Journal articles: 'Cell mechanics, nanoindentation'

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Adusumalli, Ramesh-Babu, William M. Mook, Raphael Passas, Patrick Schwaller, and Johann Michler. "Nanoindentation of single pulp fibre cell walls." Journal of Materials Science 45, no. 10 (January 27, 2010): 2558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4226-9.

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Li, Qing Lin, Han Ping Mao, and Ping Ping Li. "Measurement of Micro-Mechanics Property of Cell Wall by Nano-Indention." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 1847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.1847.

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To investigate the micro-mechanics property of cucumber mesophyll cell wall, an experiment was conducted at nanolevel scale with the help of nanoindentation masurement system after the tissue of cucumber leaf has been treated of fixing,dehydrating,embedding,slicing for the mesophyll. Loading-unloading curve showed: the cell wall deformed elastically before the stress reach 1.0MPa, after that, the cell wall deformed plastically;It also can be seen in the range elastic deformation that the stress-strain is nonlinear relationship .

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Dragovich, Matthew, Jared Feindt, Daniel Altman, Cassandra Christman, Nathan DeRaymond, Ibrahim Hashmi, Adama Shaw, et al. "Investigation of the Reliability of AFM Nanoindentation-Derived Measurements of Cell Mechanics." Biophysical Journal 112, no. 3 (February 2017): 270a—271a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.1466.

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Han, Liuyang, Xingling Tian, Tobias Keplinger, Haibin Zhou, Ren Li, Kirsi Svedström, Ingo Burgert, Yafang Yin, and Juan Guo. "Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Are Chemically Deteriorated and Mechanically Fragile: A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck." Molecules 25, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051113.

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Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). Cell wall mechanical properties were examined by nanoindentation without prior embedding. WAW showed more than 25% decrease of both hardness and elastic modulus. Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. Even VICWs in WAW were severely deteriorated at the nanoscale with impact on mechanics, which has strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks.

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Zhang, Bo, Yihan Guo, Xing'e Liu, Huiyu Chen, Shumin Yang, and Yan'gao Wang. "Mechanical properties of the fiber cell wall in Bambusa pervariabilis bamboo and analyses of their influencing factors." BioResources 15, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 5316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5316-5327.

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The cell wall mechanical properties are an important indicator for evaluating the overall mechanical properties of natural bamboo fibers. Using the nanoindentation technique, the variation of the mechanical properties of the fiber cell wall of Bambusa pervariabilis culms with different ages and different positions (both radial and longitudinal) was studied. Moreover, x-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to measure the microfibril angle (MFA), and the correlation between the MFA and the mechanical properties of the fiber cell wall. The results showed that there was a remarkable difference in the fiber cell wall mechanical properties at different ages and at different radial and longitudinal positions. However, at different ages and at different positions, the absolute value of variation of MFA was less than 1° and was very minor. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between the fiber cell wall mechanics and MFA, indicating that the mechanical property of the fiber cell walls might be synergistically affected by many factors.

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Marcotti, Stefania, Gwendolen C. Reilly, and Damien Lacroix. "Effect of cell sample size in atomic force microscopy nanoindentation." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 94 (June 2019): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.03.018.

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Arfsten, J., C. Bradtmöller, I. Kampen, and A. Kwade. "Compressive testing of single yeast cells in liquid environment using a nanoindentation system." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 12 (December 2008): 3153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0383.

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Due to their versatility and accuracy, nanoindentation systems are increasingly used for the characterization of micron-sized particles. Single microbial cells (e.g., yeast cells) can be regarded as micron-sized, liquid-filled biological particles. Applying a nanoindentation system for the compressive testing of those cells offers many options, such as testing in liquid environment. However, diverse experimental problems have to be resolved, especially the visualization of the cells in liquid and the alignment of the surfaces between which the cell is compressed. Single yeast cells were tested using a nanoindenter equipped with a flat punch tip. The deformation behavior of the cells during loading as well as the shape recovery behavior during unloading was investigated. A bursting force was determined as the cell wall was failing at higher deformations. Moreover, the influence of the compression speed on the cell mechanical behavior was characterized.

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Wang, Xinzhou, Linguo Zhao, Bin Xu, Yanjun Li, Siqun Wang, and Yuhe Deng. "Effects of accelerated aging treatment on the microstructure and mechanics of wood-resin interphase." Holzforschung 72, no. 3 (February 23, 2018): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0068.

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AbstractPlywood panels prepared from loblolly pine with cured phenol resin (PF) and urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) were submitted to accelerated aging and the microstructures and mechanics of wood-resin interphase were studied by nanoindentation (NI) and nanoscale dynamic mechanical analysis (Nano-DMA). The mass loss (ML) of wood, PF and UF resins were 3.4, 5.0 and 4.6% after aging treatment, respectively, and a large amount of microcracks were observed on the surface of wood and resins after aging treatment, which also affected the static mechanics of the cell walls far from the interphase region and the resins in the interphase region. The elastic modulus (Er) and hardness (H) values of the cell wall decreased by 7.2 and 9.5%, respectively, against the untreated control. The storage and loss modulus of the resins decreased significantly after aging treatment. The significant inconsistency in the mechanics, shrinkage and swelling properties of wood cell wall and resin in the interphase region after aging treatment resulted in a decrease of about 47 and 51% on the average bonding strength of the plywood made of PF and UF resins, respectively.

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Yang, Wenjian, Damien Lacroix, Lay Poh Tan, and Jinju Chen. "Revealing the nanoindentation response of a single cell using a 3D structural finite element model." Journal of Materials Research 36, no. 12 (January 7, 2021): 2591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43578-020-00004-5.

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AbstractChanges in the apparent moduli of cells have been reported to correlate with cell abnormalities and disease. Indentation is commonly used to measure these moduli; however, there is evidence to suggest that the indentation protocol employed affects the measured moduli, which can affect our understanding of how physiological conditions regulate cell mechanics. Most studies treat the cell as a homogeneous material or a simple core–shell structure consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus: both are far from the real structure of cells. To study indentation protocol-dependent cell mechanics, a finite element model of key intracellular components (cortex layer, cytoplasm, actin stress fibres, microtubules, and nucleus) has instead been developed. Results have shown that the apparent moduli obtained with conical indenters decreased with increasing cone angle; however, this change was less significant for spherical indenters of increasing radii. Furthermore, the interplay between indenter geometry and intracellular components has also been studied, which is useful for understanding structure-mechanics-function relationships of cells.

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Wagner, Leopold, Thomas K. Bader, and Karin de Borst. "Nanoindentation of wood cell walls: effects of sample preparation and indentation protocol." Journal of Materials Science 49, no. 1 (August 30, 2013): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7680-3.

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Zhang, Yuhang, Jianfei Xu, Yiqun Hu, Suhang Ding, Wenwang Wu, and Re Xia. "Nanoindentation and nanotribology behaviors of open-cell metallic glass nanofoams." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 249 (July 2023): 108254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2023.108254.

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Zhao, Kejie. "Operando Nanoindentation: A Perfect Platform to Measure the Mechanical Properties of Electrodes during Electrochemical Reactions." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 32 (April 13, 2018): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/32/1950.

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We present an experimental platform of operando nanoindentation that probes the dynamic mechanical behaviors of electrodes during real-time electrochemical reactions. The setup consists of a nanoindenter, an electrochemical station, and a custom fluid cell integrated in an inert environment. We evaluate the influence of the argon atmosphere, electrolyte solution, structural degradation and volumetric change of electrodes upon Li reactions, as well as the surface layer and substrate effects by control experiments. Results inform on the system limitations and capabilities, and provide guidelines on the best experimental practices. Furthermore, we present a thorough investigation of the elastic-viscoplastic properties of amorphous Si electrodes, during cell operation at different C-rates and at open circuit. Pure Li metal is characterized separately. We measure the continuous evolution of the elastic modulus, hardness, and creep stress exponent of lithiated Si and compare the results with prior reports. Operando indentation will provide a perfect platform to understand the fundamental coupling between mechanics and electrochemistry in energy materials.

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Wang, Xinzhou, Xuanzong Chen, Xuqin Xie, Zhurun Yuan, Shaoxiang Cai, and Yanjun Li. "Effect of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Penetration on the Quasi-Static and Dynamic Mechanics of Wood Cell Walls Using Nanoindentation." Nanomaterials 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101409.

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To evaluate the effects of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin modification on wood cell walls, Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) wood was impregnated with PF resin at the concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. The penetration degree of PF resin into wood tracheids was quantitatively determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The micromechanical properties of the control and PF-modified wood cell walls were then analyzed by the method of quasi-static nanoindentation and dynamic modulus mapping techniques. Results indicated that PF resin with low molecular weight can penetrate deeply into the wood tissues and even into the cell walls. However, the penetration degree decreased accompanying with the increase of penetration depth in wood. Both the quasi-static and dynamic mechanics of wood cell walls increased significantly after modification by the PF resin at the concentration less than 20%. The cell-wall mechanics maintained stable and even decreased as the resin concentration was increased above 20%, resulting from the increasing bulking effects such as the decreased crystallinity degree of cellulose. Furthermore, the mechanics of cell walls in the inner layer was lower than that in the outer layer of PF-modified wood.

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Jakes, Joseph E., and Donald S. Stone. "Best Practices for Quasistatic Berkovich Nanoindentation of Wood Cell Walls." Forests 12, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121696.

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For wood and forest products to reach their full potential as structural materials, experimental techniques are needed to measure mechanical properties across all length scales. Nanoindentation is uniquely suited to probe in situ mechanical properties of micrometer-scale features in forest products, such as individual wood cell wall layers and adhesive bondlines. However, wood science researchers most commonly employ traditional nanoindentation methods that were originally developed for testing hard, inorganic materials, such as metals and ceramics. These traditional methods assume that the tested specimen is rigidly supported, homogeneous, and semi-infinite. Large systematic errors may affect the results when these traditional methods are used to test complex polymeric materials, such as wood cell walls. Wood cell walls have a small, finite size, and nanoindentations can be affected by nearby edges. Wood cell walls are also not rigidly supported, and the cellular structure can flex under loading. Additionally, wood cell walls are softer and more prone to surface detection errors than harder inorganic materials. In this paper, nanoindentation methods for performing quasistatic Berkovich nanoindentations, the most commonly applied nanoindentation technique in forest products research, are presented specifically for making more accurate nanoindentation measurements in materials such as wood cell walls. The improved protocols employ multiload nanoindentations and an analysis algorithm to correct and detect errors associated with surface detection errors and structural compliances arising from edges and specimen-scale flexing. The algorithm also diagnoses other potential issues arising from dirty probes, nanoindenter performance or calibration issues, and displacement drift. The efficacy of the methods was demonstrated using nanoindentations in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) S2 cell wall layers (S2) and compound corner middle lamellae (CCML). The nanoindentations spanned a large range of sizes. The results also provide new guidelines about the minimum size of nanoindentations needed to make reliable nanoindentation measurements in S2 and CCML.

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Migliorini, Elisa, Elisabetta Ada Cavalcanti-Adam, Antonio Emmanuele Uva, Michele Fiorentino, Michele Gattullo, Vito Modesto Manghisi, Lorenzo Vaiani, and Antonio Boccaccio. "Nanoindentation of mesenchymal stem cells using atomic force microscopy: effect of adhesive cell-substrate structures." Nanotechnology 32, no. 21 (March 5, 2021): 215706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/abe748.

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Konnerth, Johannes, Notburga Gierlinger, Jozef Keckes, and Wolfgang Gindl. "Actual versus apparent within cell wall variability of nanoindentation results from wood cell walls related to cellulose microfibril angle." Journal of Materials Science 44, no. 16 (August 2009): 4399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3665-7.

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Šnajdar Musa, Mateja, Gojko Marić, and Krešimir Grilec. "Nanoindentation of closed cell Al alloy foams subjected to different heat treatment regimes." Composites Part B: Engineering 89 (March 2016): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.12.079.

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Boccaccio, Antonio, Antonio E. Uva, Massimiliano Papi, Michele Fiorentino, Marco De Spirito, and Giuseppe Monno. "Nanoindentation characterisation of human colorectal cancer cells considering cell geometry, surface roughness and hyperelastic constitutive behaviour." Nanotechnology 28, no. 4 (December 16, 2016): 045703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/28/4/045703.

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Wasmer, K., T. Wermelinger, A. Bidiville, R. Spolenak, and J. Michler. "In situ compression tests on micron-sized silicon pillars by Raman microscopy—Stress measurements and deformation analysis." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 11 (November 2008): 3040–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0363.

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Mechanical properties of silicon are of high interest to the microelectromechanical systems community as it is the most frequently used structural material. Compression tests on 8 μm diameter silicon pillars were performed under a micro-Raman setup. The uniaxial stress in the micropillars was derived from a load cell mounted on a microindenter and from the Raman peak shift. Stress measurements from the load cell and from the micro-Raman spectrum are in excellent agreement. The average compressive failure strength measured in the middle of the micropillars is 5.1 GPa. Transmission electron microscopy investigation of compressed micropillars showed cracks at the pillar surface or in the core. A correlation between crack formation and dislocation activity was observed. The authors strongly believe that the combination of nanoindentation and micro-Raman spectroscopy allowed detection of cracks prior to failure of the micropillar, which also allowed an estimation of the in-plane stress in the vicinity of the crack tip.

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Sun, Bailing, Yamei Zhang, Yingying Su, Xiaoqing Wang, and Yubo Chai. "Effect of Vacuum Heat Treatment on Larch Earlywood and Latewood Cell Wall Properties." Forests 14, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010043.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the hygroscopicity and nanomechanics of earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) larch after thermal modification under vacuum conditions. Wood samples were heat-treated in a vacuum atmosphere at 180–220 °C for 6 h, then their cell wall properties were observed using dynamic water vapor sorption (DVS), imaging Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy, and nanoindentation. The results showed that the vacuum heat treatment reduced the hygroscopicity of EW and LW and increased hysteresis between the adsorption and desorption branches of the isotherm. Compared with EW, the treatment temperature had a more pronounced influence on the hygroscopicity of LW. The Hailwood-Horrobin model was found to accurately fit the experimental data. Imaging FTIR microscopy revealed degradation of hemicellulose, cross-linking, condensation reactions, and redistribution of lignin in the cell wall. The elastic modulus for the heat-treated EW and LW cell walls increased at first and then decreased as the treatment temperature increased; the increase in LW was more intense than that in EW. Cell wall hardness also markedly increased after heat treatment. Our analysis suggests that vacuum heat treatment decreases hygroscopicity and alters the chemical composition distribution of cell walls, thus improving wood cell wall mechanics.

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Catledge, Shane A., Yogesh K. Vohra, Damon D. Jackson, and Samuel T. Weir. "Adhesion of nanostructured diamond film on a copper–beryllium alloy." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 9 (September 2008): 2373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0287.

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Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was used to coat nanostructured diamond onto a copper–beryllium alloy (∼1.7 wt% Be) commonly used as a nonmagnetic gasket material in diamond anvil cell devices. The coating is expected to be useful in preventing plastic flow of Cu–Be gaskets in diamond anvil cell devices, thus allowing for increased sample volume at high pressures and leading to improved sensitivity of magnetic measurements. The coatings were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, glancing-angle x-ray diffraction, microscopy (optical, scanning electron, and atomic force), Rockwell indentation, and nanoindentation. CVD diamond deposition on pure copper substrates has historically resulted in poor coating adhesion caused by the very large thermal expansion mismatch between the substrate and coating as well as the inability of copper to form a carbide phase at the interface. While an interfacial graphite layer formed on the pure copper substrates and resulted in complete film delamination, well-adhered 12.5 μm thick nanostructured diamond coatings were produced on the copper–beryllium (Cu–Be) alloy. The nanostructured diamond coatings on Cu–Be exhibit hardness of up to 84 GPa and can withstand strains from Rockwell indentation loads up to 150 kg without delamination.

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Wang, Xuan, Liza Wilson, and Daniel J. Cosgrove. "Pectin methylesterase selectively softens the onion epidermal wall yet reduces acid-induced creep." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 9 (February 1, 2020): 2629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa059.

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Abstract De-esterification of homogalacturonan (HG) is thought to stiffen pectin gels and primary cell walls by increasing calcium cross-linking between HG chains. Contrary to this idea, recent studies found that HG de-esterification correlated with reduced stiffness of living tissues, measured by surface indentation. The physical basis of such apparent wall softening is unclear, but possibly involves complex biological responses to HG modification. To assess the direct physical consequences of HG de-esterification on wall mechanics without such complications, we treated isolated onion (Allium cepa) epidermal walls with pectin methylesterase (PME) and assessed wall biomechanics with indentation and tensile tests. In nanoindentation assays, PME action softened the wall (reduced the indentation modulus). In tensile force/extension assays, PME increased plasticity, but not elasticity. These softening effects are attributed, at least in part, to increased electrostatic repulsion and swelling of the wall after PME treatment. Despite softening and swelling upon HG de-esterification, PME treatment alone failed to induce cell wall creep. Instead, acid-induced creep, mediated by endogenous α-expansin, was reduced. We conclude that HG de-esterification physically softens the onion wall, yet reduces expansin-mediated wall extensibility.

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Song, Yueming, Bhuvsmita Bhargava, Zoey Warecki, David Murdock Stewart, and Paul Albertus. "Multi-Scale Electrochemo-Mechanical Experiments on Thin Film Battery Materials." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 47 (October 9, 2022): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02471760mtgabs.

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The application of a solid-electrolyte may enable the use of certain high energy density anodes like Li and Si and also circumvents the flammable liquid-electrolyte. However, all solid components introduce multiple solid-solid interfaces whose responses are strongly affected by the mechanical state of the region on both sides, which can be affected by a combination of applied stack pressure and cycling induced volumetric change1. Electrochemo-mechanical coupling (ECM) studies2 are a relatively new area for this society, especially with thin film structures,3 which provide high purity, uniformity, and controlled geometries for the reaction to take place. However, correctly interpreting ECM experimental results as well as explaining the fundamental failure mechanisms (i.e. cracking and dendrite propagation) requires careful experimental study of material mechanical properties and how electrochemical characteristics change with mechanical state4. In this work, we describe two experimental studies on sputter-deposited thin-film LixV2O5 electrodes, with a thickness of 1 µm on a Si wafer. A lateral cell design that has the two electrodes on a single plane on a substrate, is described to focus on a single electrode. An ionic liquid electrolyte (ILE) on the Si substrate is used instead of a solid electrolyte pellet to avoid high ohmic losses , and to focus on the mechanics of the LixV2O5. The ILE covers the two electrodes and serves as the ionic pathway. Lithium foil (or vapor-deposited Li metal) is placed on the wafer and serves as the Li source. The first study is conducted with a liquid electrolyte and compares the cell behaviors between stressed and unstressed states. An external mechanical load is applied to the whole electrode surface for a uniform force distribution. An important thermodynamic contribution of stress is the change in equilibrium potential, which can be measured as a function of applied stress on the electrode and may also affect charge transfer kinetics at the interface. The second experiment will focus on the composition modulated mechanical properties of LixV2O5 which is crucial for ECM modeling work. Here, we lithiate V2O5 electrodes to different amounts, remove the electrolyte to stop ionic transport, and then perform nanoindentation in an inert argon environment. The correlation between elastic moduli and x in LixV2O5 as well as the variation of equilibrium potential provide important parameters for building accurate ECM numerical models. Pasta, M., Armstrong, D., Brown, Z.L., Bu, J., Castell, M.R., Chen, P., Cocks, A., Corr, S.A., Cussen, E.J., Darnbrough, E., et al. (2020). 2020 roadmap on solid-state batteries. JPhys Energy 2, 032008. Wan, T.H., and Ciucci, F. (2020). Electro-chemo-mechanical modeling of solid-state batteries. Electrochim. Acta 331, 135355. Spencer Jolly, D., Ning, Z., Darnbrough, J.E., Kasemchainan, J., Hartley, G.O., Adamson, P., Armstrong, D.E.J., Marrow, J., and Bruce, P.G. (2020). Sodium/Na β″ Alumina Interface: Effect of Pressure on Voids. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 678–685. Cao, D., Sun, X., Li, Q., Natan, A., Xiang, P., and Zhu, H. (2020). Lithium Dendrite in All-Solid-State Batteries: Growth Mechanisms, Suppression Strategies, and Characterizations. Matter 3, 57–94.

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Zlámal, Petr, Tomáš Doktor, Petr Koudelka, Tomáš Fíla, Daniel Kytýř, Ondřej Jiroušek, Vlastimil Králík, and Jiří Němeček. "Inspection of Local Influenced Zones in Micro-Scale Aluminium Specimens." Key Engineering Materials 606 (March 2014): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.606.39.

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This study is focused on detection and characterisation of influenced zones in micro-scale specimens of aluminium foam after thermal and mechanical loading induced by preparation process for three-point bending test. Two cell-wall specimens were prepared from a slab of aluminium foam and influences of preparation process (machining) and thermal load on local mechanical properties were investigated using nanoindentation. Although the nanoindentation is powerful method for investigation of material properties of small zones, it can be reliably used only to obtain information about elastic properties. Due to limitation of the nanoindentation for reliable measurement of inelastic properties, plastic properties were determined using a set of indirect finite element simulations of nanoindentation tests. The procedure is based on fitting numerical results to experimentally measured force-depth curves.

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Prošek, Zdeněk, Jaroslav Topič, Pavel Tesárek, Kateřina Indrová, Václav Nežerka, Pavel Klapálek, and Vlastimil Králík. "Micromechanical Properties of Spruce Tissues Using Static Nanoindentation and Modulus Mapping." Applied Mechanics and Materials 732 (February 2015): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.732.115.

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This paper discusses characterization of physical and mechanical properties of tissues of Norway spruce. Cell wall is composed of several layers, which is, due to their small size, difficult to characterize. For this reason, the work uses a combination of methods, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoindentation. AFM is used to determine the topography of samples and nanoindentation to determine micromechanical properties of wood tissues. Prepared samples of glue laminated timber were tested by quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation (modulus mapping technique) method.

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Chen, Jinju. "Nanobiomechanics of living cells: a review." Interface Focus 4, no. 2 (April 6, 2014): 20130055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2013.0055.

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Nanobiomechanics of living cells is very important to understand cell–materials interactions. This would potentially help to optimize the surface design of the implanted materials and scaffold materials for tissue engineering. The nanoindentation techniques enable quantifying nanobiomechanics of living cells, with flexibility of using indenters of different geometries. However, the data interpretation for nanoindentation of living cells is often difficult. Despite abundant experimental data reported on nanobiomechanics of living cells, there is a lack of comprehensive discussion on testing with different tip geometries, and the associated mechanical models that enable extracting the mechanical properties of living cells. Therefore, this paper discusses the strategy of selecting the right type of indenter tips and the corresponding mechanical models at given test conditions.

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Gindl, W., H. S. Gupta, T. Schöberl, H. C. Lichtenegger, and P. Fratzl. "Mechanical properties of spruce wood cell walls by nanoindentation." Applied Physics A 79, no. 8 (December 2004): 2069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-004-2864-y.

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Wang, Jing He, Miao Yu, Li Liu, Jie Zhao, and Hong Xiang Wang. "Mechanical Characterization of Hepatoma Cells Using Atomic Force Microscope." Materials Science Forum 694 (July 2011): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.694.869.

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In order to reveal variation of mechanical properties of hepatoma cells with nanometer resolution, atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoindentation experiments are performed on hepatoma cell to derive Young’s modulus employing a corrected Hertz model. Under load conditions of nanoindentation force as 0.43809-0.73015nN and penetration rate as 0.4 Hz, the calculated value of Young’s modulus of hepatoma cells is 34.137±0.67kPa with a 95% confidence interval. The results demonstrate the Young’s modulus varies with the measurement position, and the center of cell possesses lower value than peripheral region. Variation of Young’s modulus is resulted from external reaction, which supports well the theory of cytoskeleton structure. Furthermore, the difference of Young’s modulus between normal cells and cancerous ones are also discussed, and it will provide possibility of a new route for early diagnosis of hepatoma.

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Konnerth, Johannes, and Wolfgang Gindl. "Mechanical characterisation of wood-adhesive interphase cell walls by nanoindentation." Holzforschung 60, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.067.

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Abstract The elastic modulus, hardness, and creep factor of wood cell walls in the interphase region of four different adhesive bonds were determined by nanoindentation. In comparison with reference cell walls unaffected by adhesive, interphase cell walls from melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) adhesive bonds showed improved hardness and reduced creep, as well as improved elastic modulus in the case of MUF. In contrast, cell walls from the interphase region in polyvinylacetate (PVAc) and one-component polyurethane (PUR) bonds showed more creep, but lower elastic modulus and hardness than the reference. Considering the different cell-wall penetration behaviour of the adhesive polymers studied here, it is concluded that damage and loss of elastic modulus to surface cells occurring during the machining of wood is recovered in MUF and PRF bond lines, whereas damage of cell walls persists in PVAc and PUR bond lines.

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Rakshit, Tatini, Daniël P. Melters, Emilios K. Dimitriadis, and Yamini Dalal. "Mechanical properties of nucleoprotein complexes determined by nanoindentation spectroscopy." Nucleus 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 264–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19491034.2020.1816053.

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Wu, Wu, Shi, Chen, Wang, Sun, and Zhang. "The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Poplar Catkin Fibers Evaluated by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Nanoindentation." Forests 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10110938.

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In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of poplar (Populus tomentosa) catkin fibers (PCFs) were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction, and nanoindentation methods. Experimental results indicated that PCFs had a thin-wall cell structure with a large cell lumen and the hollow part of the cell wall took up 80 percent of the whole cell wall. The average diameters of the fiber and cell lumen, and the cell wall thickness were 5.2, 4.2, and 0.5 µm, respectively. The crystallinity of fibers was 32%. The AFM images showed that the orientation of microfibrils in cell walls was irregular and their average diameters were almost between 20.6–20.8 nm after being treated with 2 and 5 wt.% potassium hydroxide (KOH), respectively. According to the test of nanoindentation, the average longitudinal-reduced elastic modulus of the PCF S2 layer was 5.28 GPa and the hardness was 0.25 GPa.

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Li, Yanjun, Liping Yin, Chengjian Huang, Yujie Meng, Feng Fu, Siqun Wang, and Qiang Wu. "Quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation to determine the influence of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of bamboo cell walls." Holzforschung 69, no. 7 (September 1, 2015): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0112.

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Abstract Bamboo was thermally treated at 180°C and 200°C, and the micromechanical properties of its cell walls were investigated by means of quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation experiments. With increasing treatment temperatures, the average dry density and mass of the bamboo decreased, whereas the already reduced elastic modulus at 180°C of the fiber cell walls did not change, but the hardness showed increasing tendencies. Dynamic nanoindentation revealed reduced storage modulus $({E'_{\rm{r}}})$ and loss modulus $({E''_{\rm{r}}}\,)$ for the thermotreated bamboo cell walls compared with the untreated bamboo fibers in all frequency regions. Moreover, ${E'_{\rm{r}}},{\rm{ }}{E''_{\rm{r}}},$ and loss tangent (tan δ) of treated bamboo decreased with increasing treatment temperature.

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Yu, Yan, Benhua Fei, Hankun Wang, and Genlin Tian. "Longitudinal mechanical properties of cell wall of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb) as related to moisture content: A nanoindentation study." Holzforschung 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.014.

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Abstract The in situ imaging nanoindentation technique was used to investigate how the moisture content (MC) affects the longitudinal mechanical properties of Masson pine cell wall. Furthermore, nanoindentation tests in liquid water were performed. The results indicate that elastic modulus, hardness, and compression yield stress of wood wall are all linearly correlated to the selected MC region in the range from 4.5% to 13.1%. Remarkable differences were found between the experimental values measured in water and the extrapolated values based on regression equations below fiber saturation point.

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Wang, Lei, Liguo Tian, Wenxiao Zhang, Zuobin Wang, and Xianping Liu. "Effect of AFM Nanoindentation Loading Rate on the Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Vascular Endothelial Cell." Micromachines 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11060562.

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Vascular endothelial cells form a barrier that blocks the delivery of drugs entering into brain tissue for central nervous system disease treatment. The mechanical responses of vascular endothelial cells play a key role in the progress of drugs passing through the blood–brain barrier. Although nanoindentation experiment by using AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) has been widely used to investigate the mechanical properties of cells, the particular mechanism that determines the mechanical response of vascular endothelial cells is still poorly understood. In order to overcome this limitation, nanoindentation experiments were performed at different loading rates during the ramp stage to investigate the loading rate effect on the characterization of the mechanical properties of bEnd.3 cells (mouse brain endothelial cell line). Inverse finite element analysis was implemented to determine the mechanical properties of bEnd.3 cells. The loading rate effect appears to be more significant in short-term peak force than that in long-term force. A higher loading rate results in a larger value of elastic modulus of bEnd.3 cells, while some mechanical parameters show ambiguous regulation to the variation of indentation rate. This study provides new insights into the mechanical responses of vascular endothelial cells, which is important for a deeper understanding of the cell mechanobiological mechanism in the blood–brain barrier.

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Kim, Am Kee, Md Anwarul Hasan, Hak Joo Lee, and Seong Seock Cho. "Characterization of Submicron Mechanical Properties of Al-Alloy Foam Using Nanoindentation Technique." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 4199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.4199.

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Nanoindentation test has been performed to characterize the mechanical properties of aluminium alloy foam cell wall. Two of the mechanical properties: hardness and Young’s modulus of cell wall material were evaluated using the stiffness of contact during both loading and unloading. Properties obtained from unloading stiffness were in better agreement with the conventional test result than those obtained from loading stiffness. The finite element analysis using nonlinear finite element code ABAQUS was performed to characterize the yield strength and the stress-strain curve of the cell wall material of the foam. Properties of foam cell wall material were found to be substantially different from the properties of the material before foaming. The methodology used in this paper can be effectively used to characterize the mechanical properties of cell wall of any cellular material.

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Němeček, Jiří, and Vlastimil Kralik. "Local Mechanical Characterization of Metal Foams by Nanoindentation." Key Engineering Materials 662 (September 2015): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.662.59.

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This paper deals with microstructure and micromechanical properties of two commercially available aluminium foams (Alporas and Aluhab). Since none of the materials is available in a bulk and standard mechanical testing at macro-scale is not possible the materials need to be tested at micro-scale. To obtain both elastic and plastic properties quasi-static indentation was performed with two different indenter geometries (Berkovich and spherical tips). The material phase properties were analyzed with statistical grid indentation method and micromechanical homogenization was applied to obtain effective elastic wall properties. In addition, effective inelastic properties of cell walls were identified with spherical indentation. Constitutive parameters related to elasto-plastic material with linear isotropic hardening (the yield point and tangent modulus) were directly deduced from the load–depth curves of spherical indentation tests using formulations of the representative strain and stress introduced by Tabor.

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Lau, Ringo K. L., Alvin C. M. Kwok, W. K. Chan, T. Y. Zhang, and Joseph T. Y. Wong. "Mechanical Characterization of Cellulosic Thecal Plates in Dinoflagellates by Nanoindentation." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.110.

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Dinoflagellates constitute an important group of microorganisms. Symbiotic dinoflagellates are responsible for the primary production of coral reef ecosystems and the phenomenon of their demise is known as "coral bleaching." Blooming of the planktonic dinoflagellates is the major cause of "red tides." Many dinoflagellates have prominent membrane-bound thecal plates at their cell cortices. These thecal plates have high cellulose content and are biologically fabricated into various shapes. However, the mechanical properties of theca have not previously been characterized; understanding these properties, including hardness and elastic modulus, will give insights into the ecological significance and biotechnological potential of bio-fabricated structures. A series of nanoindentation tests were performed on various locations of cellulosic thecal plates isolated from the dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella and Lingulodinium polyedrum.2 Despite having transparent properties, thecal plates possess mechanical properties comparable to softwood cell walls, implicating their role as a protective cell covering. Consistent measurements were obtained when indentation was performed at various locations, which contrasts with the high variability of cellulose microfibers from plant sources. The present study demonstrated the novel properties of this potential new source of cellulose.

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Lau, Ringo K. L., Alvin C. M. Kwok, W. K. Chan, T. Y. Zhang, and Joseph T. Y. Wong. "Mechanical Characterization of Cellulosic Thecal Plates in Dinoflagellates by Nanoindentation." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18041.

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Dinoflagellates constitute an important group of microorganisms. Symbiotic dinoflagellates are responsible for the primary production of coral reef ecosystems and the phenomenon of their demise is known as "coral bleaching." Blooming of the planktonic dinoflagellates is the major cause of "red tides." Many dinoflagellates have prominent membrane-bound thecal plates at their cell cortices. These thecal plates have high cellulose content and are biologically fabricated into various shapes. However, the mechanical properties of theca have not previously been characterized; understanding these properties, including hardness and elastic modulus, will give insights into the ecological significance and biotechnological potential of bio-fabricated structures. A series of nanoindentation tests were performed on various locations of cellulosic thecal plates isolated from the dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella and Lingulodinium polyedrum.2 Despite having transparent properties, thecal plates possess mechanical properties comparable to softwood cell walls, implicating their role as a protective cell covering. Consistent measurements were obtained when indentation was performed at various locations, which contrasts with the high variability of cellulose microfibers from plant sources. The present study demonstrated the novel properties of this potential new source of cellulose.

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Zhao, Xiang, and Feng Hui Wang. "Mechanical Properties of Anode Layer of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell after Reduction." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.409.

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The mechanical properties, such as hardness and elastic modulus, are determined by a work of indentation. The work of indentation method works well even though pile up is observed because of the use of the energy dissipated or work done during the indentation. In this work, nanoindentation tests are carried out for the anode layer of half-cell structure of solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs), the typical mechanical properties are derived by the work of indentation.

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Zhu, Xinyao, Lanjiao Liu, Zuobin Wang, and X. Liu. "Axisymmetric Contact Problem for a Flattened Cell: Contributions of Substrate Effect and Cell Thickness to the Determination of Viscoelastic Properties by Using AFM Indentation." Scanning 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8519539.

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Nanoindentation technology has proven to be an effective method to investigate the viscoelastic properties of biological cells. The experimental data obtained by nanoindentation are frequently interpreted by Hertz contact model. However, in order to validate Hertz contact model, some studies assume that cells have infinite thickness which does not necessarily represent the real situation. In this study, a rigorous contact model based upon linear elasticity is developed for the interpretation of indentation tests of flattened cells. The cell, normally bonded to the Petri dish, is initially treated as an elastic layer of finite thickness perfectly fixed to a rigid substrate. The theory of linear elasticity is utilized to solve this contact issue and then the solutions are extended to viscoelastic situation which is regarded as a good indicator for mechanical properties of biological cells. To test the present model, AFM-based creep test has been conducted on living human hepatocellular carcinoma cell (SMMC-7721 cell) and its fullerenol-treated counterpart. The results indicate that the present model could not only describe very well the creep behavior of SMMC-7721 cells, but also curb overestimation of the mechanical properties due to substrate effect.

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Wu, Yan, Jiamin Wu, Siqun Wang, Xinhao Feng, Hong Chen, Qinwen Tang, and Haiqiao Zhang. "Measurement of mechanical properties of multilayer waterborne coatings on wood by nanoindentation." Holzforschung 73, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0193.

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AbstractWaterborne coatings are widely used for environmental protection. However, they lead to many defects and lower the mechanical properties when applied to wood surfaces. To address this challenge, the effects of multilayer waterborne polycrylic coatings on the mechanical properties of southern pine cell walls were investigated by nanoindentation. The experimental results indicated that the coating layers significantly reduced the elastic modulus (Er) and hardness (H) values than the wood cell walls. TheErandHvalues measured along the coating layer thickness direction increased significantly as the distance of the indents to the wood surface decreased. Intact cell walls adjacent to or away from the coating layers had higherErandHvalues than partial ones. This study will also be useful in helping to understand the bonding mechanism at the interface between coatings and wood cell walls.

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Brasinika, Despoina, Elias P. Koumoulos, Kyriaki Kyriakidou, Eleni Gkartzou, Maria Kritikou, Ioannis K. Karoussis, and Costas A. Charitidis. "Mechanical Enhancement of Cytocompatible 3D Scaffolds, Consisting of Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals and Natural Biomolecules, Through Physical Cross-Linking." Bioengineering 7, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7030096.

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Bioinspired scaffolds mimicking natural bone-tissue properties holds great promise in tissue engineering applications towards bone regeneration. Within this work, a way to reinforce mechanical behavior of bioinspired bone scaffolds was examined by applying a physical crosslinking method. Scaffolds consisted of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals, biomimetically synthesized in the presence of collagen and l-arginine. Scaffolds were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microcomputed tomography, and nanoindentation. Results revealed scaffolds with bone-like nanostructure and composition, thus an inherent enhanced cytocompatibility. Evaluation of porosity proved the development of interconnected porous network with bimodal pore size distribution. Mechanical reinforcement was achieved through physical crosslinking with riboflavin irradiation, and nanoindentation tests indicated that within the experimental conditions of 45% humidity and 37 °C, photo-crosslinking led to an increase in the scaffold’s mechanical properties. Elastic modulus and hardness were augmented, and specifically elastic modulus values were doubled, approaching equivalent values of trabecular bone. Cytocompatibility of the scaffolds was assessed using MG63 human osteosarcoma cells. Cell viability was evaluated by double staining and MTT assay, while attachment and morphology were investigated by SEM. The results suggested that scaffolds provided a cell friendly environment with high levels of viability, thus supporting cell attachment, spreading and proliferation.

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Xing, Cheng, Siqun Wang, George M. Pharr, and Leslie H. Groom. "Effect of thermo-mechanical refining pressure on the properties of wood fibers as measured by nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy." Holzforschung 62, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2008.050.

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Abstract Refined wood fibers of a 54-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) mature wood were investigated by nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The effect of steam pressure, in the range of 2–18 bar, during thermo-mechanical refining was investigated and the nano-mechanical properties and nano- or micro-level damages of the cell wall were evaluated. The results indicate that refining pressure has important effects on the physical and mechanical properties of refined fibers. No obvious damage was observed in the cell walls at pressures between 2 and 4 bar. Nano-cracks (most less than 500 nm in width) were found in fibers at pressures in the range of 6–12 bar, and micro-cracks (more than 5 μm in width) were found in fibers subjected to pressures of 14 and 18 bar. The damages caused at higher pressures were more severe in layers close to the lumen than on the fiber surfaces. Under special circumstances, the S3 layer was heavily damaged. The natural shape of the cross sectional dimensions of the cell walls was not changed at lower pressures (2 and 4 bar), but, as pressure was increased, the fibers tended to collapse. At pressures around 18 bar, the lumina were augmented again. The nano-mechanical properties in terms of elastic modulus and hardness were obviously decreased, while nanoindentation creep increased with refining pressure.

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Aryaei, Ashkan, and Ambalangodage C. Jayasuriya. "Mechanical properties of human amniotic fluid stem cells using nanoindentation." Journal of Biomechanics 46, no. 9 (May 2013): 1524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.03.023.

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Huang, Yanhui, and Benhua Fei. "Comparison of the mechanical characteristics of fibers and cell walls from moso bamboo and wood." BioResources 12, no. 4 (September 19, 2017): 8230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.8230-8239.

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Bamboo and wood fibers are important raw materials for pulp and papermaking, as well as fiber-reinforced composites. The mechanical properties of single fibers and the cell walls of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla), Masson pine (Pinus massoniana), and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were tested via single fiber tensile test and nanoindentation; their fracture characteristics were also compared. The single fibers and cell walls of moso bamboo had superior mechanical properties compared with those of Masson pine and Chinese fir. The bamboo fibers exhibited high strength, high elasticity, and superior ductility. The results indicated that the differences between the mechanical properties of the fiber cells and cell walls of moso bamboo and those of wood were largely dependent upon cell shape and structure.

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Yu, Yan, Genlin Tian, Hankun Wang, Benhua Fei, and Ge Wang. "Mechanical characterization of single bamboo fibers with nanoindentation and microtensile technique." Holzforschung 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.009.

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Abstract More mechanical information on fibers is needed for better understanding of the complex mechanical behavior of bamboo as well as optimizing design of bamboo fiber based composites. In this paper, in situ imaging nanoindentation and an improved microtensile technique were jointly used to characterize the longitudinal mechanical behavior of fibers of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazei ex H. de Lebaie) aged between 0.5 and 4 years. These methods show that 0.5-year-old fibers have similar mechanical performances to their older counterparts. The average longitudinal tensile modulus and tensile strength of Moso bamboo fibers ranges from 32 to 34.6 GPa and 1.43 to 1.69 GPa, respectively, significantly higher than nearly all the published data for wood fibers. This finding could be attributed to the microstructural characteristics of the small microfibrillar angle and scarcity of pits in bamboo fibers. Furthermore, our results directly support the assumption that the widely used Oliver-Pharr analysis method in nanoindentation test significantly underestimates the longitudinal elastic modulus of anisotropic plant cell wall.

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Yuan, Tiancheng, Yaqian Huang, Xinzhou Wang, Hongzheng Liu, Aiwen Zhang, Qiuyi Wang, Yihan Zhao, He Han, Fujin Weng, and Yanjun Li. "Characterization of the Influence of Heat Compression on Bamboo Cell Walls by Nanoindentation." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.3093.

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Heat compression refers to a modification method that can be adopted to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of bamboo materials. In this paper, the focus was placed on investigating the micromorphology, cellulose crystallinity, chemical composition, and nano-scale mechanical properties of treated bamboo cell walls. The results demonstrated that the heat compression process induced a reduction in the cell lumen of the bamboo cell wall. Besides, the hemicellulose and cellulose content decreased; while the lignin content increased. Moreover, the oven density of bamboo samples increased due to the heat compression process. The elastic modulus and hardness increased from 13.9 MPa and 0.55 MPa to 17.3 MPa and 0.88 MPa, respectively. Further, the creep ratio in the treated group decreased compared with the control one.

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Meng, Yujie, Yuzhi Xia, Timothy M. Young, Zhiyong Cai, and Siqun Wang. "Viscoelasticity of wood cell walls with different moisture content as measured by nanoindentation." RSC Advances 5, no. 59 (2015): 47538–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra05822h.

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Huang, Yanhui, Benhua Fei, Penglian Wei, and Chang Zhao. "Mechanical properties of bamboo fiber cell walls during the culm development by nanoindentation." Industrial Crops and Products 92 (December 2016): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.07.037.

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Narayanamoorthy, B., B. Dineshkumar, and S. Balaji. "Clay Intercalated PVA-Nafion Bipolymer Matrix as Proton Conducting Nanocomposite Membrane for PEM Fuel Cells." Materials Science Forum 807 (November 2014): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.807.161.

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The amino functionalized magnesium phyllosilicate clay (AC) intercalated over PVA-Nafion hybrid nanocomposite membranes were prepared by sol-gel method. The free standing membranes were obtained by solution recasting. The composition of clay materials such as AC and montmorillonite (MMT) was varied between 2-10 wt.% with respect to PVA-Nafion content. The molecular interactions and surface morphology of nanocomposite membranes were investigated by FT-IR and SEM analyses respectively. The thermal and mechanical stabilities of nanocomposite membranes were studied using TGA and Nanoindentation techniques. For 6 wt. % AC/PVA-Nafion, TGA results showed no appreciable mass change up to 380 °C and hardness calculated from nanoindentation studies was nearly 30 % higher than the other compositions. An improved conductivity was obtained for 6 wt. % AC/PVA-Nafion (1.4×10-2 S/cm) compared to pure Nafion (1.2×10-2 S/cm) and PVA-Nafion and MMT/PVA-Nafion composite membranes. From these studies, we observed that 6 wt. % AC/PVA-Nafion membrane possessed a good conductivity with higher thermal and mechanical stabilities.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cell mechanics, nanoindentation'

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