica (2-7μm), com rugosidades na superfície e presença de pequenos poros. O método de quantificação por espectrofotometria do diclofenaco de sódio (fármaco modelo) foi validado, sendo considerado: linear, seletivo, exato e preciso, segundo as exigências da RE. 899 / 2003. Obteve-se cerca de 57% de diclofenaco de sódio encapsulado no sistema, com liberação mantida relativamente constante na concentração percentual média de 57-62% no intervalo de 8-64hs. Conclui-se, portanto, que o acetato de celulose obtido da palma forrageira apresentou excelentes propriedades tecnológicas para aplicação na produção de micropartículas, com bons resultados na cinética de liberação do fármaco modelo e com perspectivas favoráveis à aplicações futuras de outros fármacos neste sistema, agregando ainda maior valor a cultura da palma forrageira.
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Ghosh, Indrajit. "Lyocell Fiber-Reinforced Cellulose Ester Composites-Manufacturing Considerations and Properties." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35023.
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Biodegradable thermoplastic composites were prepared using high modulus lyocell fibers and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB). Two reinforcement fiber types: fabric and continuous fiber tow were used. Fabric had advantages of uniform alignment and easier processing, but lacked the use as a unidirectional reinforcement and a continuous method of matrix application. Three different matrix application methods were screened for both fiber types. Matrix application by suspension of particles in water was not feasible because of particle sizes > 15 µ m. The other disadvantages were high moisture absorption during matrix application and void formation during consolidation. Melt processing technique using alternating sandwich structure of fabrics and CAB films produced composites with impressive appearance, low void contents and low moisture absorption. However, SEM results revealed interfacial failure and extensive fiber pull out. Relatively larger fiber and matrix regions were present on the scale of 10-3m. Solution prepregging technique using methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) as a solvent for CAB and continuous fibers as reinforcement produced composites with uniform matrix distribution, high tensile strengths and high modulus, and even wetting of fibers by CAB. A maximum tensile modulus of 21.5 GPa and a maximum strength of 251.7 MPa were achieved for a continuous fiber reinforced composites at a volume fraction of 66.5% compared to 0.8 GPa and 76 MPa for the matrix, respectively. Void contents and water absorption were relatively high compared to comparable carbon fiber composites.Master of Science
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Korehei, Reza. "Effect of non-solvent on viscoelastic and microstructural properties of cellulose acetate in a ternary system." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32881.
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In this study, the effects of component composition on rheological and microstructural
behaviour of a ternary of cellulose acetate (CA), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and non-solvent (1-Propanol, 2-Propanol, 1-Hexanol, 1-Octanol, 1-Decanol, 1,2-Ethanediol, 1,2-Propanediol, 1,3-Propanediol, 1,4-Butanediol, 1,6-Hexanediol, Glycerol) system was examined. In this ternary system, physical gel formation can arise as a result of phase separation, which is characterized by the observation of a gradual to extreme cloudiness in the system. Depending on the non-solvent concentration, structure and polymer
concentration, phase separation leads to CA aggregation and the formation of large
macromolecular assemblies. Sol-gel transition is observed at a critical non-solvent concentration, which is dependent on the non-solvent structure and CA concentration. Increasing CA and non-solvent concentration resulted in enhanced steady shear viscosity and dynamic viscoelastic properties. Enhanced dynamic viscoelastic property and gelation are due to the intensification of intermolecular hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Increasing the available hydrogen-bonding groups within the non-solvent leads to the formation of gels with larger elastic and viscous modulus (G' and G"), and a lower concentration sol-gel transition. Likewise, increasing the hydrophobic component of the non-solvent also enhanced the gel properties and accelerated the sol-gel transition. Although hydrophobic interactions play a role in the gelation process, it appears that gel properties are greatly influenced by competitive hydrogen bonding
between system components. Competitive hydrogen bonding interactions between components in the various stages of the phase separation and gel formation was used to explain the weak and strong polymer-network structures observed by rheology.
Through the use of Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy the effect of hydrogen
bonding between CA, DMAc and non-solvent were probed. Shifting the hydroxyl (OH) band to a lower wavenumber in the FTIR spectra suggests the intensification of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the ternary system. This shift accounts for the phase separation, and development of microstructure in the sample.
Increasing the non-solvent content shifts the yield strain of the gels to a lower strain value,
suggesting that they are made of floes. These floes consist of aggregated macromolecules with strong-links, and the links between floes are stronger than the links within the floes. The power-law dependence of elastic modulus (G1), together with similar values of fractal dimension for gels observed through confocal microscopy, suggests that the gels are fractal in nature and that they are made through an aggregation mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) revealed differences in the gel microstructure, depending on the constituent composition. Microscopic images showed better uniform packing in the polymer network structure as the CA concentration increases. The LSCM images (fluorescence and reflective mode) confirm the rheological results, and show different texture and aggregated structure for the gel as the structure of non-solvents are varied in the ternary system.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Wee, Wu-Khin. "An experimental and numerical study on the rheology and processing behaviour of concentrated cellulose acetate solutions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624309.
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Lange, Hanna. "Emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate with renewable raw materials as protective colloids." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-41019.
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Emulsion polymerizations of vinyl acetate (VAc) were performed by fully or partially replacing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with renewable materials as protective colloids or by adding renewable materials, as additives or fillers, to the emulsions during or after polymerization. The purpose of the study was to increase the amount of renewable materials in the emulsion. A total of 19 emulsions were synthesized. Different recipes were used for the synthesis. The following renewable materials were studied; hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) with different molecular weights, starch and proteins. HEC and starch were used as protective colloids. Proteins were used as additives or fillers. Cross-linking agent A and Cross-linking agent B were used as cross-linking agents. A total of 26 formulations were pressed, either cold or hot. The synthesized emulsions were evaluated with respect to pH, solids content, viscosity, minimum film formation temperature (MFFT), glass transition temperature (Tg), particle size and molecular weight (Mw). The tensile shear strengths of the emulsions were evaluated according to EN 204 and WATT 91. It was possible to fully, or partially, replace PVA as protective colloid with renewable materials. It was also possible to use renewable materials as additives or fillers in the emulsions. The emulsions obtained properties that differed from the reference. Generally, emulsions with HEC as protective colloid showed lower viscosity and slightly higher MFFT, Tg and molecular weight than emulsions with PVA as protective colloid. Larger particle sizes than the reference were obtained for emulsions containing PVA combined with renewable materials. The emulsion with starch as protective colloid exhibited the largest particle size. 10 formulations passed the criteria for D2. The emulsions where PVA was fully or partially replaced with HEC or starch showed a water resistance similar to the reference (around D2). The addition of protein did not decrease the water and heat resistance compared to the reference. Addition of protein after polymerization increased the water resistance (D2) compared to addition during polymerization. Addition of cross-linking agents did not increase the water resistance further. Two formulations passed the criteria for D3. The emulsion in the first formulation had PVA as protective colloid and protein B was added during polymerization. The emulsion in the second formulation had HEC as protective colloid. To both of these emulsions, protein A was added after polymerization, as a filler, combined with Cross-linking agent B as cross-linking agent before hot pressing. The first formulation also showed a good heat resistance (passed the criteria for WATT 91).
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César, Natália Reigota. "Nanocompósito de acetato de celulose reforçado com whiskers extraídos da macrófita Typha domingensis." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1176.
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-19Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Composite is a material composed mainly of two phases, the matrix which is continuous and surrounds the other phase, which is called the dispersed phase or stage reinforcement. Nanocomposites are obtained by incorporating reinforcing agent in nanosize in matrices of various origins. The properties of these materials depend on the whiskers, the polymer matrix and the interaction at the interface. Interest in cellulose nanocrystals has grown due to exceptional mechanical characteristics of these materials, the environmental benefits and the low cost. The greatest difficulty in producing them is due to the lack of compatibility with polymer matrices, because the matrices typically exhibit hydrophobic character as opposed to the hydrophilic character of the whiskers, with low interaction in the region of the interface material properties are negatively affected . Among the existing polymer matrix is cellulose acetate polymer which is a cellulose derivative. For the use of whiskers in a matrix of ethyl cellulose, a change in the nanocrystal surface of cellulose using Dianidrido benzofenona tetracarboxílico ou 3,3 ,4,4 (BTDA) was performed. The main objective of this work was to prepare and characterize nanocomposites consisting of cellulose acetate reinforced with whiskers (with and without chemical modification of the surface). It was possible to characterize chemical, thermal and morphologically fibers (young and senescent) of crude and bleached macrophyte Typha domingensis, like whiskers that were extracted from the central parts (young and senescent) of this macrophyte, and it was also possible to characterize acetate films cellulose (mother) and nanocomposites reinforced with whiskers (with and without surface modification). Of all the films prepared, this project allowed select the best property that had mechanics that the nanocomposite was 1.1% - whiskers (senescent) with surface modification and ultrasound, its tensile strength showed an improvement of 66.26% compared to cellulose acetate film.
Compósito é um material constituído basicamente por duas fases; a matriz a que é contínua e envolve a outra fase, que é denominada fase dispersa ou fase reforço. Nanocompósitos são obtidos pela incorporação de agente de reforço de tamanho nanométrico em matrizes de diversas origens. As propriedades destes materiais dependem dos whiskers, da matriz polimérica e da interação na interface. O interesse por nanocristais de celulose tem crescido devido às características mecânicas excepcionais destes materiais, dos benefícios ambientais e do baixo custo. A maior dificuldade em produzi-los é decorrente da falta de compatibilidade com as matrizes poliméricas; pois as matrizes, geralmente, apresentam caráter hidrofóbico em oposição ao caráter hidrofílico dos whiskers; com a baixa interação na região da interface as propriedades do material são afetadas negativamente. Dentre as matrizes poliméricas existentes encontra-se o acetato de celulose que é um polímero derivado da celulose. Para a utilização dos whiskers em matriz de acetato de celulose, uma mudança superficial nos nanocristais de celulose utilizando Dianidrido benzofenona tetracarboxílico ou 3,3 ,4,4 (BTDA) foi realizada.O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi preparar e caracterizar nanocompósitos constituídos de acetato de celulose reforçados com whiskers (com e sem modificação química de superfície). Foi possível caracterizar química, térmica e morfologicamente as fibras (jovem e senescente) brutas e branqueadas da macrófita Typha domingensis, assim como os whiskers que foram extraídos das partes centrais (jovem e senescente) desta macrófita, e também foi possível caracterizar os filmes de acetato de celulose (matriz) e os nanocompósitos reforçados com os whiskers (com e sem modificação química de superfície). Dentre todos os filmes preparados, este projeto permitiu selecionar o que apresentou melhor propriedade mecância que foi o nanocompósito 1,1% - whiskers (senescente) com modificação superficial e ultrasom, sua resistência a tração apresentou uma melhoria de 66,26% se comparado ao filme de acetato de celulose.
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Silveira, João Vinícios Wirbitzki da 1984. "Produção e caracterização de fibras eletrofiadas de acetato de celulose com propriedades funcionais obtidas pela incorporação de lignina e óleo essencial de citronela." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266057.
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Orientador: Edison BittencourtTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: A técnica de eletrofiação tem sido foco de muitas pesquisas na última década. O uso do acetato de celulose na produção de fibras nas escalas micro e nanométrica provou ser adequado, uma vez que é possível produzir fibras continuamente com diâmetros extremamente pequenos. Neste trabalho, as fibras de acetato de celulose foram produzidas pela técnica de eletrofiação com distribuição de tamanho de diâmetros inferiores a 1 ?m. Foram empregados dois diferentes sistemas de solventes baseados em uma mistura de acetona/água e acetona/N,N-dimetil-acetamida. Para criar diferentes funcionalidades para essas fibras, compostos naturais - lignina organosolv (Alcell) e óleo essencial de citronela - foram incorporados ao acetato de celulose. Para a caracterização das soluções foram empregadas medições de viscosidade, condutividade elétrica e tensão superficial. As fibras foram visualizadas com o auxílio das microscopias eletrônicas de varredura (MEV) e de transmissão (MET). Os ensaios físicos e mecânicos avaliados se concentram na medição do ângulo de contato com a água (WCA) e o uso de ensaio de tração mecânica. As análises térmicas dos materiais foram realizadas empregando-se calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC) e análise termogravimétrica (TG). As matérias-primas foram analisadas com intuito de justificar os comportamentos observados nas fibras. A estrutura química da lignina foi estudada: distribuição de massa molar, quantidade de grupos fenólicos e o teor de umidade. O óleo essencial de citronela foi identificado pela de cromatografia gasosa (CG). O primeiro esforço foi a produção de fibras baseadas em acetato de celulose e lignina. A inserção de lignina no acetato de celulose atuou como uma gente plastificante, devido às elevadas compatibilidades química e estrutural. O uso de lignina organosolv aumentou a hidrofobicidade das fibras, mantendo-se as propriedades mecânicas similares às das fibras de acetato de celulose puras. Além disso, a presença de grupos fenólicos na superfície da fibra pode aumentar a compatibilidade entre as fibras e uma matriz polimérica hidrofóbica, como a resina fenol-formaldeído. As fibras também foram submetidas a um processo de regeneração para a remoção dos grupos acetil da estrutura de celulose. A metodologia mais adequada foi a reação com a fase vapor do hidróxido de amônio. Isso promoveu a produção de uma estrutura baseada em celulose e lignina. Um segundo estudo analisou a incorporação do óleo essencial de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus) nas fibras de acetato de celulose. O processo de obtenção das fibras foi estudado e as fibras foram analisadas de acordo com a presença de óleo nas estruturas e as alterações físicas causadas pela presença de óleo no sistema hidrofóbico-hidrofóbico. Este produto pode ser empregado em embalagens ativas, repelentes de insetos e aplicações médicas (scaffolds, curativos, etc.) ou combinado com diferentes compostos ou outro óleo essencial
Abstract: The electrospinning technique has been focus of many researches in the last decade. The use of cellulose acetate in the production of fibers at micro and nanoscales proved to be adequate, once it is possible to produce continuously fibers with extremely small diameters. Cellulose acetate fibers were produced by electrospinning technique with diameter size distribution below 1 ?m. There were employed two different solvent systems based on a mixture of acetone/water and acetone/N,N-dimethylacetamide. In order to create different functionalities to those fibers, natural compounds - lignin and citronella essential oil - were incorporated to the polymer. The solutions were characterized to measure the properties of viscosity, electrical conductivity, and surface tension. The fibers were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Physical and mechanical analysis were led to measure the water contact angle (WCA) and the mechanical tensile strength test. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) were also employed. The raw materials were also submitted to analysis in order to help to understand the behavior of the fibers. Chemical structure of the lignin was studied: molar mass distribution, phenolic groups composition, and humidity. Gas chromatography (GC) was utilized to identify citronella essential oil composition. The first effort was the production of a bi-component fiber based on cellulose acetate and lignin. The insertion of lignin into the cellulose acetate acted as a plasticizer agent, due to their high chemical and structural compatibilities. The use of organosolv lignin, a residue from a biorefinery facility, increased the hydrophobicity of the fibers and maintained the similar mechanical properties compared to the pure cellulose acetate nanofibers. Also, the presence of phenolic groups on the fiber surface can increase the compatibility between fibers and an hydrophobic polymeric matrix such as phenol-formaldehyde resin. The fibers were submitted to a regeneration process to remove the acetyl groups from the cellulose structure. The adequate methodology was the ammonium hydroxide vapor phase reaction. It allowed the production of a structure based on cellulose and lignin. The second study analyzed the incorporation of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus) into the cellulose acetate electrospun fibers. The process to obtain the fibers was studied and the fibers were analyzed according to the presence of oil in the structures and the physical changes promoted by the presence of the oil in the hydrophobic-hydrophobic system. This product can be employed in active packaging, insect repellency and medical applications (scaffolds, bandages, etc.) by itself or on combination with different compounds or other essential oil
Doutorado
Engenharia Química
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Barros, Alana Rafaela Albuquerque. "Micropartículas de acetato de celulose sintetizado a partir da palma forrageira (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller) para a obtenção de Sistema de Liberação Controlada do Captopril." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/jspui/handle/tede/3130.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The use of new carrier systems of drugs is already a reality in the pharmaceutical field. The use of polymeric microparticles shows an interesting option for the development of a controlled release formulation. The polymers used in the production of these systems can be extracted from naturally occurring materials such as plants or synthesized chemically. The cellulose acetate is one of cellulose derivatives with greater commercial importance, mainly due to the following properties: be neutral polymer, having the ability to form transparent films, low cost and is nontoxic. Among the plants that can be used to obtain polymers is the cactus pear Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller cellulose to present its constitution, may be a promising source for obtaining this polymer. This study aimed to obtain and characterize the cellulose acetate from cellulose extracted from this plant and use it in the production of microparticle system for incorporation and control the release of captopril. For the characterization of cellulose acetate microparticles were used techniques such as Infrared Spectroscopy Fourier Transform (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The microparticles were produced by spray drying in a spray-dryer. The botanical collection and identification of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller was held at the National Institute of semiarid (INSA). The plant was dried, pulverized and subjected to successive chemical treatments for obtaining / producing pulp and purification of the acetylated derivative. The yield of extraction of cellulose by the method adopted was 8.41%, the analyzes of the microparticles confirmed their identity and quality presenting as spherical structures, predominantly tri (triacetate), with amorphous profile and little cohesive with intermediate resistance fluidity. It was concluded therefore that the obtained cellulose acetate of the cactus pear had good technological properties for application in the production of microparticles of captopril.
O uso de novos sistemas carreadores de fármacos já é uma realidade no campo farmacêutico. A utilização de micropartículas poliméricas se mostra uma interessante opção para o desenvolvimento de uma formulação de liberação controlada. Os polímeros utilizados na produção desses sistemas podem ser extraídos de materiais de origem natural, como os vegetais, ou sintetizados quimicamente. O acetato de celulose é um dos derivados da celulose com maior importância comercial, principalmente devido às seguintes propriedades: ser polímero neutro, ter a capacidade de formação de filmes transparentes, baixo custo e é atóxico. Entre as plantas que podem ser utilizadas para a obtenção de polímeros está à palma forrageira Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller que por apresentar celulose em sua constituição, pode ser uma fonte promissora para obtenção deste polímero. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo obter e caracterizar o acetato de celulose a partir da celulose extraída desta planta e utilizá-lo na produção de sistema microparticulado para incorporação e controle da liberação do captopril. Para a caracterização das micropartículas de acetato de celulose foram utilizadas técnicas como Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourrier (FTIR), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Difração de Raios-X (DRX). As micropartículas foram produzidas por meio da secagem por atomização em spray-dryer. A coleta e identificação botânica da Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller foi realizada no Instituto Nacional do semiárido (INSA). A planta foi seca, pulverizada e submetida a tratamentos químicos sucessivos para obtenção/purificação da celulose e produção do derivado acetilado. O rendimento da extração da celulose pelo método adotado foi de 8,41%, as análises realizadas das micropartículas confirmaram sua identidade e qualidade apresentando-se como estruturas esféricas, predominantemente trissubstituído (triacetato), com perfil amorfo, e pouco coesivas com resistência intermediária à fluidez. Concluiu-se, portanto, que o acetato de celulose obtido da palma forrageira apresentou boas propriedades tecnológicas para aplicação na produção de micropartículas do captopril.
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Rosa, Wesley de Oliveira. "Síntese e caracterização de géis para cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho via reticulação de Acetato de Celulose com 4,4' - Difenilmetano Diisocianato (MDI)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8327.
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The need to obtain biomaterials in order to reduce environmental impacts has been the focus of research groups in recent years, and cellulose, a dominant component at most forms of plants is a promising resource because of its abundance. In order to improve the ability processing, the chemical modification of cellulose has been widely studied. Among the most important reactions of cellulose are: etherification, esterification, acetylation and oxidation; being cellulose acetate, viscose, nitrocellulose and cellulose ethers, the main cellulose derivatives. The chemical modification with isocyanates presents some unique properties, such as absence of by-products and chemical stability of the urethane group. In this work we were synthesized gels obtained by modified cellulose acetate (CA) with a degree of substitution (DS) 2,5 by crosslinking, with 4,4' - Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) in stoichiometry of 1:1, in homogeneous by varying the humidity and the homogenization time. For characterization were used the following techniques and tests: vibrational infrared absorption spectroscopy (Fourier Transform Spectrometer - FTIR), size exclusion Chromatography (SEC), molecular absorption spectrophotometry UV-VIS, density determining of the gels by pycnometry, determination of the coefficient swelling, determination of cross-links by Flory-Rehner theory, thermogravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Crosslink density results showed that the gel synthesized in the absence of moisture suffered greater crosslinking with an average number of repeat units between the crosslinking points of about 1000 times lower. The potential applications of these gels were tested, by using than as stationary phase in size exclusion chromatography, having been assessed its efficiency in the fractionation and separation of natural and synthetic polymers. Results showed the effectiveness of the gel as stationary phase on separation of polymers, opening up a range of opportunities, taking into consideration the simplicity of the process and lower costs attributed to it.
A necessidade de se obter biomateriais na tentativa de reduzir impactos ambientais tem sido o foco de grupos de pesquisa nos últimos anos e, a celulose, um componente dominante na maioria das formas de plantas, é um recurso promissor devido à sua abundância. A fim de melhorar a capacidade de processamento, a modificação química da celulose tem sido amplamente estudada. Dentre as reações mais importantes da celulose estão: eterificação, esterificação, acetilação e oxidação; sendo o acetato de celulose, viscose, nitrocelulose e éteres de celulose, os principais derivados da celulose. A modificação química com isocianatos apresenta algumas propriedades únicas, como ausência de produtos secundários e estabilidade química do grupo uretano. Nesse trabalho foram sintetizados géis obtidos por meio da modificação de Acetato de Celulose (AC) com grau de substituição (GS) 2,5 através da reticulação com 4,4' - Difenilmetano Diisocianato (MDI), na estequiometria 1:1, em meio homogêneo, variando a umidade e o tempo de homogenização. Para caracterização foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas e ensaios: espectroscopia vibracional de absorção no infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho (SEC), espectrofotometria de absorção molecular UV-VIS, determinação de densidade dos géis por picnometria, determinação do coeficiente de intumescimento, determinação de ligações cruzadas pela teoria de Flory-Rehner, termogravimetria (TG) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Resultados da densidade de ligações cruzadas mostraram que o gel sintetizado na ausência de umidade sofreu uma maior reticulação, com um número médio de unidades de repetição entre os pontos de reticulação cerca de 1000 vezes menor. As aplicações potenciais desses géis foram testadas como fase estacionária em cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho, tendo sido avaliada sua eficiência no fracionamento e separação de polímeros naturais e sintéticos. Resultados mostraram a eficácia do gel como fase estacionária na separação de polímeros, abrindo uma gama de oportunidades, levando-se em consideração a simplicidade do processo e os baixos custos a ele atribuídos.
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Martet, Isabelle. "Influence de l'incorporation de polyoxyéthylène-glycols dans des membranes d'acétate de cellulose sur la cinétique de dissolution de l'indométacine et de l'aminophylline." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P164.
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Sadagopan, Rishi S. "Effect of copper and nickel on the performance of an activated sludge system treating cellulose acetate wastewater." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09292009-020122/.
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Lee, Ren Jie. "Development of Blend Cellulose Acetate Butyrate/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Mixed Matrix Membrane for CO2/N2 Separation." Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/78126.
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Existing membrane technology has been applied extensively to address CO2 emission. The study revealed that blend MMM demonstrated a CO2/N2 separation increment of 29.76%. In summary, this study outlined a detailed direction for the development of blend MMM technology in gas separation process application. The blend MMM highlighted in this study is expected to benefit researchers in terms of fabricating a cost effective and high energy savvy membrane with improved gas separation properties.
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Scholant, Camila Monteiro. "Efeito inibidor do tungstato de sódio e da amoxicilina em solução e em filmes de acetato de celulose na corrosão da liga de aço-carbono AISI 1020 em NaCl 0,05 mol/L." Universidade Federal do Pampa, 2014. http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br:8080/xmlui/handle/riu/768.
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Efeito inibidor do tungstato de sódio e da amoxicilina em solução e em filmes de acetato de celulose na corrosão da liga de aço-carbono AISI 1020 em NaCl 0,05 molL.pdf: 3082976 bytes, checksum: 0cd5a0b855088834038b5aff2432de07 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Cátia Araújo (catia.araujo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-01-25T12:44:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Efeito inibidor do tungstato de sódio e da amoxicilina em solução e em filmes de acetato de celulose na corrosão da liga de aço-carbono AISI 1020 em NaCl 0,05 molL.pdf: 3082976 bytes, checksum: 0cd5a0b855088834038b5aff2432de07 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-25T12:44:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Efeito inibidor do tungstato de sódio e da amoxicilina em solução e em filmes de acetato de celulose na corrosão da liga de aço-carbono AISI 1020 em NaCl 0,05 molL.pdf: 3082976 bytes, checksum: 0cd5a0b855088834038b5aff2432de07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21
Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o tungstato de sódio (Na2WO4) e a amoxicilina como inibidores de corrosão para a liga de aço-carbono AISI 1020 adicionados a um meio contendo 0,05 mol/L de Cloreto de Sódio (NaCl). Além disso, avaliar o efeito desses inibidores quando inseridos em um filme de acetato de celulose. O estudo compreendeu a exposição do metal no meio proposto, na ausência e presença de 0,005, 0,01 e 0,07 mol/L de Na2WO4, e/ou 1000, 2000 e 3000 ppm de amoxicilina inseridos ou não em filmes de 5% e 10% de acetato de celulose. Foram empregadas técnicas eletroquímicas de monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto (PCA), espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) e polarização anódica. Todos os experimentos foram realizados à temperatura ambiente e em meio aerado. Quanto aos objetivos propostos pode-se concluir que: 1) As medidas de PCA para as diferentes concentrações de Na2WO4, apresentaram deslocamento dos potenciais (E) para valores mais positivos durante os 7 dias de imersão no NaCl, principalmente para 0,07 mo/L de Na2WO4, com E = - 0,407 V no 7º dia, indicando um comportamento inibidor. Para as diferentes concentrações de amoxicilina os valores de potencial não apresentaram variação tão significativa, em 1000 ppm de amoxicilina o E = - 0,560 V no 7º dia. Quando inserida a amoxicilina ao WO4-2, as concentrações melhores foram para 1000, 2000 e 3000 ppm de amoxicilina inserida em 0,07 mol/L Na2WO4, obtendo-se ao 7º dia de imersão valores respectivamente de E = - 0,380 V, E = -0,400 V e E = -,0370 V. Já para os revestimentos a base de acetato de celulose, não apresentaram valores de potencial significativos, ficando entorno de E = -0,645 V ao 7º dia. Quando inserido 2000 ppm amoxicilina e 0,07 mol/L de Na2WO4 ao filme 5 %, continuou estável ao deslocamento do potencial, 2) Por EIE demostrou-se que para 0,07 mol/L de Na2WO4 os valores de resistência aumentaram significativamente do que os demais inibidores, 3) E as curvas de polarização anódica, mostraram que para 0,07 mol/L de Na2WO4 o potencial de rompimento de filme (ERP) possuiu valores mais positivo, ERP = +0,07 V quando comparados com os demais inibidores.
This study aimed to evaluate the sodium tungstate (Na2WO4) and amoxicillin as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel alloy AISI 1020 added to a medium containing 0.05 mol/L sodium chloride (NaCl). Moreover, to evaluate the effect of these inhibitors when inserted in a film of cellulose acetate. The study consisted of exposing the metal in the proposed environment, in the absence and presence of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.07 mol/L of Na2WO4 and/or 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm of amoxicillin or not inserted into films 5 % and 10 % cellulose acetate. Electrochemical techniques for monitoring the open circuit potential (PCO), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and anodic polarization were employed. All experiments were performed at room temperature and aerated environment. As for the proposed objectives can be concluded that: 1) PCO measures for the different concentrations of Na2WO4 showed displacement of the potential (E) towards more positive values during the 7 days of immersion in NaCl mainly to 0.07 mol/L Na2WO4 with E = - 0.407 V on day 7, indicating an inhibitory behavior. For different concentrations of amoxicillin potential values showed no significant variation as in 1000 ppm of amoxicillin E = - 0.560 V on the 7th day. When inserted amoxicillin to WO4-2 concentrations were the best for 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm of amoxicillin inserted in 0.07 mol/L Na2WO4 obtaining the 7th day of immersion values respectively E = - 0.380 V, E = -0.400 V and E = - 0370 V. As for the coatings based on cellulose acetate showed no significant potential values, getting around E = -0.645 V to day 7. When inserted amoxicillin 2000 ppm and 0.07 mol/L of Na2WO4 the film 5 % remained stable potential shift, 2) It is demonstrated that EIS to 0.07 mol/L of Na2WO4 resistance values increased significantly than other inhibitors, 3) and the anodic polarization curves showed that for 0.07 mol/L of the Na2WO4 potential breakup film (ERP) possessed more positive values, ERP = +0.07 V when compared with the other inhibitors.