Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cellules musculaires humaines'
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Dimicoli-Salazar, Sophie. "Conversion myogénique striée de cellules humaines non musculaires." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077057.
Full textTreatments for patients suffering from myopathies and cardiovascular diseases are not always very efficient. Therefore, injection in the diseased organs of some of their healthy precursors has been tested as possible replacement sources, with no significant improvement. Therefore, with all the enthusiasm linked to the stem cell plasticity phenomenon, the therapeutic efficiency of numerous other cell types has been experimentally tested, with modest myogenic conversion. Several teams have experimentally tested the efficacy of reprogrammed non myogenic cells by using factors which have a key role in muscle regulation. For skeletal muscle, Myf5 is a master gene. For heart myogenesis, Nkx2. 5, Gata4 and Tbx5 are important. In our work, we followed this strategy. In the skeletal muscle case, we used Myf5 to reprogram several primary human cells. Except for the haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), we observed promising results with skin fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), endothelial progenitors from umbilical cord blood. In thé heart muscle case, we co-transduce cells with Nkx2,5 and Gata4. We observe no change for HSC. Mesenchymal stem cells, HUVEC and satellite cells could only initiate cardiac transcriptional program. The combination of the three transgenes Nkx2. 5, Gata4 and Tbx5 in satellite cells could improve significantly the cardiac program activation. This work allows us to evaluate the myogenic potential of several reprogrammed primary human cells expressing particular transgenes. It opens discussion on the cell replacement therapy area and may give new informations on the transdifferenciation phenomenon
Chevillotte, Emmanuel. "Régulation transcriptionnelle des protéines découplantes dans les cellules musculaires humaines." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10042.
Full textCroissant, Coralie. "Le rôle des Annexines dans la réparation membranaire des cellules musculaires squelettiques humaines." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0316/document.
Full textMuscular dystrophy encompasses a group of genetic disorders which cause progressive weakness and wasting of skeletal muscle. Among them, limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) is characterized by mutations in the dysferlin gene leading to several dysfunctions including a failure in cell membrane repair process. Cell membrane disruption is a physiological phenomenon induced by mechanical stress, such as contraction of muscle fibers. Thus, eukaryotic cells have a repair protein machinery ensuring a rapid resealing of large cell membrane ruptures. The exhaustive list of components of the repair machinery and their interplay remain to be established.The annexin (Anx) family consists of twelve soluble proteins in mammals and share the property of binding to membranes exposing negatively charged phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Several studies have shown the involvement of Anx (AnxA1, A2, A4, A5, A6 and A7) in membrane repair of different cell types (muscle, cancer, endothelium…) in different species (mouse, zebrafish, human…). The presence of different Anx in skeletal muscle, together with the participation of several members of the Anx family in membrane repair processes, raise the question of a collective role of these proteins in the protection and repair of sarcolemma injuries.The PhD project aimed 1) at identifying Anx that are essential for membrane repair in human skeletal muscle cells, 2) developing a correlative light and electron microscopy to study the wounded site and the Anx distribution at high resolution, 3) elucidating the function of each Anx in this process and 4) analyzing Anx in dystrophic muscle cells. Using approaches including cellular and molecular biology, fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we studied the behavior of Anx during sarcolemma damage.We showed that AnxA1, A2, A4, A5 and A6 are expressed in human myoblasts and myotubes, and are recruited at the disruption site within seconds after the sarcolemmal damage, forming a dense structure outside the cell, named the “cap” domain. Furthermore, we determined the relative order of Anx recruitment at the disruption site. The first Anx recruited are AnxA1, followed by AnxA6 and A5, the less sensitive to Ca2+. The last Anx recruited are the most sensitive to Ca2+, AnxA4 and A2. AnxA2 and A4 are instead rapidly recruited to intracellular vesicles present deeper in the cytosol. We also studied the ultrastructure of the disruption site at high resolution. Our results revealed that the “cap” domain correspond to a disorganized membrane structure, associated with the Anx. Thanks to our results and the literature, we have proposed a model for membrane repair involving Anx in human skeletal muscle cells. We also looked at the expression of Anx in dystrophic muscle cell lines from patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (dysferline deficient) and 1C (deficient in cadaveoline-3). We have thus shown that the pathological context disrupts the expression of some Anx, without altering their subcellular location.In conclusion, this work shows that several members of the Anx family are involved in membrane repair and act together to repair plasma membrane damage. The implication of Anx in other pathologies, such as preeclampsia or cancer, reinforces the interest of their study in the process of membrane repair
Imbert, Nathalie. "Perméabilités et homéostasie calciques des cellules musculaires humaines, normales et dystrophiques, se contractant in vitro." Poitiers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995POIT2338.
Full textXUEREB, JEAN-MARIE. "Regulation de l'expression du facteur tissulaire par les cellules musculaires lisses arterielles humaines en culture." Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30052.
Full textRiendeau, Valérie. "Rôle du 27-hydroxycholestérol sur le sort cellulaire et les voies de signalisations dans les macrophages et les cellules musculaires lisses humaines." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20911.
Full textBonavaud, Sylvie. "Différenciation des cellules satellites musculaires humaines et microenvironnement cellulaire : implication de l'urokinase et de la fibronectine." Paris 12, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA120036.
Full textVandebrouck, Clarisse. "Caractérisation de canaux cationiques perméables aux ions calcium sur les cellules musculaires humaines normales et dystrophiques." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2361.
Full textPernelle, Jean-Jacques. "Expression de différentes protéines myofibrillaires au cours de la myogénèse in vitro de cellules musculaires humaines normales et dystrophiques." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112369.
Full textTabet, Yacine. "Relation entre les effets de la Bradykinine au niveau des bronchioles humaines et la synthèse endogène des époxy-éicosanoïdes." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6363.
Full textRiendeau, Valérie. "Rôle du 27-hydroxycholestérol sur le sort cellulaire et les voies de singalisations dans les macrophages et les cellules musculaires lisses humaines." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26395/26395.pdf.
Full textParent, Victor. "Développement d'un milieu sans sérum et d'un procédé à grande échelle pour la prolifération de cellules humaines précurseurs du muscle." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27863.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease affecting one boy out of 3500. It leads to progressive and irreversible muscle degeneration. Currently, there is no cure for this disease and no therapy allows an efficient and safe treatment. Cell therapy consists in injecting healthy human muscle cells, myoblasts, into the muscles of DMD patients. Promising results have been obtained in clinical trials using this approach. However, some problems need to be overcome. Particularly, the original culture medium used to expand myoblasts contains Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS). FBS is an undefined product derived from animal, which can be contaminated with bacteria, viruses or prions. The possibility of harmful consequences for the patients hampers the acceptability of the therapy, so FBS must be replaced by a mixture of defined factors such as specific recombinant cytokines. Moreover, the production processes are currently inappropriate to meet the demand for muscle cells. Therefore, this project aims to develop a serum-free medium for the in vitro proliferation of muscle cells and a large-scale process for the production of those cells. A multi-step method was used to develop the serum-free medium. It is divided into three main steps: a) to build a panel of potential factors from a screen of the literature followed by the detection of more than 100 receptors and autocrine factors using RT-PCR, b) to test those factors in culture using statistical design of experiment (DOE) allowing to verify individual and synergistic effects and c) to add the factors that generate beneficial response to the culture medium. Those steps are followed until a cellular response comparable to the culture in standard medium is obtained. To achieve the scale-up objective, the project was limited to the selection of microcarriers that allowed the proper adhesion of myoblasts. The potential factors identified in the first stage, together with additional ones taken from the literature, formed a panel of 9 basal culture media and 72 additives that have been tested by means of DOE. At the end of this process, a serum-free medium, LOBSFM, was developed. To our best knowledge, it is the only existing efficient serum-free medium for myoblast proliferation and a patent has been obtained to protect its use. It allows a specific expansion of myoblasts (~80% myoblasts, verified by immunostaining) comparable to a standard medium containing 15% FBS over a 60-day culture period. Moreover, myoblasts kept their ability to form muscle fibers. Porous microcarriers Cytoline2 allowed a final cell concentration of 1.5E6 cells/mL, comparable to cell expansion in static culture plate. The pores protected the cells against mechanical stresses while the cell recovery remained easy.
Bouglé, Adrien. "Caractérisation du comportement des cellules souches musculaires humaines au cours du choc septique et mécanismes de protection grâce aux cellules souches mésenchymateuses Micro-fragmented fat injection reduces sepsis-induced acute inflammatory response in a mouse model." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2195&f=14462.
Full textSepsis is accompanied by several mechanisms that cause organ failure that can lead to death in the acute phase, and to long-term consequences associated with Intensive Care Unit - Acquired Weakness (ICU-AW). However, the pathophysiology of sepsis-associated myopathy is complex and incompletely understood. A characterization of the muscle tissue and muscle stem cells, the satellite cells, is necessary in order to better understand the mechanisms at the origin of human sepsis-associated myopathy. In the first preclinical part of the thesis, we show that micro-fragmented human fat tissue attenuates the inflammatory response and improves prognosis in a mouse model of sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture. In septic mice, micro-fractured fat tissue significantly decreases Murine Sepsis Score compared to saline or lipoaspirate. Survival, body temperature, biological parameters, plasma cytokine levels and cellular organ infiltration are also significantly improved in septic mice that received micro-fractured fat tissue compared to septic mice that received saline. This mechanism is dependent on Cox-2. In the second part of this thesis, we seek to describe through an innovative multimodal approach the muscle modifications present in the acute phase of critical illness, by studying both the muscle tissue as a whole and specifically the satellite cells. Sixty-seven patients were included between June 2016 and April 2018, distributed as follows: sepsis n=18, brain death n=18, cardiogenic shock n=12 and controls n=9. We performed a morphological study in transmission electron microscopy and a proteomic analysis in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on muscle tissue, as well as a functional study by mitochondrial function analysis on satellite cells and plasma; The proteomic analysis revealed several significant differences between the different conditions. Compared to other inflammatory conditions, the muscles of septic patients exhibit decreased expression of oxidative metabolism proteins and increased expression of proteins associated with the immune response. When we specifically compare patients in cardiogenic shock and patients in septic shock, we observe in the latter an enrichment of the PI3K-AKT pathway associated with protein synthesis, and in both groups enrichment in proteins associated with proteolysis (ubiquitin, proteasome). Analysis of mitochondrial parameters showed no difference on satellite cells, but the patient serum study showed a significant difference between groups for reactive oxygen species, Acetyl CoA and circulating ATP levels. In the acute phase of sepsis in humans, we therefore show for the first time functional muscle damage with what we can interpret as mitochondrial dysfunction, and structural damage with the involvement of muscle synthesis proteins and proteolysis. However, we do not find any evidence of specific damage to satellite cells. Microfractured fat tissue could represent an innovative therapeutic approach in humans in the management of sepsis and its long-term consequences
Altério, Jeanine. "Isolement d'un clone d'ADNc du Facteur de Croissance des Fibroblastes (FGF) acide et son expression dans la rétine et le cerveau bovins : comparaison de l'expression des FGF acide et basique dans des cellules endothéliales humaines et dans les cellules satellites musculaires de rat." Paris 12, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA120002.
Full textHodroj, Wassim. "Étude comparative de l'angiotensine II et de l'angiotensine IV in vitro au niveau des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires humaines : caractérisation fonctionnelle des effets de l'angiotensine IV sur le transport de glucose insulino-dépendant." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10138.
Full textHugou, Isabelle Anne. "Etude des enzymes de peroxydations lipidiques au cours du processus athéroscléreux : expression des PGH [prostaglandines] synthétases, de la 15 lipoxygénase et des no synthétases dans les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires humaines et de lapin." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28300.
Full textAtherosclerotic lesions arise from an important inflammatory and fibroproliferative response due to endothelial and smooth muscle cells modification. The main molecules acting on cells proliferation are PDGF, IL1. . . As inducers and PGI2, NO as inhibitors. PGI2 synthesis in arterial smooth muscle cells is diminished during atherosclerotic process and should account for a part of the fibroproliferative progression. In these cells, lipoxygenase activity enhancement should explain this decrease in prostacyclin synthesis. Monohydroxylated derivatives (15- and 12-HETE) are known as inhibitors of this synthesis. We have showed that 15-HETE synthesis enhancement in plaques result in 15-lipoxygenase gene induction in macrophages and smooth muscle cells. During plaques installation, we observed PGH2 synthesis augmentation, maybe responsible of the inflammatory response. With in situ hybridization, we demonstrated PGH Synthase-2 gene induction in macrophages accountable for this increased synthesis. With the same technic, NO Synthases genes induction is not seen in vascular cells. Studies have been carried out on healthy and atherosclerotic rabbit aortas, and humans arteries obtained during cardiac surgery. Human tissues preincubated with aspirin are able to synthesize 15-HETE by PGH Synthase-2 pathway. Molecular tools developed (in situ hybridization), should allow more precise studies concerning regulation of enzymes expression in atherosclerosis. Aspirin action on 15-HETE synthesis should worth studing more extensive as for this molecule effect in this disease
Negroni, Elisa. "Potentiel myogénique des cellules humaines : conséquences en thérapie cellulaire." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066080.
Full textLafuste, Peggy Authier François-Jérôme. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la fusion des cellules précurseurs myogéniques humains." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2004. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0214091.pdf.
Full textDECARY, STEPHANIE. "Consequences du vieillissement de la cellule satellite humaine sur la regeneration musculaire : applications a la therapie genique et aux dystrophie musculaires." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077033.
Full textKandalla, Prashanth Kumar. "Progéniteurs musculaires humains : participation des cellules quiescentes à la régénération musculaire : effet in vitro d'un facteur de croissance, le MGF de la famille des IGF-1." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066453.
Full textGALMICHE, MARIE C. "Caracterisation des cellules stromales generees en culture de moelle osseuse humaine au long cours." Besançon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BESA3708.
Full textChakroun, Tasnim. "Étude du comportement des cellules humaines en présence de l'interleukine 13 humaine in vitro et in vivo dans le cadre de la thérapie cellulaire pour la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27027/27027.pdf.
Full textFerry, Arnaud. "Les immunomodulations liées à l'exercice musculaire : Etude des leucocytes humains et des cellules mononucléaires chez le rat." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05SA17.
Full textPouillot, Séverine Peschanski Marc Monville Christelle. "Validation de méthodes de transfert de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines pour la thérapie de la cardiomyopathie associée à la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." S. l. : Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2008/2008EVRY0022.pdf.
Full textBara, Imane. "Le rôle de la cellule musculaire lisse bronchique humaine dans le remodelage des voies aériennes dans l’asthme." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21778/document.
Full textThe decline in lung function in asthma is associated with an increased bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) mass. BSM cells play a central role in the pathophysiology of asthma. They are involved in inflammation and are an important component of airway remodelling. Recently, the role of the chitinase YKL-40 as biomarker of this remodelling in asthma has been evoked. In this context, the central question that motivated part of this thesis was to study the effects of YKL-40 on various properties of BSM cells. We also studied the protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), as a potential receptor of YKL-40, as well as an important actor of airway inflammation.This work has established that YKL-40 is more than just a biomarker for asthma since YKL-40 alters physiological properties of BSM cells and appears to play a role in BSM remodelling. Moreover, this work has also highlighted an overexpression of PAR-2 in asthmatic BSM cells, as well as an increase of both PAR-2 expression and BSM cell proliferation in response to chronic stimulation. This work has finally allowed us to optimize lentiviral RNA interference in human BSM cells
Mayrand, Dominique. "Expression à long terme de fix humain chez des souris immunosupprimées après injection de cellules musculaires transformées génétiquement." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ41960.pdf.
Full textJacquemin, Virginie. "Mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans l'hypertrophie des myotubes humains induite par l'IGF-1." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077195.
Full textIGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth factor 1) is a growth factor secreted by the liver in response to GH, but also expressed locally in muscle where it plays a key role in the control of muscle mass. Overexpressed in the muscle of mice, IGF-1 induces muscle hypertrophy and prevents the loss of muscle mass that occurs with aging. In the present study, the ability of IGF-1 to induce myotube hypertrophy has been confirmed in a model of primary human myoblasts. By treating cultures with IGF-1 after 3 days of differentiation, we developed a model of human myotube hypertrophy independent of cell proliferation and charaterized by an increase in fusion index, resulting from the increased recruitment of reserve cells for differentiation and fusion. Using this model, we show that IGF-1 exclusively signals on myotubes but not on reserve cells, suggesting the existence of a secondary mechanism triggered by the myotubes inducing reserve cell recruitment for fusion. Using conditioned medium we observed that a soluble factor secreted by myotubes is responsible for this increase in reserve cell recruitment for fusion in response to IGF-1. This factor was identified as Interleukin-13 using a neutralizing antibody and exogenous treatment. We demonstrate that the expression of IL-13 is induced via the transcription factor NFATcl in response to IGF-1, and is responsible for the increased recruitment of reserve cells for fusion during human myotube hypertrophy induced by IGF-1
Antoine, Marie-Hélène. "Mécanisme d'action des activateurs des canaux potassiques: études sur la fibre musculaire lisse vasculaire et sur la cellule B des îlots pancréatiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212750.
Full textBertin, Benjamin. "Analyses moléculaires et fonctionnelles de la diversification musculaire par de nouvelles approches génomiques cellules-spécifiques chez la drosophile." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAS002/document.
Full textSkeletal muscles display specific features (size, shape, orientation, attachment site,number of nuclei), which are tightly controlled by the combinatorial expression of identity factors. Currently, process by which identity genes determine muscle characteristics is not fully understood. Uncovering how identity factors are interconnected and how they control network of genes specifying muscle cell fate remains a major challenge. To discover new actors of the identity code allowing the acquisition of individual muscle characteristics during Drosophila embryogenesis we optimised a genome wide cell specific approach called TRAP (Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification), which allows the isolation of mRNA engaged in translation. This method has been used on two restricted populations of muscle cells (Slou and Lms positive) and on the global musculature (Dufpositive) at three time windows covering key muscle developmental steps such as founder cell specification, myoblast fusion, attachment to the epidermis via tendon cells and the innervation by motoneurons.To assess gene expression at a global level in these muscle subsets, we performed transcriptomic analyses at targeted developmental windows by using microarray. First, a comparison of spatial gene expression allowed us to identify new potential actors of the identity code for Slou-positive muscles and the involvement of the RNA binding protein Bol in the structural organisation of muscle fibers. We also performed analyses of temporal transition profiles of genes differentially expressed in Slou- and Lms-positive muscles and identified cluster of genes enriched preferentially in the Lms population and encoding actin interacting proteins. We focused on two genes from this cluster, gel and dCryAB and determined their functions during myogenesis. These two proteins control a coordinated growth of the Lms-positive muscles by fine-tuning of both the number of fusion events and the elongation of myotubes to tendon cells. With this project, we have identified new potential actors of the identity code that govern the acquisition of individual properties of Slou and Lms muscle subsets during Drosophila embryogenesis. We hope that the newly generated data will enable to gain further knowledge on the corresponding orthologues during vertebrate myogenesis and will help to understand why particular muscles are affected in some myopathies
Gravel, William-Édouard. "Expression de la dystrophine humaine dans le Tibialis anterior de souris Rag/mdx suite à une greffe de cellules myogéniques dérivées d'hiPSCs dystrophiques et corrigées génétiquement." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26698.
Full textHuman embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have shown self-renewal capacity and can potentially differentiate into all types of cell lineages. They represent an unlimited source of cells for the therapy of degenerative diseases, such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), a disease characterized by a rapid degeneration of muscles that starts early in life. Dystrophic hiPSCs have been corrected by our collaborator, Dr. Hotta, by inserting of a single base pair in the exon 45 with Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) to restore the reading frame of the gene. Our laboratory has developed a two-step procedure to differentiate hiPSCs into myogenic cells. We first used a myogenic culture medium especially developped in the laboratory (called MB-1) to promote the differentiation of hiPSCs into mesenchymal-like precursor cells. We next transduced them with a lentivirus expressing the myogenic transcription factor MyoD under the control of the composite CAG promoter, in order to induce their differentiation into myoblasts. Transduced cells have been grafted in the Tibialis anterior muscle of Rag/mdx mice where they fused with existing muscle fibers. The presence of the human dystrophin protein has been confirmed by immunohistofluorescence in muscles grafted with the genetically corrected cells and in a control graft with myoblasts of a healthy donor. Cell therapy shows great promises for DMD patients since it allows the expression of a normal gene capable of producing a functional dystrophin in muscle fibers and increase the regenerative capacity of the muscle and the muscle strength.
Senouvo, Farid Yannick. "Conséquences fonctionnelles de l'inhibition de l'époxyde hydrolase soluble sur la biodisponibilité des époxy-éicosanoïdes dans les muscles lisses du poumon humain." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5541.
Full textPouillot, Séverine. "Validation de méthodes de transfert de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines pour la thérapie de la cardiomyopathie associée à la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EVRY0022/document.
Full textCardiomyopathy associated with DMD is a frequent occurrence with no treatment. Human embryonic stem cells (hESC), because of their self-renew differentiation properties are the best candidates to cardiac cellular therapy. To investigate cells implantation, there was no long term in vitro model. Thus, we have developed an organotypic model of heart slices in which we have, several months after transplantation, found grafted hES cells with evidence of cardiac differentiation. In addition, we have optimised cardiac differentiation to improve cardiac yield, inducing cardiac differentiation and cultivating hES cells in bioreactors. During long term culture model allows the study of grafted hES cells, combines to hESC-derived cells in reasonable number and purity, will constitute validation of the first steps before in vivo studies in pathological models
Badja, Cherif. "Optimisation de la différenciation neuronale et musculaire de cellules pluripotentes induites humaines pour la modélisation des maladies rares : exemple du syndrome de DiGeorge." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5027/document.
Full textThe DiGeorge syndrome also known as 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome, is the most common deletion in humans. This deletion is linked to a non-allelic homologous recombination that occurs during meiosis and involves sequences called LCRs for "Low Copy Repeats". Depending on the LCRs involved, different deletions are observed, inducing the loss of approximately 40 genes. The absence of genotype/phenotype correlation in patients and the phenotypical differences regardless of the size of the microdeletion suggests the involvement of additional parameter. The hypothesis of epigenetic changes associated with the onset or variability of symptoms has been suggested but never investigated. In order to tackle this question, we decided to focus our attention of the role of the HIRA histone chaperone encoded by a gene located in the 22q11.2-deleted region. HIRA is involved in the deposition of the H3.3 histone variant, one of the main histone in the brain. In order to determine whether HIRA is implicated in the neurological manifestations in DiGeorge patients and particularly in schizophrenia, we developed and optimized a new protocol for the direct differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs) into neural progenitors, cortical and dopaminergic neurons. In parallel, we developed a new protocol for hiPSCs differentiation toward the skeletal muscle lineage and the production of multinucleated muscle fibers. Altogether, these results open new perspectives for the modeling of a large number of pathologies, and in the context of our laboratory, the exploration of epigenetic mechanisms associated with phenotypic variability in different genetic diseases
Boyer, Jean-Christophe. "Réponse contractile des cellules musculaires lisses isolées du colon humain normal et inflammatoire : [Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON13501.
Full textDesdouits, Marion. "Myopathies virales : étude des interactions entre les cellules musculaires et les virus HTLV-1 et Influenza A." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077181.
Full textThis thesis aimed at deciphering the pathogenesis of myopathies associated with human viral infections and study the interactions between muscle cells and these viruses, namely HTLV-1 and Influenza A. HTLV-1 associated inflammatory myopathies (HAIM) present similarities with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) and with tropical spastic paraparesis or HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). Using a series of blood and muscle samples from 13 patients with HAIM, we showed that the pro viral load of these patients is low, similar to that of asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers, whereas an elevated proviral load is a known risk factor for TSP/HAM. Other experiments allowed us to highlight the possible role of IFNγ in the disease, as well as the presence of autoantibodies in HTLV-1 infected individuals, with or without HAIM. Thèse results shed a new light on the pathogenesis of HAIM, suggesting that it may differ from that of TSP/HAM and be more similar to that of IIM. Besides, we modelized in vitro the effect of HTLV-1 on muscle reneration using a coculture of infected lymphocytes and primary human muscle cells. The expression of Tax by infected lymphocytes inhibited the differentiation of muscle cells, a mechanism that could worsen the muscle symptoms during HAIM. Eventually, using field isolates of Influenza A (H1N1) and human muscle cells in primary culture, we showed that differenciated muscle cells can be productively infected by Influenza A, which leads to their lysis. This could explain the development of acute myopathies with rhabdomyolysis after Influenza infection
Dominique, Jean-Christophe. "Amélioration du taux de greffe de cellules myogéniques pour la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne : surexpression du récepteur à l'IGF-1 sur des cellules humaines et utilisation du facteur de croissance MGF." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/25962/25962.pdf.
Full textMyogenic cells transplantation is one of the promising therapies to treat dystrophic patients. Early cells death and poor migration are important problems who limit this therapy’s success. MGF-Ct24E, a synthetic copy of the peptide E from the IGF-1 Ec isoform, was used. The peptide increases the proliferation of cells and did no effect on the differentiation. Injected systematically and intramuscularly, MGF-Ct24E increased the graft success. When the cells were pretreated with the peptide and co-injected with it, no increase in the graft success was seen. The overexpression of IGF-1 receptor on human cells with a lentivirus increased the proliferation rate and did no effect on their differentiation. When the cells were selected for a high expression of the IGF-1 receptor and for a high phosphorylation of Akt, the graft success was increased. Together, those results are offering an interesting avenue for the amelioration of cells transplantation in DMD.
Massoudi, Ari. "Les cellules souches mésenchymateusesdu tissu adipeux humain :Etude de leur potentiel myogénique." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00156629.
Full textAprès extravasion, in vitro ou consécutive à leur transplantation dans un organe secondaire, les cellules souches mésenchymateuses pourraient se différencier en des types cellulaires inhabituels. Nos résultats antérieurs montraient en effet que les cellules hMADS pouvaient, après transplantation dans le muscle Tibialis anterior de la souris mdx, contribuer à la formation de myofibres contenant des noyaux humains et exprimant la dystrophine humaine.
L'objectif de ce travail a été d'élucider le mécanisme par lequel les cellules hMADS contribuent à la formation de myofibre squelettique. Dans ce but, nous avons essayé « d'engager » le programme myogénique en testant sur ces cellules de nombreuses conditions de culture. Seules les expériences de co-cultures avec des myoblastes ont permis de mettre en évidence la contribution des cellules hMADS à la formation de myotubes hybrides. Ces myotubes présentent un phénotype « normale » et expriment de nombreux gènes musculaires dont la dystrophine, codés par les noyaux issus de la fusion de cellules hMADS avec les myoblastes murins ou humains.
Enfin, nous avons démontré que la conversion myogénique des cellules hMADS dans ces conditions n'était pas due à un processus de « détermination/différenciation », mais à une programmation subie des noyaux hMADS. Cette programmation se produirait après la fusion et nécessiterait l'action des facteurs de transcription myogénique (Myogenic Regulatory Factors) codés par les noyaux issus des myoblastes.
Doucet, Gilles. "Les vecteurs viraux pour le développement de thérapies géniques ex vivo dans les cellules du muscle squelettique humain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19481.
Full textDhaouadi, Nedra. "Le facteur de croissance transformant beta (TGF-β) dans les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV) de l'athérome humain : contrôle transcriptionnel et impact fonctionnel." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10325.
Full textIt is accepted that the TGF-β is atheroprotective. Its beneficial contribution atherosclerosis seems to be opposed by IL -1β that is the archetype of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our goal is, first, to understand the transcriptional regulation of TGF-β in human vSMCs in carotid atherosclerosis from the transcriptomic data obtained from 32 patients in both atherosclerotic plaques (ATM) and in the adjacent macroscopically intact tissue (MIT) and, secondly, to study the antagonism of the effects of TGF-β and IL-1β on vSMCs cultured from MIT samples. We followed two approaches: (1) a bioinformatic analysis of transcriptomic data from the microarrays; (2) an in vitro study of the human vSMCs. In silico, we have shown that the involvement of KLF6 in the transcription of TGFB1 was specific to the vSMCs. Our results also identify potential new transcription factors (SLC2A4RG, GABP and SALL2) that are vSMC-specific and could promote the atheroprotective role of TGFB1 in carotid vSMCs. The balance between the FT activating or inhibiting the expression of TGFB1 allows the fine tuning of its transcription. Our in vitro approach showed that IL-1β induces in the vSMCs an inflammatory phenotype associated with an elastolytic activity resulting mainly from the increase in the expression of cathepsin S (CTSS). Neutralization of endogenous TGF-β in the vSMCs de-represses the expression of the CTSS and exerts an additive effect to that of IL-1β on the expression of the enzyme. In conclusion, the expression of TGFB1 in the vSMCs is submitted to a cell-specific transcriptional control. It is possible to develop pharmacological approaches that maintain the expression the expression of TGFB1 in the arterial wall at the level required allowing TGF-β1 to exert its atheroprotective effects
Saury, Charlotte. "Cellules souches dérivées du muscle humain « MuStem » : modalités de préparation in vitro et caractéristiques biologiques pour une application clinique." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ONIR105F.
Full textThe discovery of adult stem cells (ASCs) with myogenic potential had caused new hopes for the treatment of muscular dystrophies (MDs). UMR PAnTher identified a population of muscle-derived stem cells, named MuStem cells, and provided the proof of concept/efficacy of its systemic delivery in the clinically relevant animal model for the orphan disease Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. The identification of this population in Human with similar phenotypic and behavioral properties reinforced the positioning of MuStem cell population as potential candidate for the treatment of MDs. This thesis is a part of the preclinical approach toward the definition of clinical-compliant in vitro preparation modalities. First, comparative in vitro studies allowed defining a production process with respect to the good manufacturing practices by replacement of research grade products. A more extensive study of phenotypic signature and in vitro myogenic commitment enabled the positioning of human serum and platelet lysate as alternatives to fetal bovine serum for the stage of in vitro expansion of the hMuStem cell population. Then, according to the balance between the required cell number for the in vivo protocols and the biological properties in terms of efficacy/safety, the experimental approach designed to evaluate impact of ex vivo expansion time revealed an amplification duration that should not exceed 22-24 population doublings regarding phenotypic heterogeneity and expression of senescence markers. Overall, these results contributed to the improvement of hMuStem cell population preparation in the prospect of the implementation of a clinical trial devoted to patients affected by MDs
Faucher, Karine. "Clonage de l'ADN complémentaire de la glutathion peroxydase cytosolique humaine, effets de la surexpression de l'enzyme : -in vitro : cellules endotheliales et musculaires lisses - in vivo : souris transgeniques APOE-/-." Limoges, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LIMO105E.
Full textCosta, Pierre. "Effets d'un alpha-bloquant, le moxisylyte, sur les cellules musculaires lisses du corps caverneux humain : action sur les récepteurs membranaires post-synaptiques : études pharmacocinétiques et pharmacodynamiques." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON1T006.
Full textBerger, Patrick. "Tryptase mastocytaire et hyperréactivité induite par la sensibilisation passive de la bronche humaine." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28716.
Full textVahidi, Ferdousi Leyla. "Etude de la réparation des cassures double-brin de l'ADN dans les cellules souches du muscle squelettique et leurs progéniteurs." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066335.
Full textDNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are dangerous DNA lesions that are generated byphysiological and environmental DNA agents. Mismanagement of DSBs in adult stem cellsthat are at the top of the hierarchy generating the differentiated tissue, can affect their selfrenewalcapacity and the fate of their progeny. Maintenance of genome stability throughrobust DNA repair is fundamental for tissue regeneration, and impairment of this processaccelerates aging and may lead to cancers (cancer stem cells).Adult muscle stem cells (satellite cells, SCs) sustain skeletal muscle homeostasis andregeneration. Upon activation, quiescent SCs proliferate thereby regenerating muscle fibersand reconstituting the satellite cell pool by self-renewing.This thesis project aims to study DSB repair in SCs and their progeny, duringdifferentiation. We showed that muscle SCs repair DSBs more efficiently and, surprisingly,more accurately than differentiated cells by implicating NHEJ and DNA-PK. The repairefficiency is more a function of the differentiation status than of the replication status ofmyogenic cells, and the niche has a minor effect on the repair efficiency of SCs. Moreover,experiments with DSB repair, apoptosis and differentiation mutants suggest that SCs repairDSBs through a specific mechanism, that may be linked to the distinct chromatin architectureof these cells. These studies should help understanding how the maintenance of genomestability preserves SCs pool, influence regeneration and aging and protect fromcarcinogenesis
Collard, Laura. "Rôle du facteur de transcription Srf au cours de l'atrophie du muscle squelettique et dans les cellules satellites." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937290.
Full textDudhal, Swati. "Selenoprotein N as a novel regulator of the muscle progenitor’s cell fate decision process : balancing differentiation and self-renewal." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC288.
Full textMutations of Selenoprotein N (SEPN1) cause a congenital myopathy, SEPN1-related myopathy (SEPN1-RM), characterized by severe weakness and wasting of neck and trunk muscles, scoliosis and lethal respiratory failure. SEPN1-RM has been associated with oxidative stress, reduced satellite cell population and defective muscle regeneration. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, particularly a potential role of SEPN1 in regulating the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of the satellite cell pool, I used Sepn1 KO mice primary satellite cells and C2C12 cells knocked down for Sepn1, at different stages of differentiation (quiescent cells, myoblasts and myotubes). Using a suspension system to generate synchronized quiescence on C2C12, I found that Sepn1 absence in G0 cells does not prevent cell cycle exiting and re-entering but prevents normal downregulation of two key myogenic factors (MYOD1 and MYOG mRNAs) and leads to higher Cyclin D1 levels (CCND1 mRNA) in quiescence conditions. Microarray and qRT-PCR studies showed that Sepn1 depletion in proliferative C2C12 cells leads to significant increase in the levels of the transcription factors MYOG and MYOD1. In parallel, immunoblot analysis showed an increased expression of the cell cycle regulator proteins p21 and Cyclin D3. Moreover, primary murine satellite cells isolated from gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles from the Sepn1 KO mice showed increased myoblast fusion during early myogenic differentiation. Next, I explored the mechanistic pathways leading to this cell phenotype by western blots and/or qRT-PCR using Sepn1 knockdown C2C12 cells. I found no clear-cut abnormalities of the AMPK or the p38 mediated pathways, and no consistent changes in the expression of the ER stress markers GRP78 or calnexin. In contrast, our data suggest that HDAC5 and mTOR could be involved in the accelerated differentiation phenotype. Other mechanistic studies are in the progress. In conclusion, lack of SEPN1 leads to incomplete quiescence and accelerated myogenic differentiation. Thus, we identify SEPN1 as a novel regulator of the muscle progenitor’s cell fate decision process and SEPN1 depletion favors differentiation over self-renewal. These results potentially explain the depletion of the satellite cell population and the regeneration defect in SEPN1-RM models, and identify novel biomarkers useful to assess potential therapeutic interventions
Jacquin, Sophie. "Rôle de la protéine p53 dans l’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire humaine et expérimentale." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA114838/document.
Full textPulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a severe pulmonary vascular disease characterized by a progressive increase of the pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), defined by a mean PAP greater than or equal to 25 mmHg at rest. The main symptom is a shortness of breath. An intense pulmonary arterial remodeling that leads to an obstruction of the small pulmonary vessels is responsible of the disease. PAH is a rare but severe disease that develops into right ventricular cardiac failure leading to the patient's death.The general framework of our study was to improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of PAH in order to identify new potential therapeutic targets and improve the clinical management of patients. In particular, we were interested in the “cancer-like phenotype” of PAH patient pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs). PA-SMCs play a key role in the pulmonary vascular remodeling of PAH. These cells share characteristics with cancerous cells, such as: exaggerated proliferation, apoptosis resistance, metabolic disorders and genomic instability. Owing to the growth-suppressive and pro-apoptotic functions of p53 protein and its inactivation largely described in cancer, we hypothesized that the p53 pathway could also be altered during PAH development in PA-SMCs.The results of in vitro studies on PA-SMCs of late stage patients with idiopathic PAH (iPAH) versus control patients suggest that the p53 protein nor pathway is not altered in iPAH PA-SMCs. Indeed, the coding sequence of the TP53 gene presented no mutations in iPAH PA-SMCs. Analysis of mRNA and protein levels of p53 and its target proteins showed no difference between controls and iPAH PA-SMCs, neither in a basal state or in response to various cellular stresses such as etoposide and H2O2. However, regulation of p53 may be altered in iPAH PA-SMCs as we observed an increase of the MDM2 (the main p53 regulator) protein level compared to control. This last result may be considered as a “cancer-like” characteristic of iPAH PA-SMCs and also be a determining factor in the mechanism of action of Nutlin-3a, which had more important anti-proliferative effects in iPAH PA-SMCs than in control cells.In vivo studies in rats revealed, however, that the p53 pathway may play a role in the initiation stage of PAH pathogenesis. Indeed, kinetics evaluation of p53 lung expression in the PAH model, induced by a single injection of monocrotaline (MCT), revealed a decrease in the p53 protein level during the first week, followed by a normalization by the second week. PAH symptoms are developed in MCT rats after two weeks. Similarly, the protein levels of p21, a p53 target, and MDM2, the major p53 regulator, and also a transcriptional target of p53, decreased during the first week in the MCT-PAH model. In addition, daily treatment in rats with an inhibitor of p53 transcriptional activity, pifithrin-α (PFT), led to the development of PAH in 14 days, similarly to MCT, and worsened the PAH induced by MCT. Pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of PFT on PA-SMCs indicate that inhibition of p53 transcriptional activity causes an excessive proliferation and an apoptosis resistance, which are two key components of the pulmonary vascular remodeling and development of human and experimental PAH.In conclusion, these results demonstrate the involvement of the p53 pathway inactivation in the initiation stage of PAH development, whereas in late and severe stages of disease, its role seems to be less implicated. In contrast, the increased expression of MDM2 observed in PA-SMCs of PAH patients may be a potential therapeutic target
Covan, Silvia Chezzi Carlo Foucrier Jean. "Aspetti morfologici e funzionali dei proteasomi durante il processo di differenziamento di cellule muscolari ed in corso di infezione da citomegalovirus umano in vitro Aspects morphologiques et fonctionnels des protéasomes au cours de la différenciation des cellules musculaires et pendant l'infection par le cytomégalovirus humain in vitro /." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2006. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0238220.pdf.
Full textThèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Pagination : III-191 f. Bibliogr. f. 165-186.
El, Khatib Nour. "Identification des mécanismes moléculaires et physiopathologiques impliqués dans la dystrophie facioscapulohumérale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT039.
Full textFacioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant disease, characterized by progressive weakness and atrophy of specific skeletal muscles. FSHD is linked to an inefficient repeat-mediated epigenetic repression of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat array on chromosome 4, resulting in the unappropriated expression in skeletal muscle of the double homeobox 4 (DUX4) retrogene. DUX4 overexpression leads to atrophic myotubes phenotype and dysregulation of antioxidant genes. Despite major progress in the understanding of the genetic locus, exact mechanisms that lead to FSHD defects are not completely understood and no curative treatment is available. However, several lines of evidence have proposed oxidative stress and myogenesis defect as the major biological processes affected in FSHD. Recently, we characterized oxidative stress in skeletal muscle biopsies and blood samples from patients with FSHD. We demonstrated that oxidative stress is associated with reduced physical performance in patients with FSHD and that antioxidants adapted strategy was effective to reduce oxidative stress and maintain muscle functions. Furthermore, satellite cell-derived myoblasts from these patients were more susceptible to pro-oxidant agents than control myoblasts and showed a defect in differentiation. The originality of this project relies on creating a synergy between basic and clinical research. The major goal of this work is to identify molecular mechanisms involved in FSHD oxidative stress in order to identify therapeutic approaches.Using in vitro cell model of FSHD, recently developed and optimized in our team, we demonstrate the presence of oxidative stress in FSHD primary myoblast cultures that corroborates previous observations at systemic and muscular levels. Furthermore, treatments with different pro-oxidant agents (paraquat and hydrogen peroxide) have a differential effect on the expression of antioxidant enzymes compared to controls, suggesting a defect in the oxidative stress adaptive response in FSHD myoblasts.Furthermore, in order to improve rehabilitation procedures for patients affected with FSHD, we proposed to investigate the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) strength training to counteract quadriceps muscle weakness in these patients. This ongoing study appears to be a promising rehabilitation strategy and shows no adverse effect for patients with FSHD
Boytard, Ludovic. "Analyse moléculaire des types cellulaires impliqués dans l'anévrysme de l'aorte abdominale." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825204.
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