Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cellules musculaires squelettiques'
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Mougeolle, Alexis. "Effet du stress oxydant sur les cavéoles dans les cellules musculaires squelettiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0298/document.
Full textSarcopenia is an age-related degenerative disease which is characterized by a progressive and involuntary loss of muscle mass and strength. It is accompanied by an impairment of muscle regeneration and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Caveolae are invaginations of the plasma membrane. In muscle, they play a role in the differentiation of satellite cells and in maintaining the contractile unit of the differentiated skeletal muscle. Some myopathies are resulting from the absence of caveolae in muscle. Caveolae are also involved in mediating signals related to the regulation of oxidative stress. To better understand the mechanisms involved in the development of sarcopenia, we investigated here the relationship between oxidative stress and caveolae. Mouse muscle cells were treated with H2O2 and decreased levels of caveolin-1 and -3 were demonstrated in myoblasts and myotubes, respectively. It therefore appears that caveolae constituent proteins are actually sensitive to oxidative stress in muscle cells. In the presence of H2O2, caveolae functions (endocytosis and resistance to mechanical stress) were also significantly degraded in myoblasts. Altogether, these data suggest that oxidative stress would affect caveolae, which could have consequences on regeneration and maintenance of muscle integrity during aging
Croissant, Coralie. "Le rôle des Annexines dans la réparation membranaire des cellules musculaires squelettiques humaines." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0316/document.
Full textMuscular dystrophy encompasses a group of genetic disorders which cause progressive weakness and wasting of skeletal muscle. Among them, limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) is characterized by mutations in the dysferlin gene leading to several dysfunctions including a failure in cell membrane repair process. Cell membrane disruption is a physiological phenomenon induced by mechanical stress, such as contraction of muscle fibers. Thus, eukaryotic cells have a repair protein machinery ensuring a rapid resealing of large cell membrane ruptures. The exhaustive list of components of the repair machinery and their interplay remain to be established.The annexin (Anx) family consists of twelve soluble proteins in mammals and share the property of binding to membranes exposing negatively charged phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Several studies have shown the involvement of Anx (AnxA1, A2, A4, A5, A6 and A7) in membrane repair of different cell types (muscle, cancer, endothelium…) in different species (mouse, zebrafish, human…). The presence of different Anx in skeletal muscle, together with the participation of several members of the Anx family in membrane repair processes, raise the question of a collective role of these proteins in the protection and repair of sarcolemma injuries.The PhD project aimed 1) at identifying Anx that are essential for membrane repair in human skeletal muscle cells, 2) developing a correlative light and electron microscopy to study the wounded site and the Anx distribution at high resolution, 3) elucidating the function of each Anx in this process and 4) analyzing Anx in dystrophic muscle cells. Using approaches including cellular and molecular biology, fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we studied the behavior of Anx during sarcolemma damage.We showed that AnxA1, A2, A4, A5 and A6 are expressed in human myoblasts and myotubes, and are recruited at the disruption site within seconds after the sarcolemmal damage, forming a dense structure outside the cell, named the “cap” domain. Furthermore, we determined the relative order of Anx recruitment at the disruption site. The first Anx recruited are AnxA1, followed by AnxA6 and A5, the less sensitive to Ca2+. The last Anx recruited are the most sensitive to Ca2+, AnxA4 and A2. AnxA2 and A4 are instead rapidly recruited to intracellular vesicles present deeper in the cytosol. We also studied the ultrastructure of the disruption site at high resolution. Our results revealed that the “cap” domain correspond to a disorganized membrane structure, associated with the Anx. Thanks to our results and the literature, we have proposed a model for membrane repair involving Anx in human skeletal muscle cells. We also looked at the expression of Anx in dystrophic muscle cell lines from patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (dysferline deficient) and 1C (deficient in cadaveoline-3). We have thus shown that the pathological context disrupts the expression of some Anx, without altering their subcellular location.In conclusion, this work shows that several members of the Anx family are involved in membrane repair and act together to repair plasma membrane damage. The implication of Anx in other pathologies, such as preeclampsia or cancer, reinforces the interest of their study in the process of membrane repair
Yennek, Siham. "Etude des mécanismes régissant les divisions symétriques et asymétriques dans les cellules souches musculaires squelettiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066615.
Full textDuring muscle regeneration, muscle stem (satellite) cells proliferate symmetrically and asymmetrically. Non-random segregation of old and new template DNA strands (NRDS) is one mechanism associated with an asymmetric cell division, and this is often linked with distinct daughter cell fates. How this frequency is modulated and when during tissue remodelling are key questions that are the focus of my thesis project. To address the role of extrinsic cues in NRDS and cell fate decisions, we used micropatterns coated with extracellular matrix and designed with symmetric and asymmetric topological motifs. We show that the frequency of NRDS and transcription factors asymmetry (Pax7, stem; Myogenin, differentiated) can be modulated depending on the topology of the adhesion cues of the micropattern. Moreover, we show that a temporal switch occurs in vivo during early muscle regeneration from symmetric to asymmetric DNA segregation in a subpopulation of satellite cells. Gene expression profiling of symmetrically and asymmetrically dividing cells allowed the identification of candidate regulators that might impinge on this regulatory transition. Some candidate genes were assayed in a high throughput screen that was on 2D artificial stem-cell niches. Preliminary data show that extrinsic cues (ECM protein and substrate stiffness) combined with signalling pathways can regulate the balance between proliferation and differentiation in a context dependent manner. Taken together, this thesis project shows that the interplay between microenvironment and intracellular signalling impacts on the regulation of stem cell behaviour
Charrier, Elisabeth. "Implication de la desmine dans les propriétés mécaniques des cellules musculaires squelettiques dans le contexte des desminopathies." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077170.
Full textDesminopathies are neuromuscular genetic diseases caused by mutations in the desmin gene. They are characterized by the presence in muscles of aggregates containing desmin and by degenerative changes of the contractile apparatus. Although desminopathies have been largely studied at clinical level, the different steps that lead from a desmin gene mutation to progressive muscle weakness are stiil unclear. We investigated this problem in early stages of disease pathology and within an isogenic background, by using C2C12 myoblasts electroporated with the E413K mutant desmin. We first show that the expression of this mutant induces a large desmin network disorganization associated with important aggregate formation. We also compared the mechanical properties of wild-type C2C12 cells, cells over-expressing desmin-WT-GFP and cells expressing mutated desmin E413K-GFP. We show that the three cell types share similar visco-elastic moduli of the cortex, whereas expression of WT-desmin -but not of mutated desmin — increases the overall rigidity of cells. We finally investigated the impact of mutated desmin on the contractility of myoblasts in two different geometries, with a custom-made single cell technique, and with Traction Force Microscopy. We show that E413K-mutation significantly decreases cell contraction abilities. We thus demonstrate for the first time that the impaired contractile strength of muscles observed in desminopathies is already present at very early stage, in isolated myoblasts and at very short time of mutated desmin expression. Finally we have begun to investigate the effect of E413K mutated desmin expression on engineered microtissues made of C2C12 myoblasts
Rocheteau, Pierre. "Isolement et caractérisation d'une sous population de cellules souches musculaires squelettiques qui ségrégent de façon non aléatoire leurs brins d'ADN." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066049.
Full textMetzinger, Laurent. "Effetv des glucocorticoides et des lazaroides sur la differenciation de cellules musculaires squelettiques d'un modele animal de la dystrophie musculaire de duchenne." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR13135.
Full textDeval, Emmanuel. "Activité et expression de l'échangeur Na+/Ca2+ dans les cellules musculaires squelettiques de mammifère en culture primaire." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2259.
Full textMarchand, Eric. "Conséquences fonctionnelles d'une activation ou d'une inhibition de l'expression de la dystrophine dans des cellules musculaires squelettiques transfectées." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2280.
Full textBOURI, KHALED. "Contribution a l'etude du mecanisme d'action des glucocorticoides sur la differenciation des cellules musculaires squelettiques c2 en lignee." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR13175.
Full textBensaid, Samir. "Mise en place de contre-mesures pour limiter la perte protéique de cellules musculaires squelettiques consécutive à l’hypoxie cellulaire." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S021.
Full textBackground and aims : Chronic exposure to severe hypoxia has deleterious effects on the muscular system, in particular on skeletal muscle mass. Hypoxia leads to imbalance of protein homeostasis, decreasing protein synthesis (mainly regulated through PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway) while increasing protein degradation (mainly through autophagy and proteasomal degradation). In contrast, mechanical stimuli and nutrients, particularly the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), induce activation of the mTOR pathway in human and rat skeletal muscle as well as and in cultured muscle cells, and decrease protein catabolism. In a model of skeletal muscle cell culture, we attempt to determine whether the combination of mechanical stimulation, nutritional supplementation and reoxygenation could reverse the deleterious effects of hypoxia on protein homeostasis.Experimental methodsWe induced a hypoxic stress on skeletal muscle murine cells differentiated into myotubes C2C12: four days after differentiation, the C2C12 myotubes were placed into a hypoxic chamber at 4% O2 for 24h. Electrical stimulation was applied to the cells using a pulse generator to provide electric pulses. Following the ES treatment, myotubes were firstly supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: mixture of leucine, isoleucine and valine added to culture media) while placed to normoxia during 2 hours (corresponding so to a reoxygenation protocol).ResultsAfter 24 hours of hypoxia, the morphological analysis of myotubes shows a significant decrease in their diameter, translating the activation of protein degradation pathways at the expense of protein synthesis pathways. When applied separately, each treatment has little effect on the mTOR pathway and morphology of myotubes. However, the combination of electrical stimulation, supplementation BCAA and reoxygenation lead to an increase of the phosphorylation of key proteins involved in protein synthesis pathway (Akt and p70S6 kinase), thus reflecting their activation state. In addition, morphological analysis shows a significant increase in myotube diameter and fusion index (reflecting the state of differentiation), a sign of the presence of muscle hypertrophy.ConclusionOur preliminary results suggested that mTOR pathway responds to a combination of electrostimulation, nutrient supplementation and reoxygenation by phosphorylation of key regulators of protein synthesis, and could reverse the protein loss induced by hypoxia
Couchoux, Harold. "Interactions fonctionnelles et moléculaires de la cavéoline-3 et du canal calcique de type L dans les cellules musculaires squelettiques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00283143.
Full textKitzmann, Magali. "Régulations du facteur myogénique MyoD au cours du cycle cellulaire et de la transition prolifération-différenciation des cellules musculaires squelettiques." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON1T006.
Full textBlaineau, Sylvie. "Les réservoirs calciques dans les cellules musculaires cardiaques et squelettiques au cours du couplage excitation-contraction : étude ultrastructurale, cytochimique, analytique, électrophysiologique." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10066.
Full textFélix, de Melo Juliana. "Molécules de fusion et facteurs de transcription dans les macrophages et cellules musculaires squelettiques de rats : l'effet de la dénutrition néonatale." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2000.
Full textIn this thesis, we evaluated the late effects of neonatal undernutrition on the expression/production of fusion molecules and transcriptional factors in alveolar macrophages and skeletal muscle cells. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were suckled by mothers fed diets containing 17% casein, control group (C) or 8% casein, undernourished group (UN) during lactation. After weaning, all animals received a normoproteic diet (Labina or Teklad Global), at 42 days (n=12), 60 days (n=12) and 90 days (n=12). Half of these animals (n=18) were submitted to a tracheostomy for the removal of bronchoalveolar lavage and subsequent culture of alveolar macrophages for 4 days. In the other half (n = 18), all muscles of both legs were removed and the skeletal muscle cells cultured for 10 days. This resulted in two original articles. The first of these, entitled “Long-term effects of a neonatal low-protein diet in rats on the number of macrophages in culture and the expression/production of fusion proteins”, allowed us to observe that undernutrition during lactation altered the number of macrophages in culture and the production of fusion proteins in young and adult rats, but did not modify the expression of cadherin adhesion molecules. The second article, entitled “Effect of a neonatal low-protein diet on the morphology of myotubes in culture and the expression of key proteins that regulate myogenesis in young and adult rats”, demonstrated that neonatal undernutrition did not modify the expression of key proteins of the myogenic process but altered the morphology and reduced the number of myotubes in culture from 60-day-old rats. In conclusion, neonatal undernutrition caused sequelae in young and adult organisms, even after nutritional recovery. These changes were evidenced in the development of alveolar macrophages in culture and myogenesis
Vandebrouck, Aurélie. "Régulation des entrées de calcium dépendantes des réserves intracellulaires par le complexe protéique associé à la dystrophine dans les cellules musculaires squelettiques." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2318.
Full textIn Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, absence of dystrophin is accompanied by a chronic elevation of intracellular calcium, which may leads to fibre necrosis. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) could be responsible of a maintained calcium influx during muscle cells activity. In our mouse cell lines, we have observed that depletion of calcium stores led to a calcium influx, which was modulated by depolarisation of mitochondria. In myotubes expressing minidystrophin, the entries were faster than in dystrophin deficient myotubes. SOCE also led to calcium entry into mitochondria, a major calcium buffer of muscle cells. These intramitochondrial entries were smaller in myotubes expressing minidystrophin. We propose that minidystrophin could improve calcium homeostasis and cell survival through a better control of SOCE and mitochondria loading. This control may be performed thanks to -syntrophin which can associate with TRPC1 a component of SOC
Blaineau, Sylvie. "Les Réservoirs calciques dans les cellules musculaires cardiaques et squelettiques au cours du couplage excitation-contraction étude ultrastructurale, cytochimique, analytique et électrophysiologique /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37603043c.
Full textSabourin, Jessica. "Influx cationique dépendant des canaux TRPCs dans les cellules musculaires squelettiques : régulation par le complexe dystrophine/alpha1-syntrophine et par la voie PLC : implication dans la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." Poitiers, 2009. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2009/Sabourin-Jessica/2009-Sabourin-Jessica-These.pdf.
Full textThe dystrophin is a cytoskeleton protein normally expressed underneath the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle. The lack of this protein in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy leads to muscle necrosis and to increased intracellular free calcium in the cytoplasm. Actually, the link between calcium mishandling and the absence of dystrophin is not well established and the aim of my study is to demonstrate it. Our works showed that cationic influx activated by calcium depletion of sarcoplasmic reticulum is strongly increased. We identified TRPC1 and TRPC4 channels supporting cationic influx in myotubes expressing mini-dystrophin. We also described for the first time a molecular link between dystrophin and TRPC1/TRPC4 channels, the alpha1-syntrophin. We suggested that normal regulation of syntrophin overexpression leads to reduction of abnormal cationic influx in dystrophin-deficient myotubes. Conversely, alpha1-syntrophin repression leads to increased cationic entry in myotubes expressing mini-dystrophin. The presence at normal level of this protein appears to be crucial for normal regulation of TRPC1/TRPC4 channels in skeletal muscle. On the other hand, we demonstrated an increased cationic influx supported by TRPC in dystrophin-deficient myotubes, which seems to be potentiated by PLC/PKC pathway
Wzee, Raghda Al. "La régulation de l'expression des canaux TRPC1 par la voie calcineurine/NF-AT dépendante du calcium dans les cellules musculaires squelettiques déficientes en dystrophine." Poitiers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POIT2259.
Full textThe transmembrane protein TRPC1 is an important element of cationic channels in skeletal muscle fibres. These channels are altered in muscular dystrophic cells from mouse mdx. A dysfunction of these TRPC1 channels induced excessive entries of calcium into muscular cells that destabilizes calcium homeostasis and contributes to cell death. An entry of calcium is known for modulating, via the calcineurin/NFAT pathway, the expression of some genes. That's why, we propses that the calcineurin/NFAT pathway could play a role in increased expression of TRPC1 protein. In this context, the objective of the thesis work was to analyse expression of TRPC1 in normal and dystrophic muscular cells, and to determine if an intracellular calcium increase is involved, in turn, in the increase of expression of these channels via the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Results obtained by means of quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot showed an increase of expression of TRPC1 mRNA and protein respectively into SolC1 and SolD6 myotubes depolarized by KCl. Elevation of cytoplasmic calcium following the depolarization can stimulate the expression of TRPC1, by activing the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin, diminished the potentiator effect of KCl depolarization on TRPC1 expression. Extinction of TRPC1 by siRNA enhanced cell viability of dystrophin-deficient myotubes. This strategy or pharmacological agents could present therapeutical interest by preventing the cell death induced by these altered calcium influxes
André, Philippe. "L'Interféron exerce-t'il des effets membranaires tardifs et précoces sur des cellules musculaires lisses et squelettiques en culture primaire? exemple de l'interféron de rat /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376023329.
Full textMondin, Ludivine. "Homéostasie calcique et survie des cellules musculaires squelettiques déficientes en dystrophine : effets de la modulation de l'activité et de l'expression des récepteurs à l'inositol trisphosphate." Poitiers, 2009. http://theses.edl.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2009/Mondin-Ludivine/2009-Mondin-Ludivine-These.pdf.
Full textIn Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the lack of dystrophin leads to muscle degeneration and progressive weakness. The link between the lack of dystrophin and the cell death is not well established. However, calcium mishandling was observed in dystrophin-deficient muscle cells, involving sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium stores depending on IP3Rs. Global calcium releases after depolarization and spontaneous calcium events at rest were greater in dystrophin-deficient cells than in mini-dystrophin transfected cells. Theses results were confirmed in primary cultures of myotubes from mdx mouse (animal model of the DMD) comparatively to Bl10 mouse (control mouse). Moreover, the short term and long term IP3 pathway regulation was investigated. This study showed a possible involvement of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway in the IP3R-1 expression. Furthermore, pharmacological regulation of this pathway revealed calcium releases modulation, decrease of IP3R-1 expression and protecting effect against dystrophin-deficient natural cell death. These data suggest the involvement of the IP3Rs calcium mishandling leading to the death of dystrophin-deficient muscle cells. Now, it will be interesting to examine in a deeper way the role of the dystrophin in the modulation of this calcium release pathway
André, Philippe. "L'interferon exerce-t-il des effets membranaires tardifs et precoces sur des cellules musculaires lisses et squelettiques en culture primaire? exemple de l'interferon de rat." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13212.
Full textJacquemin, Virginie. "Mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans l'hypertrophie des myotubes humains induite par l'IGF-1." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077195.
Full textIGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth factor 1) is a growth factor secreted by the liver in response to GH, but also expressed locally in muscle where it plays a key role in the control of muscle mass. Overexpressed in the muscle of mice, IGF-1 induces muscle hypertrophy and prevents the loss of muscle mass that occurs with aging. In the present study, the ability of IGF-1 to induce myotube hypertrophy has been confirmed in a model of primary human myoblasts. By treating cultures with IGF-1 after 3 days of differentiation, we developed a model of human myotube hypertrophy independent of cell proliferation and charaterized by an increase in fusion index, resulting from the increased recruitment of reserve cells for differentiation and fusion. Using this model, we show that IGF-1 exclusively signals on myotubes but not on reserve cells, suggesting the existence of a secondary mechanism triggered by the myotubes inducing reserve cell recruitment for fusion. Using conditioned medium we observed that a soluble factor secreted by myotubes is responsible for this increase in reserve cell recruitment for fusion in response to IGF-1. This factor was identified as Interleukin-13 using a neutralizing antibody and exogenous treatment. We demonstrate that the expression of IL-13 is induced via the transcription factor NFATcl in response to IGF-1, and is responsible for the increased recruitment of reserve cells for fusion during human myotube hypertrophy induced by IGF-1
Balghi, Haouaria. "Implication des récepteurs à l'inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate dans les libérations de calcium du reticulum sarcoplasmique dans des cellules musculaires squelettiques déficientes en dystrophine ou exprimant la mini-dystrophine." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2320.
Full textAlterations of Ca2+ homeostasis are involved in Duchenne muscular dystrophy characterized by a lack of the dystrophin protein. The aim of this study is to characterize Ca2+ release events in a dystrophin deficient cell line (SolC1), in a dystrophin forced-expression cell line (SolD). Using confocal microscopy, measurements of Ca2+ signals were performed in myotubes loaded with the Fluo-4. At rest, localized quantal Ca2+ release events (sparks) and widespread calcium releases evoked by high KCl solution were recorded. SolC1 myotubes showed a higher sparks density than SolD myotubes. Perfusion of 2-APB (inhibitor of IP3 receptor) decreased sparks density in SolC1 and SolD myotubes while ryanodine decreased sparks density only in SolD myotubes. Myotubes incubated with 2-APB showed a faster relaxation kinetic of calcium transients than the control myotubes. These data suggest that IP3 could play a substantial role in Ca2+ release from SR in dystrophic cells
SEIGNEURIN-VENIN, SOPHIE. "Etude de la differenciation myogenique in vitro : role de la sous-unite alpha 1 du canal ca#2#+ lent dans la fusion et la maturation des cellules musculaires squelettiques." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066386.
Full textMazaleyrat, Kilian. "Modélisation de pathologies neuromusculaires par la co-différenciation dirigée de cellules souches pluripotentes induites, en fibres musculaires innervées par des motoneurones." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0127.
Full textInduced pluripotent stem cells obtained by reprogramming of primary somatic cells have revolutionized the cell biology and disease modeling fields. However, modeling human skeletal muscle and neuromuscular disorders has been hindered by a limited number of protocols for generation of mature muscle fibers with sarcolemmal organization. Through simultaneous co-differentiation of hiPSC into muscle cells and motor neurons, we developed a novel procedure for generating innervated multinucleated mature skeletal muscle fibers. Presence of both cell types greatly enhances myoblast differentiation and yields mature functional millimeter-long multinucleated muscle fibers. Furthermore, this organoid-like culture can be maintained over long periods of time with autonomous cell regeneration thanks to the presence of PAX7-positive cells and extracellular matrix synthesis. This protocol applicable to hiPSCs from healthy individuals was validated in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Myotonic Dystrophy, Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy and type 2A Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy opening new paths for exploration of muscle differentiation, disease modeling and drug discovery
Cantereau, Anne. "Étude, par imagerie confocale de fluorescence, de la dynamique spatio-temporelle du Ca2+ libre intracellulaire et de son évolution au cours de la différenciation des cellules musculaires squelettiques de rat in vitro." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28493.
Full textMansat, Melanie. "Signalisation et implication des phosphoinositides dans la myopathie myotubulaire liée à l'X." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOU30039.
Full textPhosphoinositides (PIs) are a minor class of phospholipids that play an essential role in diverse cellular functions highlighted by the direct involvement of their metabolizing enzymes in human pathologies such as genetic diseases or cancers. Their metabolism is extremely active through the action of specific PI-kinases and PI-phosphatases. Under various stimuli, the relocalization of these enzymes allows a rapid and more or less transient generation or depletion of certain PIs, allowing the recruitment of proteins involved in various cellular mechanisms such as migration, differentiation, or proliferation. MTM1, a member of the myotubularin family, is a PI 3-phosphatase that in vitro dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) and PI(3,5)P2 into PI and PI5P respectively. This enzyme is mutated in X-linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM), a rare severe congenital disease characterized at birth by hypotonia, severe muscle weakness and respiratory distress leading to early infant death. In the majority of cases of XLMTM, the expression of MTM1 is strongly reduced or absent. My thesis work focused on the roles of MTM1 products and substrates, and their impact in the etiology of the pathology. For this purpose, I used the C2C12 myoblastic cell line which has the ability to differentiate into contractile myotubes and to reproduce the different stages of myogenesis. We have created and characterized a knockout cell line for Mtm1 using the CRISPR/Cas9 strategy and shown that these cells reproduce the defects observed in the pathology such as nuclei misorganization, and thinner and smaller myotubes. Using this model, we showed that MTM1 is a major enzyme for PI5P production, and surprisingly (while MTM1 is expressed during differentiation), measured a decrease in PI5P level during differentiation. Thus, we hypothesized that PI5P could be metabolized to PI(4,5)P2 by PI5P 4-Kinases (PI5P4Ks), the only conversion pathway for PI5P known to date. Using biochemical, cell biology and microscopy approaches, we demonstrated the involvement of PI5P4Kα in the production of a minor pool of PI(4,5)P2 in particular membrane structures called "podosome-like" essential for myoblast fusion. These results reveal a coordination between a PI-phosphatase and a PI-kinase in the formation of cell structures important for myoblast fusion. In parallel, we have initiated a study on the identification of MTM1 partners through the BioID approach and the results point to an important role of MTM1 in integrin trafficking, correlating with the observed defects in β1-integrin localization in XLMTM. These results are integrated in a second paper which highlights epigenetic alterations as a pathophysiological mechanism of XLMTM, and that histone deacetylase inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for this disease. In particular, we show that treatment of Mtm1 knockout C2C12 cells with valproic acid restores a normal phenotype with a normal expression level and localization of integrin-β1, rescuing the observed adhesion defects. Details of the proteins identified with the BioID approach are presented in supplemental results. Moreover, in view of the described roles of MTM1 and its products and substrates, work has been carried out on the disruption of vesicular trafficking in the absence of MTM1. Thus, this thesis work allowed to set up an original cellular model to study MTM1 functions and underlined novel insights into the role of MTM1 and its products and substrates in membrane dynamic during muscle differentiation
Hadadeh, Ola. "Rôle du système d'activation du plasminogène dans la différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires de souris." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20718.
Full textRegulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important functional biological role either in physiological or pathological conditions. The plasminogen activation (PA) system, comprising the uPA and tPA proteases and their inhibitor PAI-1, is one of the main suppliers of extracellular proteolytic activity contributing to tissue remodeling. Although its function in development is well documented, its precise role in mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiationin vitro is unknown. We found that uPA and tPA activities and PAI-1 protein are very low in undifferentiated ESCs and increase strongly during the differentiation, reaching a maximum in well differentiated cells. Adipocyte formation by ESCs is inhibited by amiloride treatment, a specific uPA inhibitor. Likewise, ESCs expressing ectopic PAI-1 under the control of an inducible expression system, display reduced adipogenic capacities after induction of the gene. Our results demonstrate that the control of ESC adipogenesis by the PA system correspond to different successive steps from undifferentiated to well differentiated ESCs. Furthermore, the adipogenic differentiation capacities of PAI-1-/- induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are augmented as compared to wt iPSCs. Similarly, skeletal myogenesis is decreased by uPA inhibition or PAI-1 overexpression during the terminal step of differentiation. However, interfering with uPA during days 0 to 3 of the differentiation process augments ESC myotube formation. Neither neurogenesis, cardiomyogenesis, endothelial cell nor smooth muscle formation are affected by amiloride or PAI-1 induction. Our results show that the PA system is capable to specifically modulate adipogenesis and skeletal myogenesis of ESCs by successive different molecular mechanisms
Kostallari, Enis. "Microcirculation et croissance musculaire : rôle des péricytes dans la niche des cellules satellites musculaires." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST0065.
Full textMuscle microvasculature is often considered solely as a source of nutrients and oxygen for growing muscle cells and seems to be stereotypically conserved between human and mouse. The adult normal muscle microvascular unit is formed of 6–8 capillaries. In Gitiaux, et al. (2013) we show that microvascular unit organization and size are strikingly similar in human and small animals. In the adult skeletal muscle, the majority of satellite cells are close neighbors of pericytes and some of them are probably able to establish temporary direct contacts with pericytes. During post-natal development, in human and mice, pericytes and satellite cells become progressively closer. In vitro, endothelial cells induce satellite cell activation and proliferation through Angpt-2 and PDGF-BB, while pericytes induce quiescence through Angpt-1 and differentiation of satellite cells through IGF-1. These effects are confirmed by in vivo experiments using Tg:NG2Cre/+::R26RiDTR, Tg:NG2Cre/+::IGF1del/+ and Tg:TNAPCreERT2/+::Angpt1del/+ mice, which exhibit muscle hypotrophy and satellite cell activation. All these results support the emerging concept that “stem cells support other stem cells”
Barbier, Julien. "Etude du mode d'action de la toxine létale de Clostridium sordellii sur le système neuromusculaire squelettique de vertébrés." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077134.
Full textAuthier, François-Jérôme. "Production d'interleukine-1 par la cellule musculaire squelettique." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120078.
Full textLe, Grand Fabien. "Les cellules embryonnaires : des outils pour la reconstruction musculaire squelettique." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT2059.
Full textWe studied the myogenic potential of different types of mouse embryonic cells. In vitro myogenic commitment of dermomyotomal cells is modified when they are co-cultivated with osteogenic or neural cells from their microenvironment. The combination of these environmental cells is needed for successful development of dermomyotomal cells into adult transplanted muscle. Endothelial progenitor cells within embryonic skeletal muscles purified by magnetic-bead selection on the basis of CD34 expression, are able to differentiate into endothelial cells and skeletal myofibers in in vitro culture. When transplanted into an adult mdx mouse muscle, CD34+ cells display a high propensity to disperse within the recipient muscle, fuse with host fibers, restoring dystrophin expression
Peressini, Lopez Paula. "Activité du rétrotransposon L1 dans les cellules musculaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2020COAZ6007.
Full textAlmost half of the human genome derives from transposable elements (TE). Among them, the Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) forms the only currently active and autonomous transposable element family in humans. Although hundreds of thousands L1 copies are dispersed in the human genome, only 80-100 of them are still retrotransposition competent, i.e. able to replicate by a “copy-and-paste” mechanism via an RNA intermediate and a reverse transcription step. On the one hand, L1 activity can have deleterious consequences, such as insertional mutagenesis, and is tightly regulated at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. However, specific host factors are necessary for completion of L1 replication cycle. When occurring in the germline or in the early embryo, L1 insertions can be transmitted to the next generation. Somatic retrotransposition has been also described in epithelial tumors and in the brain, both in neural progenitor cells and differentiated neurons. Nevertheless, the extent of L1 expression and mobilization in other somatic tissues remains unclear.Here, we investigated the activity of L1 retrotransposons in human and mouse skeletal muscle cells. We show that the most abundant L1 protein, ORF1p, which is essential to retrotransposition, is undetectable under our experimental conditions, in mouse or human muscle samples, while it is readily detected in cancer cells or in testis. Similarly, it was undetected in immortalized mouse or human myoblasts. However, we found that L1 is capable of retrotransposition in human and mouse myoblasts when expressed from a plasmid or from an integrated copy with a constitutive or inducible promoter, respectively. In conclusion, while L1 expression is under the limit of detection in muscle, myoblasts are permissive to retrotransposition, indicating that these cells express all the cellular factors necessary to achieve this process, and do not express significant restriction factors that would prevent retrotransposition.Altogether, our findings suggest that somatic L1 activity could not be confined to the brain or cancer cells, but could also occur in muscles under environmental or pathological conditions that would unleash L1 expression
L'Honoré, Aurore. "Régulations transcriptionnelles du facteur myogénique MyoD au cours des phases prolifératives et différenciées de la myogénèse squelettique adulte." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON1T014.
Full textEl, Dirani Zeinab. "Effet de l’hypoxie intermittente et de l’entraînement physique intensif sur la structure et la fonction du tissu musculaire chez le rat." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV067/document.
Full textObstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a chronic disease characterized by repeated interruptions of breathing during sleep due to the temporary closure of the upper airway. Its prevalence increases with the increasing in prevalence of obesity, especially in developed countries.Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) resulting from this transient closure of the upper airway is one of the major consequences of OSAS and is responsible of most of the complications related to this pathology, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and more generally cardiovascular remodeling.On the other hand, intensive physical training(IT) is well known to have benefits on cardiovascular system, thus we hypothesize that physical training can reverse the deleterious effects of IH on reactivity and vascular remodeling as well as intracellular calcium signaling in muscle cells.To answer this question, we chose the rat as an animal model to study the potential effect of IT in the prevention and reversal of deleterious (IH) effects in terms of reactivity and calcium signaling in muscle tissue.Rats were exposed for 21 days to intermittent hypoxia and housed in cages specially equipped to maintain an airflow alternating between 21% and 5% PO2 in cages containing hypoxic rats and 21% PO2 in cages containing the control rats. During the last two weeks of exposure to IH, a group of hypoxic rats and one of the normoxic rats underwent IT sessions on a treadmill at a speed of 16m / min to 30m / min.Physiological parameters were measured (blood pressure, heart rate, hematocrit), the aorta was removed to study the vascular reactivity, then vascular smooth muscle cells were removed and cultured to study calcium signaling by EPIfluorescence microscopy. Finally, the genes coding for the key mediators of the calcium signaling: RyR1, RyR2 RyR3, (ryanodine receptors), TRPV4 (transient receptor potential channel), SERCA1, SERCA2 (Sarco / Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2 + -ATPase) and IP3R1 , 5-Trisphosphate Receptor) in various vascular and skeletal tissues were studied at the molecular level as mRNA by Q-PCR or as protein by Western Blot.Our results show that IH induces a significant increase in blood pressure and hematocrit and a decrease in acetylcholine-induced aortic relaxation pre-contracted with phenylnephrine. This was consistent with our observation that HI increases the level of intracellular calcium in cultured aortic smooth muscle. On the other hand, IT induced a significant decrease in hematocrit and aortic vasoconstriction induced by phenylnephrine and endothelial-1, consistant with the observation that IT reduces the IH-N difference in the calcium response. On the molecular scale, IH induces a significant increase in the expression of RyR1, RyR2, RyR3, SERCA1, SERCA2, TRPV4 and IP3R1 at the mRNA level in the tissues of all groups with a greater amount of RyR1,RyR2,& RyR3 higher in IH tissue of smooth muscles (mainly in the thoracic and abdominal aorta) and SERCA1 (9-fold higher in IH tissues) and SERCA2 (10-fold higher in IH tissues) in the skeletal muscles (Gastrocnemius, plantaris and soléus). In addition, IH induces a significant increase in RYR1, RYR2 and TRPV4 at the protein level in the thoracic and abdominal aorta; And IT reduces the difference in expression between animals N and IH.Our results suggest that IT is a promising, non-pharmacological or complementary treatment for limiting cardiovascular complications induced by IH and muscle remodeling in patients with OSAS
Gsaier, Linda. "Rôle du métabolisme sur le devenir des cellules souches musculaires et l'homéostasie du muscle squelettique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1208.
Full textDuring muscle regeneration following injury, muscle stem cells, also called satellite cells,leave their quiescent state and activate. MuSCs are capable of both differentiating torepair muscle tissue after an injury and self-renewing to replenish the pool of stem cells.The regulation of their fate is modulated by several signaling pathways such as Wnt,Notch or TGFb pathway. However, there are few data concerning the involvement ofmetabolism in the fate of satellite cells. Yet it has been shown that the activation ofsatellite cells is closely related to cellular metabolism, which one of the main players isAMPK protein kinase. This heterotrimeric complex, composed of three subunits a, b andg, is responsible for the balance between energy consumption and energy productionwithin the cell. With the modulation of mTORC1, AMPKa1 has also been shown to be responsible for cell growth and proliferation of myogenic precursors. Using different mouse models, primary lines and sorted satellite cells, we determined the role that each isoform, AMPKa1 and AMPKa2, could play within the cell, on myogenesis and on the homeostasis of the regenerated muscle. First, we demonstrated that AMPKa1-LDH signaling pathway regulates the satellite cells self-renewal by controlling metabolism. Indeed, at the time of cell fate choice between commitment into terminal differentiation versus self-renewal, the AMPKa1 pathway induces a decrease in LDH activity, allowing cells to adopt an oxidative phosphorylation metabolism responding to their energy needs. In a second time, we demonstrated that the AMPKa2 isoform, expressed during myogenesis only after the induction of muscle cell differentiation, was responsible for a modulation of the muscular regeneration and that its absence induced a lack of differentiation and a delay in maturation of the new formed myofibers. Our work allowed us to confirm the central role of AMPK protein kinase in the regulation, by the modulation of metabolism, of muscle stem cell fate in a context of skeletal muscle regeneration in a mouse model
Negroni, Elisa. "Potentiel myogénique des cellules humaines : conséquences en thérapie cellulaire." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066080.
Full textTrensz, Frédéric. "Influence de l'environnement biochimique et biomécanique sur les cellules souches du muscle squelettique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6257.
Full textMitutsova, Violeta. "Cellules souches du muscle squelettique : étude d'une population capable de différenciation multipotente." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT025/document.
Full textThe use of stem cells is a promising approach for the treatment of neuromuscular degenerative diseases. Many studies currently focus on embryonic stem cells (ES) and induced pluripotent stem cells (IPs) for use in regenerative medicine. But some problems remain for their use in cell therapy in particular the potential of these cells to form teratomas. This problem requires both ES and IPs to be differentiated towards a specific cell type. Such induction of differentiation can lead to additional risks such as genetic drift or various sources of contamination.The adult skeletal muscle, has a high plasticity and regenerative capacity, it contains a stem cell population that is specific for muscle, and has been isolated and studied in the laboratory. Adult skeletal Muscle-Derived Stem Cells, MDSC repopulate and repair damaged skeletal muscle with high efficiency in a few days, even in the presence of endogenous satellite cells. (Arsic et al Exp. Cell Res. 2008). The host laboratory is characterizing this cell population and its histological identity and testing the tissue repair potential of transplanted MDSC in mouse models, as well as their bio-distribution for therapeutic use.My thesis work addressed the study of this stem cells population isolated from skeletal muscle showing low adhesion to substrate. Poor/low adherence is an interesting property because in addition to be defined as closer to the pluripotent state, this property is associated with a higher migration capability. This population of muscle stem cells should be easier to use than pre-differentiated stem cells in regenerative medicine. In this perspective it is interesting to use multipotent stem cells that are close to pluripotent cells in terms of differentiation and regenerative capacity, but without the inconveniencies like teratogenic risk and uncontrolled proliferation, as well as expensive and time-consuming cell culture.At the beginning of my thesis I was interested by the different populations of cells present in muscle and I focused my work on known markers of stem cells, whose presence has been established in skeletal muscle, but not clearly identified histologically. Muscle stem cells expressed the pluripotency factor Sox2, but also markers, such as BCRP1/ABCG2, Sca-1 and SSEA1. I have examined the potential of MDSC to differentiate in vitro into several cell types such as cardiac pacemaker-like cells, insulin-producing cells and cells that exhibit neuronal markers. I also focused on the possible therapeutic applications of MDSC, particularly in the case of heart rhythm problems and in the case of insulin-dependent diabetes. For these in vivo studies of the repair potential of MDSC, a single systemic injection is carried out in mouse models of the diseases. The histological recovery of injected MDSC into target organs also raises the question of the biodistribution of MDSC in the body. Therefore I spent more than a year of my doctoral thesis to address this issue and showed a targeted recruitment of MDSC to injured tissue or organs within 48h of their systemic injection
Boubaker, El Andalousi Ramzi. "Modification des caractéristiques morphologiques et fonctionnelles des muscles squelettiques après transplantation de cellules précurseurs isolées des tissus musculaire et adipeux." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20020.
Full textVassilopoulos, Stéphane. "Caractérisation et rôle des isoformes de la triadine dans la physiologie des cellules musculaires." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10289.
Full textLn the present study, I searched for the role of the different triadin isoforms Trisk 95, Trisk 51, Trisk 49 and Trisk 32. First, I studied the role of Trisk 95 and Trisk 51. I induced their over-expression with viral vectors in primary cultures or in new-born mice. Both isoforms are associated to RyR1. Over-expression of Trisk 95 can block the depolarisation induced Ca2+ release in primary myotube cultures, while in the same conditions, Trisk 51 overexpression had no effect. Trisk 95 over-expression also decreases store operated-calcium entry, a process that allows ce Ils to replenish depleted stores with extracellular Ca2+. Triadin long-term over-expression by adenovirus injections of Trisk 95 and Trisk 51 in newborn mice was also studied. Their over-expression only slightly affected the expression of proteins involved in the calcium release complex. However, their overexpression affected the localization of caveolin-3, a structural protein involved in triad formation. These results open new perspectives concerning the respective function of each isoform on Ca2+ release complexes and their targeting to triads. The second part of my work was to characterize the localization and the partners of Trisk 49 and Trisk 32. Using immunofluorescent labelling and confocal microscopy on longitudinal muscle sections, I showed that the two isoforms Trisk 49 and Trisk 32 are not localized at the triad, suggesting a specific function, distinct from the calcium release complex. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Trisk 32 is associated to RyR, but also to another type of intracellular Ca2+ release channels, inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate receptors (IP3R). Altogether, these results suggest that triadins could be involved in regulating different types of calcium release channels and that they cou Id participate in maintaining the structure of different SR compartments
Baghdadi, Meryem. "Régulation de la quiescence des cellules souches du muscle squelettique par la voie Notch." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066461/document.
Full textAdult skeletal muscles can regenerate after repeated trauma, yet our understanding of how adult muscle satellite (stem) cells (MuSCs) restore muscle integrity and homeostasis after regeneration is limited. In the adult mouse, MuSCs are quiescent and located between the basal lamina and the myofibre. After injury, they re-enter the cell cycle, proliferate, differentiate and fuse to restore the damaged fibre. A subpopulation of myogenic cells then self-renews and replenishes the stem cell pool for future repair. When MuSCs are removed from their niche, they rapidly express the commitment marker Myod and proliferate. The basal lamina that ensheaths MuSCs is rich in collagens, non-collagenous glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Whether these and other extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins constitute functional components of MuSCs niche remains unclear. Moreover, although signalling pathways that maintain MuSCs quiescence have been identified, how these regulate stem cell properties and niche composition remains largely unknown. Sustained, high activity of the Notch signalling pathway is critical for the maintenance of MuSCs in a quiescence state. Of interest, whole-genome ChIP for direct Notch/Rbpj transcriptional targets identified specific micro-RNAs and collagen genes in satellite cells. Using genetic tools to conditionally activate or abrogate Notch signalling, we demonstrate that the expression of these target genes is controlled by the Notch pathway in vitro and in vivo. Further, we propose that Collagen V and miR708 can contribute cell-autonomously to the generation of the MuSCs niche via a Notch signalling-regulated mechanism
Fornasari, Benoît Chérel Yan Rouger Karl. "Les cellules souches dérivées du muscle (MDSC) isolement dans deux modèles gros animaux et évaluation comme candidates à la thérapie de la Dystrophie Musculaire de Duchenne (DMD) /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=50816.
Full textCollard, Laura. "Rôle du facteur de transcription Srf au cours de l’atrophie du muscle squelettique et dans les cellules satellites." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T068/document.
Full textAdult skeletal muscle is able to adapt its size to functional demand. It can undergo atrophy or hypertrophy according to mechanical load. To date, the molecules that mediate muscle plasticity remain unclear.Using different models inducing muscle atrophy, we show that the transcription factor Srf is a mediator of mechanotransduction through the actin/Mrtfs/Srf pathway. Mechanical load abolition leads to G-actin nuclear accumulation, delocalization of Mrtf-A, an Srf coactivator, and Srf activity downregulation. This results in a decrease in Srf-dependent transcription. Many Srf target genes encode sarcomeric proteins such as α-skeletal actin, thus a downregulation of Srf-dependent transcription could participate to muscle atrophy. In addition, our results suggest that Srf activity decrease could affect mitochondrial network organization and autophagic flux in a way that remains to be determined. Besides, using a satellite cell-specific conditional and inducible Srf knockout, we show that overload hypertrophy requires Srf expression by satellite cells. Myoblasts proliferation and early differentiation are not altered by Srf loss. However, mutant myoblasts are unable to fuse with myofibers during overload hypertrophy. Altogether, our results demonstrate that Srf is an important player in skeletal muscle plasticity: it is a mediator of mechanotransduction via the actin/Mrtfs/Srf pathway and its expression by satellite cells is required for myoblasts to fuse with myofibers during overload hypertrophy
Kalman, Benoît. "Génération et optimisation de microtissus musculaires 3D in vitro." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI053.
Full textSkeletal muscle tissue engineering aims to build functional and physiological tissues in vitro in order to better understand myogenesis, to investigate the impact of genetic mutations and to screen potential therapies. Over the past few years, bi- and tridimensional models of muscle tissue have been developed, but most of these models are based on the use of murine cells and require large amounts of cells, thus limiting their relevance to study pathologies of human muscles and drug screening assays. Here we aimed at developing different models of human muscle microtissues to address these issues. By using microfabrication techniques, we first engineered a microgrooved platform we used to generate aligned multilayered skeletal muscle tissues from murine C2C12 myoblasts and human immortalized myoblasts. We showed the impact of topography and cell density on the maturation and myotube alignment. We then fabricated a microdevice, consisting of microwells containing two micropillars allowing an easy access to the contractility of muscle tissues. We engineered microtissues from C2C12 and C2C12 myoblasts electroporated with a mutated gene of desmin, and showed some limitation of this technique of transduction. Finally, we generated microtissues from human myoblasts. We investigated the role of the extracellular matrix in the tissue formation and evidenced the benefits of coculturing myoblasts and fibroblasts on the stability of muscle microtissues. Furthermore, we optimized the geometry of the micropillars to engineer and compare microtissues composed of human myoblasts isolated from healthy and diseased (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) patients. A proof of concept of the potential of this technology for screening chemical and gene therapies was established. We were indeed able to analyze in real time the effects of the Rho-associated kinase-inhibitor Y-27632 on the tissue contractility, as well as the transduction of a model fluorescent reporter gene. Altogether, the results of this work demonstrate the potential of this technology to study fundamental muscle biology, examine functional effects of patient-specific mutations or screen chemical and gene therapies
Vahidi, Ferdousi Leyla. "Etude de la réparation des cassures double-brin de l'ADN dans les cellules souches du muscle squelettique et leurs progéniteurs." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066335.
Full textDNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are dangerous DNA lesions that are generated byphysiological and environmental DNA agents. Mismanagement of DSBs in adult stem cellsthat are at the top of the hierarchy generating the differentiated tissue, can affect their selfrenewalcapacity and the fate of their progeny. Maintenance of genome stability throughrobust DNA repair is fundamental for tissue regeneration, and impairment of this processaccelerates aging and may lead to cancers (cancer stem cells).Adult muscle stem cells (satellite cells, SCs) sustain skeletal muscle homeostasis andregeneration. Upon activation, quiescent SCs proliferate thereby regenerating muscle fibersand reconstituting the satellite cell pool by self-renewing.This thesis project aims to study DSB repair in SCs and their progeny, duringdifferentiation. We showed that muscle SCs repair DSBs more efficiently and, surprisingly,more accurately than differentiated cells by implicating NHEJ and DNA-PK. The repairefficiency is more a function of the differentiation status than of the replication status ofmyogenic cells, and the niche has a minor effect on the repair efficiency of SCs. Moreover,experiments with DSB repair, apoptosis and differentiation mutants suggest that SCs repairDSBs through a specific mechanism, that may be linked to the distinct chromatin architectureof these cells. These studies should help understanding how the maintenance of genomestability preserves SCs pool, influence regeneration and aging and protect fromcarcinogenesis
Doucet, Gilles. "Les vecteurs viraux pour le développement de thérapies géniques ex vivo dans les cellules du muscle squelettique humain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19481.
Full textFornasari, Benoît. "Les cellules souches dérivées du muscle (MDSC) : isolement dans deux modèles gros animaux et évaluation comme candidates à la thérapie de la Dystrophie Musculaire de Duchenne (DMD)." Nantes, 2008. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=3d5cd2fe-7068-4cd9-8e37-7618e6017684.
Full textTherapeutic approaches for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy by myoblast transplantation have been hindered by poor survival rates and the limited spread of the injected cells. Stem cell identification in adult tissues and the definition of their myogenic potential have open new prospects. First, we used the muscle-derived cell’s adhesion properties in an avian model to isolate progenitor cells residing in skeletal muscle and that are distinct from myoblasts: the LAC (Late-Adherent Cells). Using the preplating technique, we showed that a marginal cell fraction displays an initial adhesion defect to collagen matrix and that it is composed of cells poorly committed in myogenic program and immature progenitor cells, as this has been previously described in mice model. Also, we demonstrated that this defect could not be attributed to the methodological approach and that the LAC are not generated in vitro by myoblasts. Second, we showed in canine model that the LAC are characterized by an initial quiescent status, a high in vitro proliferation rate as well as a low fusion ability, a phenotype and a multi-lineage differentiation potential that defined them as muscle stem cells: the MDSC (Muscle Derived Stem Cells). After intramuscular injection in dystrophic GRMD (Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy) dogs that represent clinically relevant animal model for DMD, we established that MDSC are able to participate in muscle fiber formation, to allow recovery of dystrophin expression and to generate satellite cells. Collectively, these results qualify MDSC as potential candidates for future cell therapy for DMD
Bauer, Delphine. "Altérations épigénétiques des cellules souches musculaires au cours du vieillissement naturel : implications dans la sarcopénie." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN090.
Full textThe decline in muscle mass during physiological aging, called sarcopenia, is a progressive phenomenon whose consequences on health can be disastrous. Muscle stem cells, also called satellite cells, ensure muscle homeostasis. They gradually lose the ability to regenerate damaged tissue with age. The precise mechanisms of this degenerative process are still poorly understood but it seems to imply alterations of the epigenetic marks regulating gene expression in satellite cells.This thesis has focused on the mechanisms leading to this progressive incapacity of the satellite cells to make new muscle fibers with age. The work is divided in two major parts: the role of UTX on the expression of muscle genes and more particularly their splicing and the consequences of the alterations in the trimethylation level of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) regulated by UTX in the satellite cells of so-called "geriatric" mice.We have thus demonstrated that UTX is necessary at different stages of the differentiation process to activate gene transcription and alternative splicing.In elderly individuals, the expression of UTX is altered, resulting in modifications of the epigenetic profile of the satellite cells and a disruption of their gene expression program. Finally, preliminary results suggest that UTX also participates in the "chronic inflammatory syndrome" observed in elderly mice, regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6.This work allowed us to highlight the role of UTX at different levels of regulation of gene expression in muscle cells, explaining at least in part the defects of regeneration related to aging
Aswad, Hala. "Rôle des exosomes sécrétés par le muscle squelettique au cours du développement des maladies métaboliques." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1186.
Full textSkeletal muscle (SkM) is considered as a secretory organ, it secretes cytokines named myokines that can act either locally (autocrine) or systemically (endocrine). In addition to myokines, SkM secretes nanovesicles named exosomes (SkM-Exos). Previous work from the laboratory have demonstrated that myotube- and myoblastderived exosomes were involved in the process of myogenesis and could transfer their content to target cells. In this work, we determined whether SkM-Exos wereinvolved in lipid-induced insulin resistance and participate in organ cross-talk during the development of obesity. Firstly, we determined the effect of high fat diet on SkM-Exo release and on their miRNA and lipid composition. In addition, we determined the biological effect of these exosomes on skeletal muscle and pancreatic recipient cells. Results are published in 2 separate papers in “Diabetologia”. In these two studies, exosomes were collected from quadriceps muscles of C57Bl/6 mice fed for 16 weeks with either a standard chow diet (SD) or an SD enriched with 20% palm oil (HP) or from C2C12 cells exposed to 0.5 mmol/l palmitate (EXO-Post Palm), oleate (EXO-Post Oleate) or BSA (EXO-Post BSA). We treated skeletal muscle cells or β pancreatic cells with these muscle-released exosomes. We found that exosomes from HP fed mice, EXO-Post Palm and EXO-Post Oleate induced myoblast and β pancreatic islet proliferation and modified the expressions of genes involved in cell cycle and muscle differentiation but did not alter insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation in muscle cells. Lipidomic analyses showed that exosomes from palmitate-treated cells were enriched in palmitate, indicating that exosomes likely transfer the deleterious effect of palm oil between muscle cells by transferring lipids. Also, we demonstrated that these exosomes likely transfer their miRNA contents resulting in beta pancreatic islet hypertrophy during type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Moreover, muscle exosomes were incorporated into various tissues in vivo, including the pancreas and liver, suggesting that SkM could transfer specific signals through the exosomal route to key metabolic tissues in vivo. So, SkM derived exosomes altered muscle and β pancreatic cell homeostasis during lipid induced insulin resistant diet. Secondly, another work was conducted in order to answer to a technical problem about optimal conditions needed to obtain, in vitro, the highest concentration of exosomes from muscle cells when grown in a depleted-exosome medium. This work was published in “BMC Biotechnology”. In this study, we found that depleting culture media from exosomes affected skeletal muscle cell proliferation. In addition, removal of serum-EVs from culture medium affects gene and miRNA expressions and likely the proteome of the cells. Interestingly, our data showed that we can recapitulate the cross-talk between myoblast and myotubes previously demonstrated in the laboratory by using exosomes from serum as well. Indeed, serum derived-exosomes, like myotube derived-exosomes, can affect proliferation of myoblasts and induce their entrance in the differentiation process. This result implies that bovine exosomes can transfer specific signals to cells from unrelated species (i.e. ; to mice, rats and human) and thus that part of exosome composition is evolutionarily conserved between these lower and higher order mammalian species. Generally speaking, these results suggest that exosomes in body fluids could have an unsuspected function during embryogenesis and in the regulation of cellular adaptations that lead to hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia