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Yoshino, T. P., U. Bickham, and C. J. Bayne. "Molluscan cells in culture: primary cell cultures and cell lines." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 6 (June 2013): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0258.
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In vitro cell culture systems from molluscs have significantly contributed to our basic understanding of complex physiological processes occurring within or between tissue-specific cells, yielding information unattainable using intact animal models. In vitro cultures of neuronal cells from gastropods show how simplified cell models can inform our understanding of complex networks in intact organisms. Primary cell cultures from marine and freshwater bivalve and gastropod species are used as biomonitors for environmental contaminants, as models for gene transfer technologies, and for studies of innate immunity and neoplastic disease. Despite efforts to isolate proliferative cell lines from molluscs, the snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) embryonic (Bge) cell line is the only existing cell line originating from any molluscan species. Taking an organ systems approach, this review summarizes efforts to establish molluscan cell cultures and describes the varied applications of primary cell cultures in research. Because of the unique status of the Bge cell line, an account is presented of the establishment of this cell line, and of how these cells have contributed to our understanding of snail host – parasite interactions. Finally, we detail the difficulties commonly encountered in efforts to establish cell lines from molluscs and discuss how these difficulties might be overcome.
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Ylostalo, Joni H. "3D Stem Cell Culture." Cells 9, no. 10 (September 27, 2020): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9102178.
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Much interest has been directed towards stem cells, both in basic and translational research, to understand basic stem cell biology and to develop new therapies for many disorders. In general, stem cells can be cultured with relative ease, however, most common culture methods for stem cells employ 2D techniques using plastic. These cultures do not well represent the stem cell niches in the body, which are delicate microenvironments composed of not only stem cells, but also supporting stromal cells, extracellular matrix, and growth factors. Therefore, researchers and clinicians have been seeking optimal stem cell preparations for basic research and clinical applications, and these might be attainable through 3D culture of stem cells. The 3D cultures recapitulate the in vivo cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions more effectively, and the cells in 3D cultures exhibit many unique and desirable characteristics. The culture of stem cells in 3D may employ various matrices or scaffolds, in addition to the cells, to support the complex structures. The goal of this Special Issue is to bring together recent research on 3D cultures of various stem cells to increase the basic understanding of stem cells and culture techniques, and also highlight stem cell preparations for possible novel therapeutic applications.
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Orlidge, A., and P. A. D'Amore. "Inhibition of capillary endothelial cell growth by pericytes and smooth muscle cells." Journal of Cell Biology 105, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 1455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.105.3.1455.
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Morphological studies of developing capillaries and observations of alterations in capillaries associated with pathologic neovascularization indicate that pericytes may act as suppressors of endothelial cell (EC) growth. We have developed systems that enable us to investigate this possibility in vitro. Two models were used: a co-culture system that allowed direct contact between pericytes and ECs and a co-culture system that prevented physical contact but allowed diffusion of soluble factors. For these studies, co-cultures were established between bovine capillary ECs and the following growth-arrested cells (hereafter referred to as modulating cells): pericytes, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and 3T3 cells. The modulating cell type was growth arrested by treatment with mitomycin C before co-culture with ECs. In experiments where cells were co-cultured directly, the effect of co-culture on EC growth was determined by comparing the mean number of cells in the co-cultures to the mean for each cell type (EC and modulating cell) cultured separately. Since pericytes and other modulating cells were growth arrested, any cell number change in co-cultures was due to EC growth. In the co-cultures, pericytes inhibited all EC proliferation throughout the 14-d time course; similar levels of EC inhibition were observed in SMC-EC co-cultures. Co-culture of ECs with fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and 3T3 cells significantly stimulated EC growth over the same time course (30-192% as compared to EC cultured alone). To determine if cell contact was required for inhibition, cells were co-cultured using Millicell chambers (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA), which separated the cell types by 1-2 mm but allowed the exchange of diffusible materials. There was no inhibition of EC proliferation by pericytes or SMCs in this co-culture system. The influence of the cell ratios on observed inhibition was assessed by co-culturing the cells at EC/pericyte ratios of 1:1, 2:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1. Comparable levels of EC inhibition were observed at ratios from 1:1 to 10:1. When the cells were co-cultured at a ratio of 20 ECs to 1 pericyte, inhibition of EC growth at 3 d was similar to that observed at other ratios. However, at higher ratios, the inhibition diminished so that by the end of the time course the co-cultured ECs were growing at the same rate as the controls. These results suggest that pericytes and SMCs can modulate EC growth by a mechanism that requires contact or proximity. We postulate that similar interactions may operate to modulate vascular growth in vivo.
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Lindee, M. S. "CELL BIOLOGY: The Culture of Cell Culture." Science 316, no. 5831 (June 15, 2007): 1568–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1142574.
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Bauer, Magdalena, Magdalena Metzger, Marvin Corea, Barbara Schädl, Johannes Grillari, and Peter Dungel. "Novel 3D-Printed Cell Culture Inserts for Air–Liquid Interface Cell Culture." Life 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12081216.
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In skin research, widely used in vitro 2D monolayer models do not sufficiently mimic physiological properties. To replace, reduce, and refine animal experimentation in the spirit of ‘3Rs’, new approaches such as 3D skin equivalents (SE) are needed to close the in vitro/in vivo gap. Cell culture inserts to culture SE are commercially available, however, these inserts are expensive and of limited versatility regarding experimental settings. This study aimed to design novel cell culture inserts fabricated on commercially available 3D printers for the generation of full-thickness SE. A computer-aided design model was realized by extrusion-based 3D printing of polylactic acid filaments (PLA). Improvements in the design of the inserts for easier and more efficient handling were confirmed in cell culture experiments. Cytotoxic effects of the final product were excluded by testing the inserts in accordance with ISO-norm procedures. The final versions of the inserts were tested to generate skin-like 3D scaffolds cultured at an air–liquid interface. Stratification of the epidermal component was demonstrated by histological analyses. In conclusion, here we demonstrate a fast and cost-effective method for 3D-printed inserts suitable for the generation of 3D cell cultures. The system can be set-up with common 3D printers and allows high flexibility for generating customer-tailored cell culture plastics.
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Basse, Per, Ryan Fan, Lisa Bailey, Jay Wynn, and Michael Lotze. "Nk cells induce tumor cell resistance to Nk cell cytolysis (TUM2P.918)." Journal of Immunology 192, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2014): 71.42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.71.42.
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Abstract Live cell microscopy of murine NK cells co-cultured with tumor cells revealed substantial lysis of tumor cells by NK cells that diminished dramatically within the first few hours. The kinetics of conjugate formation and NK cell cycling between targets remained unchanged. When NK cells were re-isolated and placed in co-culture with fresh tumor cells, substantial lysis ensued, indicating that the reduction in killing was not due to exhaustion of the NK cells. When tumor cells were isolated from co-cultures and re-mixed with fresh NK cells, normal cycling and conjugate-formation with tumor cells was observed, but this rarely resulted in cytolysis. Tumor cells lost plastic-adherence and underwent replicative senescence. When removed from co-culture, most of the still viable tumor cells regained their normal adherent morphology, growth rate, and sensitivity to NK-mediated lysis. Pre-incubation of tumor cells with cell-free supernatants from NK cell or NK+tumor cell cultures reduced the killing by 60-90% compared to that of non-preincubated tumor cells. The changes in MHC expression correlated poorly with the observed changes in tumor cell resistance to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Pre-incubation of tumor cells with NK cells from IFNγ-KO donors or supernatants of IFNγ-deficient NK cells did not cause MHC upregulation, but induced almost complete resistance in tumor cells to NK cell-mediated cytolysis. Both IFNγ and MHC upregulation are dispensable for the observed protection.
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Sandstrom, CE, JG Bender, ET Papoutsakis, and WM Miller. "Effects of CD34+ cell selection and perfusion on ex vivo expansion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells." Blood 86, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 958–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v86.3.958.958.
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Abstract Ex vivo expansion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs), cultured both directly and after selection for CD34+ cells, was compared in static and continuously perfused cultures containing interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G- CSF), and stem cell factor (SCF). Cultures inoculated with either MNCs or CD34+ cells produced cells that were remarkably similar after 10 days of culture, as evidence by cell morphology, expression of CD34, CD33, CD15, and CD11b, and the fractions of cells giving rise to colony- forming units granulocyte-monocyte (CFU-GM) and long-term culture- initiating cells (LTC-IC). Static and perfusion cultures gave similar average total cells and CFU-GM expansions for both MNC and CD34+ cell cultures. However, those samples that performed poorly in static culture performed at near-normal levels in perfusion. In addition, perfusion supported higher LTC-IC numbers for both MNC and CD34+ cell cultures. While total cell expansion was about ten times greater in CD34+ cell cultures (approximately 100-fold), CFU-GM expansion (approximately 20-fold) was similar for both MNC and CD34+ cell cultures. The similar distribution of cell types produced in MNC and CD34+ cell cultures allows direct comparison of total and colony- forming cell production. After 15 days in perfusion, MNC cultures produced 1.5-, 2.6-, and 2.1-fold more total cells, CFU-GM, and LTC-IC, respectively, than the same sample selected and cultured as CD34+ cells. Even if the CD34+ selection process was 100% efficient, CFU-GM production would be 1.5-fold greater for MNCs than for CD34+ cells.
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Sandstrom, CE, JG Bender, ET Papoutsakis, and WM Miller. "Effects of CD34+ cell selection and perfusion on ex vivo expansion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells." Blood 86, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 958–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v86.3.958.bloodjournal863958.
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Ex vivo expansion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs), cultured both directly and after selection for CD34+ cells, was compared in static and continuously perfused cultures containing interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G- CSF), and stem cell factor (SCF). Cultures inoculated with either MNCs or CD34+ cells produced cells that were remarkably similar after 10 days of culture, as evidence by cell morphology, expression of CD34, CD33, CD15, and CD11b, and the fractions of cells giving rise to colony- forming units granulocyte-monocyte (CFU-GM) and long-term culture- initiating cells (LTC-IC). Static and perfusion cultures gave similar average total cells and CFU-GM expansions for both MNC and CD34+ cell cultures. However, those samples that performed poorly in static culture performed at near-normal levels in perfusion. In addition, perfusion supported higher LTC-IC numbers for both MNC and CD34+ cell cultures. While total cell expansion was about ten times greater in CD34+ cell cultures (approximately 100-fold), CFU-GM expansion (approximately 20-fold) was similar for both MNC and CD34+ cell cultures. The similar distribution of cell types produced in MNC and CD34+ cell cultures allows direct comparison of total and colony- forming cell production. After 15 days in perfusion, MNC cultures produced 1.5-, 2.6-, and 2.1-fold more total cells, CFU-GM, and LTC-IC, respectively, than the same sample selected and cultured as CD34+ cells. Even if the CD34+ selection process was 100% efficient, CFU-GM production would be 1.5-fold greater for MNCs than for CD34+ cells.
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Kakigi, Akinobu. "Cell Culture." Equilibrium Research 67, no. 1 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3757/jser.67.1.
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Ponec, Maria, and Esther Boelsma. "Cell Culture." American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 8, no. 2 (June 1997): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01634989-199706000-00021.
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Ponec, Maria, and Esther Boelsma. "Cell Culture." Dermatitis 8, no. 2 (June 1997): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01206501-199706000-00021.
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DeGaspari, John. "Cell Culture." Mechanical Engineering 123, no. 03 (March 1, 2001): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2001-mar-1.
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This article focuses on Tribon Bearing Co. plant in Brook Park, OH, a manufacturer of discrete carbon composite parts and shapes that had been plagued by problems that threatened its existence. The old Tribon plant was a traditional manufacturing setup, in which operations were highly compartmentalized. Equipment was arranged according to purpose and job functions were narrowly defined. The plant’s production control manager, there was plenty of distrust and bad feelings between front-line management and the plant floor workforce. Workcell leaders work with manufacturing engineers to develop a process for a new product or to improve on an established process. Each manufacturing engineer is assigned two or three product lines. If a cell leader determines that a process change saves time or money, she/he will make it a permanent change. The manufacturing engineer makes the quality department aware of what the workcell is doing, and the quality department signs off the change.
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Boulton, Mike. "Cell culture." Eye 4, no. 4 (July 1990): 622–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.1990.87.
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Donaldson, CD, and KN Bishop. "Cell culture." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 76, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): C2—C5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2015.76.1.c2.
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Smith-Thomas, L. C., and J. W. Fawcett. "Expression of Schwann cell markers by mammalian neural crest cells in vitro." Development 105, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.105.2.251.
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During embryonic development, neural crest cells differentiate into a wide variety of cell types including Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. In order to establish when neural crest cells first start to express a Schwann cell phenotype immunocytochemical techniques were used to examine rat premigratory neural crest cell cultures for the presence of Schwann cell markers. Cultures were fixed for immunocytochemistry after culture periods ranging from 1 to 24 days. Neural crest cells were identified by their morphology and any neural tube cells remaining in the cultures were identified by their epithelial morphology and immunocytochemically. As early as 1 to 2 days in culture, approximately one third of the neural crest cells stained with m217c, a monoclonal antibody that appears to recognize the same antigen as rat neural antigen-1 (RAN-1). A similar proportion of cells were immunoreactive in cultures stained with 192-IgG, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the rat nerve growth factor receptor. The number of immunoreactive cells increased with time in culture. After 16 days in culture, nests of cells, many of which had a bipolar morphology, were present in the area previously occupied by neural crest cells. The cells in the nests were often associated with neurons and were immunoreactive for m217c, 192-IgG and antibody to S-100 protein and laminin, indicating that the cells were Schwann cells. At all culture periods examined, neural crest cells did not express glial fibrillary acidic protein. These results demonstrate that cultured premigratory neural crest cells express early Schwann cell markers and that some of these cells differentiate into Schwann cells. These observations suggest that some neural crest cells in vivo may be committed to forming Schwann cells and will do so provided that they then proceed to encounter the correct environmental cues during embryonic development.
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Levine, J. F., and F. E. Stockdale. "Cell-cell interactions promote mammary epithelial cell differentiation." Journal of Cell Biology 100, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.100.5.1415.
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Mammary epithelium differentiates in a stromal milieu of adipocytes and fibroblasts. To investigate cell-cell interactions that may influence mammary epithelial cell differentiation, we developed a co-culture system of murine mammary epithelium and adipocytes and other fibroblasts. Insofar as caseins are specific molecular markers of mammary epithelial differentiation, rat anti-mouse casein monoclonal antibodies were raised against the three major mouse casein components to study this interaction. Mammary epithelium from mid-pregnant mice was plated on confluent irradiated monolayers of 3T3-L1 cells, a subclone of the Swiss 3T3 cell line that differentiates into adipocytes in monolayer culture and other cell monolayers (3T3-C2 cells, Swiss 3T3 cells, and human foreskin fibroblasts). Casein was synthesized by mammary epithelium only in the presence of co-cultured cells and the lactogenic hormone combination of insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin. Synthesis and accumulation of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-mouse casein within the epithelium was shown by immunohistochemical staining of cultured cells with anti-casein monoclonal antibodies, and the specificity of the immunohistochemical reaction was demonstrated using immunoblots. A competitive immunoassay was used to measure the amount of casein secreted into the culture medium. In a 24-h period, mammary epithelium co-cultured with 3T3-L1 cells secreted 12-20 micrograms beta-casein per culture dish. There was evidence of specificity in the cell-cell interaction that mediates hormone-dependent casein synthesis. Swiss 3T3 cells, newborn foreskin fibroblasts, substrate-attached material ("extracellular matrix"), and tissue culture plastic did not support casein synthesis, whereas monolayers of 3T3-L1 and 3T3-C2 cells, a subclone of Swiss 3T3 cells that does not undergo adipocyte differentiation, did. We conclude that interaction between mammary epithelium and other specific nonepithelial cells markedly influences the acquisition of hormone sensitivity of the epithelium and hormone-dependent differentiation.
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Hegazy, Ragia M., Eman Farouk, and Taghreed G. Kharboush. "Silver Nitrate Particlesnanotoxicity using Cell Culture and Apoptosis (Genetic and Cell Study)." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2014/184.
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Linsler, S., A. Moroldo, J. Oertel, and S. Urbschat. "P18.05.A THE GROWTH PATTERN OF MENINGIOMA CELLS IN CELL CULTURE UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS." Neuro-Oncology 25, Supplement_2 (September 1, 2023): ii122—ii123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noad137.413.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Cell cultures is an established method in tumor research. Thereby, the growth rate is important for the results. Depending on the experimental and clinical setting, the used tissue is exposed to different conditions. Interestingely, the different cell and tissue conditions are not well reported yet. Although, it is likely that the different conditions influence the growth pattern of cell cultures in primary cell lines. Here, the authors present their experimental analysis of cell culture of primary meningioma cells after different initial tissue conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS From June to December 2022 ten primary human meningiomas were collected after surgery at the Neurosurgical Department of the Saarland University. Primary cell cultures (Passage 0 = P0) were set up on the day of surgery and one day postoperatively. These tissues were kept overnight in nutrient solution in the refrigerator. They were splitted in two P1 cultures (Passage 1). The termination of the cell culture occured when the flasks were fully grown. One P1 culture was used for Fluorescence in situ hybridization. The other one was frozen on liquid nitrogen. The latter is thawed after six months and cultivated again. Additionally, swab preparations were made for Fluorescence in situ hybridization. The frozen tissue of these meningiomas was also used for further cell cultures. RESULTS Eight of ten cases (80%) of the meningioma cell cultures (from the day of surgery and one day postoperatively) have grown. In one case only the cell culture from the day of surgery has grown and in another one there were only single cells, no growth out of this tissue. The cell cultures prepared from frozen tissues have not shown any culture growth. There were not any significant differences between the growth of the cell culture from the day of surgery and of the cell culture from one day after surgery. The results of the Fluorescence in situ hybridization have shown a loss of 1p in one meningioma, a loss of 22q in three meningiomas, a loss of 1p and 22q in three meningiomas and a normal chromosome set in three tumours. Further, there were not any differences between the evaluation of swab preparations and drop preparations. Until now, six out of six thawed cell cultures of the first three meningiomas can be cultured again after six months in liquid nitrogen. CONCLUSION It has been shown that the growth pattern of meningioma cell cultures is independent of the set up at the same day or one day after surgery if there are enough living cells in the tissue. On the other hand, meningioma cell culturing of frozen tissues is not possible in the same setting.
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First, NL, MM Sims, SP Park, and MJ Kent-First. "Systems for production of calves from cultured bovine embryonic cells." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 5 (1994): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940553.
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The development of totipotent bovine embryonic cell cultures has great value in cattle breeding. They provide: (1) a mechanism for making large numbers of clonal offspring by nuclear transfer; (2) an efficient gene transfer system through the use of selectable markers to select transgenic cells; and (3) a mechanism for site-specific gene transfer or deletion by homologous DNA sequence recombination. Bovine embryonic cell cultures have been established from blastocyst inner cell mass (ICM) cells, morulae and the precompaction 16-20-cell stage. All have exhibited similar morphology to mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, pluripotency on differentiation and proliferation in culture. Culture systems have consisted of microdrop loose suspension short-term cultures or long-term cultures on bovine or murine fibroblast feeder layers, in either a microdrop or a culture dish. The relative merit of culture systems or media requirements for mitosis and prevention of differentiation have not been determined. At present, totipotency is also unknown for cultured cells of the 16-20-cell stage. For cultured ICM cells, totipotency was demonstrated by the birth of four calves from ICM cells cultured 27 days or less in a loose suspension microdrop. Advanced pluripotency and perhaps totipotency was demonstrated in one fetus in a recently reported study where morulae cells cultured in vitro were chimaerized with non-cultured cells. DNA fingerprinting to associate cell lines with offspring and karyotyping to ascertain chromatin normalcy is important in ES cell research. Data pertaining to the use of each are presented.
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Zinman, H. M., M. G. Joneja, P. Davies, and B. T. Smith. "Cell Culture of Embryonic Chick Duodenal Cells." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 4, no. 1 (February 1985): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1985.tb08798.x.
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A method for the primary cell culture of trypsin‐dissociated embryonic chick duodenum is described. Both heterotypic (epithelial cells and fibroblasts together) and homotypic (highly enriched cultures of epithelial cells or fibroblasts alone) cell cultures were established. Dispersed duodenal epithelial cells and fibroblasts grown in 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) spontaneously aggregated and proliferated as a bilayer of cells with the epithelial cells growing on top of the fibroblasts. Changing the serum supplement to 6% chicken serum (CS) and 4% FBS when the fibroblast monolayer reached confluence resulted in epithelial cell proliferation. Homotypic cultures of epithelial cells and fibroblasts were prepared and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Fibroblasts, isolated by differential adhesion and grown in 10% FBS, did not demonstrate measurable alkaline phosphatase activity. Homotypic epithelial cell cultures, isolated by floating them off the fibroblasts with collagenase, and maintained on collagen in 6% CS/4% FBS, demonstrated higher alkaline phosphatase‐specific activity (16.1 β 2.3 U/mg protein) compared with epithelial‐fibroblast bilayer cell cultures (12.1 β 1.3 U/mg protein).
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Wiszniewska, A., and B. Piwowarczyk. "Studies on cell wall regeneration in protoplast culture of legumes – the effect of organic medium additives on cell wall components." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50, No. 2 (June 12, 2014): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/108/2013-cjgpb.
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The cell wall regeneration in mesophyll protoplasts of yellow lupin and grass pea was studied. The occurrence of cell wall components: cellulose, callose and arabinogalactan proteins was analysed during 15 days of culture. Protoplasts were cultured in different media to test the effect of culture environment on the cell wall regeneration. Medium supplementation with 2 mg/l chitosan resulted in prolonged viability, more balanced cellulose resynthesis, increased callose formation and induction of mitotic divisions in protoplast-derived cells of both examined legumes. In chitosan-enriched medium arabinogalactan proteins were detected in cell plates of divided cells. Medium rich in additional organic compounds, i.e. free amino acids, organic acids and monosaccharides, was inferior to media of simpler composition. In both species the relatively quick cellulose resynthesis negatively affected the viability of protoplast-derived cells. In grass pea cellulose appeared during 24 h of culture. In yellow lupin the process started significantly later and after 10 days the frequency of walled cells did not exceed 50%. Callose was detected in cultures of both species and its pattern suggested that the synthesis was unlikely to be a result of protoplast wounding. Arabinogalactan proteins were localized in cell walls of different types of cells: dividing, elongating, but predominantly in degenerating ones. Occurrence and organization of the cell wall components studied were discussed in relation to recalcitrance of grass pea and yellow lupin protoplasts.
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Finoli, Anthony, Eva Schmelzer, Patrick Over, Ian Nettleship, and Joerg C. Gerlach. "Open-Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Three-Dimensional Culture of Human Adult Liver Cells." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6040146.
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Liver cell culture within three-dimensional structures provides an improved culture system for various applications in basic research, pharmacological screening, and implantable or extracorporeal liver support. Biodegradable calcium-based scaffolds in such systems could enhance liver cell functionality by providing endothelial and hepatic cell support through locally elevated calcium levels, increased surface area for cell attachment, and allowing three-dimensional tissue restructuring. Open-porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds were fabricated and seeded with primary adult human liver cells, which were embedded within or without gels of extracellular matrix protein collagen-1 or hyaluronan. Metabolic functions were assessed after 5, 15, and 28 days. Longer-term cultures exhibited highest cell numbers and liver specific gene expression when cultured on hydroxyapatite scaffolds in collagen-1. Endothelial gene expression was induced in cells cultured on scaffolds without extracellular matrix proteins. Hydroxyapatite induced gene expression for cytokeratin-19 when cells were cultured in collagen-1 gel while culture in hyaluronan increased cytokeratin-19 gene expression independent of the use of scaffold in long-term culture. The implementation of hydroxyapatite composites with extracellular matrices affected liver cell cultures and cell differentiation depending on the type of matrix protein and the presence of a scaffold. The hydroxyapatite scaffolds enable scale-up of hepatic three-dimensional culture models for regenerative medicine applications.
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Shamshurina, E. O., A. S. Mogilenskikh, E. V. Grebenyuk, S. V. Sazonov, and S. M. Demidov. "Cytological evaluation of a single cell culture of Luminal A subtype breast carcinoma cells." Ural Medical Journal 20, no. 5 (December 5, 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52420/2071-5943-2021-20-5-75-81.
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Introduction. Despite significant advances in the creation of stable cell lines, the focus of research has recently shifted toward the creation of primary cell cultures derived directly from patient tumor samples, which include both tumor cells and microenvironmental cells.The aim of the study was to compare the morphological characteristics of the cells of a breast carcinoma sample when cultured over three passages.Materials and methods. Material for the study was obtained during surgical intervention in a patient diagnosed with breast carcinoma. Slices were prepared from the tumor sample according to the standard histological protocol and stained with monoclonal antibodies to estrogen, progesterone, Ki-67, Her2/neu receptors. Cell nuclei were stained with hematoxylin. Immunohistochemical reaction was performed in DAKO autostainer (Denmark). Part of the material was placed in Hanks' solution with 5% antibiotic antimycotics and delivered to the Cell Culture Laboratory, where after performing the standard protocol for obtaining cell culture, tumor cells were diluted in Mammocult nutrient medium and placed in culture vials. For morphological evaluation, cells were stained by Pappenheim. For immunocytochemical analysis in determining the belonging of cells to epithelial cells using anti-Pan Keratin Primary Antibody antibody. The number of cells was counted in an automatic TC20 counter, and culture growth was monitored using an Eclipse TS100 microscope, Nikon (Japan).Results and Discussion. On the basis of immunohistochemical study, the tumor sample was classified as Luminal-A subtype. During the study several groups of cells were isolated and cytologically evaluated. The results of immunocytochemical analysis of the cultured cells confirm that the tumor cells retained their epithelial phenotype during culturing. In spite of the manifestation of cell polymorphism in BML cell culture, during three passages the cultured tumor cells retained their epithelial nature and showed a tendency to form a monolayer.Conclusion. A detailed study of cytomorphology and immunocytological characteristics of cultured cells of different immunohistochemical PBMC subtypes will help to evaluate the main regularities of tumor cell vital functions in vitro and allow a more differentiated approach to the creation of personalized cell cultures in order to develop a targeted chemotherapeutic effect on tumors of specific patients.
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Ceresa, Claudia C., Alan J. Knox, and Simon R. Johnson. "Use of a three-dimensional cell culture model to study airway smooth muscle-mast cell interactions in airway remodeling." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 296, no. 6 (June 2009): L1059—L1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.90445.2008.
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Increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass and infiltration by mast cells are key features of airway remodeling in asthma. We describe a model to investigate the relationship between ASM, the extracellular matrix, mast cells, and airway remodeling. ASM cells were cultured in a three-dimensional (3-D) collagen I gel (3-D culture) alone or with mast cells. Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting of ASM in 3-D cultures revealed a spindle-shaped morphology and significantly lower α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin expression than in ASM cultured in monolayers on collagen type I or plastic (2-D culture). In 3-D cultures, basal ASM proliferation, examined by Ki67 immunocytochemistry, was reduced to 33 ± 7% ( P < 0.05) of that in 2-D cultures. The presence of mast cells in cocultures increased ASM proliferation by 1.8-fold ( P < 0.05). Gelatin zymography revealed more active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in 3-D than in 2-D culture supernatants over 7 days. Functional MMP activity was examined by gel contraction. The spontaneous gel contraction over 7 days was significantly inhibited by the MMP inhibitor ilomastat. Mast cell coculture enhanced ASM gel contraction by 22 ± 16% (not significant). Our model shows that ASM has different morphology, with lower contractile protein expression and basal proliferation in 3-D culture. Compared with standard techniques, ASM synthetic function, as shown by MMP production and activity, is sustained over longer periods. The presence of mast cells in the 3-D model enhanced ASM proliferation and MMP production. Airway remodeling in asthma may be more accurately modeled by our system than by standard culture systems.
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Bishimbayeva, N. K., I. A. Sartbayeva, A. S. Murtazina, and E. A. Gunter. "Сhemical composition of polysaccharides from wheat cell culture." International Journal of Biology and Chemistry 8, no. 2 (2015): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/2218-7979-2015-8-2-13-17.
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Tynykulov, Marat Korganbekovich. "Peculiarity of currant and perpetual repair cell culture." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 108, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022bmg4/140-147.
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Perpetual raspberry is a group of raspberry varieties distinguished by their ability to bear fruit on two-year and one-year stem shoots. Black currant (Ríbes nígrum) is a deciduous shrub, family Gooseberry (Grossulariaceae), related to currants (Ribes). The article presents methods of cell selection of perpetual raspberries and currants. Crop varieties resistant to extreme natural factors, obtaining high harvest, and two harvests per year were considered. The chemical composition of the used nutrient medium, the content of micro- and macroelements, and organic substances were taken into account. The qualitative composition of callus shoots extracted from plant cells was determined. A strong relationship between the frequency of callusogenesis in black currant and the balance of phytohormones in the nutrient medium has been shown. Progress in the field of gene and cell biotechnology is directly related to the development of the basics of the cultivation of plant cells and tissues under in vitro conditions. In addition, it is of particular interest to choose a suitable nutrient medium, to establish the mode of cultivation in order to determine the species and volume of explants, the totipotency of representatives of different taxonomic groups of plants. At present, this unique ability of somatic cells is found in various cultures, most of which are annual and practically vegetative propagating plants. These are vegetable crops and ornamental plants, the list of which grows annually. The scientific novelty of the work is the possibility of obtaining somatic hybrids and transgenic plants of repair raspberry and black currant using biotechnology methods. Therefore, the study of theoretical foundations and development of applied aspects of cells and tissues of perennial plants, in particular fruit and berry and agricultural crops, their accelerated reproduction, obtaining somatic hybrids and transgenic plants are considered relevant.
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McAdams, Todd A., William M. Miller, and E. Terry Papoutsakis. "Hematopoietic cell culture therapies (Part I): cell culture considerations." Trends in Biotechnology 14, no. 9 (September 1996): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(96)10047-0.
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Koh, Benson, Nadiah Sulaiman, Mh Busra Fauzi, Jia Xian Law, Min Hwei Ng, Too Lih Yuan, Abdul Ghani Nur Azurah, Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus, Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus, and Muhammad Dain Yazid. "A Three-Dimensional Xeno-Free Culture Condition for Wharton’s Jelly-Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Pros and Cons." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 3745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043745.
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Xeno-free three-dimensional cultures are gaining attention for mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) expansion in clinical applications. We investigated the potential of xeno-free serum alternatives, human serum and human platelet lysate, to replace the current conventional use of foetal bovine serum for subsequent MSCs microcarrier cultures. In this study, Wharton’s Jelly MSCs were cultured in nine different media combinations to identify the best xeno-free culture media for MSCs culture. Cell proliferation and viability were identified, and the cultured MSCs were characterised in accordance with the minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). The selected culture media was then used in the microcarrier culture of MSCs to determine the potential of a three-dimensional culture system in the expansion of MSCs for future clinical applications, and to identify the immunomodulatory potential of cultured MSCs. Low Glucose DMEM (LG) + Human Platelet (HPL) lysate media appeared to be good candidates for replacing conventional MSCs culture media in our monolayer culture system. MSCs cultured in LG-HPL achieved high cell yield, with characteristics that remained as described by ISCT, although the overall mitochondrial activity of the cells was lower than the control and the subsequent effects remained unknown. MSC microcarrier culture, on the other hand, showed comparable cell characteristics with monolayer culture, yet had stagnated cell proliferation, which is potentially due to the inactivation of FAK. Nonetheless, both the MSCs monolayer culture and the microcarrier culture showed high suppressive activity on TNF-α, and only the MSC microcarrier culture has a better suppression of IL-1 secretion. In conclusion, LG-HPL was identified as a good xeno-free media for WJMSCs culture, and although further mechanistic research is needed, the results show that the xeno-free three-dimensional culture maintained MSC characteristics and improved immunomodulatory activities, suggesting the potential of translating the monolayer culture into this culture system in MSC expansion for future clinical application.
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Lucey, Brendan P., Walter A. Nelson-Rees, and Grover M. Hutchins. "Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 133, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 1463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/133.9.1463.
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Abstract Henrietta Lacks died in 1951 of an aggressive adenocarcinoma of the cervix. A tissue biopsy obtained for diagnostic evaluation yielded additional tissue for Dr George O. Gey's tissue culture laboratory at Johns Hopkins (Baltimore, Maryland). The cancer cells, now called HeLa cells, grew rapidly in cell culture and became the first human cell line. HeLa cells were used by researchers around the world. However, 20 years after Henrietta Lacks' death, mounting evidence suggested that HeLa cells contaminated and overgrew other cell lines. Cultures, supposedly of tissues such as breast cancer or mouse, proved to be HeLa cells. We describe the history behind the development of HeLa cells, including the first published description of Ms Lacks' autopsy, and the cell culture contamination that resulted. The debate over cell culture contamination began in the 1970s and was not harmonious. Ultimately, the problem was not resolved and it continues today. Finally, we discuss the philosophical implications of the immortal HeLa cell line.
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Tsuruda, Mariko, Saori Morino-Koga, and Minetaro Ogawa. "Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Independent Differentiation of Mast Cells From Mouse Intraembryonic VE-Cadherin+ Cells." Stem Cells 40, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/stmcls/sxac001.
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Abstract Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-independent hematopoiesis from hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs) in the mouse embryo has been recognized as a source of tissue-resident hematopoietic cells in adult mice. Connective tissue mast cells (MCs) have been reported to originate from VE-cadherin (VE-cad)-expressing HECs in the yolk sac and embryo proper (EP) by a VE-cad-Cre-mediated lineage-tracing analysis. However, it remains unclear whether MCs are generated via a conventional HSC-dependent hematopoietic differentiation pathway, or whether through a fast-track pathway bypassing the emergence of HSCs. Here, we investigated whether EP-derived VE-cad+ cells differentiate into MCs independently of HSCs. VE-cad+ cells isolated from the embryonic day (E) 9.5-10.5 EP robustly formed connective tissue-type MCs in a newly established co-culture system using PA6 stromal cells. In contrast, bone marrow (BM) reconstitution assays of cultured cells indicated that E9.5 VE-cad+ cells did not differentiate into transplantable HSCs in this culture condition. Lymphoid-biased HSCs with a limited self-renewal capacity were occasionally detected in some cultures of E10.5 VE-cad+ cells, while MC growth was constantly observed in all cultures examined. HSCs purified from adult BM required a more extended culture period to form MCs in the PA6 co-culture than the embryonic VE-cad+ cells. Furthermore, E9.5-E10.5 VE-cad+ cells contributed to tissue-resident MCs in postnatal mice when transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of newborn mice. These results suggest that EP-derived VE-cad+ cells generate MCs independently of HSC development in vitro and possess the potential of generating connective tissue MCs in vivo, although the exact differentiation program remains unsolved.
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Xiang, Fu, Long J. Yu, Wu Chen, and Zhi Liu. "Effect of Cell Culture on 18S rRNA Gene Sequences in the Cultural Course of Taxus chinensis Cells." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 63, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2008): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-1-223.
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Cell culture is an effective technology for taxol production. This paper discusses the effect of Taxus cell cultures on the 18S rRNA gene sequences based on the phylogenetic analysis of cultured T. chinensis cells and related species. The phylogenetic tree is reconstructed using the maximum parsimony method and the relative rate test to test the hypothesis of a molecular clock. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that cell culture changes the phylogenetic position of cultured T. chinensis cells. More than that, the 18S rRNA gene of cultured T. chinensis cells has a faster rate of substitution than that of T. chinensis. With T. media as reference, the divergence time of the cultured T. chinensis cells is 7 Ma (million years) more than that of the T. chinensis cells based on the 18S rRNA gene sequences.
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Kazama, Ryotaro, Satoshi Fujita, and Shinji Sakai. "Cell Dome as an Evaluation Platform for Organized HepG2 Cells." Cells 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12010069.
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Human-hepatoblastoma-derived cell line, HepG2, has been widely used in liver and liver cancer studies. HepG2 spheroids produced in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system provide a better biological model than cells cultured in a two-dimensional (2D) culture system. Since cells at the center of spheroids exhibit specific behaviors attributed to hypoxic conditions, a 3D cell culture system that allows the observation of such cells using conventional optical or fluorescence microscopes would be useful. In this study, HepG2 cells were cultured in “Cell Dome”, a micro-dome in which cells are enclosed in a cavity consisting of a hemispherical hydrogel shell. HepG2 cells formed hemispherical cell aggregates which filled the cavity of Cell Domes on 18 days of culture and the cells could continue to be cultured for 29 days. The cells at the center of hemispherical cell aggregates were observed using a fluorescence microscope. The cells grew in Cell Domes for 18 days exhibited higher Pi-class Glutathione S-Transferase enzymatic activity, hypoxia inducible factor-1α gene expression, and higher tolerance to mitomycin C than those cultured in 2D on tissue culture dishes (* p < 0.05). These results indicate that the center of the glass adhesive surface of hemispherical cell aggregates which is expected to have the similar environment as the center of the spheroids can be directly observed through glass plates. In conclusion, Cell Dome would be useful as an evaluation platform for organized HepG2 cells.
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Babij, P., J. Zhao, S. White, J. Woodcock-Mitchell, J. Mitchell, M. Absher, L. Baldor, M. Periasamy, and R. B. Low. "Smooth muscle myosin regulation by serum and cell density in cultured rat lung connective tissue cells." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 265, no. 2 (August 1, 1993): L127—L132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1993.265.2.l127.
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RNA and protein analyses were used to detect expression of SM1 and SM2 smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) in cultured adult rat lung connective tissue cells (RL-90). Smooth muscle MHC mRNA expression in confluent cells grown in 10% serum was approximately 50% of the level in adult stomach. Similar results were obtained in cells cultured at low density (25% confluency) in 1% serum. However, in low-density cultures transferred to 10% serum for 24 h, the level of MHC mRNA decreased to approximately 20% of that in adult stomach. Smooth muscle alpha-actin showed a pattern of expression similar to that for smooth muscle MHC. Expression of nonmuscle MHC-A mRNA was higher in all culture conditions compared to stomach. MHC-A mRNA expression was less in low-density cultures in low serum and increased when low-density cultures were transferred to 10% serum for 24 h. MHC-B mRNA expression was less in low- vs. high-density cultures. In contrast to MHC-A, however, MHC-B mRNA expression in low-density cultures was higher in low serum. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting with SM1-specific antibody demonstrated the presence of the SM1 protein isoform as well as reactivity to a protein band migrating slightly faster than SM2. These results demonstrate that cultured rat lung connective tissue cells express smooth muscle MHC and that expression is modulated by culture conditions.
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Young, JC, A. Varma, D. DiGiusto, and MP Backer. "Retention of quiescent hematopoietic cells with high proliferative potential during ex vivo stem cell culture." Blood 87, no. 2 (January 15, 1996): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v87.2.545.bloodjournal872545.
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Human CD34+/Thy-1+/Lin- hematopoietic cells purified from bone marrow (BM) or mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) are highly enriched for pluripotent stem cells. Ex vivo expansion of this population is proposed as a means of providing accelerated short-term, as well as long-term, engraftment after myeloablative therapy. Here we demonstrate that primitive quiescent cells are retained in bulk expansion cultures of CD34+/Thy-1+/Lin- cells and that the cell production capacity of the expanded cell product can largely be attributed to cells exhibiting quiescent behavior during culture. CD34+/Thy-1+/Lin- cells from adult BM or MPB were labeled with the fluorescent membrane dye PKH26, followed by in vitro culture of 10(4) cells on a murine stromal layer in the presence of interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, c-kit ligand (KL), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). With each subsequent cell division, PKH26 fluorescence is reduced by roughly half, which allows tracking of the number of cell divisions. Progenitor cells present after a 2-week expansion period were sorted into CD34+/Lin-/dyebright and CD34+/Lin- /dyedim fractions and then cultured in a 4-week single-cell proliferation assay to characterize the proliferative capacity of each group. Fifty-nine percent of progenitors remaining dyebright after bulk culture (four or fewer cell divisions) were observed to proliferate in single cell culture, and produced an average of 1,780 cells per plated cell. In contrast, only 26% of dyedim (more than four divisions) progenitors were observed to proliferate and displayed a lower average proliferative capacity of 225 cells per plated cell. Similar behaviors were observed after a second consecutive cycle of bulk culture, indicating that quiescent cells with high proliferative capacity existed in culture for at least 4 weeks. Single CD34+/Lin-/dyebright progenitors purified from bulk cultures were observed to produce as many as 1,000 CD34 positive progeny during single cell culture, and these progeny included multilineage colony forming cells. These data demonstrate that among CD34 positive cells recovered after in vitro bulk culture, a higher proliferative capacity correlated with quiescent behavior. The described culture method provides quantitation of the cell producing capacity of individual cells in hematopoietic cell mixtures and may prove useful for predicting engrafting potential in products intended for cellular therapy.
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Wessel, Gary M. "The sub-culture of cell culture." Molecular Reproduction and Development 78, no. 2 (February 2011): Fm i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.21292.
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Gassl, Vincent, Merel R. Aberle, Bas Boonen, Rianne D. W. Vaes, Steven W. M. Olde Damink, and Sander S. Rensen. "Chemosensitivity of 3D Pancreatic Cancer Organoids Is Not Affected by Transformation to 2D Culture or Switch to Physiological Culture Medium." Cancers 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 5617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14225617.
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Organoids are increasingly used to investigate patient-specific drug responsiveness, but organoid culture is complex and expensive, and carried out in rich, non-physiological media. We investigated reproducibility of drug-responsiveness of primary cell cultures in 2D versus 3D and in conventional versus physiological cell culture medium. 3D pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma organoid cultures PANCO09b and PANCO11b were converted to primary cell cultures growing in 2D. Transformed 2D cultures were grown in physiological Plasmax medium or Advanced-DMEM/F12. Sensitivity towards gemcitabine, paclitaxel, SN-38, 5-fluorouacil, and oxaliplatin was investigated by cell viability assays. Growth rates of corresponding 2D and 3D cultures were comparable. PANCO09b had a shorter doubling time in physiological media. Chemosensitivity of PANCO09b and PANCO11b grown in 2D or 3D was similar, except for SN-38, to which PANCO11b cultured in 3D was more sensitive (2D: 8.2 ×10−3 ± 2.3 ×10−3 vs. 3D: 1.1 ×10−3 ± 0.6 ×10−3, p = 0.027). PANCO09b and PANCO11b showed no major differences in chemosensitivity when cultured in physiological compared to conventional media, although PANCO11b was more sensitive to SN-38 in physiological media (9.8 × 10−3 ± 0.7 × 10−3 vs. 5.2 × 10−3 ± 1.8 × 10−3, p = 0.015). Collectively, these data indicate that the chemosensitivity of organoids is not affected by culture medium composition or culture dimensions. This implies that organoid-based drug screens can be simplified to become more cost-effective.
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Andrews, R. G., J. W. Singer, and I. D. Bernstein. "Human hematopoietic precursors in long-term culture: single CD34+ cells that lack detectable T cell, B cell, and myeloid cell antigens produce multiple colony-forming cells when cultured with marrow stromal cells." Journal of Experimental Medicine 172, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.172.1.355.
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CD34+ human marrow cells not expressing T cell-, B cell-, and myeloid cell-associated antigens (TBM-) were cloned by two-color cell sorting into culture wells containing irradiated marrow stromal cells. After 4 wk of culture, 3.7 +/- 2.1% of these cells generated colony-forming cells (CFC), with each of these cells generating 6.3 +/- 5.3 CFC. This was not due to the 0.5 +/- 0.5% CFC present in the purified CD34+ TBM- cells, as less than 1% of CFC persist in these cultures. This is the first demonstration that single immature precursor cells in human long-term cultures generate multiple CFC progeny. The immature nature of these clonable CD34+ TBM- precursors suggests their candidate status as human hematopoietic stem cells.
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Schick, Bernhard, Gregor Wolf, Bernd F. M. Romeike, Pedro Mestres, Mark Praetorius, and Peter K. Plinkert. "Dural Cell Culture." Cells Tissues Organs 173, no. 3 (2003): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000069469.
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Kawamura, Kenji. "Cell Culture Surface." MEMBRANE 30, no. 3 (2005): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.30.171.
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Gershon, Diane. "Cell culture supplement." Nature 352, no. 6338 (August 1991): 829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/352829a0.
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O'Brien, S. J. "Cell culture forensics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 14 (July 3, 2001): 7656–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.141237598.
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Shargool, PD. "Plant cell culture." Biochemical Education 15, no. 1 (January 1987): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(87)90167-1.
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Harris, Ian. "Animal cell culture." Biochemical Education 21, no. 4 (October 1993): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(93)90121-f.
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Hu, Wei-Shou. "Cell culture engineering." Trends in Biotechnology 6, no. 5 (May 1988): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(88)90061-3.
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KISS, R. "Cell culture engineering." Trends in Biotechnology 14, no. 6 (June 1996): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(96)30010-3.
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Scragg, A. H. "Plant cell culture." Journal of Biotechnology 26, no. 1 (October 1992): vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(92)90066-i.
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Mazie, J. C. "Animal cell culture." Biochimie 72, no. 12 (December 1990): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9084(90)90012-6.
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Jackson, Chris. "Endothelial cell culture." Trends in Cell Biology 8, no. 3 (March 1998): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-8924(98)01235-5.
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Hall, P. "Animal Cell Culture." Journal of Clinical Pathology 43, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.43.9.785-a.
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Shephard, Elizabeth A. "Animal cell culture." Endeavour 17, no. 4 (January 1993): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(93)90076-f.
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