Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cellules – Vieillissement – Génétique'
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Martien, Sébastien. "Rôle du stress oxydant dans la sénescence et l'initiation cancéreuse des cellules épithéliales." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10096/document.
Full textAfter a finite number of divisions, primary cells enter senescence, a state characterized by morphological and biochemical modifications, and by cell cycle arrest. Two mains events promote the establishment of senescence: telomere shortening and cumulative oxidative stress. Senescence is generally considered as a barrier against tumorigenesis. We show in this work that senescence could also contribute to the cancerous initiation. Indeed, in culture of senescent keratinocytes we observe the systematic emergence of transformed and tumorigenic cells. These cells arise from a fraction of the senescent cell population, by a mechanism of atypical mitosis. Keratinocyte senescence is accompanied by an accumulation of mutagenic oxidative damages (single-strand breaks, oxidized guanines, and cross-linkings). ln addition, telomeres are weakly eroded and cell cycle arrest pathways induced by double-strand breaks are not activated. ln comparison, in fibroblasts, which never emerge, we observe less oxidative damages in nucleus, very short telomeres, and the activation of cel! cycle arrest pathways. Hence, emergence would result from mutagenic oxidative stress and would require enough long telomeres. ln conclusion, we highlight in this work a new potential mechanism of epithelial cel! carcinogenesis, wherein senescence would constitute the initial step and oxidative stress would act as an endogenous carcinogen
Renault, Valérie. "Modifications de la capacité régénérative du muscle squelettique humain au cours du vieillissement in vivo et in vitro : effets de l'exercice et du stress oxydatif." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077152.
Full textRey-Millet, Martin. "Les télomères, des éléments de régulation de la transcription dans les cellules sénescentes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ6022.
Full textTelomeres, the nucleoprotein structures located at the end of eukaryotic DNA, protect chromosomal integrity. These structures undergo changes during development and aging, including length shortening and alterations in the levels of the proteins associated to them called sheltering, all this affecting genome stability as the cells age. However, telomeres also behave as transcriptional regulators acting not only on genes present at subtelomeres but also on more distantly located genes presented throughout the genome. This process is referred as Telomere Position Effect (TPE) and was initially discovered in budding yeast, but also seen in drosophila, fission yeast, plasmodium and more recently in humans. In all these organisms, genes located in the subtelomeres are repressed by an epigenetic mechanism that is dependent on telomere DNA length, telomere nucleoprotein composition and higher order chromatin organization adopted by telomeres and subtelomeres. The TPE mechanism can be described as the spreading of a heterochromatin-like structure toward the centromere most likely accompanied by the formation of large chromatin loops to further extend the transcriptional regulation emanating from a telomere to genes internally located.In this context, the goal of my thesis is to decipher whether telomeres are involved in the transcriptional remodelling occurring in human cellular senescence. For that, we performed RNA-sequencing in young versus replicative senescent lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells. Interestingly, we found an enrichment of upregulated genes in the subtelomeric regions of senescent cells suggesting a TPE alleviation. This alleviation is not homogeneous in the genome, as only some subtelomeres were enriched in upregulated genes at senescence.Finally, we tested the hypothesis that shelterin proteins may also be part of the TPE regulation. For that, we re-stored the levels of the shelterin protein TRF2 (Telomeric Repeat Binding Factor 2) whose expression is decreased as the cells approach senescence. We found that TRF2 is indeed modulating the expression of subtelomeric genes in senescent cells, and this is in part mediated by a long-range chromatin reorganization of subtelomeres as observed by conformation changes in 3D chromatin conformation by FISH.Overall, this work reveals the contribution of telomeres in the transcriptional program of senescent cells and set the basis for the relevance of TPE in the senescence/aging process
Gatinois, Vincent. "Pathologies des hélicases et vieillissement précoce : modèle d'étude par dérivation de cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT042/document.
Full textHelicases process the double-stranded DNA dissociation. They are involved in replication, DNA repair and maintenance of telomeres. In human, 3 helicases display mutations responsible for clinical syndromes: WRN for the Werner syndrome, BLM for the Bloom syndrome and RECQL4 for the Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. All these diseases cause premature ageing and high risk of cancer. Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in these diseases are not well defined. Particularly, little is known concerning the link between genomic instability and ageing. During this project, we used blood samples and skin biopsies of affected patients to generate models by reprogramming cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These cells have the advantage of self-renewing and theoretically could be differentiated in all cell types. At the same time, an iPSC senescence control was performed from cells of a Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome patient. iPSCs were characterized for pluripotency. In the aim of recapitulate these pathologies in vitro, we identified sets of cellular and molecular phenotypes. We also engaged differentiation of iPSCs in cell pathways closed to the affected tissues in vivo. Finally, we studied the genomic stability of iPSCs and derived cells. We observed that Bloom cells are susceptible to frequent recombinations and are characterized by a genome instability through all studied cell types. Werner cells showed an instability of telomeres length. Finally, all premature ageing diseases displayed mitochondrial defects
Augert, Arnaud. "An unanticipated role for the Phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R1) as a novel cellular senescence regulator and tumour suppressor gene." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10191/document.
Full textActivated in early stages of tumorigenesis, senescence, by blocking proliferation, inhibits tumour growth. Therefore, just like other fails safe mechanisms such as apoptosis, its escape is a property that cancer cell acquire. Although senescence plays a crucial role in tumour suppression and blockade, there is still much to learn about the mechanisms regulating this phenomenon. Using a shRNA library targeting 8000 human genes, we performed a loss of function genetic screen in order to identify genes that when down-regulated, would allow a senescence escape. Using this strategy, we were able to identify PLA2R1 as a novel regulator of cellular senescence by modulating the activation of the p53 tumour suppressor gene. In a second work, we demonstrated that PLA2R1 is a candidate tumour suppressor gene. In the future, PLA2R1 might be used as a biomarker. Finally, we have demonstrated that PLA2R1 could have therapeutic potential as it induces apoptosis in a myriad of cancer cell lines. Altogether, the work performed during my thesis as enabled us to identify PLA2R1 as a novel cellular senescence regulator and a putative new tumour suppressor gene with therapeutic potential
Lisi, Sabrina. "Morphogenèse molaire dans la mâchoire inférieure chez la souris normale et porteuse de la mutation Tabby." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR14036.
Full textThe first lower molar is used as a model to investigate the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, which control the morphogenesis and cytodifferentiations. In some pathological instances, these interactions are altered, leading to anomalies in odontogenesis. The Tabby mutation in the mouse is homologous to this leading to the X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in man. In the mouse as in man, the mutation leads to defects in the tooth number, size and shape. We have investigated the consequences of the Tabby mutation on the molar dentition in the mandible. This mutation alters the crown morphology and we have shown the existence of several morphotypes both postnatally and prenatally. Depending on the number and shape of the molars present in each lower quadrant, we have distinguished two basic morphotypes. The morphotype I is caracterized by the presence of three molars instead of two molars in the morphotype II. These morphotypes have been characterized in the embryo after 3D reconstructions of the enamel organs and dental papillae. They were identified from ED15. 5 and seem to result from an altered mesio-distal segmentation of the dental epithelium. The cusp pattern is different in Tabby vs control mice. The primary enamel knot (EK), a transitory epithelial structure expressing signaling molecules, plays a role in the control of crown morphogenesis. Non-dividing or slow-cycling inner dental epithelial cells of the EK might play a role of organizers of morphogenetic units (OMU): the cusps. The distribution pattern of these cells was investigated after in vivo incorporation of BrdU in control and Tabby embryos. In both cases there was a segregation of BrdU-negative areas from the primary EK. Since the cusp pattern is altered in Tabby, there should be a modification in the pattern of segregation. Our preliminary observations did not bring a clear evidence for that in the morphotype Ib. This study will have to be extended to the other morphotypes. Nevertheless, the comparison of the pattern of segregation of the OMU with that of cusp formation and that of odontoblast differentiation supported the hypothesis of an altered mesio-distal segmentation of the dental epithelium in Tabby
Jacome, Burbano Maria Sol. "Intégrité télomérique dans des cellules musculaires striées squelettiques post-mitotiques : homéostasie tissulaire et rôle de FOXO3a dans la protection télomérique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2021COAZ6024.
Full textAmong the processes leading to aging, telomere shortening is the only one normally programmed during development in many vertebrates. This is due to the replication problem observed at each round of replication. Telomeres are composed of DNA repeats (T2AG3), a specific protein complex (shelterin), a non-coding RNA (TERRA) and a set of factors having functions in DNA repair and of replication. In humans, the shelterin complex is composed of six proteins including TRF2 (telomere repeat-binding factor 2) which allows the formation of a DNA loop (t-loop), hiding the ends of the DNA from unwanted activation of the DNA damage response (DDR). Since differentiated post-mitotic cells do not divide, the role of telomeres in these cells has long been overlooked. So during my thesis, I was interested in the role of telomeres in differentiated skeletal muscle cells.In the first part of my PhD project, I contributed to a work showing that the expression of TRF2 decreased in human skeletal muscle cells, this decrease starting in young adults. Subsequently, I studied the consequences of inhibiting the expression of the gene encoding TRF2 (TERF2) in differentiated skeletal muscle cells. Contrary to what one might have expected, inhibition of TRF2 does not expose telomeres to a deprotection toward DDR. This is observed in cultured human muscle cells (myotube) and in muscle cells from a mouse model where the TERF2 gene is specifically invalidated in differentiated skeletal muscle cells. Notwithstanding, these TRF2-deprived muscle cells develop a mitochondrial dysfunction phenotype with an increase in oxidative context, which is explained, at least in part, by a role of TRF2 in the expression of the mitochondrial sirtuin SIRT3.In the second part of my PhD work, I studied the mechanisms of telomere protection in myotubes deprived of TRF2. I was able to demonstrate a non-canonical role of the longevity factor FOXO3a in the protection of muscle cell telomeres lacking in TRF2.Finally, in the third part of my PhD work, I characterized the mouse model of inhibition of Terf2 specifically in mature muscle fiber. This inhibition causes, in females, a delay in the aging of skeletal muscle cells associated with a slight increase in muscle strength and a lengthening of their longevity.In summary, my results revealed in differentiated skeletal muscle cells a telomere protection mechanism involving a non-canonical role of FOXO3a, a connection between the shelterin factor TRF2 and the functioning of the mitochondria as well as a paradoxical function of TRF2 in muscle aging and mouse longevity. I discuss these findings by putting them in the context of a development-aging continuum
Klein, Annabelle. "Characterization of developmental senescence using a new reporter mouse model to identify genes common across senescence states." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ032.
Full textCellular senescence is a cellular state characterized by stable cell cycle arrest, numerous intracellular changes and a secretory phenotype. This process can be detrimental in many contexts, but can also be beneficial, for example during embryonic development. To date, there are no specific markers of cellular senescence. In this thesis project, I validated a new mouse model of senescence p21-mCherry-CreERT2, in vitro and in vivo. I then used this mouse to define the transcriptome of embryonic limb developmental senescence. This developmental senescence signature was then used to perform a meta-analysis with 18 other senescence studies, and identified numerous candidate genes that could be novel markers or mediators of senescence
Jullien, Laurent. "Rôle de la protéine télomérique TRF1 sur la stabilité chromosomique et la longévité des cellules normales humaines." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20216.
Full textTRF1 is a telomere-binding protein which is essential for both telomere stability and telomere length regulation. TRF1 depletion in the context of p53 deficiency promotes tumor development in the mouse, and TRF1 expression is altered in some human cancers. We report here that inhibition of TRF1 in human primary fibroblast results in rapid induction of senescence, which is concomitant with telomeric accumulation of γ-H2AX and phosphorylation of the ATR downstream checkpoint kinase Chk1. Abrogation of p53 and pRb pathways bypasses senescence but leads to accelerated telomere shortening and early onset of chromosomal instability, including sister chromatid fusions and the occurrence of multi-telomeric signals (MTS) related to telomere fragility. MTS are also elevated in TRF1-overexpressing cells and are coincident with the presence of short telomeres. Elevated telomere fragility was associated with greater immortalization potential and resultant cells maintained their telomeres via telomerase reactivation. We propose that changes in TRF1 occupancy at telomeres lead to telomere-fragility driven chromosome instability, which facilitates the reactivation of telomerase and engenders cancer-relevant chromosomal aberrations. These events would occur at early stages of the tumor progression process in the context of an impaired p53 and pRb response
Richaud, Myriam. "Modèles intégrés de mécanistique et de résistance en oncopharmacologie-sénescence : Caenorhabditis elegans et Hypsibius dujardini." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONT3517/document.
Full textBiological models are necessary to understand how organisms works, how evolution of living run, to test new treatments or to perform toxicological assessments as well. Cellular culture is one of the methods employed because it is easy to use. However, working on isolated cells doesn’t always allow to challenge of the results with more complex conditions as found in full organisms. Biologist needs to develop new biological models for new assessments but the new model choice can be a problem. Murine model, frog, drosophila, yeast, zebrafish,… have each other some benefits and limits. Their choice is directly linked with their use and with the type of research we intend to make.The aim of our work was to develop biological models to oncopharmacology and aging studies.The nematode model with Caenorhabditis elegans was used in several projects. One study was made on gases. They were tested in terms of toxicity, mutagenicity and cancerogenicity. On the other hand, a new tool was developed for prospective studies on either toxicology or mechanistic with the mitochondrial respiration measure with the Seahorse XF24 Analyzer device.The second biological model studied is the tardigrade and more exactly Hypsibius dujardini. Tardigrades are extremely resistant organisms to harshest conditions. They can resist to desiccation. To gain insights on tardigrade resistance, we have choice to analyze the mitochondrial dynamics in the course of anhydrobiosis exit by using mitochondrial dyes and respiration measurements
Leston, Araujo Itaua. "Facteurs environnementaux et génétiques déterminant la fonction thymique chez l'adulte sain." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC092.
Full textThe thymus is a vital organ for homeostatic maintenance of the peripheral immune system. Age-associated thymic involution is associated with a reduction in tissue mass and thymic cellularity, loss of tissue structure and abnormal architecture leading to a decline in naïve T cell output. However, with the exception of age, the underlying parameters that govern thymic function in healthy humans remain to be defined. We characterized the variability of thymic function among 1000 age- and sex-stratified healthy adults of the Milieu Intérieur cohort, using quantification of TRECs in peripheral blood T cells as a surrogate marker of thymopoiesis. Age and sex were the only nonheritable factors identified that affect thymic function. TREC amounts decreased with age and were higher in women compared to men of all ages. In addition, a genome-wide association study revealed a common variant (rs2204985) within the T cell receptor TCRA-TCRD locus, between the DD2 and DD3 gene segments, which associated with TREC amounts. This association was validated in a replication cohort (MARTHA cohort). Strikingly, transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells with the rs2204985 GG genotype into immunodeficient mice led to thymopoiesis with higher TRECs, increased thymocyte counts, and a higher TCR repertoire diversity. Our population immunology approach revealed a genetic locus that influences thymopoiesis in healthy children and adults, with potentially broad implications in precision medicine, especially in aging and vaccines, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and autoimmunity. This study leads also to further study the precise mechanisms of TCRA-TCRD rearrangements at early steps of thymopoiesis
Gaudel, Fanny. "Caractérisation des chimiorécepteurs dans le cerveau." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0732.
Full textTaste molecules and odours bind to so-called gustatory and olfactory receptors present in the mouth and nose. They are therefore in contact with the surrounding world. However, they are also found in organs isolated from the outside, such as the pancreas or brain, where they are no longer involved in the detection of non-self. They regulate blood sugar levels or the activation of the immune system. In the brain, their roles remain mysterious. My work consisted in determining: 1) if, and where, taste and smell receptors are present in the human brain, 2) when, where and why smell receptors are present in the mouse brain, and 3) whether a disease like Alzheimer's can change their expression. My results show that they are present in the entire human brain and particularly in the "emotional brain". In addition, the brains of "Alzheimer" mice overexpress olfactory receptors, particularly in neurons. The brain is therefore able to taste and feel its inner world. It is conceivable that these receptors play a role in detecting the disease and, who knows, in combating its harmful effects
Cattan, Valérie. "Etude de la longueur des télomères, des effets artériels du sel et de l'aldostérone dans le vieillissement accéléré induit par le stress oxydant, le diabète et l'hypertension." Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN11314.
Full textPerrin, Sophie. "Vieillissement, infection par le VIH-1 & traitements antirétroviraux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5058.
Full textAntiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased life expectancy in HIV-infected patients. Moreover, some age-related disorders were found to be more frequent in HIV infected and treated patients than in an age-matched general population, suggesting a modified time course of aging in HIV infected patients. The ANRS EP45 « Aging » study (clinicalTrials.gov, NCT01038999) investigated in PBMC from HIV-1 infected patients under treatment or not the cellular mechanisms known to be involved in aging. The study was performed on a cohort of 130 patients HIV-1 infected age- and sex-matched with 49 seronegative control subjects. Patients never treated with ART (naïve) or under first line were recruited by 3 AIDS centres (Marseille, Montpellier, Nice). Results presented here describe explorations of mitochondria and nuclear lamin. No alteration of lamin A maturation was detected in PBMC from HIV-1 infected patients under treatment with protease inhibitor. However, these cells could not be the most appropriate models to investigate lamin A-related aging pathway. On another hand, mitochondrial modifications were observed in lymphocytes from HIV infected naive patients. These alterations were only partly rescued by ART whereas its induced slight changes in monocytes that appeared to be less sensitive to infection. While second generation of ART are less toxic than the first one, their secondary effects, due to long term exposure and/or generalised to different tissues, could lead to a modified time course of aging in HIV infected patients
Robinson, Lucas. "Deciphering Gene-regulatory Processes in Cellular Senescence : the role of PARP1 in the regulation of senescence - associated gene expression." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=4767&f=29840.
Full textCellular senescence is a complex stress response that arrests cell proliferation and is accompanied by widespread changes in metabolism, chromatin structure, and gene-expression, including the overexpression and secretion of inflammatory factors. Cellular senescence is health-promoting as a tumor-suppressive mechanism, facilitating embryonic development and tissue regeneration. However, it is also considered a major contributor to aging and age-related diseases, mostly through its inflammatory phenotype, the so-called SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype). Current research supports the role of PARP1 (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1) in the transcriptional regulation of inflammatory processes and modulation chromatin structure. However, the exact mechanisms by which PARP1 exerts its regulatory functions, and its roles in the context of regulating senescence gene-expression are underexplored. In my thesis, I set out to define the functional role of PARP1 catalytic and chromatin binding activities in gene regulation and chromatin structure in cells undergoing senescence. I performed time-resolved transcriptomics, chromatin-accessibility studies, and mapping of the genome-wide locations of PARP1 using ChIP-seq and ADP-ribosylated chromatin using a novel technique CRAP-seq (Chromatin-Ribosylation-Affinity-Pulldown). Together, I identified a dichotomy of PARP1 function – one related to its enzymatic ADP-ribosylation activity and the other related to its non-enzymatic chromatin binding activity – with distinct impacts on the senescence transcriptional program. Based on these findings, I can define a novel and global role for PARP1 in and chromatin structure modulation by stabilizing nucleosomes positioning at gene promoters and ADP-ribosylation of cis-regulatory modules to fine-tune transcription of lowly expressed genes. Indeed, based on my investigations, the role of PARP-inhibitors in senescence targeting therapies (senolytic therapies) for the treatment of age-related pathologies can be envisioned
Fayek, Racha. "Progéria de Hutchinson-Gilford : identification de biomarqueurs et exploration préclinique de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5017.
Full textHutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an extremely rare genetic disease characterized by premature, accelerated and segmental aging with an estimated incidence of 1 in 4 to 8 million of births. Children with HGPS present with major growth retardation, lipodystrophy, distal osteolysis and cardiovascular defects that cause their death at the mean age of 13 years. In 2003, our team discovered the causative mutation of HGPS in the LMNA gene. Despite being predicted as silent (c.1824 C>T; p.Gly608Gly), this de novo mutation activates a cryptic splicing site leading to the production of a truncated, aberrantly prenylated and toxic form of lamin A, called progerin. The main objectives of this thesis have been: 1) characterizing molecular and cellular biomarkers in HGPS or related syndromes patients' cell lines, together with the progeria mouse model LmnaG609G/G609G, 2) characterizing cognitive aspects as well as lamins' and progerin expression in the central nervous system in the same in vivo model and 3) the developement, in vitro and in vivo, of novel therapeutic approaches for progeria using either resveratrol, an antioxidant molecule, or micelle-coated antisense oligonucleotides with the intent of adapting an oral treatement for progeria children