Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cellules souche pluripotente induite IPSC'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 35 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Cellules souche pluripotente induite IPSC.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Jung, Laura. "Optimisation de protocoles de reprogrammation de cellules somatiques humaines en cellules souches à pluripotence induite (hiPSC)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ066.
Full textIn 2006 and 2007, Yamanaka and Thomson teams achieved the reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells through the transfection of two cocktails of genes: OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC (OSKM) and OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, LIN28 (ONSL). The generated cells, called induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) share the same fundamental properties of ESC : self-renewing, pluripotency maintenance and capacity of differentiation into the three germ layers and suggest the same application potential in basic research (developmental and epigenetic biology) as well as in therapy (regenerative medicine, disease modeling for drug development). One of the major advantages of iPSC lies in their non-embryonic origin. Indeed, the use of iPSC resolves the ethical constraints and offers the possibility to work with extensive cell types directly from the patient to treat. Stéphane Viville’s research team aims to develop a hiPSC bank from patient suffering from genetic or other diseases which will be available for the scientific community. We are experienced in human primary fibroblasts reprogramming especially with the use of two polycistronic cassettes: ONSL encoding Thomson’s cocktail and OSKM encoding Yamanaka’s cocktail separated with 2A peptides. Thanks to the combination of RV-ONSL and RV-OSKM retroviral vectors (developed with Vectalys) we are yielding more than 2% of reprogramming efficiency in a highly reproducible way. Indeed, we demonstrated the reprogramming synergy of ONSL and OSKM combination. We are now focusing our effort on non-integrative strategies (ie mRNA) which are more appropriate for clinical usage
Raguin, Jérémy. "Modélisation de la niche tumorale des gliomes dans des organoïdes cérébraux humains vascularisés et immunocompétents." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UNIP5148.
Full textDespite an aggressive multimodal treatment combining surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, glioblastoma (GBM) systematically recurs. Recurrence is due, at least, to the presence of glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) that are resistant to treatment and, in particular, to irradiation. In addition, GSC are located in a tumour microenvironment that favours their development. Specifically, GSC are associated with vessels, which regulate their proliferation and survival and encourage their invasion. Furthermore, tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) represent the most abundant population of non-tumour cells within GBM and their abundance correlates with GBM severity. These TAM originate from the recruitment of circulating monocytes and microglial cells (resident macrophages) which acquire immunosuppressive (pro-tumour) properties. The recent development of human cerebral organoids obtained from human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) makes it possible to model the physiology and pathophysiology of the brain, such as gliomas. These organoids are 3D avatars of the brain, derived from the differentiation of embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC). However, most organoid models lack the vascular and immune systems that play an essential role in the healthy brain and in pathophysiological mechanisms. The aim of my thesis was to develop a new model of complex cerebral organoids containing vascularisation and immune cells in order to model the tumour microenvironment of GBM. Several human IPSC lines were differentiated to obtain both cerebral organoids and hemangioblasts (bipotent hematopoietic/endothelial progenitors). The incorporation of hemangioblasts into the cerebral organoids was carried out early in their formation to mimic the colonisation of the brain, during cerebral development, by endothelial cells and primitive macrophages that are at the origin of vessels and microglial cells. These complex cerebral organoids were characterised using various approaches (immunohistological, FACS and RT-qPCR). Extensive vascular structures developed in the organoids and showed characteristics of the blood-brain barrier. In addition, these vascular structures were perfused when the organoids were transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Cells with a microglial phenotype and typical functionalities also developed in complex organoids. GSC lines derived from patients with GBM or grade IV astrocytoma were co-cultured in complex organoids and then irradiated, or not, to model radiotherapy. I showed that GSC appeared to co-opt vascular structures and disrupted the expression of a cell adhesion protein in endothelial cells. Furthermore, the presence of GSC in complex organoids induced reprogramming of microglial cells into immunosuppressive TAM. Finally, GSC had an increased proliferation capacity after irradiation and presented a more aggressive transcriptomic profile. Taken together, these results show that these complex human cerebral organoids can be used to model GBM tumour microenvironment and recurrence after radiotherapy. In conclusion, our model of complex vascularized and immunocompetent cerebral organoids should be useful for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of various brain diseases, such as GBM, and to discover new therapies
Telliam, Gladys. "Leucémie myéloïde chronique : modélisation de l'hématopoïèse leucémique par les cellules souches pluripotentes induites." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS273/document.
Full textChronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative malignancy initiated by tyrosine kinase activity of the fusion oncoprotein BCR-ABL in very primitive hematopoietic stem cell and characterized by a genetic instability leading to clonal progression. Mechanisms of survival, self-renewal and progression of the disease are difficult to model using primary leukemic cells. The use of iPSC technology could allow reprogramming of leukemic cells to pluripotency with generation of primitive leukemic cells whose evolution can be sequentially analyzed. For this purpose, we generated an IPSC cell line from the leukemic cells of a CML patient and analyzed the possibility to generate a myeloproliferative phenotype. We have shown that this iPSC exhibits an increased hematopoietic potential either via EB or Blast-CFC generation. This potential can be modulated by the action of imatinib, inhibiting autophosphorylation of BCR-ABL and that of CRKL. We show that hematopoietic potential of CML iPSC can also be modulated by using AHR antagonists, which allow further amplification of hematopoietic cells. To evaluate the possibility of generating a clonal progression model in vitro, we have used a mutagenesis strategy. CML iPSC treated by ENU for several weeks generated hematopoietic cells with increased efficiency. These cells showed evidence of cytological and cytogenetic abnormalities reminiscent of a blast crisis. aCGH analyses of hematopoietic cells generated revealed genomic abnormalities described in CML blast crisis and a molecular signature compatible with blast crisis described in CML patients. These results suggest the feasibility of using patient specific iPSC for modeling CML blast crisis, which could be used for discovery of novel biomarkers and drug screening
Secardin, Lise. "Modélisation des néoplasmes myéloprolifératifs grâce aux cellules souches induites à la pluripotence (IPSC)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC313/document.
Full textMyeloproliferative neoplasms (NMP) are hematological malignancies that lead to an ovrproduction of one or more myeloid lineages. They are driving by mutations in MPLl/jak2 signaling pathway, mainly JAK2V617F, MPL, and more recently calreticulin (CARL), with two main mutations being calrdel52 and calrins5. These signaling mutations are sometimes associated with epigenetic mutations, the major one being in tet2. The objective of my thesis was to study the role of TET2 and CALRdel52 in MPN thanks to an induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC) model. In the first part i demonstrated the role of TET2 in reprogramming process, probably independently of the catalytic domain. In the second part i demonstrated that CALRdel52 induced a TPO hypersensitivity and a TPO indenpendant growth of the megakaryocytic progenitors as well as a hyperproliferation of the megakaryocytes. This phenotype is associated with a constitutive activation of stat3 and ERK. A G-CSF independent growth of the granulocyte was also demonstrated. In conclusion this work underline the role of an epegenetic factor, TET2, in the reprogramming process and demonstrate the role of CALRdel52in MPN with an endogenous expression model
Gatinois, Vincent. "Pathologies des hélicases et vieillissement précoce : modèle d'étude par dérivation de cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT042/document.
Full textHelicases process the double-stranded DNA dissociation. They are involved in replication, DNA repair and maintenance of telomeres. In human, 3 helicases display mutations responsible for clinical syndromes: WRN for the Werner syndrome, BLM for the Bloom syndrome and RECQL4 for the Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. All these diseases cause premature ageing and high risk of cancer. Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in these diseases are not well defined. Particularly, little is known concerning the link between genomic instability and ageing. During this project, we used blood samples and skin biopsies of affected patients to generate models by reprogramming cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These cells have the advantage of self-renewing and theoretically could be differentiated in all cell types. At the same time, an iPSC senescence control was performed from cells of a Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome patient. iPSCs were characterized for pluripotency. In the aim of recapitulate these pathologies in vitro, we identified sets of cellular and molecular phenotypes. We also engaged differentiation of iPSCs in cell pathways closed to the affected tissues in vivo. Finally, we studied the genomic stability of iPSCs and derived cells. We observed that Bloom cells are susceptible to frequent recombinations and are characterized by a genome instability through all studied cell types. Werner cells showed an instability of telomeres length. Finally, all premature ageing diseases displayed mitochondrial defects
Steichen, Clara. "Eléments d'évaluation pour l'utilisation d'hépatocytes dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSC) en thérapie cellulaire." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077045.
Full textAmong the various potential applications of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), this Ph. D project focused on the use of iPSC-derived hepatocytes in cell therapy. Human iPSCs have been generated by repeated transfections of messenger RNAs. The genomic integrity of these cells was analyzed, in comparison with iPSCs generated in parallel by a viral method. The SNP profile of mRNA-iPSC is not significantly different from the parental fibroblasts one, in contrary to what we observed with viral-iPSCs. The number of deletions or duplications (CNVs) is not dependent on the reprogramming method. This genomic analysis also highlighted an atypical mRNA-iPSC line displaying a complex, stable and balanced genomic rearrangement including a large region of de novo uniparental disomy, and a defect in teratoma formation capacity. The second part of this work describes the generation of hiPSCs from hemophilia B patients biopsy. To correct the genetic defect, we used artificial nucleases to drive the insertion of a therapeutic cassette coding the FIX gene. The differentiation of these corrected iPSCs into hepatocytes will allow us to validate this correction approach in vitro first and in vivo in a hemophilia B mouse model. The last part of this PHD work focused on differentiating simian iPSCs into hepatocytes to perform an autologous transplantation into the liver of the donor monkey, alter a portal vein embolization. We would like to establish the proof of principle of an autologous iPSC-based therapy in a non-human primate preclinical model
Hiriart, Emilye. "Modélisation cellulaire des étapes précoces de la valvulogenèse à partir d'un modèle de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines, et étude de l'implication d'Oct4 dans le phénomène de transition endothélio-mésenchymateuse lors de la formation des coussins endocardiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE011.
Full textHeart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, nearly 30% of deaths each year are attributable to such diseases; this incidence has also greatly increased in the last century (WHO).Heart disease can be classified into several subgroups of cardiovascular disease based on the tissue affected by the pathology. It thus differs diseases affecting vessels, cardiac muscle, rhythm (fabric pacemaker and conduction) and heart valve disease. Heart valve disease can be caused by defects of innate and acquired or valves represent about 30-40% of heart defects identified. The percentage of patients with valvular heart disease patients increases with age of the patient, in addition, valvular heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity in adults and children in developed countries.These defects may be of genetic origin, congenital, toxicological, with ischemic influence of various risk factors both genetic and environmental, in some cases they can even be caused by medications, if the Benfluorex (Mediator®) are probably the most known. The defects in the valves can have serious consequences on the functioning of the heart. In 2008, the United States, it was necessary to proceed with the replacement of nearly 82,000 heart valves in adult patients.If the replacement heart valves remains a major advance for patients with valvular heart disease, the use of prostheses and transplants valves nevertheless have limitations, including: no growth prostheses, the occurrence of thrombosis and releases in cases of allo-transplantation of gene valves taken from brain dead donors. Thus, it is necessary to study the mechanisms involved early embryonic development, mechanisms that could have a deleterious effect more or less long term leading the development of valvular disease in children or young adults in the old person. For this the use of an in vitro cell model used is a remarkable achievement. This model would both elucidate a number of biological mechanisms during development or pathology, but also hope the development of a protocol for the clinical use of autologous cells reprogrammed to the therapy of patients with valvular tissue or even a therapy including an endogenous repair
Sansac, Caroline. "Modélisation de l'épithélium bronchique humain par la technologie des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT014/document.
Full textPluripotent stem cells (PSC) include embryonic stem cells (ES) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). They are defined by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and the capacity to differentiate into all cell types. ES cells are derived from the inner cell mass of embryos. They arouse the interest of the scientific community in particular for their ability to generate all tissues. They provide major therapeutic and pharmacological applications, including regenerative medicine, in vitro modelling of human diseases and molecular screening. However, the use of human blastocysts to generate ES cells raises many ethical problems. iPS circumvent these ethical issues as they can be derived from differentiated somatic tissues. Indeed, S. Yamanaka, Nobel Prize in 2012, discovered in 2006 a simple technique of cellular reprogramming. The transient expression of four genes (OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC and KLF4) is sufficient to reprogram mouse fibroblasts into iPS. These iPS cells have the same morphology and the same properties than ES cells. The following year, S. Yamanaka applied successfully his cocktail to human fibroblasts to produce human iPS (hiPS). hiPS may also overcome immunological problems raised by the use of ES cell for cellular therapy, as hiPS can be derived from the patient to be treated. In addition, it is easier to model genetic diseases from hiPS than ES, because it is possible to choose the donor cells to reprogram according to its genotype. Finally, from a pharmacological point of view, hiPS can provide a broad platform of molecular screening to treat various diseases. The aim of my research project is to use the hiPS technology to model the development of bronchial epithelium. First, in vivo, teratomas were formed by the injection of hiPS into immunodeficient mice. Teratomas highlight the ability of differentiation of our hiPS into bronchial epithelium. Second, in vitro, reproducing embryonic and foetal bronchial development provides a way to model bronchial epithelium in a dish.These techniques open the door to many potential research avenues from screening small molecules to engineering stem cells to repair bronchial epithelium, and will in fine promote new pharmacologic or cell-based treatments for respiratory diseases
Lemonnier, Thomas. "Modélisation de maladies neurodégénératives à l’aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T074/document.
Full textReprogramming technology of somatic cells in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) now offers the opportunity to model neurodegenerative diseases and to study patient’s neurons. We used this technology for generating two models of neurodegenerative diseases: the muccopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPSIIIB) and the ALS2 form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the MPSIIIB model, we have shown that iPS and neurons of patients had characteristic defects of the disease such as the accumulation of storage vesicles. Alterations of the Golgi apparatus in these cells were also highlighted. Transcriptome analysis of MPSIIIB neural precursors showed transcriptional changes involving particularly genes implicated in cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Thus, in a subsequent study, alterations of migration and orientation of MPSIIIB mutant mouse cells and MPSIIIB patients’ cells have been demonstrated. These alterations may be responsible for the disruption of neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in sick children. In the ALS2 model, we have shown that patients’ neurons had defects including decreased endosomes’ surface and abnormal neurite outgrowth. As there was previously no relevant cellular model reproducing the disease, this model will now allow the study of physiopathological processes involved in the disease. In conclusion, the generation of iPS cells allows to model neurodegenerative diseases and to study associated physiopathological processes on cultured human neurons. These cell models could allow in the near future the screening of molecules of potential therapeutical interest
Faye, Pierre-Antoine. "Cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSc) différenciées en motoneurones spinaux : vers des modèles cellulaires de neuropathies périphériques d'origine génétique." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0051/document.
Full textInduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) are a highly interesting tool to create and observe the behavior of specific and unattainable cells from a patient. Our team is interested in genetic peripheral nerves disorders and especially in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). One of our objectives is the development of motor neurons models from patients using the iPSc strategy in order to better understand the pathophysiology of GDAP1-related neuropathies. This gene was found in 1998 to be mutated in an axonal form of CMT and encodes a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, which function remains unclear. We first obtained dermal fibroblasts (DF) from skin biopsies of a healthy person and of a homozygous patient carrying GDAP1 non-sense mutation (p.Gln163*). Then, we reprogrammed DFs into iPSc using non-integrative plasmids (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and l-Myc). After amplification, all quality controls were performed to conclude that our iPSc had the same properties and capacities than embryonic stem cells and a normal karyotype. Finally, we optimized protocols to successfully differentiate these iPSc into rosettes (structures full of neural progenitors), then into neurons and finally into motor neurons for control and GDAP1 patients. The first differences between control and patient cells were observed during the rosette formation, where a lot of patient cells were full of lipid droplets, and the rosette proportion was lower than the control cells. Mitochondria morphology was totally different in motor neurons between control and patient, where mitochondria had the same morphology than the mitochondria observed in patient nerve biopsies (round and accumulated). In order to reduce the time of differentiation, a cell sorting method was used (SdFFF). It allowed us to sort different progenitors (neural / endothelial). Generation of motor neurons using axonal CMT-patient-derived iPSc was a first crucial step to better understand the role of GDAP1 in this pathology. This cellular model of CMT4A should ultimately allow us to perform preclinical drug screening in order to identify candidate pharmacological treatments for CMT patients
Hamidi, Sofiane. "Etudes de la monocytopoïèse issue de cellules hESC ou iPSC." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077266.
Full textMy work was focused on the monocyte and macrophage lineages. We have shown that Monocyte/macrophage derived from ES cells are cells extremely specialized in tissue remodeling, pro-angiogenesis and immune suppression but with low inflammatory potential. I have investigated the characteristics of monocytes/macrophages from iPS. Those monocyte/macrophage were quite similar to hESC derived, but exhibited more inflammatory potential suggesting some incomplete reprogrammation during derivation of IPS. We hypothesize that the decrease or absence of inflammatory potential of the monocyte/macrophages could be related to a decrease activation of the JAK2/STAT pathway induced by IFN-y and GM-CSF, two cytokines implicated in MI polarization. In this purpose we derive iPS from patient harboring the JAK2V617F mutation, a gain of fonction mutation associated with myéloproliférative neoplasm. In preliminary results, no significant differences were observed in the polarization of JAK2V617F or JAK2WT monocyte/Macrophages derived from IPS. Furthermore we found that IFN-y was capable to normally induce STAT1 activation in these cells suggesting that the blockage in inflammatory response is downstream STAT1 and may be related to epigenetic regulation of inflammatory gens. Finally I have obtained preliminary results showing that JAK2V617F may induce independence to bFGF of the pluripotent iPSC, a result very similar to those reported by Griffiths and al on JAK2V617F mESC who could maintain their pluripotent phenotype without addition of LIF. This was not related to the induction of the canonical STAT pathway but to an effect of nuclear JAK2 on the epigenetic regulation of Nanog
Beke, Allan. "Modélisation de la leucémie myelomonocytaire chronique par reprogrammation de cellules de patients." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS494.
Full textChronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a rare hematological malignancy that has been related to the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in a hematopoietic stem or progenitor cell. Somatic recurrent mutations of coding DNA sequences have been in CMML cells, combining non-specific cytogenetic aberrations in 30% of the patients and mutations in epigenetic regulator, signal transduction, spliceosome and transcription factor genes. While some of these mutations directly affect disease phenotype (mutations in RUNX1 and thrombocytopeny, mutations in signaling pathways and proliferative disease, mutations in KIT and mastocytosis), they do not sum up the complex disease phenotype of this pathology on their own. Accordingly, hypomethylating agents restore a balanced hematopoiesis without eliminating clonal cells. There is no CMML cell line and murine models only partially recapitulate the disease. The objective of my thesis work was to reprogram hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in order to model the disease heterogeneous expression. The clones established from one patient cells were discarded as their genetic background had been altered by reprogramming and cell culture. We analyzed in more details the behavior of 5 induced pluripotent stem cell lines established from a second patient and 5 other clones established from 2 healthy donor cells. We had captured 2 distinct genetic backgrounds of the patient clone, without or with KRASG12D mutation. Hematopoietic differentiation of these clones in semi-solid and liquid medium recapitulated the main characteristics of disease phenotype. With a gene editing tool, we introduced in some clones the SRSF2P95H mutation, observed in 50% of patient with CMML but missing in the studied patient. We noticed that functional and epigenetic heterogeneity of the clones exceeded their genetic heterogeneity and that the demethylating agent decitabine had limited cytotoxic effect but restored a more balanced production of hematopoietic cells by genetically abnormal cells
Lemonnier, Thomas. "Modélisation de maladies neurodégénératives à l'aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00806699.
Full textAnnab, Karima. "Etude de l’expression génique de différents syndromes progéroïdes en utilisant le modèle des cellules souches à pluripotence induite." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0101.
Full textProgeroid syndromes are a group of pathologies characterized by accelerated and early aging. One of the most studied of these diseases is HGPS, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 8 millions birth making it an extremely rare disease. We focused our attention on three different progeroid syndromes including classic HGPS, a HGPS-like and an atypical progeroid syndrome. These pathologies share many symptoms, including osteolysis, lipodystrophy, and cardiovascular alterations. These 3 syndromes are caused by 3 different mutations in the LMNA gene that encodes A- and C-type lamins, inducing production of a truncated Lamin A in HGPS and HGPS-like and production of a mutated Lamin with a p.T528M substitution in APS. We produced hiPSCs to create a model of these different diseases and investigate in vitro the physiopathology of these syndromes by comparing them to control cells. Cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells being the most impaired type of tissue, we established in vitro models in order to study the differentiation of hiPSCs into MSCs. In addition given the massive cardiovascular defects in these patients, we also investigated differentiation toward the VSMCs. Cell phenotypes were carefully characterized and we compared the transcripttomic profile of the different cell types. We identified dysregulation in genes involved in oxidative stress response and in DNA repair in progeroid cells. In addition, pathways essential for cell survival and proliferation are also modified when comparing progeroid and controls cells. Altogether, these results might explain some of the symptoms observed in progeroid patients but also reveal pathways involved in ageing
Hu, Amelie. "Caractérisation des cellules corticales et des neurones sensoriels primaires dérivés des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSC) de patients atteints de l'ataxie de Friedreich, et validation de thérapies potentielles." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/271051.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Pini, Jonathan. "Modélisation du syndrome d'Andersen dans les cellules souches pluripotentes induites : implication du canal potassique Kir2.1 dans la morphogenèse osseuse." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4042/document.
Full textAndersen's syndrome is a rare disorder associated with a Kir2.1 potassium channel loss of fuction. To study the pathophysiology, we have generated and characterized induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPS) from control and patient cells. We have then differentiated those iPS cells into mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Patient's MSc have a lower osteoblastic and chondrogenic differnciation ability compared to control cells. Indeed, extracellular matrix production and master gene expression of osteoblastic and chondrogenic differenciation are reduced in patient’s cells. Alltogether, these results shown that Kir2.1 channel is required for bone developement. The differenciation defects saw in patient cells could explain the Andersen's syndrome associated dysmorphies
Pini, Jonathan. "Modélisation du syndrome d'Andersen dans les cellules souches pluripotentes induites : implication du canal potassique Kir2.1 dans la morphogenèse osseuse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2016. http://theses.unice.fr/2016NICE4042.
Full textAndersen's syndrome is a rare disorder associated with a Kir2.1 potassium channel loss of fuction. To study the pathophysiology, we have generated and characterized induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPS) from control and patient cells. We have then differentiated those iPS cells into mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Patient's MSc have a lower osteoblastic and chondrogenic differnciation ability compared to control cells. Indeed, extracellular matrix production and master gene expression of osteoblastic and chondrogenic differenciation are reduced in patient’s cells. Alltogether, these results shown that Kir2.1 channel is required for bone developement. The differenciation defects saw in patient cells could explain the Andersen's syndrome associated dysmorphies
Gouder, Laura. "Etude de l'effet de mutations du gène SHANK3 dans les TSA à partir de neurones corticaux humains dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB089/document.
Full textAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1% of population ; characterised by impairments in social interaction and reciprocal communication as well as repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. The work of the laboratory lead to the identification of several genes associated with ASD, among which genes of the synaptic pathway such as SHANK. The SHANK proteins are scaffolding proteins of the post-synaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic neurons and interact with several partners. In my thesis project, we were particularly interested in SHANK3 mutations. First, Shank3 mutations represent up to 2.12% of ASD cases with moderate to high ID. A SHANK3 deficit leads to the alteration of the synaptic functioning. Indeed, studies of mice KO for SHANK3 gene showed a decrease of the dendritic spines density, of the PSD size and of the expression of SHANK3 partners. My principal model of analysis consisted in the reprogrammation of fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Then, the iPSCs were selectively derived into cortical neurons. Our studies were focus on the analysis of functional consequences of SHANK3 de novo mutations found within 4 patients. These mutations are heterozygous and within the exon 21. They result in a premature stop codon. In parallel, we obtained cells from 4 healthy individuals. The work was about the morphological and functional aspects. We analysed the mutations effects on the maturation and morphological caracteristics of the dendritic spines. We finalized a protocol that enabled a detailed analysis of the spine dendritic 3D morphology and their maturation follow-up. A important result was the observation of a decrease of the spine density on pyramidal neurons dendrites from patients compared to those from controls. Moreover, spines maturation was not fully accomplished but was not much different in its evolution between individuals (controls vs patients). Then, we used two functional skills : calcium imaging and electrophysiological experiments. The electrophysiological data are in progress. To conclude, we succeeded in the obtention of glutamatergic cortical neurons and to maintain them in culture during 40 days in order to realize some analysis at a sufficient maturation stage to observe morphological and functional phenotypes. We mainly observed a decrease of the dendritic spines density and maturation for the neurons from patients, with alterations of the spontaneous calcium oscillations
Saliba, Joseph. "Modélisation des néoplasmes myéloprolifératifs sporadiques et familiaux avec les cellules de patients induites à la pluripotence." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T061.
Full textMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are clonal hematologic diseases which lead to an overproduction of blood cells. The affected myeloid lineage depends on the type of MPN. JAK2V617F is the most predominant mutation in MPN and can be associated with various sporadic and familial cases.One main issue to address in MPN is to understand how a single mutation JAK2V617F can give rise to several diseases. Our hypothesis is that this phenotypic heterogeneity might be due to the JAK2V617F gene dosage. Another goal is to identify the genetic cause of familial MPN.For these reasons, we modeled sporadic and familial MPN cases with iPS technology. This approach allowed us i) to compare the impact of heterozygous and homozygous JAK2V617F mutation on hematopoiesis and ii) to get insight into the effects of a 5 genes duplication that we identified as a susceptibility locus uncovered by a genetic approach in 2 families.In the first part of the work concerning sporadic MPN modeling, we showed that JAK2V617F increases iPS myeloid potential. Furthermore, we showed a marked difference in the TPO and EPO hypersensitivity between heterozygous and homozygous JAK2V617F iPS cell lines that could be linked to the difference between PV and ET. In the second part of the work, we demonstrated a specific phenotype due to the sole duplication. This model will allow us to identify the gene(s) responsible of the phenotype. This study brings the proof of concept that iPS can be used for sporadic and familial MPN modeling and drug screening
Ahmed, Engi. "Modélisation de l'épithélium bronchique par les cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines dans la Bronchopathie Pulmonaire Chronique Obstructive (BPCO)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT070.
Full textCOPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a major public health problem and will be the 3rd leading cause of death in the world in 2030. Age, smoking, and air pollution through the exposure to particulate matter but also domestic pollution - mostly represented by domestic biomass combustion - are well-identified risk factors for the development of COPD. To date, there is no cure that can interfere with the natural history of the disease.Pluripotent stem cells, including induced pluripotent human stem cells (hiPSCs), are defined by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into all cell types in our body. They offer an unprecedented opportunity to model the normal and pathological human development of the respiratory system.This research project aimed to model in vitro the trajectories of COPD, related to a developmental origin (pediatric roots) and / or susceptibility to tobacco. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of COPD and tobacco susceptibility, we established two extreme groups: i) 4 patients with a severe form of COPD, the "highly susceptible" group, ii) 4 patients who are free of COPD or other tobacco-related comorbidity despite heavy smoking, called as "highly resistant" to tobacco.We have used two different but complementary in vitro cell culture models: hiPSCs and human bronchial primary epithelial cell cultures (HBECs) grown in ALI condition (Air Liquid Interface).First of all, we generate hiPSCs cell lines by reprogramming cells from peripheral blood of a healthy subject (control), and three highly characterized severe COPD patients. In a second step, the directed differentiation of hiPSCs allowed to recapitulate the early pulmonary development (NKX2.1 generation of bronchial progenitors) by the development of a robust and reproducible directed differentiation protocol of several hiPSCs lines. The maturation of these bronchial progenitors in 2D or 3D culture allows the generation of epithelial structures expressing markers of KRT5 + basal cells , CSSP + Club cells and FOXJ1 + ciliated cells. In a second step, these epithelia will be exposed to tobacco (CSE-cigarette smoke extract) in order to induce a "COPD-like" phenotype. Finally, ALI culture of HBECs of severe COPD patients was performed in unexposed and exposed condition (CSE). Transepithelial resistance, ciliary motility, secretory profile, and RNA diversity were collected.This work allowed to put in place the necessary tools to reproduce the in vitro trajectories of COPD and to clarify the origins of this pathology. The high throughput sequencing tools (transcriptomic in our study), will allow the discovery of new candidates, that represent potential targets for future pharmacological screening
Jost, Mousseau Coline. "Propagation et toxicité de la superoxide dismutase 1 dans la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique modélisée par des neurones moteurs dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS275.pdf.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly fatal neurodegenerative disease with no curative treatment, leading to the death of motor neurons (MN) through mechanisms that are still poorly understood. The degeneration of MN causes progressive paralysis, which begins focally before affecting all skeletal muscles. The progression of paralysis does not follow a random pattern but spreads along the nerve tract. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that the death of MN could involve the propagation of toxic pathological determinants from one cell to another.Among the many causal genes of ALS, several have been shown to code for proteins with a prion-like domain or properties. This is the case for the gene coding for superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), which is the second most common genetic cause of ALS. It has been demonstrated that mutations in SOD1 result in misfolded proteins (misSOD1) capable of transmitting their misfolded conformation to other SOD1 proteins. However, to date, there are no studies on the secretion of SOD1 and misSOD1 in MN under conditions close to the physiological context of patients. Therefore, the aim of my thesis work was to study the expression and secretion of SOD1 and misSOD1 in MN derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from control subjects and SOD1-mutated patients and to analyze the possible pathways of these proteins' secretion. First, I differentiated iPSCs into spinal MN and showed that misSOD1 accumulated in mutant MN. I then showed that SOD1 was secreted by both control and mutant MN, but the classical pathway mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus did not seem to be involved. I also observed that MN secreted exosomes, but they apparently did not contain SOD1. In the second phase, I focused on an unconventional secretion pathway specific to misfolded proteins: the MAPS pathway (Misfolded-Associated Protein Secretion), which has mainly been studied in the context of α-synuclein secretion. This pathway is initiated by the deubiquitinase USP19, which redirects misfolded proteins destined for proteasomal degradation by deubiquitination. The chaperone protein DNAJC5 then forms cargos with the deubiquitinated proteins, which are progressively directed via different organelles to the membrane for secretion. I showed that misSOD1 colocalized with the DNAJC5 protein in SOD1 mutant MN, suggesting a role for the MAPS pathway in SOD1 secretion. To confirm this, lentiviral vectors were produced to transduce the MN and modulate USP19 expression. Overexpression of USP19 did not change the number of colocalizations between misSOD1 and DNAJC5; however, decreasing USP19 reduced these colocalizations, suggesting the involvement of the MAPS pathway in misSOD1 secretion. By performing RNA sequencing on transduced MN, I observed that only 30 genes were deregulated with USP19 overexpression. However, with USP19 downregulation, 1758 and 1410 genes were respectively upregulated and downregulated. Seven pathways were significantly deregulated, including the protein secretion pathway, suggesting the importance of USP19 in protein secretion. The perspectives of this study include exploring the propagation of misSOD1 in cocultures between control and mutant MN to investigate the importance of USP19 and the MAPS pathway in propagation. In conclusion, my work has shown that SOD1 is secreted by MN from SOD1-mutated patients and that traditional secretion pathways are not involved, in contrast to the MAPS pathway. Therefore, the ability to modulate SOD1 secretion could represent a promising therapeutic target for slowing the progression of ALS
Duchartre, Yann. "Biothérapies des porphyries érythropoïétiques : thérapie cellulaire, thérapie génique et approche pharmacologique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21994/document.
Full textErythropoietic porphyrias (EP) : Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria -CEP- and Erythropoietic Protoporphyria -EPP-) are characterized by a deficit of one enzyme implicated in heme biosynthetic pathway. The curative therapy for severe cases of EP is an HLA-compatible Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT). EPP is sometimes complicated by a major hepatic failure requiring hepatic graft. In a murine model of EPP (Fechm1Pas/Fechm1Pas), we have demonstrated that hepatic lesions progressively appear 2 weeks after birth. Early BMT (in neonates) has made it possible to prevent hepatic lesions and correct skin photosensitivity, demonstrating the efficiency of this therapeutic approach in severe cases of EPP. The gene therapy by graft of corrected autologous hematopoietic stem cells represents an alternative to BMT when HLA-compatible donors are lacking. We have developed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from epidermic cells of murine models of EP and of one PEC patient. The gene correction was obtained by lentiviral gene transfer (ferrochelatase and uroporphyrinogen III synthase -UROS). The pluripotency of iPSC was characterized in vitro by the formation of embryoid bodies and in vivo by the formation of teratomas. In vitro, the metabolic correction was obtained after differentiation of human IPSC into hematopoietic progenitors. In the last part of this thesis, we have focused on a pharmacological approach of CEP. We have shown that C73R and P248Q mutations lead to instability and accelerated degradation of the UROS protein via the proteasome. Treating UrosP248Q mice with a proteasome inhibitor (Velcade®) has allowed the correction of skin photosensitivity. These works offer new prospects for the treatment of erythropoietic porphyrias
Rabesandratana, Oriane. "Les cellules ganglionnaires rétiniennes dérivées de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines : de la caractérisation à la transplantation." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS322.
Full textAmong the different treatments for optic neuropathies, cell therapy using transplantation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) is one of the most promising strategy. In this project, we validated the optimized production of RGCs from retinal organoids derived from four different hiPSC lines. Our methodology included a double selection process, comprising the culture of retinal dissociated cell in adherent conditions and a magnetic sorting protocol, based on the expression of surface antigen CD90/THY1. We identified enriched RGCs resulting from this double protocol, according morphological, molecular and functional properties. These results were validated for all four hiPSC lines, including a ubiquitous fluorescent reporter cell line, using Crispr/Cas9 strategy. Intravitreal injection of reporter hiPSC line-derived RGCs into an optic nerve crush mouse model led to a partial integration of surviving cells into the host retina establishing the possibility to performed RGC transplantation. This work will be continued in order to explore the capacity of hiPSC-derived RGCs to reconnect with both retinal partners and with the different targets in the brain
Huyghe, Matthias. "Approche thérapeutique anticancéreuse par immunothérapie basée sur les cellules NK dérivées de cellules iPS." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL104.
Full textNatural Killer (NK) cells are specialized cells involved in immunosurveillance, capable of recognizing and lysing transformed or virus-infected cells. Due to their spécifie biological properties, the adoptive transfer of NK cells for cancer immunotherapy represents a promising alternative to the use of CAR- T cells in certain patients.Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hâve emerged as an attractive source for generating NK cells for therapeutic purposes. Indeed, iPSCs can be easily genetically modified to produce clonogenic NK cells expressing spécifie modifications.Genetically modified NK cells derived from iPSCs pave the way for the development of "off-the- shelf" immunothérapies.As part of the development of new therapeutic strategies, I hâve studied and optimized différentiation protocols to enhance existing methods (Part 1). I also participated in the development of a therapy based on the use of NK cells derived from iPS cells expressing a third- generation CAR to treat patients with refractory or relapsed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in blast crisis (Part 2)
Mianné, Joffrey. "Thérapie génique par CRISPR/Cas9 pour corriger des épithéliums bronchiques dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSCs) de patients atteints de dyskinésie ciliaire primitive (DCP) : une preuve de concept." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT045.
Full textPrimary Ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare and heterogeneous genetic disorder affecting the structure and function of motile cilia. In the airway epithelium, impaired ciliary motion results in chronic airway infections responsible for progressive and definitive decline of lung functions. There is currently no effective treatment for PCD, and research is limited by the lack of convenient models to study this disease and investigate innovative therapies.In this context, the main goals of this thesis are: 1) to develop a new in vitro PCD model based on the directed differentiation of patient-derived or genetically-engineered induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into multiciliated airway epithelium, and 2) to use this model to investigate the potential of an innovative CRISPR/Cas9 gene therapy approach.To this aim, we have derived two iPSC lines, one from an healthy individual and a second from a PCD patient harbouring compound heterozygous mutations in the CCDC40 gene. Using the “healthy” iPSC line and the CRISPR/Cas9 technology we have generated isogenic knock-out controls for three PCD genes including CCDC40, DNAH5 and MCIDAS. In parallel, using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology and the homology directed repair approach, we have corrected the patient-derived iPSC line. By applying our optimized differentiation protocol to these cell lines, we are efficiently generating functional multiciliated airway epithelium recapitulating the ciliary phenotypes in function of the genotype. Furthermore, this new model has allowed us to investigate the potential of a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated reframing gene therapy approach to rescue ciliary phenotype in the patient line.In conclusion, the new model developed in this work could represent a major tool for in vitro PCD modelling. This model will be of particular interest for investigating the feasibility and efficacy of personalized therapies directly on the relevant human tissue. Our pipeline could therefore accelerate the development and translation of new therapeutics for PCD and other lung diseases
Raïs, Célia. "Analyse histologique et fonctionnelle du développement de précurseurs neuraux dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines greffés dans le cortex de la souris." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2019SORUS333.pdf.
Full textNeurodevelopmental abnormalities underlie psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia or autism, among others. However, the genetic heterogeneity of human beings makes it difficult to establish a link between a given genome and development programs that can lead to a disease. To address this problem, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an ethical and effective tool. They are able to develop and differentiate into functional neurons, using a mechanism similar to in vivo development. I studied a model enabling the integration and migration of neural precursors from human iPSCs into the mouse cortex. By labelling the cells grafted by immunofluorescence, I was able to show that they differentiate mainly into upper layer cortical neurons. I have studied the relationship between host and grafted cells , and show that mouse cells participate in the development of the graft, providing vascularization, and myelinating developing human neurons. Finally, I followed the functional development of human neurons using a cell line expressing a calcium indicator, GCaMP6f, and chronically observing injected mice under a 2-photon microscope. This activity changes over time, and reflects a prenatal human brain. This model offers new possibilities for in vivo modelling of human cortical development, particularly in the study of the impact of genetic alterations in the context of psychiatric diseases
Cereso, Nicolas. "Preuve de concept de thérapie génique d’une dystrophie rétinienne en l’absence de modèle animal de la pathologie : cas de la Choroïdérémie." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T019/document.
Full textInherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) lead to a progressive vision loss. The first clinical trials using gene transfer to treat such diseases have been performed with positive results. Prior to clinical trials, preclinical studies are usually performed on animal models. However, for many IRDs, appropriate animal models do not exist, which compromises their progress towards a clinical trial. An example of an IRD that lacks an appropriate model is choroideremia, which represents 2% of IRD patients. It is characterized by night blindness in childhood, followed by progressive loss of the visual field resulting in blindness by 40–50 years of age. Its early diagnosis and slow evolution result in a large therapeutic window making choroideremia a good candidate for gene therapy. Genetically, the disease is caused by a mutation in the CHM gene located on the X chromosome and encoding the Rab Escort Protein 1 (REP1). This protein is involved in the prenylation of small GTPases, the Rab proteins. To palliate the lack of an animal model, we generated a human cellular model of choroideremia in order to evaluate the efficacy of a gene therapy approach in the tissue that is affected in vivo.Towards this aim, we reprogrammed REP1-deficient fibroblasts from a CHM-/y patient into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPScs), which we differentiated into retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We characterized the iPSc-derived RPE that is a polarized monolayer with a classic morphology, expresses characteristic markers, is functional for fluid transport and phagocytosis, and mimics the biochemical phenotype of patients. In terms of gene therapy and to evaluate the most efficient viral vector, I assayed a panel of 5 adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector serotypes and showed that AAV2/5 is the most efficient at transduce the iPSc-derived RPE. I then transduced the iPSc-derived RPE of a choroideremia patient with an AAV2/5-CAG-CHM and demonstrated that this vector is able to restore a normal prenylation function to the cells.To conclude, I demonstrated the superiority of the transduction efficiency of AAV2/5 in the iPSc-derived RPE and highlight the potential of a diseased RPE model derived from iPS cells to provide a proof of concept of gene therapy in the absence of a suitable animal model
Auboyer, Laura. "Génération de cellules souches pluripotentes induites de patients Alzheimer et production d'un modèle de culture en trois dimensions de neurones pour les recherches diagnostiques et thérapeutiques de la maladie d’Alzheimer." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT004/document.
Full textAmyloid precursor protein (APP) and Tau protein are two main molecular actors of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is of prime importance in Human Health. Intensive research is ongoing to understand these proteins’ metabolism, action and implication in the pathological mechanism of these affections. They are the target of most therapeutic approaches and are used for biological diagnosis. In the present PhD project, our objective was to investigate neuronal APP and Tau protein processing and metabolism using biochemical tools and innovative multiplex immunodetection system (MSD®) in diverse cell culture models of AD. The goal was to get a comprehensive view oh physiopathological processes based on the analysis of samples generated in neuronal differentiated human embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cells derived from AD-patients. We generated several cell lines from an healthy control individual, and AD patients showing sporadic and familial forms of the disease. This project offer the unique opportunity to combine state-to-the-art approaches to understand how the APP fragments and peptides are generated as well as the modifications of the Tau protein in normal and pathological situation
Mouka, Aurélie. "Analyse des variations du nombre de copies d'ADN dans une cohorte d'hommes infertiles et génération de modèles génétiques d’étude de la méiose à partir de cellules iPS de patients infertiles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS300/document.
Full textInfertility represents a major public health problem and concerns 10 to 15% of couples in the general population. A male factor is responsible for the infertility of the couple in about half of all cases. In approximately 30% of them, the etiology remains unexplained.The first working axis concerned the molecular study of a cohort of infertile patients (nonobstructiveazoospermia/ cryptozoospermia and disorder of the sex development or DSD) for whom analyses of standard karyotype and/or microdeletions of AZF regions were not able to explain the phenotype. The impact of copy number variations of DNA (CNVs) detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH-array) is poorly documented. A custom design 400K micoarray, genome-wide and enriched on a wide panel of 445 genes linked with infertility and DSD has been achieved. This array allowed the identification of 171 CNVs of interest.These results underline the potential of this design for diagnosis of male infertility. The second objective of this work was the in vitro modelisation of male infertility in a context of genetic abnormality. For that purpose, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were generated from erythroblasts by means of not integrative Sendaï virus, in two patients carrying genetic abnormalities (complex chromosomal rearrangement and 46,XX-SRY negative karyotype associated with AMH gene mutation). Secondly, functionality of hiPSCs generated was tested by germ cells in vitro differentiation. Primordial germ cell (PGC) stage was successfully obtained. Cells expressed key PGC markers such as SOX17. The perspectives of this work will be to continuethe germinal differentiation towards more mature stages and so to be able studying the meiotic process in a context of genetic abnormality
Louçã, Mathilde. "Functional impacts of Huntingtin lowering on the synaptic maturation and activity of neuronal networks derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL054.
Full textHuntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin gene (HTT). Reducing the expression of mutant HTT is an obvious therapeutic approach explored in patients. However, targeting mutant HTT often leads to a simultaneous reduction in non-mutant HTT. The consequences of losing this protein on neuronal health remain poorly understood.My doctoral work addresses this question using in vitro models of human neuronal networks differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells. My research demonstrates that HTT loss induces developmental and homeostatic abnormalities in these networks. My results suggest that therapies targeting both mutant and non-mutant HTT indiscriminately could compromise the health of targeted neuronal circuits
Estève, Julie. "Transfert de gènes dans les cellules souches pluripotentes induites : application à la thérapie génique de l'hyperoxalurie primitive de type 1." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0280/document.
Full textPrimary hyperoxaluria type 1 (or PH1) is an inherited metabolic disorder related to the deficiency of the hepatic AGT enzyme (alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase), which is encoded by the AGXT gene. In PH1 patients, this deficiency leads to oxalate overexcretion by liver, followed by urine filtration and complexation with calcium to form massive calcium-oxalate nephrolithiasis potentially leading to chronic renal failure. The only available curative treatment is combined hepatorenal allogeneic engraftment, which is currently limited by the availability of transplant donors, significant morbidity and mortality, and the need for long-term immunosuppressive treatment. The aim of our research project is to develop gene therapy for PH1, consisting in engraftment of genetically corrected autologous liver cells. Considering that adult hepatocytes are hardly available and expandable in vitro, we chose to explore the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to produce human liver cells for application in regenerative medicine. We derived and characterized iPSC lines from PH1 patient fibroblasts after transient expression of reprogramming factors delivered by Sendai virus vectors. We developed two additive gene therapy strategies by inserting a minigene encoding an optimized AGXT cDNA sequence using (1) a lentiviral vector designed for liver-specific expression and (2) homologous recombination process at the AAVS1 locus favoured by the targeted DNA cutting system “CRISPR/Cas9”. Finally, we highlighted therapeutic cassette expression after hepatic differentiation of genetically corrected iPSCs. These results pave the way for regenerative medicine for PH1 by transplantation of genetically modified autologous hepatocyte-like cells derived from patient-specific iPSCs
Pavoni, Serena. "Mise au point d’un nouveau modèle d’organoïde cérébral humain pour l’étude des mécanismes d’interaction de la protéine prion et de l’amyloïde β." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS427.
Full textPrion-like mechanisms are known to underlie most of human neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is characterized by two important pathological markers, β amyloid (or Aβ at the origin of the etiopathogenic amyloid cascade hypothesis) and phosphorylated tau protein. Furthermore, the prion protein (PrPC) interacts at multiple levels with the metabolism of Aβ, by mechanisms which are not well understood. To overcome the current limits in the development of efficient strategies to treat AD, the pharmaceutical industry requires innovative experimental models. However, even if a lot of progress has been achieved by using transgenic mouse models, to date no in vivo model can reflect the complexity of human brain or reproduce a clinical context. 2D in vitro cell culture models are unable to allow the aggregation and accumulation of pathological proteins as observed in vivo. The aim of this study consists in taking advantage of the research prospects offered by induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) in the field of neurosciences. iPSCs can be used to generate 3D models of differentiation also called human cerebral organoids or mini-brains (MBs). Their ability to self-organise in 3D neuroectodermic tissue leds to a complex system that mimics different human cerebral structures in which we were able to characterize the expected markers. The study of the two proteins of interest (APP and PrPC) during neural differentiation has allowed us to follow the modulation of protein expression level occurring during the in vitro development of the human MBs. In order to use this model to reproduce the protein accumulation mechanisms seen in AD, we have tested chemical inductors such as Aftin-5 in order to modulate the APP post-transcriptional pathway towards a pathological outcome. Many strategies of treatment are adopted to lead APP cleavage and Aβ generation. The production of soluble fragments Aβ38, Aβ40, Aβ42 in the supernatant of organoids has been showed using ELISA technique. The levels generated are reproducible and the increase of Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio is consistent with extrapolated data from mouse and human models thus validating our model. Analysis at the gene and protein level has been assessed in order to understand the interaction between PrPC and APP after treatment. The long-term goal consists in improving this model which is notably hampered by the absence of vascularization and the low level of maturation of the neural tissue. The main challenge in MB culture thus consists in the integration of the vascular system, and also in increasing the speed of ageing process in vitro for the study of neurodegenerative diseases. In the long term, the prospect of automating the culture of MBs would allow the use of the system for cytotoxicity testing and/or high throughput screening for the discovery of new drugs for AD
Leleu, Ambre. "Les organoïdes cérébraux : nouvelle plateforme pour la modélisation de pathologies neurodéveloppementales et neurodégénératives." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL110.
Full textCentral nervous system disorders are pathologies that can develop from fetal neurodevelopment through to individual death. The ability to assess how reprogrammed human cells (iPSCs) can develop and self-organize in three dimensions into brain organoids has the potential to revolutionize our approach to both basic scientific research and the treatment of human neurological diseases, now emerging as the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world. We have explored this potential to model two of these pathologies: MARCH syndrome, a neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by hydranencephaly, and Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative pathology. We describe the set-up of these pathological models and their advantages in reproducing the associated physio- pathological symptoms, while highlighting the inherent limitations of using pluripotent stem cells to model these complex pathologies
Eilers, Smith Olivia. "Dérivation de cellules souches pluripotentes induites autologues à partir du clonage somatique équin." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11564.
Full textFor veterinarians, regenerative medicine in horses has focused mainly in the use of stem cells for arthritis, tendon and ligament repair, indicating a need for treating musculoskeletal injuries. The recent developments in cell reprogramming have paved the way for alternative cell sources for stem cell therapies. Autologous pluripotent stem cell lines can be derived from adult cells either by direct reprogramming through induced expression of pluripotency genes (iPS) or indirectly by reprogramming through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) followed by the derivation of embryonic stem cells (ESC). However, outcome efficiencies of SCNT and iPS protocols are invariably low, indicating that alone neither of these reprogramming routes is sufficient for deriving genetically and epigenetically stable pluripotent stem cells. We hereby report on the production of autologous equine iPS cells by combining SCNT and iPS reprogramming protocols. Adult skin fibroblasts were used for SCNT, and the resulting cloned embryos were either used to obtain cloned fetal fibroblast cells (ntFF), or used for ESC culture (ntES). Cells were then transfected with reprogramming factors to derive autologous iPS cells. Both ntFF-iPS and ntES-iPS cells are capable of extensive proliferation and express important pluripotency factors. However, ntES reprogramming efficiency is significantly higher than ntFF cells, with ntES-iPS colonies forming three times faster. Additionally, ntES-iPS cells showed improved pluripotency marker expression when compared with ntES cells. The results presented in this memoir indicate that stable equine iPS cell lines may be readily obtained from secondary reprogramming of cloned ntFF and ntES cells, opening novel avenues for developing autologous pluripotent stem cell therapies.
Désaulniers-Langevin, Cynthia. "Caractérisation de fibroblastes dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22151.
Full text