Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cellules de Purkinje – toxicité'
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Heitz, Stéphane. "Neuronal death mechanisms in cerebellar Purkinje cells." Strasbourg 1, 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/HEITZ_Stephane_2008.pdf.
Full textNeuropathologies involve specific apoptotic and autophagic pathways which identification is important to gain insight into preventing loss of central neurons. My studies were focused on cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC) the death of which was investigated in GluRd2 mutant mice and in NP0/0 mice knock-out for prion protein and overexpressing its neurotoxic paralogue Doppel. The study of GluRd2Lc indicates a link between autophagy and excitotoxicity in PCs which are rescued from excitotoxic cell death and autophagy blockade of excitotoxicity. In the NP0/0 mouse, Doppel induces the BAX-dependent apoptotic cell death of PCs. Nevertheless, an alternative process could be either autophagy detected early in PCs or an unidentified apoptotic mechanism. These data suggest that different pathogenic stimuli trigger different cell death modalities involving apoptosis and autophagy in the same neuron
Rakotomamonjy, Jennifer. "Mort développementale des cellules de Purkinje." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T031.
Full textProgrammed cell death is an essential feature of the central nervous system during development. Purkinje cells, in cerebellar organotypic slice cultures, die when tissue is taken from one-week-old animals. Beyond this critical period, they survive. This massive death is supposed to reflect a naturel process occurring in the developing cerebellum. The synthetic steroid mifepristone allows neuron to survive by a mechanism involving depolarization. We show that the spontaneous release of the neurotransmitter GABA induces the activation of GABAA receptors which leads to Purkinje cell firing and death. This GABA toxicity is also accompanied by an intracellular calcium release. Mifepristone depolarizes Purkinje cell membrane potential to a value above chloride reversal potential, thus shunting spiking activity and GABAergic conductance. Moreover, the steroid neuroprotective effect is mediated by the neurotrophic factor BDNF and involves the inhibition of p38 MAP-kinase pathway. Our data provide new insights in the search for treatments preventing GABA toxicity in the developing brain
Heitz, Stéphane Bailly Yannick Kapfhammer Josef P. Poulain Bernard. "Neuronal death mechanisms in cerebellar Purkinje cells." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/1012/01/HEITZ_Stephane_2008.pdf.
Full textThèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 37 p.
MORAIN, PHILIPPE. "Proprietes electrophysiologiques des cellules de purkinje de rat : modification apres desafferentation." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066357.
Full textOrduz, Pérez David Andrés. "Propriétés électrophysiologiques des synapses Purkinje-Purkinje du cervelet de souris et caractérisation des dynamiques calciques des boutons présynaptiques de leurs collatérales récurrentes." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066247.
Full textLay, Russo Nadège. "Différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires murines et des cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines en cellules dendritiques : cellules d'intérêt pour les tests de toxicologie." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4077.
Full textThe seventh amendment in the European cosmetic directive imposes an abandonment of the tests on animals to measure the allergenic or irritant effects of some compounds used in cosmetic. The allergenic response in animals ‘models includes five aspects but in the in vitro test each aspect is studied separately. Among the in vitro tests of toxicity which are envisaged, dendritic cells, which are antigen presenting cells, were revealed as cells of choice for study one of these aspects. However today it is difficult to obtain a reliable and strong source of dendritic cells allowing working out a reglementary test. The aim of my thesis project was to propose an alternative model in these tests on animals. For it we set up the conditions allowing generating dendritic cells derived of stern cells. For it we have two sources of stem cells (hiPS) which having all the characteristics of the embryonic stem cells without raise ethical problems. These two types of cells allowed having an inexhaustible and plentiful source of dendritic cells. We set up one protocol allowing generating and purifying a population of dendritic cells from mouse embryonic stem cells. Cells were characterized by gene expression like CD45, CD86. Furthermore we realized as functional test that consists to measure the dextran-FICT endocytosis and the answer of this cellular population to allergenic reference molecules such as MCI/MI or TNBS. We also tried to generate “dendritic-like” cells from human iPS based to expression of specifics markers as CD45, CD34, CD1a, CD14, CD209, CD207, CD86 and HLA-DR. Several protocols were envisaged. However dendritic-like cells obtained represent a low percentage of differentiated cells and the protocol is in the course of optimization. Increasingly tests use keratinocytes cells for evaluate another aspect of allergenic response. So we were interesting also to these cells and we will present first steps differentiation of hiPS that will allow generating keratinocytes
Vincent, Pierre. "Courants synaptiques gabergiques enregistrés dans les cellules de Purkinje du cervelet de rat." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066709.
Full textAzouri, Tannous Hayat. "Étude de la toxicité de deux complexes du platine : description d'un nouveau modèle d'appréciation de la toxicité testiculaire." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA114822.
Full textChaumont, Joseph. "Organisation fonctionnelle de la boucle olivo-cortico-nucléaire : influence de l'activité des cellules de Purkinje." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ128/document.
Full textThe cerebellum plays a fundamental role in coordination, adjustment, planning and automation of movements, in the modulation of reflexes and in some cognitive functions. To do this, it will collect motor and sensory information from both the cerebral cortex and the rest of the body. These information are relayed to the cortex and cerebellar nuclei via climbing fibers and mossy fibers. Climbing fibers, the projections from the inferior olive to the cerebellar cortex, carry sensorimotor error and clock signals that trigger motor learning by controlling cerebellar Purkinje cell synaptic plasticity and discharge. Purkinje cells target the deep cerebellar nuclei, which are the output of the cerebellum and include an inhibitory GABAergic projection to the inferior olive. This pathway identifies a potential closed loop in the olivo-cortico-nuclear network. Therefore, sets of Purkinje cells may phasically control their own climbing fiber afferents. Here, using in vitro and in vivo recordings, we describe a genetically modified mouse model that allows the specific optogenetic control of Purkinje cell discharge. Tetrode recordings in the cerebellar nuclei demonstrate that focal stimulations of Purkinje cells strongly inhibit spatially restricted sets of cerebellar nuclear neurons. Strikingly, such stimulations trigger delayed climbing-fiber input signals in the stimulated Purkinje cells. Therefore, our results demonstrate that Purkinje cells phasically control the discharge of their own olivary afferents and thus might participate in the regulation of cerebellar motor learning
Cavelier, Pauline. "Rôle des canaux ioniques sensibles au potentiel dans l'excitabilité des cellules de Purkinje du cervelet." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13170.
Full textElectrical properties of excitable cells are didacted by the ion channels present in the membrane. Purkinje cells (PCs) of the cerebellar cortex represent a unique model to study the role of ion channels in determining the firing pattern generated by various synaptic inputs as well as, owing to their large dendritic tree, the electrophysiology of the dendro-somatic interactions. My thesis focused on the role of different ion channels in determining the electrical properties of PCs dendrites and soma. Dendritically and somatically evoked discharges of action potentials (APs) were recorded under current clamp conditions. The whole cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique was used in PCs from rat cerebellar slice cultures. The relation between the firing pattern and a given channel type was determined by using specific pharmacological tools. First, I examined the role of calcium entries in the establishment of PCs firing pattern. My results demonstrate that Ca2+ entry through low-voltage gated calcium channels underlies a dendritic AP rarely eliciting a somatic burst of APs. Second, I investigated the ionic mechanisms controlling the dendrosomatic propagation of this low-threshold Ca2+ spike in PCs. My results suggest that the propagation of dendritic LTS is controlled directly by 4-AP sensitive K+ channels, and indirectly modulated by P/Q channel activity probably by activating the calcium dependant K+ channels of the BK family. Similar conclusions can be drawn studying the electrical properties of PCs in mice lacking functional P/Q channels. Additionnal results suggest that TEA and 4-AP sensitive channel activity affects the electrical properties of dendrites such that the LTS is attenuated and slowed-down when propagating to the soma. Finally, after determining the pharmacological characteristics of the LTS I demonstrated that it is involved in the genesis of the complex spike elicited by climbing fiber stimulation. Lice cultures. The relation between the firing pattern and a given channel type was determined by using specific pharmacological tools. First, I examined the role of calcium entries in the establishment of PCs firing pattern. My results demonstrate that Ca2+ entry through low-voltage gated calcium channels underlies a dendritic AP rarely eliciting a somatic burst of APs. Second, I investigated the ionic mechanisms controlling the dendrosomatic propagation of this low-threshold Ca2+ spike in PCs. My results suggest that the propagation of dendritic LTS is controlled directly by 4-AP sensitive K+ channels, and indirectly modulated by P/Q channel activity probably by activating the calcium dependant K+ channels of the BK family. Similar conclusions can be drawn studying the electrical properties of PCs in mice lacking functional P/Q channels. Additionnal results suggest that TEA and 4-AP sensitive channel activity affects the electrical properties of dendrites such that the LTS is attenuated and slowed-down when propagating to the soma. Finally, after determining the pharmacological characteristics of the LTS I demonstrated that it is involved in the genesis of the complex spike elicited by climbing fiber stimulation
BERTHIE, BRIGITTE. "Nouvelles donnees morphologiques sur le cortex cerebelleux du rat : deploiement spatial de l'arbre dendritique des cellules de purkinje, sous-population de cellules de purkinje tyrosine-hydroxylase positives et axone de la cellule unipolaire en brosse." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066025.
Full textJanmaat, Sonja. "Le rôle des stéroïdes sexuels dans la mort de cellules de Purkinje chez le mutant staggerer pendant le développement et vieillissement." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066340.
Full textRagagnin, Audrey. "Mort neuronale et maladies à prions." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ094/document.
Full textThe conversion of the protective cellular prion protein PrPC into an infectious, neurotoxic conformer PrPSc is a feature of prion diseases. In the prion-diseased brain, the loss of PrPC, the production of pathogenic PrPSc and inflammation contribute to neuronal death by still unknown mechanisms.The present results validate cerebellar organotypic cultures as a valuable experimental system to study ex vivo these mechanisms and provide insight into the apoptotic and autophagic processes activated by the absence of PrPC in Prnp-deficient mice and by PrPSc prions and lead to the death of the cerebellar Purkinje cells. A second line of research in situ showed that the anatomo-functional compartmentation of the mouse cerebellum is an endogenous parameter of the pathogenesis of the 22L scrapie prions. Finally, another in situ approach revealed that prions increase the levels of TNFR1, a receptor for the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α at the membrane of the astrocytes enveloping Purkinje cell excitatory synapses in the cerebellar cortex of infected mice. This implies that the response of synaptic complexes to prions involves a glial component
RABHI, NAIMA. "Developpement des cellules de purkinje et des fibres grimpantes du cervelet de rat : etude qualitative et quantitative." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066703.
Full textSolages, Camille de. "Inhibition, oscillations et synchronie dans la couche des cellules de Purkine du cortex cérébelleux." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066664.
Full textAgier, Catherine. "Toxicité et cinétique d'absorption de composés azotés protonables chez les cellules végétales cultivées "in vitro"." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA114840.
Full textSafi, Malak. "Nanoparticules inorganiques et nanofils magnétiques : toxicité et étude physique des interactions avec les cellules vivantes." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077029.
Full textThe inorganic nanoparticles, due to their size (< 100 nm) are being used in a wide range of applications including industries (cosmetics, automotive. . . ) and biomedicine (cancer therapy, drug delivery. . . ). However, the toxicity of these nanoparticles and their impact on the environment and possible health risks have not yet been fully evaluated. The evaluation of the toxicity appears to be difficult, considering the existence of different parameters such as the chemical composition of the nanoparticles, their size, their surface, their morphology, their uptake, and the type of targeted cells. The objective of our work is the study of the toxicity of these nanoparticles, and their interactions with living cells. We especially study the effects of the chemical composition, the coating, and the shape of the cerium oxide (CeO₂), iron oxide (y-Fe₂O₃), and the nanostructured materials synthesized from these particles. The cellular viability assays showed that the uptake inside mammalian cells and the toxicity depend on the nature of the particle, and also on the type of coating. Indeed, the polymers of weak molecular weight, adsorbed on the surface of the nanoparticles are more stable than the classic ligands and make them stealth. Surprisingly, despite their shape and length, the magnetic nanowires synthesized from y-Fe₂O₃), are taken up by the cells. Their biocompatibility and their biodegradability pave the way for applications in biophysics and nanomedicine
Hymery, Nolwenn. "Evaluation in vitro des effets toxiques de contaminants alimentaires sur les cellules dendritiques." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2006.
Full textThe trichothecenes, mycotoxins produced by various species of moulds, are at the origin of serious food poisonings which touch as well the livestock as the man. The human food poisonings due to the mycotoxins are in general accidental. The diseases described following intoxications with trichothecenes are mainly Aleucie Toxique Food (ATA) met in the countries of Eastern Europe and the countries in the process of development, Stachybotryotoxicose, met in Western Europe and North America, and “Akakabio disease” met in the South-East Asia. The origin of its disorders is hematologic. Indeed, the trichothecenes are known for their hematoxicity but also for their immunotoxicity. A cell establishes the link between these two toxicities: the dendritic cell. The immunizing cells are produced by cells stocks, within osseous marrow. Among these cells, the dendritic cell seems the initiating cell of the immunizing answer primary, able to stimulate the proliferation of the lymphocytes T naive. Taking into account the immunotoxicity of the mycotoxins, primarily on the lymphocytes T, it seemed relevant to study the effects of these molecules on the dendritic cells. To make this study, it proved to be necessary to choose a relevant cellular model and to optimize this model to adapt to the study of the adverse effects of contaminants of the food. The model using the CD34+ involves the majority formation of cells of Langerhans (dentritic cells of the skin). These last are implied in the cutaneous reactions, without interest for the study of the effects of food contaminants. This is why the choice was made on dendritic cultures of cells deriving from monocytes, rather than of cells CD34+. The aim of this work is to develop a human model using the dendritic cells generated in vitro from monocytes. This model allowing to study the effects of xenobiotic on maturation of the dendritic cells. This work shows the importance of the studies carried out in vitro on the human dendritic cells in the comprehension of the immunotoxic effects of food contaminants. It appears relevant to propose that these studies are carried out very upstream during the exploration of a immunotoxic effect
Mavier, Jean-Philippe. "Étude de la toxicité des polynucléaires neutrophiles vis à vis des hépatocytes : démonstration, mécanismes et systèmes protecteurs." Paris 12, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA120024.
Full textÖzcan, Orçun Orkan. "Characterization of the Purkinje cell to nuclear cell connections in mice cerebellum." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ085/document.
Full textThe cerebellum integrates motor commands with somatosensory, vestibular, visual and auditory information for motor learning and coordination functions. The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) generates the final output by processing inputs from Purkinje cells (PC), mossy and climbing fibers. We investigated the properties of PC connections to DCN cells using optogenetic stimulation in L7-ChR2 mice with in vivo multi electrode extracellular recordings in lobule IV/V of the cerebellar cortex and in the medial nuclei. DCN cells discharged phase locked to local field potentials in the beta, gamma and high frequency bands. We identified two groups of DCN cells with significant differences in action potential waveforms and firing rates, matching previously discriminated in vitro properties of GABAergic and non-GABAergic cells. PCs inhibited the two group of cells gradually (rate coding), however spike times were controlled for only non-GABAergic cells. Our results suggest that PC inputs temporally control the output of cerebellum and the internal DCN circuitry supports this phenomenon since GABAergic cells do not induce a temporal effect through local inhibition
Bouligand, Jérôme. "Métabolisme in vivo du busulfan et toxicité hépatique au cours des greffes de cellules souches hématopoïétiques." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA11T078.
Full textJammoul, Firas. "Elucidation de la toxicité rétinienne d'un antiépileptique, le vigabatrin : une phototoxicité résultant d'une déficience en taurine." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066049.
Full textVigabatrin, an antiepileptic drug, remains the first line drug for the treatment of infantile spasms despite the irreversible constriction of the visual field in treated patients. Its antiepileptic function is based on the inhibition of the GABA-transaminase. In animals, it induces a disorganization of the photoreceptor layer, a degeneration of cone photoreceptors and a glial reaction. Phototoxicity was proposed as a potential underlying mechanism because only albino animals are affected by these retinal damages and because in vitro experiment showed a selective damage of photoreceptors in ex vivo retina incubated in vigabatrin for 20 hours under a high light intensity. The aim of our study was to identify the mechanisms of the vigabatrin retinal toxicity and to propose strategies to prevent this toxicity while preserving its antiepileptic efficacy. In albino mice, similar retinal lesions were observed in addition to an unexpected neuronal plasticity at rod photoreceptor terminals. This plasticity was indicated by extension of bipolar and horizontal cells process in the photoreceptor layer and the retraction of rod terminals leading to the formation of ectopic synapses (paper 1). To investigate the role of light in the induction of the lesions, animals were maintained in darkness. No lesions were found in dark-reared animals demonstrating thereby the induction of phototoxicity. When plasma amino acid levels were measured in vigabatrin treated animals, their taurine levels were severely decreased but this decrease could be reversed with taurine supplementation in the drinking water. This taurine supplementation partly but significantly prevented the induction of the lesions. Toddlers under vigabatrin therapy for infantile spasms also exhibited the taurine deficiency (paper 2). As vigabatrin-treated patients present optic nerve atrophy, we examine if a vigabatrin treatment also triggers retinal ganglion cell degeneration in neonatal rats. Retinal lesions were similar as those described in adult rats. We found in addition a retinal ganglion cell degeneration that occurred at a similar rate as that of cone photoreceptors. Taurine supplementation also prevented this neuronal degeneration (paper 3). Finally examining the eye fundus, we found that retinal lesions can be visualized in vivo with the scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Modifications of the reflected images were attributed to the disorganization of the photoreceptor layer greater in the dorsal area while autofluorescenceing spots were correlated with large autofluorescent degradative bodies in the retinal pigment epithelium (paper 4). These results indicated that vigabatrin induced taurine deficiency leading to phototoxicity. These results enabled us to propose that vigabatrin-treated patients avoid exposition to intense lights, wear sun glasses and control their nutrition for taurine intake. Finally, this work is now leading to the development of a new strategy to treat infantilespasms and complex partial seizure based on a taurine/vigabatrin combination
Kneib, Marie. "Étude fonctionnelle d’un circuit inhibiteur du cortex cérébelleux de la souris : Importance pour la physiopathologie des retards mentaux." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6121.
Full textLn mental retardation the causes are very heterogeneous, and may be the result of the invalidation of genes involved in particular in the development or function of synapses. If compensatory mechanisms are not implemented, these changes contribute to disruption of synaptic integration, as is the case wh en the ILlRAPLl gene is inactivated. During the period P10/P14 of invalidated mice, we recorded giants inhibitory events capable of stopping the activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which are not present in the wild type mice. These giant events, which come from the molecular layer interneurons (stellate cells and basket cells) are able to disinhibit further downstream neurons of deep nuclei, which are the only output of the cerebellum. The cerebellum, particularly the cerebellar cortex, is one of the regions of central nervous system that has the organizational model best described. It is compartmentalized into hundreds of parasagittal bands "zebra", which are considered as the functional unit of the cerebellum. We have successfully identified electrophysiologically interneurons of the molecular layer according to the kinetics of inhibitory events arriving on the Purkinje cell: stellate cells exhibit slow kinetics, whereas basket cells faster kinetics. Thanks to this method, we observed that the organization of collateral projections of basket cells was sensitive to the expression of molecular marker zebrin II
El-Zaoui, Ikram. "Etude de la toxicité et des mécanismes de mort cellulaire induits par les glucocorticoïdes sur les cellules endothéliales." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05P640/document.
Full textGlucocorticoids (GCs) present a major interest in the treatment of numerous pathologies. In the eye, they are injected directly in high doses to treat inflammation, macular edema, and vision-threatening neovascularization. Although spectacular, the beneficial anatomical effects obtained by this treatmentare not still correlated to the functional resultsand the recovery of a normal visual acuteness. These empirical therapeutics (except AMM) showed a corticotoxicity on the cells of the retina and the vessels that assure their viability. A two-fold effort is imperative to mitigate these inconveniences. First, fundamental studies to better understand the mechanisms of toxicity of glucocorticoids are still necessary to be able to propose rational therapeutic plans. Second, the implementation of the skills of pharmaceutical companies, with the development of new molecules, in order to obtain an equivalently efficient therapy using glucocorticoids with fewer side effects on tissues is imperative. From this perspective, the objective of my work was to understandthe mechanisms of cellular toxicity caused by different glucocorticoids on endothelial cellsof the dermic and retinal general microcirculation. I showed that toxicity varies according to the cellular type and that the mechanisms of cells death activated with these drugs are not always the same. The second part of my thesis concerned the confirmation and the evaluation of the preclinical efficiency of a new anti-inflammatory treatment, conceived by a Swiss pharmaceutical company, in the treatment of the inflammatory states in ophthalmology. These works improve our knowledge of the general cellular toxicity of glucocorticoids and provides further insight to the microvascular cytotoxicity associated with this treatment option
Page, Guy. "Effets électrophysiologiques des nucléotides extracellulaires (CTP, UTP) sur les potentiels d'action des fibres de Purkinje : rôle des ectonucléotidases." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2003.
Find full textDekali, Samir. "Développement de modèles in vitro de la barrière alvéolo-capillaire pour l'étude de la toxicité et du passage des nanoparticules." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05P601.
Full textAfter inhalation, nanoparticles (NPs) can reach the alveoli and the alveolo-capillary barrier (ACB), and consequently induce local toxicity and / or cross this barrier to reach the bloodstream. In this context, the aim of this work was to develop co-culture in vitro models simple to implement (using human cell lines), to study effects of NPs on the ACB. In a first time, pro-inflammatory effects of SiO2 and TiO2 NPs were studied on co-cultures of alveolar epithelial cells (A549 and NCI-H441 cell lines), and macrophages (THP-1 cell line). We demonstrated the importance of cell cooperation during inflammatory processes caused by these NPs, and the role of the cellular ratio in these inflammatory responses. In a second time, effects of fluorescent polystyrene NPs on the ACB integrity, and their translocation were studied on three-dimensional co-cultures in bicameral chambers involving macrophages (THP-1 cell line), bronchial epithelial cells (Calu-3 cell line), and micro-vascular pulmonary endothelial cells (HPMEC ST1.6R cell line). The use of Calu-3 has provided a good barrier, but further investigations on microporous membranes are still needed to not interfere with NPs translocation. Altogether, these results show that a tailored approach should be considered in order to study toxicity or translocation of NPs
Vinatier, Gérald. "Relation entre l'agrégation et la toxicité dans des modèles de maladies neurodégénératives chez la drosophile." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0006.
Full textA common feature of neurodegenerative diseases is the formation of different forms of protein aggregates. During my Ph. D. , I tried to establish the relashionship that links aggregation and toxicity thanks to Drosophila models of Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 and 7. These models recapitulate the main caracteristics of the corresponding human polyglutamine diseases, making Drosophila a good model to study aggregation and toxicity. My results demonstrate that aggregates in their biochemical definition (high-molecular-mass objects that resist denaturation by boiling SDS) are the major proteic species responsible for the toxicity. One hypothesis could be that aggregates inhibit the proteasomal activity. Thus, I tried to evaluate proteasomal activity in Drosophila expressing a mutant form of Ataxin 3. I have shown that mutated Ataxin 3 is responsible for a decrease in proteasomal activity, which can be blocked by a suppressor of ataxin 3-induced toxicity. However, it seems that proteasomal inhibition is not necessary for the toxicity even if I cannot exclude that this reduction of protein degradation participates to the toxicity of polyglutamine proteins
Raddi, Najat. "Rôle de la fibre adénovirale dans le tropisme hépatique et la toxicité des vecteurs adénoviraux." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T029.
Full textTo date adenoviruses (Ad) are the most used vectors in gene therapy. However, Ad use is hampered by a strong liver tropism that leads to hepatotoxicity, a strong inflammatory response and the induction of thrombocytopenia. Binding of Ad hexon to coagulation factor X (FX) is responsible for hepatocyte transduction in vivo. As a consequence, mutation of hexon protein abrogates Ad interaction with FX and reduces liver transduction. However, previous results of our lab have demonstrated that Ad5 pseudotyping with fiber Ad3 also resulted in significant reduction of liver transduction. To understand how fiber modification affects in vivo Ad tropism, we used two pseudotyped viruses with whole (AdF3) or only the shaft (AdS3K5) of Ad3 fiber.Following systemic delivery of fiber-Modified Ads, a reduced transduction was observed 2 days p.i. in liver and spleen. This reduction was not due to the impairment of fiber-Modified Ads liver entry or FX use in vivo. Remarkably, after Kupffer cells depletion, a restored transgene expression level was observed, suggesting that fiber-Modified Ads are strongly uptaken by Kupffer cells. We have demonstrated that this strong uptake is an Ad3 intrinsic property since Ad3 was also strongly uptaken by Kupffer cells. Interestingly, fiber-Modified Ads transduce tumours as efficiently as Ad5. In the second part of this work, we aimed to better understand the mechanism of Ad-Induced thrombocytopenia. We first defined the kinetic and dose-Dependence of Ad-Induced thrombocytopenia. Then, we have shown that factors of the host such as the coagulation factors and the spleen were not involved in the thrombocytopenia development. Interestingly, we demonstrated o role for Ad5 in this platelet count reduction since fiber-Modified Ad induced only a modest thrombocytopenia. In parallel, we have observed a reduced production of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine following fiber-Modified Ad administration. Experiments are ongoing to investigate a possible correlation between inflammatory responses and thrombocytopenia. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that Ad5 pseudotyping with Ad3 fiber allows à reduced toxicity and inflammatory response while tumour transduction efficacy is remained. Therfore, oncolytic Ad pseudotyped with Ad3 fiber might be potent tool in tumor virotherapy while limiting risk of toxicity
Giuliani, Isabelle. "Mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de la toxicité des moutardes azotées sur l'épithélium respiratoire en culture primaire." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA077065.
Full textLaurent, Véronique. "Stratégie de vectorisation d’acides nucléiques et de drogues anticancéreuses dans les cellules hépatiques en culture." Rennes 1, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00518984.
Full textThe HepaRG hepatoma cells differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells expressing a large set of liver-specific functions to investigate hepatocyte differentiation process. However, these cells express small amounts of CYP2E1. We established transfection protocols to increase this expression in differentiated HepaRG cells using electroporation (EP) and cationic lipids and to study CYP2E1-dependent drug metabolism and toxicity. By EP of siRNA targeting the AhR receptor in HepaRG cells, we demonstrated that the AhR protein is involved in the induction of CYP1A1 and 1A2 following exposure to the heterocyclic aromatic amines. We also derived a new stable recombinant HepaRG cell line expressing hepcidine-GFP fusion protein, to investigate maturation and secretion of the hepcidine protein. Finally, novel nanoparticles were characterized for encapsulation of anticancer drugs to target hepatocellular carcinomas
Valentin-Séverin, Isabelle. "Evaluation de la toxicité et de la génotoxicité à l'aide d'une lignée cellulaire hépatique d'origine humaine "HepG2"." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS017.
Full textLicitra, Floriana. "Pathophysiological and molecular characterization of a mouse model of ARCA2, a recessive cerebellar ataxia associated to Coenzyme Q10 deficiency." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ096/document.
Full textARCA2 is a form of recessive ataxia characterized by a slow progression of the ataxic phenotype, cerebellar atrophy and mild deficit in Coenzyme Q10. ARCA2 was recently found associated with mutations in the ADCK3 gene that encodes a putativemitochondrial kinase homologous to the yeast Coq8 and the bacterial UbiB proteins, which are required for Coenzyme Q biosynthesis. In order to elucidate the pathophysiology of ARCA2, a constitutive knockout mouse for Adck3 was generated.Adck3-/- mice reproduce many ARCA2 symptoms such as slow progression of the ataxic phenotype and mild Coenzyme Q deficit, suggesting that Adck3-/- mice are a good model to study ARCA2. Strikingly, a morphological and functional impairmentwas found in cerebellar Adck3-/- Purkinje cells, whereas a mild mitochondrial defect was observed in the skeletal muscle of Adck3-/- mice. Interestingly, transcriptomic analyses revealed alteration in a number of molecular pathways implicating ADCK3in novel cellular processes
Haida, Obélia. "Physiopathologie des déficits moteurs dans les troubles du spectre autistique : approche neuroanatomique dans deux modèles environnementaux." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2305/document.
Full textAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disabilities that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout a person's life. The complex etiology is currently unknown and does not allow to develop new therapeutical strategies. The aim of this thesis was to identify the neuronal network involved in motor symptoms and propose new diagnostic tools and new therapeutical approaches focusing this linkage. We anatomically investigated the different regions responsible for motor control: the cerebellum, the substantia nigra pars compacta, the striatum and the motor cortex. This study has been performed using two environmental mouse models, prenatally exposed to either an anticonvulsant drug: the valproic acid, either an immunostimulant mimicking a viral infection: the polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid.Our results have indicated restricted neuronal losses in the cerebellum and in the motor cortex, which were model- and sex-dependent. These data also point out the heterogeneity found according to the different syndromes and the sex ratio in patients. Furthermore, we have also shown that the neuronal loss could be associated to as well the motor and the social deficits. Interestingly, these brain regions could be used as therapeutical target to reverse both ASD symptoms
Baudoin, R. "Développement et caractérisation d'une puce à cellules pour le criblage d'agents toxiques." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00342342.
Full textDans cette étude, nous avons testé trois débits (0, 10 et 25 µL/min) et trois ensemencements cellulaires. Enfin, nous avons soumis notre biopuce à trois chargements de chlorure d'ammonium (0, 5 et 10 mM) afin de démontrer le potentiel de ce modèle pour de futures applications liées à la toxicité. L'activité cellulaire en biopuce a été suivie par la prolifération des cellules, les consommations de glucose et de glutamine, les productions d'albumine et d'ammoniac et enfin, par l'activité enzymatique de détoxification des CYP 1A.
En condition dynamique, il a été observé une augmentation des consommations et des productions cellulaires au regard des conditions statiques. L'activité de détoxification des CYP 1A a été également accrue. En présence du chlorure d'ammonium les réponses cellulaires furent similaires en biopuce au regard des conditions de culture standard en Pétri. De plus, le chlorure d'ammonium a semblé induire l'activité des CYP 1A en biopuce.
Par cette étude, nous montrons la pertinence de notre biopuce pour des tests de toxicité in vitro en condition dynamique. Ce nouveau modèle de culture cellulaire in vitro pourra à terme être applicable aux études de criblages dans les industries chimiques, pharmaceutiques et cosmétiques.
Ficheux, Anne-Sophie. "Évaluation de la toxicité de mycotoxines émergentes et de couples de mycotoxines sur les cellules humaines d'origine hématopoïétique." Thesis, Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0048.
Full textMycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that are natural contaminants ofseveral commodities, in particular cereals. The main objectives of the thesis were to assess thein vitro toxicity of: (1) emerging mycotoxins beauvericin, enniatin b and moniliformin; (2)combinations of fusariotoxins known to co-contaminate cereals or food commodities:deoxynivalenol and beauvericin, deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol andzearalenone, deoxynivalenol and T-2, T-2 and zearalenone, beauvericin and enniatin B.Experiences have been done using human hematopoietic cells. Myelotoxicity has beenevaluated using clonogenic assays on granulo-monocytic, erythroid and megakaryocyticprogenitors. Immunotoxicity has been assessed on dendritic cells and macrophages.Emerging mycotoxins were cytotoxic for hematopoietic progenitors. Inhibition oferythroid differentiation has been observed in the presence of enniatin b or moniliformin.Beauvericin and enniatin B were cytotoxic for dendritic cells and macrophages. Thedifferentiation process of monocytes into immature dendritic cells or into macrophages wasdisturbed in the presence of moniliformin. Beauvericin and enniatin B have been shown tointeract with dendritic cells maturation process. Additive myelotoxic and immunotoxic effectswere observed for combination of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and T-2,T-2 and zearalenone, beauvericin and enniatin B. Co-exposure of granulo-monocyticprogenitors to deoxynivalenol and beauvericin resulted in synergic effects. Combination ofdeoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1 showed antagonist myelotoxic and immunotoxic effects.These in vitro results suggested that emerging mycotoxins could be responsible forhematological and immunological troubles on human in case of consumption of contaminatedcommodities. Simultaneous presence of mycotoxins in food commodities and diet may bemore toxic than the presence of one mycotoxin alone. In vivo studies should be performed totest these hypotheses
Desjardins, Jacynthe. "Capacité des polyphénols à neutraliser les effets cytotoxiques et inflammatoires de la nicotine sur les cellules épithéliales et les fibroblastes buccaux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27933/27933.pdf.
Full textVranic, Sandra. "Toxicity of nanoparticles in the respiratory cells : role of physico chemical characteristics and endocytosis." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077023.
Full text@Many promising applications are expected due to the unique properties of ENPs. However, the potential risks associated with exposure to NPs must be better determined. Our objective was to characterize the internalization of NPs by developing a methodology to quantify the internalized NPs alter excluding the NPs that remain adsorbed on the cell surface, using SiO2 NPs. We also wanted to determine the role of internalization and physico-chemical characteristics of NPs in their effects on respiratory epithelial cells in vitro, using TiO2, ZnO and Ag NPs. The internalization of NP is shown to be dependent on the duration of the treatment, applied concentrations and NP charge. Imaging flow cytometry can assess the internalization with more precision compared to classic flow cytometry and microplate reader. By an integrative approach (inhibitors, siRNA, colocalization studies) macropinocytosis is shown to be the major route of internalization of SiO2 NPs. The role of physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles was confirmed in the cellular effects (ZnO NPs were more toxic than TiO2 NPs). However, the study of the effects of TiO2 NPs should not be neglected as they may induce other adverse cellular effects (pro-inflammatory response dependent on internalization, NP size, surface properties, surface reactivity and coating). Before classifying one NP as non-toxic, several parameters must be checked and applied methodology must be adapted to each NP that is studied
Ramírez, Buriticá Jorge Enrique. "L'imagerie calcique révèle l'activité de potentiels d'action simples des cellules de Purkinje cérébelleuses : applications et limites de la méthode pour la recherche sur l'activité nerveuse in vivo." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB030.
Full textThe cerebellum is thought to coordinate movement by processing sensorimotor information in the cerebellar cortex before relaying its output to other brain structures. Since all information processed by the cerebellar cortex converges on Purkinje cells (PCs), the ability to record the spiking output from identified populations of these cells is crucial for understanding cerebellar processing. In this thesis, we demonstrate that somatic calcium imaging in Purkine cells is a faithful reporter of sodium-dependent simple spike (SS) activity, with almost no interference coming from the dendritic calcium fluctuations of complex spikes (CS). This enabled us to optically record changes in SS firing rates from Purkinje cells in brain slices and in vivo. In cerebellar slices, the simultaneous recordings of Purkinje cell groups revealed a striking spatial organization of pauses in Purkinje cell activity inside a sagittal plane. The source of this organization is shown to be the presynaptic gamma-Aminobutyric acid producing (GABAergic) network, since blocking ionotropic GABA receptors (GABAARs) abolishes the synchrony. Concerning in vivo experiments, we tested the feasibility of this imaging method to infer Purkinje cell activity in combination with the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f. Despite the nonlinear binding kinetics of GCaMP6f with calcium, we developed a method that allows a quantitative estimate of changes in Purkinje cell SS firing activity. This method is susceptible to open new avenues for research on cerebellar cortex output in vivo
Hourez, Raphaël. "Dysfonction des cellules de Purkinje du cervelet dans l'ataxie spino-cérébelleuse de type 1 (SCA1), le syndrome alcoolique foetal et lors de la modulation d'expression de Nogo-A." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210583.
Full textBuron, Nelly. "La mort des cellules de conjonctive induite par les UV et le chlorure de benzalkonium et l'effet protecteur du TFF1." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOMU16.
Full textFirst, we determined the molecular mechanisms of conjunctival cell death upon exposure to the benzalkonium chloride UV. Both agents induced death receptor and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways to trigger caspases activation and specific substrates cleavage and generate apoptotic phenotype. Benzalkonium chloride specifically activated a caspase-independent pathway by inducing the mitochondrial release of Apoptosis-Inducing Factor. BAC-treated cells contained autophagy vesicles that act by reducing cell death process. In a second time, we determined on conjunctival cell apoptosis the effect of TFF1, that has a protective function in mucosa. This peptide reduced caspases-8 activation by decreasing DISC complex formation. It induced the expression of XIAP, that inhibits specifically caspases-3 and 9. TFF1 could inhibit apoptosis and be used in ophthalmic or digestive therapy to stimulate mucosal protection and wound healing
Pujalte, Igor. "Étude in vitro de la toxicité de nanoparticules métalliques (TiO2, ZnO, CdS) sur la cible rénale." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21849/document.
Full textMany uncertainties remain about the potential toxic effect of nanoparticles (NPs), and their becoming in human organism. The aim of this study was to understand the cytotoxic mechanisms induced by metallic NPs, on a secondary target organ, the kidney. NPs were able to cross biological barriers, be carried in blood to kidney cells, on glomerular or tubular cells. This study was performed in vitro, with NPs of titanium (TiO2: 12 nm), zinc (ZnO: 75 nm) and cadmium (CdS: 8 nm), on mesangial IP-15 cells and epithelial HK-2 cells. Results showed effects depending on cell type, chemical nature of NPs and their solubility. TiO2 NPs have no cytotoxic effect (IC50>100µg/cm²), probably due to their insolubility. Exposure to CdS and ZnO NPs lead to cell death (IC50< 7 µg/ cm²). Release of metallic cations Cd2+ and Zn2+ are the main causes of toxicity. ROS production and disruption of oxidative cellular balance (GSH/ GSSG) were correlated to the cytotoxic effects of ZnO and CdS NPs. A molecular approach was used to identify signaling pathways involved in oxidative stress response (nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and Nrf2).Internalization and accumulation of TiO2 and CdS NPs were responsible of oxidative stress induction and cytotoxic effect on long term exposure
Coiret, Guyllaume. "Implication du canal BK dans l'effet des oestrogènes et du tamoxifène sur la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses mammaires humaines." Amiens, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AMIED003.
Full textBreast cancer is the main women neoplasia and constitutes a major problem of public health. Breast carcinogenesis clearly implies estrogens, whose action belongs to the activation of two signalling pathways: a “genomic” pathway that regulates the expression of target genes and an “alternative” pathway which takes place rapidly and independently of a transcriptional activity. In the view of the estrogens’ dependence of breast cancer, the main treatments consist to antagonize these hormones’ action by the use of anti-estrogenic compounds such as tamoxifen. Moreover, it was shown that proliferation and apoptosis of breast carcinoma mammary cells are regulated by potassium channels. The goal of my thesis was to study the potassium channels’ regulation by estrogens and anti-estrogenic compounds and to determine if this regulation could participate to the effects of these factors on the growth of human breast cancer cells. Our results show that low doses of 17 ß estradiol and tamoxifen activate the high conductance potassium channel (BK) in human breast cancer cells of the MCF-7 line and that this effect is implied in the increase of their proliferation. Furthermore, we have shown that ß1 and ß4 subunits of BK channels seem to be implied in their regulation by these factors. We also show that high doses of tamoxifen decrease the growth of these cells and modulate in a biphasic fashion a voltage and calcium-dependent potassium channel. We suggest that BK channel activation by 17 ß estradiol should promote the membrane hyperpolarization which is linked to the progression of breast cancer cells into the cell cycle. To conclude, our results permit us to propose that estrogens and tamoxifen effects on the BK channel should be taken into consideration in the development of more efficient breast cancer treatments
Roux, Sébastien. "Autisme et cervelet : le gradient des ions chlorures en question." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ030/document.
Full textThe aims of my PhD were to characterize the development of the chloride gradient in Purkinje cells in a model of autism: mice prenatally exposed to sodium valproate. To this end, I measured GABAergic currents along the post-natal development of these mice and made histological observations of the Purkinje cells linear density. Secondly, I took part of a behavioral study to test the influence of a compound acting on the chloride gradient in two genetic models of autism: Oprm1-/- and Fmr1-/- mice. During my thesis I showed a delay in the development of the chloride gradient. I also observed that a prenatal exposition of sodium valproate induced a post-natal Purkinje cells loss. Finally, the compound I worked with improves the autistic phenotype and opens the perspective for translational potential
Al-Attrache, Houssein. "Etude de la toxicité idiosyncratique de médicaments sur cellules HepaRG et levure : influence du stress inflammatoire et de la biotransformation." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B049/document.
Full textIn human, many drugs are toxic for only rare patients. Genetic and various other factors (daily doses, inflammatory stress, immune reaction, liver diseases) are thought to favor such idiosyncratic toxicity that is not predictable in animals. Its prediction and mechanisms involved are very challenging. In this work, we have investigated in vitro the influence of an inflammatory stress on cytotoxic, cholestatic and steatotic effects of 3 drugs which are known to cause idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, i.e. diclofenac (DCF), trovafloxacin (TVX) and amiodarone (AMD), using as experimental models, metabolically competent differentiated HepaRG cells, and for comparison, undifferentiated HepaRG cells, HepG2 cells, primary human hepatocytes as well as a non hepatic eukaryotic cell, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results show that differentiated HepaRG cells were less sensitive than their undifferentiated counterparts and that toxicity involved intrinsic apoptosis., associated with ROS generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress and was aggravated with TNF-α via extrinsic apoptosis.. DCF toxicity was augmented by co-treatment with TVX and further by co-addition of TNF-α. By contrast, this cytokine did not potentiate cholestatic effects of either drug, typified by dilatation of bile canaliculi and inhibition of some bile acids transporters (BSEP, NTCP). An inflammatory stress induced by the bacterial lipopolysaccharide aggravated cytotoxicity and steatosis induced by AMD, via ROS generation, fatty acid oxidation and triglycerides accumulation leading to a steatohepatitis-like state. Moreover, DCF toxicity was also augmented in S. cerevisiae containing mutations of transporters of phase III, such as Pdr5, and especially after co-treatment with N-acetyl cysteine, via a pathway that is probably dependent on alterations of di-sulfure bounds in critical proteins (transporters, signaling proteins, transcription factors). Together, all the results suggest that environmental factors, such as inflammatory stress or genetic factors can modulate the toxic response to drugs by inducing oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress as well as by modifying metabolism, drug-drug interactions and key signaling pathways
Gasnier, Céline. "Mécanisme d'intoxication de cellules de mammifères par des herbicides à base de glyphosate et détoxification : Thèse sur un ensemble de travaux." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN2026.
Full textPollutants, like xenobiotics, are very present in the environment and living organisms, and some are able to disrupt in particular reproductive functions. Largely metabolized and detoxified by the liver, the mechanisms of intoxication and detoxification are detailed here in the introduction, explaining the role of newly involved genes. Our main experimental example studies the glyphosate-based herbicides (Roundup) on human cells, because they are the most commonly used herbicides in the world. Their residues (glyphosate, AMPA) are major contaminants of rivers. Moreover, because they are used on 80% of agricultural GMOs, they enter the food chain. We performed 3 scientific articles. First, their toxic mechanisms are elucidated on embryonic (E293) and placental (JEG3) cells at very low dilutions (100. 000) in 72 hours, depending on the time and dose. Then, the endocrine disrupting effects of 4 Roundup are characterized on the androgen and estrogen receptors, and aromatase, in cells transfected or not. Their genotoxic potential was also demonstrated. Some Roundup may be carcinogens, mutagens, reprotoxic (CMR) in vivo. Specific plant extracts in dosed mixtures (Dig1, the most studied, but also Dig2, Circ1, Sp1, Uro1 of Sevene Pharma) are able to prevent the intoxication of liver cells (HepG2 and Hep3B), and this complete our results in explaining the detoxification at least in part. This is true especially because drugs based on some of these compounds have been marketed since 2008 by Sevene Pharma
Bouhet, Sandrine. "Toxicité intestinale de la fumonisine B1 : conséquences sur la sensibilité des porcelets aux infections." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30029.
Full textFumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, a fungus that mainly contaminates maize. Our work shows that FB1 disturbs some innate immune defense mechanisms, at the intestinal level, in pigs. In vitro studies, conduced on intestinal epithelial cells, and/or in vivo studies, performed at the intestinal level in treated piglets, demonstrate that FB1 disturbs intestinal physiological barrier (proliferation inhibition and epithelial integrity disturbance) and immune defenses (inflammatory cytokine synthesis). This toxin also induces bacterial translocation from the intestine to extra-intestinal organs. In conclusion, our results suggest that consumption of FB1-contaminated food/feed could predispose human/animal to the development of enteric infections
Abitbol, Karine. "Modulation de la transmission synaptique entre fibres parallèles et cellules de Purkinje du cervelt par des récepteurs présynaptiques métabotropiques glutamatergiques du groupe III." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA11T060.
Full textHADJ, SAHRAOUI NADIA. "Processus involutifs affectant les cellules de purkinje au cours du vieillissement chez deux mutants neurologiques : les souris heterozygotes staggerer (+/sg) et reeler (+/rl)." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066779.
Full textJaudon, Fanny. "Fonction de la signalisation des Rho GTPases au cours du développement du cervelet." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20167.
Full textPurkinje cell (PC) occupy a central and integrative position in the synaptic network of the cerebellum and have the most elaborate dendritic tree among CNS neurons, which develops remarkably in the first three postnatal weeks in mice. This arborization requires intensive actin cytoskeleton remodeling, a process known in many cell types to be controlled by Rho GTPases and their regulators, GEFs and GAPs. During my thesis, I investigated the importance of Rho signaling during postnatal mouse cerebellar development, focusing on PC differentiation.In order to identify novel regulators of PC differentiation among members of the Rho signaling pathway, I undertook a global approach, comparing gene expression profiles of all mammalian Rho GTPases and all GEFs of the DOCK family at various stages of postnatal PC differentiation (P3, P7, P15 and P20) using real-time quantitative PCR. My global approach has allowed the identification of two Rho signaling actors, the GTPase RhoQ and the RhoGEF DOCK10, whose expressions increase dramatically during cerebellar development. Lentiviral shRNA-mediated knock down of their expression in organotypic cerebellar cultures and in hippocampal neurons showed strong dendritic spine defects, revealing an essential role for these proteins in PC differentiation
Savary, Camille. "Étude de la toxicité chronique et du potentiel cancérogène de contaminants de l’environnement séparément et en mélange sur les cellules HepaRG." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1B007/document.
Full textHumans are exposed throughout their life to many environmental and food contaminants, usually at low doses and in mixtures. Risk assessment remains questionable as it is well established that there are differences in the response to chemicals between humans and animals. Regardless of the route of exposure, due to its major role in xenobiotic biotransformation, the liver is considered as a target organ for many classes of chemicals potentially cytotoxic, genotoxic or carcinogenic. We used the HepaRG cell line to evaluate chronic toxicity and/or carcinogenicity of pesticides and genotoxic compounds. This cell line is the only one known to exhibit properties similar to those of human hepatocytes in primary culture. In the first part we confirmed the maintenance of functional capacities of these cells at confluence by transcriptomic and biokinetic analysis of several drugs after a 14-day treatment. We then investigated the effects of mixtures of pesticides after acute and repeated exposures. We showed that : 1. Isomalathion, a major impurity of malathion, played a leading role on liver toxicity and inhibited carboxylesterase that is involved in the metabolism of these two compounds; 2. Endosulfan and methoxychlor, two organochlorines, metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, acted synergistically on their cytotoxicity after single or repeated exposure. Moreover, whereas activity of CYP3A4 was reversibly inhibited by endosulfan and increased by methoxychlor. By contrast, CYP2B6 activity was induced by these two pesticides while in equimolar mixtures, they caused additive or antagonistic effects on CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 activities respectively, regardless of the duration of exposure. Finally, in the third part, we exposed HepaRG cells for up to 15 passages to low doses of two genotoxic contaminants which required bioactivation, aflatoxin B1 and heterocyclic aromatic amine, PhIP, and demonstrated the appearance of properties of transformed cells (e.g. growth on agar, cell migration in the wound healing test and overexpression of a number of genes associated with cancer). Altogether, our results demonstrate the great potential interest that represents the metabolically competent human liver cell line HepaRG for the study of chronic toxicity and/or carcinogenic potential of environmental contaminants. They highlight possible interactions between pesticides in binary mixtures and for the first time, demonstrate that the carcinogenic potential of genotoxic contaminants can be analyzed in an human hepatic cell line